DIT210 Chapter03

3 Data Types and Variables
3.1 The C++ Character Set

Learning Objectives
3.2 Keywords
Upon successful completion of this chapter, students will be
3.3 Basic Data Types able to:
3.3.1 Integer Data Types
3.3.2 Floating-Point Data Types
3.3.3 Character Data types § Describe C++ character set and keywords
3.3.4 sizeof Operator § Demonstrate an understanding of basic data types,
identifiers and variables constants needed to construct
3.4 Identifiers
a C++ program
3.5 Variables § Discuss the limitations applied to identifiers
3.5.1 Declaring Variables § Illustrate the differences between integer and floating
3.5.2 Initializing Variables point
§ Discuss the assignment and initialization values to
3.6 Constants
variables
3.7 Other Data Types § Discuss other data types and sizeof operator
3.8 Sample Programs
3.8.1 Sample Program 1
3.9 Summary
3.10 Exercises
Fundamentals of Programming
A computer program accepts input from the keyboard. The keys entered from keyboard will
be encoded as values and store in computer memory. The values can be numeric or alphabetic.
A computer program use data types to differentiate the numerical values and alphabetical
values. The memoy locations where the values are stored are represented by complicated
memory addresses. To simplify the read operation from the memory locations and write
operation to the memory locations for the values, variables are used to represent the memory
address. In this chapter, we will explain the basics data types, identifiers and variables needed
to construct a C++ program.
3 3.1 The C++ Character Set
A character set is an encoding scheme in which each character is represented by a different

binary value for computer identification. C++ supports a number of character sets. The C++
character set includes the keyboard characters listed below.
§ The uppercase letter A though Z

§ The lowercase letters a through z
§ The digits 0 through 9
§ Special characters (such as {, }, [, ], !, #, , %, , &, |, <, >, ;, :and *)
§ The blank and white space
3.2 Keywords
Keywords in C++ are also called reserved words, it is a vocabulary of commands that
humans can understand and that can be converted into machine language. The keywords have
standard, predefined meanings. The keywords should not be use for anything other than their
predefined purposes in the C++ language. Therefore, do not use them for variable name or
names for programmer-defined functions.
Here is a list of standard keywords in C++.
C++ Keywords
asm do inline short typeid
auto double int signed typename
bool dynamic_cast log sizeof union
break else mutable static unsigned
case enum namespace static_cast using
catch explicit new struct virtual
char extern operator switch void
class false private template volatile
const float protected this wchar_t
const_cast for public throw while
continue friend register true
default goto reinterpret_cast try
delete if return typedef
Table 3-1 C++ keywords
In addition to the keywords listed below, identifiers containing a double underscore (__) are
reserved for use by C++ implementations and standard libraries and should not be used in
your program.
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Data Types and Variables
3.3 Basic Data Types
A computer program accepts input from the keyboard. The keys entered from keyboard will
be encoded as values and store in computer memory. The values can be numeric or alphabetic.
A computer program use data types to differentiate the numerical values and alphabetical
values.
The memoy locations where the values are stored are represented by complicated memory
addresses. To simplify the read operation from the memory locations and write operation to
the memory locations for the values, variables are used to represent the memory address.
Variables can hold different types of data. In general there are two categories of data types:
3
§ numeric data types
(Examples: -50, -25.6, -0.0123, 0, 1.68, 7.6, and 65536)
§ and character data types
C++ provides seven built-in data types and identifies them by keywords. These are also
called primitive types because they are simple and uncomplicated.
§ short
§ int
§ long
§ unsigned
§ float
§ double
§ char
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Every data type has a range of values. A number of bytes are required for each data type to
store value in memory, and their range is shown in Table 3-2 below. These are the highest
and lowest values that you can store in memory which limited by the size of a data types.
Basic Data C++ Bytes Minimum Maximum Examples

Type Keywords Value Value
short short 2 -32,768 32,767 -99
integer (may be 1, -24
depends on 048
3
compiler 101
implementation) 127
integer int 4 -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647 -9999

(may be 2, -1
depends on 0
compiler 566
implementation) 32767
long long 4 -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647 -222

integer 0
3333
65536
9999999
unsigned unsigned 2 or 4 0 4294967295 1

integer (may be 2, 256
depends on 1200
compiler 14400
floating float 4 -3.4 * 1038 3.4 * 1038 -0.056

point -0.017
0.0
1.234
100.567
double double 8 -1.7 * 10308 1.7 * 10308 -0.0568

floating -0.0173
point 0.01
41.234
100.5678
character char 1 0 255 '$'

'*'
''
'a'
'A
'
Table 3-2 Basic Data Types
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Program 3-1 demonstrates the uses of data types in a program.
// Program that demonstrating data types

#include <iostream.h>
main()
{
// Variable declarations and initializations
short small_number = 25;
int medium_number = 25000;
long big_number = 500000000;
unsigned positive_number = 50000;
float quarter = 0.25;
double pi = 3.14159;
3
char letter = 'W';
// Output to screen
cout<<"small number (short) = "<<small_number<<endl;
cout<<"medium number (int) = "<<medium_number<<endl;
cout<<"big number (long) = "<<big_number<<endl;
cout<<"positive number (unsigned) = "<<positive_number<<endl;
cout<<"quarter (float) = "<<quarter<<endl;
cout<<"pi (long) = "<<pi<<endl;
cout<<"letter (char) = "<<letter<<endl;
return 0;
}
Program 3-1 Program that demonstrating data types
Here is the output.
small number (short) = 25

medium number (int) = 25000
big number (long) = 500000000
positive number (unsigned) = 50000
quarter (float) = 0.25
pi (long) = 3.14159
letter (char) = W
The seven built-in data types also serve as the building blocks for more complex data types,
called reference types or programmer-defined data types. These will be discussed in later
chapters.
3.3.1 Integer Data Types
Integers are referring to whole numbers with no fraction part. The types short,
unsigned and long are all variations of integer type. You can use short if you
known a variable will to hold only small values so you can save space in memory. You use
long if you know you will be working with very large values. You use unsigned if the
values are all positive.
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You can determine the actual number of btyes allocated by your computer for an integer
value by using the sizeof operator introduced in section 3.3.4. The valid value supported by
the memory allocation shown in Table 3-3 below.
Word Size Minimum Integer Value Maximum Integer Value

1 byte -128 127
2 bytes -32,768 32,767
4 bytes -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
Table 3-3 Integer values and word size
3 Program 3-2 shows the limit on the smallest (most negative), and the largest (most positive)
integer values that can be used in a program.
// Program that demonstrating the largest and the smallest

// integer values limits
main()
{
short min_number = -32768;
short max_number = 32767;
// Output to screen
cout<<"min_number = "<<min_number<<" (negative integer) "<<endl;
// Substract 1 from min_number

min_number = min_number - 1;
cout<<"min_number - 1 = "<<min_number
<<" (positive integer, over limit) "<<endl;
// Output to screen
cout<<"\nmax_number = "<<max_number<<" (positive integer) "<<endl;
// Add 1 to max_number
max_number = max_number + 1;
cout<<"min_number + 1 = "<<max_number
<<" (negative integer, over limit) "<<endl;
return 0;
}
Program 3-2 Program that demonstrating the largest and the smallest values limits
Here is the output.
min_number = -32768 (negative integer)

min_number - 1 = 32767 (positive integer, over limit)
max_number = 32767 (positive integer)

min_number + 1 = -32768 (negative integer, over limit)
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3.3.2 Floating-Point Data Types
A floating-point is a decimal number that contains the decimal point (.) or the exponent (e or
E) or both. For those who are not familiar with exponent, look at the different ways of writing
a decimal number as shown in Table 3-4 below:
Decimal Notation Scientific Notation Exponential Notation

1628 1.628 x 103 1.628e3
3
654321 6.54321 x 105 6.54321e5
0.00734 7.34 x 10-3 7.34e-3
0.000627 6.27 x 10-4 6.27e-4
Table 3-4 Floating-point
In exponential notation the letter e stands for exponent. The number following the e
represents a power of 10.
C++ has two floating point data types: float and double. A float data type can hold
values up to six or seven significants digits of accuracy. A double data type can hold 14 or
15 significant digits of accuracy. The term significant digits refer to the mathematical
accuracy of a value. For example, a float given the value 0.324616777 will display as
0.324617 because the value is only accurate to sixth decimal positions.
However, the significant digits of accuracy may be varied depend on compiler

implementation. Program 3-3 below demonstrates the significant digits of accuracy for both
float and double.
// Program that demonstrating significant digits of accuracy

main()
{
float float_number = 3.142857142857;
double double_number = 3.142857142857;
// Output to screen
cout<<"float number (3.142857142857) = "<<float_number<<endl;
cout<<"double number (3.142857142857) = "<<double_number<<endl;
return 0;
}
Program 3-3 Program that demonstrating significant digits of accuracy
Here is the output.
float number (3.142857142857) = 3.14286

double number (3.142857142857) = 3.14286
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The following program tests the precision and range of values for floating-number.
// Program that testing the precision and range of values for floating-
number
main()
{
float float_number = 3.4e38;
double double_number = 3.4e38;
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// Output to screen
cout<<"\nfloat number (3.4e38 or 3.4 * 10 ^38) = "
<<float_number<<endl;
cout<<"double number (3.4e38 or 3.4 * 10 ^38) = "
<<double_number<<endl;
// Assigns new values

float_number = 3.5e38;
double_number = 3.5e38;
// Output to screen
cout<<"\nfloat number (3.5e38 or 3.5 * 10 ^38) = "<<float_number
<<" (Invalid Value)"<<endl;

// Output to screen

// Output to screen
cout<<"double number (2.7e38 or 2.7 * 10 ^308) = "<<double_number
return 0;
}
Here is the output.
float number (3.4e38 or 3.4 * 10 ^38) = 3.4e+038

double number (3.4e38 or 3.4 * 10 ^38) = 3.4e+038
float number (3.5e38 or 3.5 * 10 ^38) = 1.#INF (Invalid Value)



double number (2.7e38 or 2.7 * 10 ^308) = 1.#INF (Invalid Value)
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3.3.3 Character Data types
You can use the char data type to hold any single character. A character is any character
enclosed using two single quotation marks (' and '). When several characters are enclosed
using two double quotation marks (" and "), it is called a string. Table 3-5 shows the
examples of character data types.
3
Character Data Types Examples
Character '$', '*', ' ', 'a', 'A', '8'
String "name", "Day of Birth", "Gender", "Tel. No:", "Address"
Table 3-5 Character data types
Program 3-4 demonstrates the character and string.
// Program that demonstrating character and string

main()
{
// Character variable declaration and initialization
char letter = 'A';
// String variable declarations and initialization

char one_line[60] = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.";
cout<<"A letter - "<<letter<<endl;

cout<<"One line - "<<one_line<<endl;
return 0;
}
Program 3-4 Program that demonstrating character and string
Here is the output.
A letter - A
One line - The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
3.3.4 sizeof Operator
C++ has a built-in operator called sizeof that gives the sizes of data in bytes. Programmers
can use the sizeof operater to find out the sizes of a data type on a machine, so that the know
the range of valid values can be assigned to a variable. This is illustrated in Program 3-5
below.
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// program to illustrate the size of data types in bytes

main()
{
cout<<"Type short has a size of "<<sizeof(short)<<" bytes\n";
cout<<"Type int has a size of "<<sizeof(int)<<" bytes\n";
cout<<"Type unsigned has a size of "<<sizeof(unsigned)<<" bytes\n";
cout<<"Type long has a size of "<<sizeof(long)<<" bytes\n";
cout<<"Type float has a size of "<<sizeof(float)<<" bytes\n";
3
cout<<"Type double has a size of "<<sizeof(double)<<" bytes\n";
cout<<"Type char has a size of "<<sizeof(char)<<" bytes\n";
return 0;
}
Program 3-5 Program to illustrate the size of data types in bytes
The program outputs the following:
Type short has a size of 2 bytes

Type int has a size of 4 bytes
Type unsigned has a size of 4 bytes
Type long has a size of 4 bytes
Type float has a size of 4 bytes
Type double has a size of 8 bytes
Type char has a size of 1 bytes
The size used by the data types may be varied. It is depends on compiler implementation.
3.4 Identifiers
Identifiers are referring to memory locations which can hold values. They are formed by
combining letters (both uppercase and lowercase), digits, and underscore (_). Although
identifiers can be formed by freely combining letters, digits and underscores, you are
encourage to give them suggestive names that reflect the data items that they are going to
store. An identifier must start with either a letter or the underscore symbol, and all the rest of
the characters must be letters, digits, or the underscore symbol.
Valid Identifier Invalid Identifier

x "x" illegal character "
num2 2num illegal first character
month_rate month-rate illegal character -
email email@ illegal character @
Student_Name STUDENT NAME illegal blank
Table 3-6 Valid and invalid identifiers
Identifiers can be of any length, however in practice, they seldom exceed 25 characters. C++
identifiers are case-sensitive, meaning that the lowercase and uppercase letters in identifiers
are treated as different characters. For example the identifier MONTH_RATE,
Monthly_Rate, Monthly_rate and monthly_rate are all different. They are
referring to different memory locations.
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Besides being used for naming variables, identifiers also used for naming constants,
functions, structures and classes. Descriptive identifiers make program easy to read. Table
3-7 shows the examples of non-descriptive and descriptive identifiers.
Name Non Descriptive Identifier Descriptive Identifier

Day, month, year int a; // Day int day;
int b; // Month int month;
int c; // Year int year;
Interest rate, principal float value1;// Interest rate float interest_rate;
3
float value 2;// Principal float principal
Name, gender, salary char oneline[40]; // Name char name[40];

char letter; // Gender char gender;
float num; // Salary float salary;
Table 3-7 Non-descriptive and descriptive identifiers
3.5 Variables
Variables are identifiers. As mentioned earlier, the memory locations where the values are
stored are represented by complicated memory addresses. To simplify the read operation
from the memory locations and write operation to the memory locations for the values,
variables are used to represent the memory address.
Variable is most fundamental of all concepts in C++. The concept of a variable is borrowed
from mathematics. A statement such as
x=1
stores the value 1 in the variable x. From that point forward, the mathematician can use the
variable x in place of the constant 1.
Variables work the same way in C++. You can make the assignment
x = 1;
From that point forward in the program, until the value of x is changed, any references to x
are the same as referencing 1. That is, the value of x is 1. Unfortunately, C++ has a few more
concerns about variables than the mathematician does. This session deals with the care and
feeding of variables in C++.
Here are more examples
pi = 3.14159;
gravity = 9.81;
max_score = 100;
min_score = 0;
letter = 'K';
name = "Elizabeth";
The values of variables may change during the course of execution of a program.
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3.5.1 Declaring Variables
Variables are used to store data of certain type. All variables must be declared prior to their
use. You declare a variable by telling the compiler the name of the variable as well as the
type of data it represents. This is called a variable declaration. Declaring a variable tells the
compiler to allocate appropriate memory space for the variable based on its data type. The
syntax for variable declarations is as follows:
3
type_name variable_name;
type_name variable_list;
Here are some examples of variable declarations.
float amount; // Declares amount as a floating-point variable

int number; // Declares number as a integer variable
char ch; // Declares ch as character variable
If there are more than one variable of the same type, they may be placed in the same
statement, separated by commas.
Here are some examples of declaring a list of variables.
int x, y, z;
short num1, num2;
long number1, number2;
unsigned day, month, year;
char ch, code;
float interest_rate, service_tax;
Program 3-6 shows the variable declarations and manipulations.
// Program that demonstrating variable declarations and variables

manipulation
main()
{
int height, width, area;
// Prompt for input

cout<<"Enter the height: ";
cin>>height;
cout<<"Enter the width: ";
cin>>width;
// Computes height * width, then assigns result to area

area = height * width;
// Output result to screen

cout<<"Area = "<<area;
return 0;
}
Program 3-6 Program that demonstrating variable declarations and manipulating variables
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Here is the result of sample run.
Enter the height: 4

Enter the width: 8
Area = 32
3.5.2 Initializing Variables
Variables may be initialized by assigning values to them either at the time of their declaration
or at later time. When a declaration statement is used to store a value in a variable, the
variable is said to be initialized. 3
Table 3-8 shows some examples of variable declaration and initialization in one step.
Variable declaration Description

and initialization in one step
int x = 5, y = 10; Both x and y are declared as integer variables. x is
initialized to 5 and y is initialized to 10
float rate, total = 0.0; Variable total is initialized to 0.0
char ch = 'a'; ch is declared as a character variable and is given initial
value 'a'.
char vehicle[6] = "lorry"; vehicle is declared as a character variable that cannot
store more than six characters. It is given the initial value
"lorry".
The square brackets [ ] are used to indicate the size of

the character variable vehicle. This is the way to declare
variables for storing strings.
The double quotation marks " and " are used to enclose
the string "lorry".
Table 3-8 Variable declaration and initialization in one step
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Program 3-7 shows the variable declarations and initializations in one step.
// Program that demonstrating variable declarations and initializations

main()
{
int height = 4, width = 8, area = 0;
// Computes height x width, then assigns result to area
3

cout<<"Height = "<<height<<endl;
cout<<"Width = "<<width<<endl;
cout<<"Area = "<<area<<endl;
return 0;
}
Program 3-7 Program that demonstrating variable declarations and initializations in one step
Here is the output.
Height = 4
Width = 8
Area = 32
Another way to initialize variables is to assign them values after the variables have been
declared as shows below.
int x, y;
float rete, total;
char ch; Variable declaration
char vehicle[6];
y = 10
total = 0.0;
ch ='a'; Variable initialization
vehicle = "lorry";
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Here is the sample program.
// Program that demonstrating variable declarations and initializations

main()
{
// Variable declarations
int height, width, area;
// Variable initializations
3
height = 4;
width = 8;
area = 0;
// Computes height x width, then assigns result to area


cout<<"Height = "<<height<<endl;
cout<<"Width = "<<width<<endl;
cout<<"Area = "<<area<<endl;
return 0;
}
Program 3-8 Program that demonstrating variable declarations and initializations
Here is the output.
Height = 4
Width = 8
Area = 32
3.6 Constants
Constants are values that do not change during program execution. They can be type of
integer, character or floating point. To declare constants, use the keyword const as in the
following example
const double pi = 3.14159;

const float service_tax = 0.1;
const int days_of_year = 365;
const char grade1 = 'A';
Mathematical constants are good candidates for receiving const status. For example when pi
is defined as const double pi = 3.14159;, it appropriately becomes a constant that
should never take any value.
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Here is an example using constant.
// To calculate the circumference and the area of a circle

main()
{
const double PI = 3.14159;
const double TWO = 2.0;
double area, circum, radius;
cout<<"\nEnter radius: ";
3
cin>>radius;
area = PI * radius * radius;
circum = TWO * PI * radius;
cout<<"Circumference = "<<circum;
cout<<"\nArea = "<<area;
return 0;
}
Program 3-9 Program to illustrate constant
Here is a sample run:
Enter radius: 6.00

Circumference = 37.6991
Area = 113.097
A constant must be declared and initialized before it can be used. You cannot change a
constant’s value once it is declared.
3.7 Other Data Types
In addition to the data types discussed in this chapter, C++ provides other data types derived
from the basic data types. These include arrays, pointer, and structures (will be discussed in
later chapters). Besides these, you can also define your own data types, called user-defined
types. These will be discussed in the later chapter.
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3.8 Sample Programs
Program 3-10 begins with a comment that explains what the program does. The body of the
main function includes a declaration section where the constants freeze_pt and boil_pt,
and variable mid_pt are defined. It is follow by a sequence of executable statements. These
statement display a message, computes the midpoint, and finaly display result on screen.
// Program computes the midpoint between the freezing and boiling points
3
// of water
main()
{
// Constant variable declaration
const float freeze_pt = 0.0; // Freezing point of water
const float boil_pt = 100.0; // Boiling point of water
// Variable declaration
float mid_pt;
// Output to screen
cout<<"Water freezes at "<<freeze_pt;
cout<<" and boils at "<<boil_pt<<" degrees celsius. "<<endl;
// Computes the midpoint

mid_pt = (freeze_pt + boil_pt) / 2.0;
// Display result
cout<<"The midpoint between the freezing and boiling points of water
is "<<mid_pt<<" degree celsius.";
return 0;
}
Program 3-10 Program computes the midpoint between the freezing and boiling points
Here is the output.
Water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 degrees celsius.

The midpoint between the freezing and boiling points of water is 50 degree
celsius.
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main function includes a declaration section where the constants government_tax and
service_tax, and variable amount and amount_after_tax are defined. It is follow
by a sequence of input and output statements. These statements display a message request for
an input for the variable amount, and display both the government tax and service tax
required for the figure entered. It is follow by an assignment statement that computes that
3 amount_after_tax. Finaly, it display the result to screen.
// Program that computes the amount after tax

main()
{
// Constant declaration
const float government_tax = 0.05, service_tax = 0.1;
float amount = 0.0, amount_after_tax = 0.0;
// Input and output statement

cout<<"Enter the amount: ";
cin>>amount;
cout<<"Government Tax (5%) = $ "<<(amount * government_tax)<<endl;
cout<<"Service Tax (10%) = $ "<<(amount * service_tax)<<endl;
// Computes the amount after tax

amount_after_tax
= amount + (amount * government_tax) + (amount * service_tax);
// Display the result

cout<<"You have to pay $ "<<amount_after_tax;
return 0;
}
Program 3-11 Program that computes the amount after tax
Enter the amount: 100.00

Government Tax (5%) = $ 5
Service Tax (10%) = $ 10
You have to pay $ 115
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main function includes a declaration section where the variables name[40], day, month,
year, current_year and age are defined. It is follow by a sequence of executable
statements. These statement prompt for inputs, computes the age, and finaly display result on
screen.
3
// Program that computes the age
main()
{
char name[40] = "";
unsigned short day = 0, month = 0, year = 0;
unsigned short current_year = 0, age = 0;
// Prompt for inputs

cout<<"Enter your name: ";
cin>>name;
cout<<"Enter your birthday (dd mm yyyy): ";
cin>>day>>month>>year;
cout<<"Enter current year (yyyy): ";
cin>>current_year;
// Computes the age

age = current_year - year;
// Output to screen
cout<<"\nHi "<<name<<", Now you are "<<age
<<" years old. Next year you will be "<<(age + 1)
<<" years old.";
return 0;
}
Program 3-12 Program that computes the age
Enter your name: Peter

Enter your birthday (dd mm yyyy): 12 12 1989
Enter current year (yyyy): 2007
Hi Peter, Now you are 18 years old. Next year you will be 19years old.
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3.9 Summary
§ The C++ character set includes the keyboard characters, namely, the uppercase letter
A through Z, the lowercase letters a through z, the digits 0 through 9, and other
special characters.
§ The keywords should not be use for anything other than their predefined purposes in
the C++ language. Therefore, do not use them for variable name or names for
3
programmer-defined functions.
§ The C++ provides seven built-in data types: short, int, long, unsigned,
float, double and char.
Basic Data Type C++ Bytes Minimum Maximum Examples

Keywords Value Value
short integer short 1 (2) -128 127 -99
(depends on -24
compiler 048
implementation) 101
127
integer int 2 (4) -32,768 32,767 -9999
(depends on -1
compiler 0
implementation) 566
32767
long integer long 4 (8) -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647 -222
(depends on 0
compiler 3333
9999999
unsigned integer unsigned 2 (4) 0 65,536 1
(depends on 256
compiler 1200
60000
floating point float 4 -3.4 * 1038 3.4 * 1038 -0.056
(approximately 6 -0.017
digits of precision) 0.0
1.234
100.567
double floating point double 8 -1.7 * 10308 1.7 * 10308 -0.0568
(approximately 14 -0.0173
digits of precision) 0.01
41.234
100.5678
character char 1 0 255 '$'
'*'
''
'a'
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'A'
§ C++ has a built-in operator called sizeof that gives the sizes of data in bytes.
§ Identifiers are used as names for variables and other items in a C++ program.
Identifiers must start with either a letter or the underscore symbol, and the remains
characters must be all be letter, digits, or the underscore symbol.
Valid Identifier Invalid Identifier
3
x "x" illegal character "
num2 2num illegal first character
month_rate month-rate illegal character -
email email@ illegal character @
Student_Name STUDENT NAME illegal blank
§ All variables must be declared before they are used.
Variable Decalaration Variable Decalration in a List

short num1; short num1, num2;
short num2;
int x; int x, y, z;
int y;
int z;
long number1; long number1, number2;
long number2;
unsigned day; unsigned day, month, year;
unsigned month;
unsigned year;
float interest_rate; float interest_rate, service_tax;
float service_tax;
double price; double price, rate;
double rate;
char ch; char ch, code;
char code;
§ Variables (identifiers) are named memory location that your program can use to store
values. You can name a variable using any legal identifier. A variable name cannot be
any reserved word.
§ Variables may be initialized by assigning values to them either at the time of their
declaration or at later time.
Variable declaration Description

and initialization in one step
int x = 5, y = 10; Both x and y are declared as integer variables. x is
initialized to 5 and y is initialized to 10
float rate, total = 0.0; Variable total is initialized to 0.0
char ch = 'a'; ch is declared as a character variable and is given initial
value 'a'.
67
char vehicle[6] = "lorry"; vehicle is declared as a character variable that cannot

store more than six characters. It is given the initial value
"lorry".
The square brackets [ ] are used to indicate the size of

the character variable vehicle. This is the way to declare
variables for storing strings.
The double quotation marks " and " are used to enclose
3
the string "lorry".
§ Constants are values that do not change during program execution.
§ C++ provides other data types such as arrays, pointers and structures which are
derived from the basic data types.
68
3.10 Exercises
1. For each of the following C++ programming language identifiers, note whether they
are valid or ilvalid.
a. weekly_sales
b. last character
c. integer
3
d. surname
e. phone#
f. abcdefghijklmnopq
g. class_code
h. year2k
i. 2000car
j. _file
k. main
l. @email
2. Write appropriate declarations, assigning initial values (if any), for each of the
following
a. Integer variable: index

b. Unsigned integer variable: num
c. Double-precision variables: gross, tax, net
d. Character variables: first, last
e. Character variable code = 'A'
f. Character variable num = '9'
g. Character variable: eol = newline character
h. Floating-point variable: result1 = 0.005, result2 = -7.8
i. Long integer variable: bignum = 123456789
j. Short integer variable: month
k. Integer constant: size = 100
l. Double-precision constant: gravity = 9.81
3. Programmer-named computer memory locations are called _____________.
a. compilers
b. variables
c. address
d. applications
4. When data cannot be changed after a program is compiled, the data is ____________.
a. constant
b. variable
c. data type
d. memory location
5. Which of the following is not a basic data type in the C++ programming?
69
a. int
b. byte
c. char
d. float
6. Which of the following elements is not required in a variable declaration?
a. a type
3
b. an identifier
c. an assigned value
d. a semicolon
7. Which of the following values can you assign to a variable of type int?
a. 0
b. 98.8
c. 'W'
d. 9,000,000,000,000
8. Write a program compute and output the total of three integer numbers entered from
keyboard.
9. Write a program compute and output the average of two floating-point number
entered from the keyboard.
10. Write a program input a country’s name and capital’s name from the keyboard and
output the same.
70

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3 Data Types and Variables

3.1 The C++ Character Set

3 3.1 The C++ Character Set

A character set is an encoding scheme in which each character is represented by a different

§ The uppercase letter A though Z

Here is a list of standard keywords in C++.

3.3 Basic Data Types

Basic Data C++ Bytes Minimum Maximum Examples

integer int 4 -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647 -9999

long long 4 -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647 -222

unsigned unsigned 2 or 4 0 4294967295 1

floating float 4 -3.4 * 1038 3.4 * 1038 -0.056

double double 8 -1.7 * 10308 1.7 * 10308 -0.0568

character char 1 0 255 '$'

Program 3-1 demonstrates the uses of data types in a program.

// Program that demonstrating data types

Here is the output.

small number (short) = 25

3.3.1 Integer Data Types

Word Size Minimum Integer Value Maximum Integer Value

// Program that demonstrating the largest and the smallest

// Substract 1 from min_number

Here is the output.

min_number = -32768 (negative integer)

max_number = 32767 (positive integer)

3.3.2 Floating-Point Data Types

Decimal Notation Scientific Notation Exponential Notation

However, the significant digits of accuracy may be varied depend on compiler

// Program that demonstrating significant digits of accuracy

Here is the output.

float number (3.142857142857) = 3.14286

// Assigns new values

// Assigns new values

// Assigns new values

Here is the output.

float number (3.4e38 or 3.4 * 10 ^38) = 3.4e+038

float number (3.5e38 or 3.5 * 10 ^38) = 1.#INF (Invalid Value)

float number (1.7e308 or 1.7 * 10 ^308) = 1.#INF (Invalid Value)

float number (2.7e38 or 2.7 * 10 ^308) = 1.#INF (Invalid Value)

3.3.3 Character Data types

Program 3-4 demonstrates the character and string.

// Program that demonstrating character and string

// String variable declarations and initialization

cout<<"A letter - "<<letter<<endl;

Here is the output.

3.3.4 sizeof Operator

// program to illustrate the size of data types in bytes

The program outputs the following:

Type short has a size of 2 bytes

Valid Identifier Invalid Identifier

Name Non Descriptive Identifier Descriptive Identifier

Interest rate, principal float value1;// Interest rate float interest_rate;

Name, gender, salary char oneline[40]; // Name char name[40];

Table 3-7 Non-descriptive and descriptive identifiers

Here are more examples

3.5.1 Declaring Variables

Here are some examples of variable declarations.

float amount; // Declares amount as a floating-point variable

Here are some examples of declaring a list of variables.

Program 3-6 shows the variable declarations and manipulations.

// Program that demonstrating variable declarations and variables

// Prompt for input