BFC 2091 Structure Lab Span Deflection (Double Integration Method)

TITLE : SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) _______________________________________________________________________ _ 1.0 OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between span and deflection. 2.0 INTRODUCTION A beam must posses sufficient stiffness so that excessive deflections do not have an adverse effect on adjacent structural members. In many cases, maximum allowable deflections are specified by Codes of Practice in terms of the dimensions of the beam, particularly the span. The actual deflections of a beam must be limited to the elastic range of the beam, otherwise permanent distortion results. Thus in determining the deflections of beam under load, elastic theory is used. 3.0 THEORY

X L/2 - x A

P x/ 2

C B

X L/2 L/2

Beam with point load at mid span

Wong Siew Hung AF040176

BFC 2091 Structure Lab Span Deflection (Double Integration Method)

M x - x = EI

d 2 y P L PL Px = x = 2 2 2 4 2 dx dy PLx Px 2 = +A dx 4 4 PLx 2 Px 3 + Ax + B 8 12

Vx - x = EI

Yx - x = EIy =

When x = 0 ;

dy = 0A = 0 dx
0 = PL 3 48 PL 3 PL 3 +B 32 96

When x = L/2 ; y = 0 ;

B =

When x = 0 ; y mak = x = L/2 v mak =

PL 3 (mind span ; c) 48 EI

PL 2 (at support) 16 EI

where E can be obtained from the backboard

I= bd 3 12
b d

4.0

APPARATUS 4.1 4.2 4.3 Specimen beam (your group may choose one of the following material : Aluminiun, Brass or Steel) Digital Dial Test Indicator Hanger and Masses

Wong Siew Hung AF040176

BFC 2091 Structure Lab Span Deflection (Double Integration Method)

5.0

PROCEDURE 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Positioned the moveable knife-edge supports so that they are 400 mm apart. Place the chosen beam on the support. Place the hanger and the digital dial test indicator at mid span. Zeroed the digital reading. Apply an incremental load and record the deflection for each increment in the table below. Repeat the above using span of 300 mm and 200 mm.

6.0

RESULT Experiment 1 : Span = 400 mm No. 1 2 3 Mass* (N) 0.981 1.962 2.943 Deflection (Experimental) - 0.15 - 0.28 - 0.42 Theoretical Def. (ymax) - 9.66 x 10-5 - 1.93 x 10-4 - 2.90 x 10-4 % Difference 1.55 x 105 1.45 x 105 1.45 x 105

Experiment 2 : Span = 300 mm No. 1 2 3 Mass* (N) 0.981 1.962 2.943 Deflection (Experimental) - 0.07 - 0.14 - 0.21 Theoretical Def. (ymax) - 4.07 x 10-5 - 8.15 x 10-5 - 1.22 x 10-4 % Difference 1.72 x 105 1.72 x 105 1.72 x 105

Experiment 3 : Span = 200 mm No. Mass* (N) Deflection Theoretical % Difference

Wong Siew Hung AF040176

BFC 2091 Structure Lab Span Deflection (Double Integration Method)

1 2 3

0.981 1.962 2.943

(Experimental) - 0.03 - 0.05 - 0.07

Def. (ymax) - 1.21 x 10-5 - 2.42 x 10-5 - 3.62 x 10-5

2.48 x 105 2.01 x 105 1.93 x 105

Used any mass between 10 to 500 g

For Extra Calculation/Experiment with 400 mm span and x=L/3 (400 (from experiment 1, no. 3), the hanger and the digital dial test indicator is place at the L/3 (400mm / 3) of the span. No. 3 Given, Esteel = 207 GNm-2 = 207 x 109 Nm-2 Width and Thick of the Span ; Reading 1 2 3 Average Width / b (m) 19.19 x 10-3 19.13 x 10-3 19.00 x 10-3 19.11 x 10-3 Thick / d (m) 3.54 x 10-3 3.48 x 10-3 3.33 x 10-3 3.45 x 10-3 Mass* (N) 2.943 Deflection (Experimental) - 0.41 Theoretical Def. (ymax) - 2.90 x 10-4 % Difference 1.45 x 105

7.0

DATA ANALYSIS / CALCULATION Given, Esteel = 207 x 109 Nm-2

Width, b = 19.11 x 10-3 m Thick, d = 3.45 x 10-3 m From Equation, I =

bd 3 12
Wong Siew Hung AF040176

BFC 2091 Structure Lab Span Deflection (Double Integration Method)

(0.01911 )( 0.00345 ) 3 12

= 6.54 x 10-11 m4 For Experiment 1 : Span = 400 mm When, N = 0.981 N

y mak = PL 3 48 EI

(0.981 )( 0.4) 3 48 (207 x10 9 )( 6.54 x10 11 )

= 9.66 x 10-5 m When, N = 1.962 N

y mak = PL 3 48 EI

(1.962 )( 0.4) 3 48 (207 x10 9 )( 6.54 x10 11 )

= 1.93 x 10-4 m When, N = 2.943 N

y mak = PL 3 48 EI

( 2.943 )( 0.4) 3 48 (207 x10 9 )( 6.54 x10 11 )

= 2.90 x 10-4 m

For Experiment 2 : Span = 300 mm When, N = 0.981 N

y mak = PL 3 48 EI

(0.981 )( 0.3) 3 48 (207 x10 9 )( 6.54 x10 11 )

Wong Siew Hung AF040176

BFC 2091 Structure Lab Span Deflection (Double Integration Method)

= 4.07 x 10-5 m When, N = 1.962 N

y mak = PL 3 48 EI

(1.962 )( 0.3) 3 48 (207 x10 9 )( 6.54 x10 11 )

= 8.15 x 10-5 m When, N = 2.943 N

y mak = PL 3 48 EI

( 2.943 )( 0.3) 3 48 (207 x10 9 )( 6.54 x10 11 )

= 1.22 x 10-4 m

For Experiment 3 : Span = 200 mm When, N = 0.981 N

PL 3 48 EI

y mak =

(0.981 )( 0.2) 3 48 (207 x10 9 )( 6.54 x10 11 )

= 1.21 x 10-5 m

Wong Siew Hung AF040176

BFC 2091 Structure Lab Span Deflection (Double Integration Method)

When, N = 1.962 N
y mak = PL 3 48 EI

(1.962 )( 0.2) 3 48 (207 x10 9 )( 6.54 x10 11 )

= 2.42 x 10-5 m When, N = 2.943 N

y mak = PL 3 48 EI

( 2.943 )( 0.2) 3 48 (207 x10 9 )( 6.54 x10 11 )

= 3.62 x 10-5 m

Percentage of Differences Between the Experimental Deflection and Theoretical Deflection For Experiment 1 : Span = 400 mm When, N = 0.981 N % Difference = { 0.15 ( 9.66 x 10-5 )} ( 9.66 x 10-5) x 100 = 1.55 x 105 % When, N = 1.962 N

Wong Siew Hung AF040176

BFC 2091 Structure Lab Span Deflection (Double Integration Method)

% Difference = { 0.28 ( 1.93 x 10-4)} ( 1.93 x 10-4) x 100 = 1.45 x 105 % When, N = 2.943 N % Difference = { 0.42 ( 2.90 x 10-4)} ( 2.90 x 10-4) x 100 = 1.45 x 105 %

For Experiment 2 : Span = 300 mm When, N = 0.981 N % Difference = { 0.07 ( 4.07 x 10-5)} ( 4.07 x 10-5) x 100 = 1.72 x 105 % When, N = 1.962 N % Difference = { 0.14 ( 8.15 x 10-5)} ( 8.15 x 10-5) x 100 = 1.72 x 105 % When, N = 2.943 N % Difference = { 0.21 ( 1.22 x 10-4)} ( 1.22 x 10-4) x 100 = 1.72 x 105 %

For Experiment 3 : Span = 200 mm When, N = 0.981 N % Difference = { 0.03 ( 1.21 x 10-5)} ( 1.21 x 10-5) x 100 = 2.48 x 105 % When, N = 1.962 N % Difference = { 0.05 ( 2.42 x 10-5)} ( 2.42 x 10-5) x 100 = 2.01 x 105 %

Wong Siew Hung AF040176

BFC 2091 Structure Lab Span Deflection (Double Integration Method)

When, N = 2.943 N % Difference = { 0.07 ( 3.62 x 10-5)} ( 3.62 x 10-5) x 100 = 1.93 x 105 % 8.0 DISCUSSION Comment on the different between the theoretical and experimental results. Referring to the results from the calculation, we can conclude that, the different between the theoretical and experimental results are very big for both Experiment 1, 2, and 3. Thus, the percentage (%) of the difference between the theoretical and experimental results are extremely big and high. From the experiment done, we can notice that, the span with longer length will give us the bigger value of deflection when the load is place at the mid span for both theoretical and experimental results. While for the span with shorter length, the deflection is slightly small compare to the longer span. For Experiment 1 (span 400mm), when the load of 100g or 0.981 N was place at the mid span, test indicator give us the reading of deflection with -0.15. When the load is increased to 1.962 N and 2.943 N respectively, the deflection recorded by test indicator are -0.28 and -0.42. The values of the deflection for both theoretical and experimental results increase proportionally to the load when the load of 100g, 200g and 300g is place on the mid span. For Experiment 2 (span 300mm), when the load of 100g or 0.981 N was place at the mid span, test indicator give us the reading of deflection with -0.07. When the load is increased to 1.962 N and 2.943 N respectively, the deflection recorded by test indicator are -0.14 and -0.21. But, the value of deflection for this experiment is smaller than the experiment 1. This is because the length of the span used, 300mm, is shorter than experiment 1. The values of the deflection for both theoretical and experimental results increase proportionally to the load when the load of 100g, 200g and 300g is place on the mid span.

Wong Siew Hung AF040176

BFC 2091 Structure Lab Span Deflection (Double Integration Method)

For Experiment 3 (span 200mm), when the load of 100g or 0.981 N was place at the mid span, test indicator give us the reading of deflection with -0.03. When the load is increased to 1.962 N and 2.943 N respectively, the deflection recorded by test indicator are -0.05 and -0.07. The value of deflection for this experiment is smaller than the experiment 1 and experiment 2. This is because the length of the span used, 200mm, is shorter than the span used for experiment 1 and experiment 2. The values of the deflection for both theoretical and experimental results increase proportionally to the load when the load of 100g, 200g and 300g is place on the mid span. From the results we get from this experiment, though the different between the theoretical and experimental results are very big, but the deflection in the span increase when the load is increase. Besides that, the value of deflection also increase when the length of span used is longer. Thus, we conclude that, the deflection of span is proportional to the load we place on it and the length of the span we used.

9.0

EXTRA QUESTIONS 9.1 Calculate the deflection when x = L/3 (experiment 1, no. 3). Check the result by placing the digital dial at this position. Calculation : When x = L/3, this mean that x = 133.33mm (400/3), the value for Deflection (Experimental) we get is 0.41 and the Theoretical Deflection

Wong Siew Hung AF040176

BFC 2091 Structure Lab Span Deflection (Double Integration Method)

we get from the calculation is 2.90 x 10-4 m. The percentage (%) of the difference between the theoretical and experimental results for this extra experiment is 1.45 x 105 %. When, N = 2.943 N
y mak = PL 3 48 EI

( 2.943 )( 0.4) 3 48 (207 x10 9 )( 6.54 x10 11 )

= 2.90 x 10-4 m When, N = 2.943 N % Difference = { 0.41 ( 2.90 x 10-4)} ( 2.90 x 10-4) x 100 = 1.45 x 105 % 9.2 Calculate Vmak in experiment 2, no.2. Given, Esteel = 207 x 109 Nm-2

Width, b = 19.11 x 10-3 m Thick, d = 3.45 x 10-3 m

bd 3 12 (0.01911 )( 0.00345 ) 3 = 12

From Equation, I =

= 6.54 x 10-11 m4 From Equation, v mak =

PL 2 16 EI

(1.962 )( 0.3) 3 16 ( 207 x10 9 )( 6.54 x10 11 )

= 2.45 x 10-4 m

Wong Siew Hung AF040176

BFC 2091 Structure Lab Span Deflection (Double Integration Method)

10.0

CONCLUSION From this experiment, our group managed to determine the relationship between span and deflection. In determining the deflections of the beams under load, elastic theory is used. From the experiment and the results we get from this experiment, we notice that, the span with longer length will give us the bigger value of deflection when the load is place at the mid span for both theoretical and experimental results. While for the span with shorter length, the deflection is slightly smaller compare to the longer span though the load used is same with the longer one. Though the different between the theoretical and experimental results are very big, but the deflection in the span also increase when the load is increase. Thus, we conclude that, the deflection of span is proportional to the length of the span and the load we place on it.

11.0

REFERENCES Yusof Ahamad (2001). Mekanik Bahan Dan Struktur. Malaysia: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Johor Darul Tazim. R. C. Hibbeler (2000). Mechanic Of Materials. 4th. ed. England: Prentice Hall International, Inc.

Wong Siew Hung AF040176