9: Lesson Passive Reflexive and Constructions Part1: passive perfect participle (but no Eachof the stems a corresponding has

and imperfect, infinitiveforms). imperative, or

Exercise 9a.
Fill out the followingchartfor the verbfl]!,
Answer ix as needed.
Perfect G-oass. D-nass. Perf H-oass.Perfect

in consulting paradigms the the

3ms 3fs

lFr!

:ri:n / tFl:i]

2ms 2fs 1cs

I'tJllJ/l'tJltJ t:t2 rrr-r,rrit't-J I t;J 't:

-tiEt

/ FqlFq l

i't-Jt'l;J

il"n!
:l:tn! ill'n:

3mp 3fp

l:n?

t l 't l F ll t

- : 1 . - i 7

lJr I /'l)\'l)t

/ tt-ll

2mp zfp

! l frr- r.J :). r-J i 'rn I

I F-r|t

l r ' r - JI

Frr

rJ

lcp

N;l'n!

Notethatthe second vowelof theD- andH-stems not thelel like in the active is form,but a shortlal. Thispattern alsofoundin thepassive is participles:

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond

69

part. G-passive
lll : J

part. D-passive
-tEl-n
J, tJt)

part.andA-pass. part. H-passive

qn--Zi
-t tJt tt) Jl

- r , = ' : lt J
a

- | ? - tr.Jl i - J

t.s. m.p.

i'j?'n! l'l'n!

;r?iifn ]'lFfn

n?i:i:iln l.'lF;ilF

il?Flfp 'i'ln:D

fp

l?'n:

l?n:n

l?F:iln

l?iun

It should obvious these be formsproduce manyambiguities. example, that For the participle identical theG-3fppassive perfect. is G-f.s.passive to Similarly, f.s., the participles theD- andH-stems identical formto m.p.,andf.p.,passive in in are theiractivecounterparts. context distinguish forms. Only can these Now, noticesomeof the salient characteristics thepassive formsin relation of to theiractivecounterparts. Whilethe G- activeperfect an a-vowelafterthe has ( li! ), the G-passive root-consonant perfect participle second and havean i(specifically long-rvowel). vowelafterthesecond root-consonant a Just the pattern observed is opposite between D-, FVA-active the formsandthe D-, FVApassive forms.Thus,while the D- andH/A-active perfect imperfect havean eand (:li!, :i=il] andlFlfi_l, lnf'_.1:),theD-, vowelafterthesecond root-consonant perfect participles H/A-passive and havean a-vowel. always Part2. Eachof the stems a corresponding has reflexivestem, which,asits namesuggests, reflexivity,or sometimes canconnote habitual, repeated More often, action. passivity. however, represents it Thus, is yet another to represent passivity this way in Aramaic. ThetG or Hithpe'et1)llnn; ThetD or Hithpa"al()!Ellll) ThetH or Hithhaph'al )tJlilri;'t) 1x However,only the tG andtD stems attested BA andtherefore are for merit our attention. These reflexivestems characterized theirhi1-(or, in the imperfect, are yi1-,ti1-, by 'it-, nit-)prefixes. Thestems haveperfect, imperfect, participle, infinitiveforms, imperative, and not though all of these attested BiblicalAramaic. in are

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond

70

Exercise 9b.
left Fill out the spaces blankin the followingchartandanswer following the uestr ons.
tG-Perfect tD-Perfect tG-Imnerfect tD-Imoerfect

3ms 3fs

.Jt

tiJ) '. : :il

-Jl'liJl
FqF-IFF

ll ,

Jt " ttJt I I

r l ' l i l l- l -

i tJt

FqFqF+

t;Jt tr i

i t-Jt'tJt tr I

2ms 2fs lcs

Ft:n!ni']
r--ti--r i ' ' - J i: t ; J t l r I t: :

- l h t F q

l'lJl'l;Jl

lr I

I l-Jl lJl

htFtFt

lr I

3mp 3fp

'rl- ii- n r J lJl

-qriqn-

lr I

r l-,li tJl lr i

2mp zfp
lcp

ItFrrF-rF-t

l'ly

r - r . . r J r .r r. i
lJl li I

IF-EqF!

1i'lJi

\strrF-Ft\,J-Jt tiJt
f i ' i i

lt I

l. Whatarethedistinctions thevowelpatterns in between tG-perfect those the and of the G-perfect? 2.In an unvocalized how manydifferentformscouldn:nf,nil represent? text, Whatarethey? 3. Thereareno tG- or tD-imperatives Biblical Aramaic. in But, giventhe imperfect formsyou'vewrittendownin the above chart,whatwouldthe imperative formsof thetG andtD look like, if theydid occur? 4. There tG- or tD- participles BiblicalAramaic. the masc. in are If sing.formsare, respectively:i!nD andlFiJl'iB, whatdo theotherformslook like? paradigm foundwith rootsthathavea Onewrinkle to this ratherstraightforward is (D, sibilantasa first-consonant T,B, lD,tD). the frst consonant a D, T,D, or U If is the sibilantandtheprefix Il switchplaces: ):ntUR is them.s.tD-participle from
Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond
7l

J=tA("to consider"). the first root consonant a 3, thenthe consonants If is switch places, thef-lbecomes Ll : 9]ts$i] is them.s.tD-participle but a from 9:g ("to be wet").

Exercise 9c.
Translate slightly simplifiedversionof Daniel 7:8-10: this 8.
I

ilJ'IJi.'--l[$ l)*: *'.1-rp3 )tnun ri'']ir l;f i'i rr12)c ]-rp

n'DJi?-ln irJl?lni:T Nll?rizNitrp-ln n?nr .ll!t $plt\ l;1::l )\aa tr!:lNJ-Nlrpt l.I! r)*
9
rar r r. t.. i.

t-

-lF!! nuN-t-ltjul -llrl t?n: ;'lu:) NP-i -'t':l: ';ri)l)l -lt .-T l)l l'l':tD i':T:D-r?
| | : lTr :T

Jf

' :l

llJl

l ) r ' l )'J - : I .

l{J

'

llllJ

lJ

'l

i.

-..

l)/illt

. . - iI

lllll .'r

-T)j-lr:-'1 -1[i 'iliDJP-IF PEjl .'ilin:rp

:ln..E: rrr.rI l=Yl.

l0

iI!:lubrp: 1)* lrnrp''i.-lrr.)l jl:-: rr-:1 I'E)r!

lri. N:.-.J

Consider following: the In thefirst line to verse8, noticethatthe feminine word "horn" (jlP) is modified by two feminine adjectives. In thesecond to verse notice two distinct, similar, line 8, the but words: the adjective/cardinal number'F''liz andthepreposition EJi?. In thethird line to verse noticethe lastword is a generic 8, word for "greatthings." ''l'F:, In the firseline to verse noticethattheverbis 9, perfect a 3mpG-passive of ("to throw,setup").Thesubject "thrones." ;'Tn-l is Also,thephrase l.'bl' p'Fi! is "Ancientof Days,"andindicates singledivineindividual. usually translated a The perfect, a simpleG-perfect, verbll'l' is not a G-passive but with an lilvowel, instead an lal vowelin its second of syllable. In the second of verse bothclauses line predicate. 9, contain non-verbal a In thethird line of verse bothclauses 9, predicate. contain non-verbal a

Introductory Lessonsin Aramqic by Eric D. Reymond

72

"thousand line In the second of verse10,noticethetwo similarexpressions of greatnumbers. idiomsexpressing thousands" "ten-thousand ten-thousands," and of Also, notethe objectsuffix (3ms)on the imperfect verbUDUin verse10. In thethird line of verse10,noticethattheword for justiceandjudgment, N]'T, seems indicate courtitself.(Unless- is a misreadins N):T- theword to the this of forjudge.)

Introductory Lessonsin Arqmqic by Eric D. Reymond

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