06 Electrical power supply and utilization (economics, policy, supplies, forecasts)
becoming viable. A strategy involving pilot projects, tracking of costs
06 ELECTRICAL POWER
SUPPLY AND
UTILIZATION
Scientific, technical
06/01215 Energy optimisation model for a CCHP system
with available gas turbines
Kong, X. Q. et al. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2005, 25, (2 3), 377
391.
This paper deals with the problem of optimal energy management of
cogeneration system for combined cooling, heating and power
production (CCHP). The energy system consists of a gas turbine, an
absorption chiller and a heat recovery boiler. A simple linear
programming model is presented to determine the optimal strategies
that minimize the overall cost of energy for the CCHP system. It is
shown that the optimal operation of this system is dependent upon load
conditions to be satisfied. In view of energy cost, it is shown that
sometimes it may not be optimal to operate the turbine. This is the case
when the electric-to-gas cost ratio is very low.
06/01216 Failure assessment analysis of pipelines for heat
and power generating plants according to the SINTAP
procedures
Dzioba, I. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 2005,
82, (10), 787 796.
The assessment of safety of pipeline elements from heat and power
generating plants is presented. First, the changes in mechanical and
structural properties under long-term operation are analysed. Then,
failure assessment is performed using the SINTAP procedures.
Hypothetical cracks are assumed along the straight segments of the
pipeline. The thermal stresses during cooling are accounted for. The
analysis has been performed at the first level of the SINTAP
procedures for steel at two stages of pipeline operation: (a) in the
virgin state and (b) after 156,000 h of service.
Economics, policy, supplies, forecasts
06/01217 An empirical examination of restructured
electricity prices
Knittel, C. R. and Roberts, M. R. Energy Economics, 2005, 27, (5), 791
817.
The authors present an empirical analysis of restructured electricity
prices. They studied the distributional and temporal properties of the
price process in a non-parametric framework, after which they
parametrically modelled the price process using several common asset
price specifications from the asset-pricing literature, as well as several
less conventional models motivated by the peculiarities of electricity
prices. The findings reveal several characteristics unique to electricity
prices including several deterministic components of the price series at
different frequencies. An 'inverse leverage effect' is also found, where
positive shocks to the price series result in larger increases in volatility
than negative shocks. Forecasting performance was found to improve
dramatically when features of electricity prices not commonly modelled
in other asset prices were incorporated. The findings have implications
for how empiricists model electricity prices, as well as how theorists
specify models of energy pricing.
06/01218 Comparison of options for distributed generation
in India
Banerjee, R. Energy Policy, 2006, 34, (1), 101 111.
There is renewed interest in distributed generation (DG). This paper
reviews the different technological options available for DG, their
current status and evaluates them based on the cost of generation and
future potential in India. The non-renewable options considered are
internal combustion engines fuelled by diesel, natural gas and
microturbines and fuel cells fired by natural gas. The renewable
technologies considered are wind, solar photovoltaic, biomass gasifica-
tion and bagasse cogeneration. The cost of generation is dependent on
the load factor and the discount rate. Gas engines and Bagasse based
cogeneration are found to be the most cost effective DG options while
wind and biomass gasifier fired engines are viable under certain
conditions. PEM fuel cells and micro turbines based on natural gas
need a few demonstrations projects and cost reductions before
and dissemination of information is likely to result in DG meeting 10%
of India's power needs by 2012.
06/01219 Comparison of Turkey's electrical energy
consumption and production with some European countries
and optimization of future electrical power supply
investments in Turkey
Tun~, M. et al. Energy Policy, 2006, 34, (1), 50 59.
Energy issues are directly related to the development of a country and
the living standards of its people. Turkey is currently in a rapid
industrialization process with a young and dynamic population of over
65 million. Due to relatively high growth rate of the population,
increasing consumer oriented attitudes and as a result of rising levels of
affluence, the primary energy demand is rising rapidly at an annual rate
of 6.7 percent. In this study Turkey's energy resources, installed
electric power capacity, electric energy production and consumption
rates are investigated and compared with that of France, Germany and
Switzerland. Turkey's electric energy consumption rates are predicted
with regression analysis for the years of 2010 and 2020 and finally
linear mathematical optimization model is developed to predict the
distribution of future electrical power supply investments in Turkey.
06•01220 Efficiency analysis of a cogeneration and district
energy system
Rosen, M. A. et al. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2005, 25, (1), 147
159.
This paper presents an efficiency analysis, accounting for both energy
and exergy considerations, of a design for a cogeneration-based district
energy system. A case study is considered for the city of Edmonton,
Canada, by the utility Edmonton Power. The original concept using
central electric chillers, as well as two variations (one considering
single-effect and the other double-effect absorption chillers) are
examined. The energy- and exergy-based results differ markedly (e.g.
overall energy efficiencies are shown to vary for the three configur-
ations considered from 83% to 94%, and exergy efficiencies from 28%
to 29%, respectively). For the overall processes, as well as individual
subprocesses and selected combinations of subprocesses, the exergy
efficiencies are generally found to be more meaningful and indicative
of system behaviour than the energy efficiencies.
06/01221 Electric power required in the world by 2050 with
hydrogen fuel production - revised
Kruger, P. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2005, 30, (15),
1515 1522.
Since estimation of electric power requirement for large-scale
production of hydrogen fuel for the world vehicle fleet based on data
through 1995 in 2001, a large increase in available travel data has
become available, sufficient to revise the estimates with greater
confidence. It is apparent that much more energy will be required, as
worldwide demand for electrification and substitution of hydrogen for
fossil fuel in transportation grows over the next 50 years. Published
forecasts for electricity demand over the next 30 years show mean
annual growth rates ranging from 1.7 to 3.4%/a, which when
extrapolated from the present consumption of 16 PWh in 2002 to the
year 2050 suggests an annual electricity demand in the range of 36 82
PWh. In addition to the business-as-usual growth in demand,
estimation of the growth of the world automotive vehicle fleet from
about 900 million vehicles in 2010, consuming about 360 billion gallons
of petrol, to about 1.5 billion vehicles in 2050, which could be operated
with about 260 billion kilogram of hydrogen fuel, would result in
additional electricity demand of about 10 PWh annually for replace-
ment of fossil fuels in transportation. With approximately 175 PW of
solar power reaching earth and world fossil fuel reserves of 50 200
years remaining at present consumption rates, the question arises of
how much of the world's future electric energy supply will be required
(if any) from nuclear fuels.
06/01222 Electricity, hydrogen - competitors, partners?
Winter, C.-J. International Journal qf Hydrogen Energy, 2005, 30, (13
14), 1371 1374.
Electricity, hydrogen What they have in common, where they are
unique. Electricity and hydrogen have in common that they are
secondary energies which can be generated from any primary energy
(raw materials). Once generated they are environmentally and
climatically clean along the entire length of their respective energy
conversion chains. Both electricity and hydrogen are grid delivered
(with exceptions); they are interchangeable via electrolysis and fuel
cell. Both are operational worldwide, although in absolutely dissimilar
capacities. And their peculiarities? Electricity stores and transports
information, hydrogen does not. Hydrogen stores and transports
energy, electricity transports energy but does not store it (in large
quantities). For long (i.e. continental) transport routes, hydrogen has
advantages. The electricity sector is part of the established energy
economy. Hydrogen, on the other hand, takes two pathways: one where
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 2006 183