Social Science 2 Quarter II. I.

Ibn Khalduns Key to History Ibn Khaldun father of modern-day historiography and the social sciences witnessed two warring dynasties in North Africa, the Marinids and Hafsids one of his last students was Timur (aka Tamerlane), the great Asian empire builder Rise and Fall Cycle 1. A dynasty establishes its power in a city 2. The city reaches a period of prosperity and prominence 3. Leaders grow either weak, lax, corrupt, or all three; Primary cause is luxury 4. Tribes in the periphery gather in strength and number 5. At its weakest, the city is overrun by invading tribes Asabiya group feeling as a quantity it determines how well one group can work together belonging to something that is expanding Ibn Khaldun observed that: Desert tribes have higher asabiya than city dwellers Groups with higher asabiya dominate groups with lower asabiya There are factors that can increase or decrease asabiya: Religion - group feeling among people who are not related by blood Royal authority (law, government) - energies of a people towards a common purpose Why a Tribe has Higher Asabiya Share common blood ties Driven by the shared need to survive Have to utilize fewer resources Encounters competition from other tribes Why a City has Lower Asabiya Not everyone is related by blood Job specialization and diversification Thriving intellectual life allows for a variety of views Luxury, wealth, status, and class set people apart Government is distant; decision making delegated to a few The Akkadian Empire the first empire in history The Persian Achaemenid Empire the earliest large empire in history The Umayyad Dynasty after the death of Muhammad Empire A geographically extensive group of states and ethnicities governed by a central authority. a. Territorial Empires created through direct conquest, war and control with force direct political control in the area, greater tribute is collected, armies are tied down Hegemonic Empires Created through indirect conquest, coercion, and control with power. indirect political control, less tribute is collected, armies are more expansive The Empire

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Mesopotamian civilization founded between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers succession of nations that built on the achievements of the one before a. Sumerians (3200 2000 BCE) Had the earliest cities Invented: the wheel, writing (cuneiform), lunar calendar, the ziggurat as the city center Introduced irrigation

Sexigesimal
Behistun Rock

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Akkadians Sargon Amorites (2000 1600 BCE) Also called Old Babylon A Semitic people that conquered Akkad Hammurabi (ruled 1792-1750BCE) Known for: The Epic of Gilgamesh,mathematics, division of time: duodecimal system Assyrians (1300 612 BCE) Splendid city of Nineveh Amica !

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Superb and unmatched warriors of the time

Chaldeans (612 539 BCE) Also called New Babylon Advances in architecture and astronomy

Persepolis The Persians Persia is modern-day Iran. earliest inhabitants: Elamites who would often feud with the Babylonians and Assyrians. More influential, have been the Aryans who came into Iran around 1100BCE. Of these people, the Medes and the Persians were most prominent. Achaemenid Empire (550 to 330 BCE) founded by Cyrus the Great Contributions of the Persian Empire 1. Zoroastrianism earliest monotheistic religion; conflict between asha (truth, order) and druj (the lie, chaos). 2. Universalism Incredibly tolerant of other cultures; followed a One World Policy, and called their king the Shahanshah or King of Kings. 3. Effective Imperial Administration divided their lands into satrapies (governed by a satrap), a monarchy with a noble class, professional armies, taxation systems, and even banking.

Was founded by Chandragupta Maurya after conquering the Nanda Empire at 20 years old Chandragupta extended the borders of the empire southward into the Deccan Plateau Chanakya, the King Maker or The Indian Machiavelli wrote the Arthashastra and taught Chandragupta Kautilya favors an autocratic welfare state, and believes that no kingdom can survive without a good and efficient economy Arthashastra talks about the Rajarishi as the ideal leader: Has self-control Cultivates the intellect by association with elders Keeps his eyes open through spies Is ever active in promoting the security and welfare of the people Ensures the observance (by the people) of their dharma by authority & example Improves his own discipline by learning in all branches of knowledge Endears himself to his people by enriching them & doing good to them. The First Emperor Of India 1. Established government bureaucracy 2. Controlled economic activity in mines, forests, pearl fisheries, and salt fields 3. Operated farms, shipyards, and arsenals. 4. Maintained a formidable military 5. Constructed and improved of infrastructure 6. Funded his works through a land tax

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The History of India South Asia History played out differently in the Indo- Gangetic Plain to the north and in the Deccan plateau to the south. North was open to foreign intrusion; south would play a larger role later on as maritime trade intensified India by the End of the Axial Age 1500BCE the Aryans migrated into the Indus River Valley Indo-Aryan populations moved further eastward into the rest of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. sixteen great realms emerged to compete for supremacy power of the Kshatriya increased; the rights of the common man diminished Political situation during the time of the Buddha

Ashoka Most popularly known as the patron of Buddhism Maurya lost their territories and north India dissolved into a number ofsmaller states ruled by local dynasties after his death o Savatahana kingdom in central South Asia, that established its own empire that would last for 400 years B. The Kushans from Chinese Central Asia, the Kushans Yuezhi built an empiresupported by the Silk Road art: synthesis of Buddhist and Hellinistic (Greek) styles The spread of Buddhism also intensified. Gold coins depicting Kanishka, the greatest king -

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THE FIRST EMPIRES The Maurya The Nanda Empire at its greatest extent under Dhana Nanda

THE GOLDEN AGE A. The Gupta o Key Advancements: 1. Indian culture was crystallized. From architecture to poetry, expressions were very rich and detailed. Amica !

2. Art forms were plentiful: the Panchatantra, the sanskrit drama, architecture, sculpture 3. The cults of Vishnu and Shiva became very popular. 4. Buddhists patronized education, leading the Gupta to become the center of learning at that time. B. The Cholans the most prominent empire of the Tamil; cultural super power in Southeast Asia The Meenakshi Temple in Madurai is the oldest city in South India. Built by King Suryavarman II, Angkor Wat is a fusion of Khmer architecture and South Indian style; dedicated to Vishnu. Pura Bekasih is the most prominent Hindu temple in Bali. In mostly Muslim Indonesia, Bali is 93% Hindu. ISLAM IN INDIA The Mhugals 1526: Babur established the Mughal line that would last until 1858. o

3. Formed smart alliances (particularly with rajputs) and worked hard to be a man of the people. ** Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Aurangzebs reign began the decline of the Mughal. 1. Was fixated on expanding the empire southwards to the rest of the subcontinent. 2. Persecuted non-Muslims, destroyed Hindu temples, reinstated jizyah, and alienated allies like the Rajputs. 3. His harsh policies led to the rise of resistance movements such as the Maratha and the Sikh. Several factors sealed the fate of the Mughal: Rise of the powerful state of Hyderabad (1724) Persian invasion of North India by Nadir Shah (1739) Invasions of Afghan tribal leader, Ahmad Shah Abdali British victories in the Battle of Plassey in Bengal, and the French on the southeastern coast

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IV.

The History of China Ten Major Dynasties of China 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Shang Zhou (Chou) Qin (Chin) Han Sui 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Tang Song Yuan (Mongol) Ming Qing (Ching, Manchu)

THE FIRST EMPIRES A. o Sikhism Founded by Guru Nanak; synthesis of Hinduism and Islam. Sikhs would form a powerful resistance against later abuses of Mughal rule Guru Nanak preached about 1. The unity of God 2. The brotherhood of man 3. The rejection of caste 4. The futility of idol worship o Highlights of the reign of Akbar 1. Was extremely tolerant of other religions, opened government jobs to Hindus of all castes, and ended the tax on non-Muslims (jizyah). 2. Instituted the mansabdari system wherein officials would receive salaries. Qin Dynasty Under the guidance of Li Si, The first emperor utilized Legalism. Qin Shih Huang Di The First August God of the Qin centralized all power to himself by placing only giving power to those loyal to him; had a powerful army network of roads, unified currency, system of writing, and even philosophical thought (through book burning) throughout the empire. Han Dynasty Zhang Qian was sent on a diplomatic mission to form an alliance with the Yuezhi against the Xiongnu Confucianism became the state philosophy. Men of wisdom and virtue were put in place through the civil service examinations Scholar-officials were expected to be junzi. Women, were not allowed to take the exam. Innovation during the Han would be unmatched until the Song. It was the highest civilization of its age. Seismograph invented by Zhang Feng in the year 132.

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PATTERNS IN CHINESE HISTORY Pattern 1: TERRITORIAL PRESSURE Incursions from China's north by nomadic groups, are from those attracted by the wealth of the settled, agricultural civilization of China. these invaders rules through the Chinese bureaucracy, leading to the expression that China "sinicizes its conquerors 3.

population growth. Cities also grew immensely dense. The government became even more autocratic. The central government was better funded, and more government officials came from the commoner class.

Zhu Xi (1130-1200) Neo-Confucianism Introduced a philosophy that synthesized Daoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Society during the golden age Buddhism and Daoism ushered in a creative age and Confucianism further deepened as the social ethic of China. Two main classes: the gentry (scholarly elite) and the peasants. Third would be the merchants. Women had an important role to play in the family, but their subordinate role was reinforced towards the latter Song dynasty.

Pattern 2: CULTURAL CONTINUITY ** Dynasties rise and fall but Confucian values keep China intact. This is seen manifested in several ways: 1. The evolution of the bureaucratic structure the civil service examination system, the scholar-gentry who sit for exams and staff the civil administration; 2. The refinement of the Confucian classics as the basis of education and elite selection; Thus there emerged a tendency in China towards political unification and reunification. A factor that also facilitated this was increasing population density. Pattern 3: STRENGTHENING OF THE IMPERIAL CENTER **Beginning with the legalistic approach of the First Emperor of the Qin, the emperors of China continued a trend of concentrating power towards the center. Government was strengthened when authority was moved towards the emperor. ** When power is too concentrated at the center, a dynasty becomes more vulnerable to rebellion ** Height of imperial concentration can be seen in the Ming dynasty. THE GOLDEN AGE A. Tang Dynasty The ruler depends on the state, and the state depends on its people Changan was an imperial city, an administrative center designed to show off the power of the emperor and the majesty of his court Song Dynasty Period of great change 1. The traditional aristocracy weakened even further after the Tang. Two reasons: (a) Shift to large cities (b) the abolition of the equal field system in favor of a money tax 2. Economic base began to expand to, and somewhat shifted to the south. Food production improved immensely and led to a spike in

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The History of Islam SETTING THE STAGE Islam Islam was born in a desert town The Incense Road Trade in aromatics (such as frankincense and myrrh) and spices connected ancient Arabia, Egypt, India, and Africa Mecca was one of the key cities along this route Connects with the Silk Road A Magi was an astronomer and a follower of Zoroaster. To the east of Judea is Persia. Gold, frankincense and myrrh were all goods traded along the Incense Road. THE PROPHET Setting Christian Byzantine Empire in Europe and the Zoroastrian Sasanid Empire were exhausting each other through a rivalry Arabian peninsula, the caravan town of Mecca was quickly becoming a prosperous trading center Throughout Arabia were the Bedouin tribes who lived on herding and sporadic raids (ghazu) on settlements and caravans The Bedoiun Tribes were bound together by the muruwah spirit which emphasized courage in battle, patience, etc Most of the tribes were polytheistic, and Mecca served not only as a trading center but a place for the different tribes to house their idols in the Kabah Muhammad Amica !

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was raised an orphan in a less well-to-do tribe called the Quraysh. married Khadija troubled by the idolatry, worldliness, and lack of social conscience profound religious experience change his life when he was 40 years Muhammads Teachings preaching against their traditional gods and goddesses threatened both (a) their ancestral ways (b) the Meccan pilgrimage shrine and the lucrative trade it attracted fled Mecca for the town of Yathrib (later Medina) Hijrah Migration to Medina; start of the Muslim calendar; beginning of the first ummah allegiance to the ummah Honesty in public and personal affairs Modesty in personal habits Abstention from alcohol and pork Fair division of inheritances Improved treatment of women Careful regulation of marriage and divorce Five Pillars of Islam Shahadah (profession of faith) Zakat (charity) Sawm (fasting) Salat (ritual prayer) Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

Other people were ready to accept Islam, especially with its emphasis on having no clergy and focus on social justice. Muslims were tolerant and protected their subjects. They did not force conversion and allowed others to continue with their own faith and laws provided they pay tax (jizyah). Muslims adopted existing systems of government and trade. THE GOLDEN AGE

** The Umayyad and Abbasid periods -- The High Caliphate where a politically strong, culturally vibrant, and economically wealthy system led to a Golden Age During the Abbasid dynasty, the following emerged: 1. Ulama (persons of right knowledge) argued that Muslim law must be derived from the practices (sunnah) and sayings (hadith) of the Prophet Muhammad, the Perfect Man. 2. Shariah law became the Muslims definitive guide for legal, social, commercial, political, ritual and moral concerns. 3. Sunni Islam was concretized, following three principles: The umma is a theocracy, ruled by shariah law The caliph is charged with administering the ummah and protecting the Dar al-Islam. A person who professes the shahadah is a Muslim, and those who commit a mortal sin is excluded from the ummah. Decline caliphate weakened as power devolved to local leaders such as the amir and religious authorities such as the ulama. Islam is egalitarian Muslims were an inherently mercantile people

** Muhammad saw himself as the restorer of the original message of God. ** He triumphantly returns to Mecca, casts out idols from the Kabah, declaring the supremacy of the one true God. ** A tribal confederation is bound by personal allegiance to Muhammad and submission to God RISE OF ISLAM Abu Bakr (Sunni) Muhammads most gifted student, assumed command of the ummah He is called the caliph Ali (Shiites) his cousin who became the caliph in 656 but was largely contested by rival parties loyalists (partisans, shia) claim that he is the true imam Reasons for the ease of Islams spread The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak and vulnerable. Islam bound the once separated tribes together.

** Between 1450 and 1650, Islamic culture and statecraft blossomed. Instead of one universal empire however, there emerged three, distinctively Islamic states. Ottoman Empire in the Middle East Safavid Empire in Iran Mughal Empire in India

>> Summarized from Sir Martins power points :)

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