I. SIMPLE TENSES A. Simple present = base form: I work. OR base form + -s: He works. She works. It works.

OR base form + -es : I watch / she watches; I study / he studies 1. A general truth. The sky is blue. 2. A typical activity. I always brush after I eat. Bob watches TV every night. Sara works 5 days a week. 3. A statement of something existing at the time of speaking. I hear the train coming. I smell smoke. 4. A scheduled event or activity. My plane leaves at 8:30 tomorrow. B. Simple past = base form + -ed for regular verbs : I worked yesterday. The simple past for irregular verbs varies : He ate lunch at noon. (irregular verb) 1. An activity begun and completed at a particular time in the past. I went to work yesterday morning. 2. Commonly used with after and before clauses. After Bob ate dinner, he drove to CEC. The students arrived in class before the teacher. 3. Used to = past habits (used to + base form) I used to ride horses when I was a kid. C. Simple future = will + base form: I will work tomorrow. He will eat dinner later. OR am / is / are + (going to + base form): I am going to work tomorrow. She is going to eat dinner at Als Restaurant. We are going to study Unit 1 tonight. 1. A future event or activity. Our break will begin at 8:10. I will study later. Im going to study later. 2. Use will (not: going to) to volunteer. A. Wait a second. I will help you with that sofa. If you try to move it by yourself, your back will be out for a week. 3. Use going to (not: will) with a preconceived plan. Im going to mow my lawn tomorrow. D. Present perfect = have + past participle : I have worked. I have eaten. OR has + past participle: She has worked. She has eaten. 1. An activity that began in the past and continues into the present , often using since, since...ago, or for: since = a particular time: I have / She has studied English since 1997. since...ago = a particular time: Ive / Shes studied English since 5 years ago. for = a duration of time: Ive / Shes studied English for 5 years. 2. A repeated activity. I have / He has gone to ESL class every day this week. 3. An activity that occurred at an unspecified time in the past. A. Have you ever visited New York? B. No, but I have visited New Orleans. 4. An activity in a time clause (e.g., when..., while..., after...) that ends before the main clause activity begins. I will go to the movie after I have studied Unit 1.

E. Past perfect = had + past participle : I had worked. She had eaten. An activity in the past that ended before another activity in the past. e.g. They had already gone to Lab by the time I arrived. F. Future perfect = will have + past participle : I will have worked. She will have eaten. An activity in the future that will end before another activity in the future. e.g. They will have left Lab by the time I arrive.

THE 23 AUXILIARY VERBS

1. Twelve (12) verbs, when used as auxiliary verbs, combine with the base form only (base form = infinitive minus to; for example: to go = infinitive; go = base form). will shall can would should could may might must do does did

OK: I will go. You can go. He should go. We may go. They do go. Not OK: I will going. You can gone. He should goes. We may went. They do going.

2. Seven (7) verbs, when used as auxiliary verbs, combine with present participles (base form plus ing: for example, going ) OR past participles (I have walked. I have gone.) am is are was were be been

OK: I am going. He is going. He is gone. You are going. You are gone. She was going. She was gone. We were going. We were gone. They will be going. They will be gone. It has been going. It has been gone. Not OK: I am go. I am went. He is goes. He was wenting. She will be goning.

Note: Been is the past participle of to be. But, none of the 7 verbs above combines with been. In fact, only three auxiliaries combine with been: have, has, had. One of these three is always immediately in front of been (for example: I have been sick. He has been sick. I had been sick.), except in the negative and interrogative (for example: I have not been sick. (negative) Has he been sick? (interrogative)). Also Note: Been cannot stand OK: I have been here two years. Not OK: I been living

alone. For example: Not OK: I been here two years.

here two years. OK: I have been living here two years.

3. Four (4) verbs, when used as auxiliary verbs, combine with past participles only. have has had being

OK: I have gone. He has gone. I had gone. I was being robbed. I have chased. He has chased. I had chased. I was being chased. Not OK: I have go. I have going. He has go. He has going. I had go . I had going. I was being rob. I was being robbing. I have chase. I have chasing. He has chase. He has chasing. I had chase. I had chasing. I was being chase. I was being chasing. Note: Being works best in the continuous form of passive voice, simple present and simple past only. For example: I am being chased (simple present). I was being chased (simple past). Not OK: I will be being chased. I have been being chased. I had been being chased. I will have been being chased. I am being tired = Not OK. I am tired = OK. I was being lost = Not OK. I was lost = OK.

4. Of the 23 auxiliaries, nine (9) are auxiliary verbs ONLY. will shall can would should could may might must

OK: I will go. I shall go. I can go. I would go. I should go. I could go. I may go. I might go. I must go. Not OK: I will here. I shall there. I can this. I would that. I should him. I could her. I may them. I might it. I must us. Note: Many times every day you might hear people say: I do. She will. He does. We might. You should. They might. I must. It could. It seems like the auxiliary verb is being used as a principal verb, but the principal verb is not expressed. The examples above occur only in response to questions. Do you like candy? Yes, I do (like candy). No, I dont (like candy). Will she come here? Yes, she will (come here). No, she wont (come here). Does he study English? Yes, he does (study English). No, he doesnt (study English).

5. Of the 23 auxiliaries, fourteen (14) are auxiliary verbs OR principal verbs. do be does being did been am have is has are had was were

OK:

Auxiliary I do not like cats. He does like cats.* Did you eat?** I am reading. She is not listening. It was running. We were robbed. They will be kissed.

Principal I do my homework. He does a good job. You did the laundry. I am poor. She isnt rich. It was sunny. We were in New York They will be here at noon.

I have been studying. I have talked to her. He has driven a car. You had fallen down.

I have been sick. I have some money. He has a new car. You had a cold.

She was being prepared. She was being polite.

*He does like cats. I do like cats. I did like cats. These sentences are in the emphatic form, and they are used only in the simple present and simple past; they are usually responses to statements or questions. For example: (1) John doesnt like cats. Yes, he does like cats. John doesnt like cats, does he? Yes, he does like cats. (2)

You dont like cats. Yes, I do like cats. You dont like cats, do you? Yes, I do like cats. (3) She didnt like cats. Yes, she did like cats. She didnt like cats, did she? Yes, she did like cats. BUT: If the principal verb is a form of to be , do-does-did is unnecessary. OK: He is rich. Yes, he is. No, he isnt. He is rich, isnt he? Yes, he is. No, he isnt. ALSO: If there is an auxiliary, do-does-did is unnecessary. OK: She isnt working. Yes,

she is working. She isnt working, is she? Yes, she is working. **In the interrogative and the negative, do, does, and did are auxiliaries for the simple present and simple past--they are not emphatic. They are not used when the principal verb is a form of to be or when there is an auxiliary verb. For example (principal verb is a form of to be) : He is sick. Interrogative = Is he sick? Negative = He isnt sick. For example (an auxiliary verb): I am talking. Interrogative = Am I talking? Negative = I am not talking.

PROGRESSIVE TENSES A. Present progressive = am + (base form + -ing) : I am working. OR is + (base form + -ing) : She is eating. OR are + (base form + -ing) : We are studying. 1. A planned activity. Sofia is starting school at CEC tomorrow 2. An activity that is occurring right now. Jan is watching TV right now. 3. An activity that is in progress, although not actually occurring at the time of speaking. Sara is learning English at CEC. B. Past progressive = was + (base form + -ing) : I was working. OR were + (base form + -ing) : They were eating. 1. A past activity in progress while another activity occurred. At 6:00 yesterday I was eating dinner. The phone rang while I was eating. 2. Two past activities in progress at the same time. While I was answering the phone, my wife was cooking dinner. C. Future progressive = will be + (base form + -ing): I will be working. He will be eating. An activity that will be in progress. Tomorrow Sam will be studying for the test on Unit 1.

D. Present perfect progressive = have + (base form + -ing): I have been working. OR has + (base form + -ing): She has been eating. 1. This tense emphasizes the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues into the present. It often uses time words or phrases. It may be used to refer to continuing activity that is recent. He has been painting houses all summer. Ive been studying English for 2 years. 2. It may be used to refer to continuing activity that is recent. He has been going to school at CEC. E. Past perfect progressive = had + (base form + -ing) : I had been working. He had been eating. When the teacher arrived, I had been waiting almost 10 minutes. He was out of breath because he had been running to catch the bus. F. Future perfect progressive = will have + (base form + -ing): I will have been working. She will have been eating. This tense emphasizes the duration of a continuing activity in the future that ends before another activity or time in the future. By 2003 Janet will have been studying English at CEC for 3 years. By 9:45 tonight I will have been sitting in class for 2 hours and 45 minutes.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS, INFINITIVES

1. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND: (e.g., I enjoy swimming. NOT I enjoy to swim. NOT I enjoy swim.) admit advise appreciate avoid believe cant help choose confess consider debate delay deny discuss dislike enjoy escape favor feel like finish

2. VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE: (e.g., He wants to swim. NOT He wants swimming. NOT He wants swim.) decide expect forget have hope know how need plan promise wait want would like

3. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE: (e.g., She begins swimming. OR She begins to swim. NOT She begins swim.)

get around to get out of give go imagine include keep on know look forward to make mention mind miss picture postpone put off protest practice quit recall recommend regret remember resent resist risk stop succeed in suggest take up work at

afford attempt begin bother choose continue dread forget hate intend like love hate neglect regret remember stand start stop try

Passive Voice
ACTIVE Simple present: Sam kicks the ball. Sam pets the cats. Sam visits me. Simple past: Sam kicked the ball. Sam kicked the cats. The ball was kicked by Sam. The cats were kicked by Sam. The ball is kicked by Sam. The cats are petted by Sam. I am visited by Sam. PASSIVE

Simple future: Sam will kick the ball. Sam will kick the cats. Present perfect: Sam has kicked the ball. Sam has kicked the cats. Past perfect: Sam had kicked the ball. Sam had kicked the cats. Future perfect: Sam will have kicked the ball. Sam will have kicked the cats. The ball will have been kicked by Sam. The cats will have been kicked by Sam. (no change) The ball had been kicked by Sam. The cats had been kicked by Sam. (no change) The ball has been kicked by Sam. The cats have been kicked by Sam. The ball will be kicked by Sam. The cats will be kicked by Sam. (no change)

PROGRESSIVE TENSES (the passive forms of the last 4 tenses below are rarely, if ever, used)

ACTIVE Simple present: Sam is kicking the ball. Sam is petting the cats. Simple past: Sam was kicking the ball. Sam was kicking the cats. Simple future: Sam will be kicking the ball. Sam will be kicking the cats. Present perfect:

PASSIVE

The ball is being kicked by Sam. The cats are being petted by Sam.

The ball was being kicked by Sam. The cats were being kicked by Sam.

The ball will be being kicked by Sam. The cats will be being kicked by Sam.

Sam has been kicking the ball. The ball has been being kicked by Sam.

Sam has been kicking the cats. The cats have been being kicked by Sam. Past perfect: Sam had been kicking the ball. The ball had been being kicked by Sam. Sam had been kicking the cats. The cats had been being kicked by Sam. Future perfect: Sam will have been kicking the ball. Sam will have been kicking the cats. The ball will have been being kicked by Sam. The cats will have been being kicked by Sam.

ADVERBS
1.

Adverbs tell how (eagerly), when (lately, often), where (there, outside), how much (very, too), and why (therefore). Adverbs usually modify verbs, other adverbs, or adjectives. Bob drives carefully . (Carefully modifies the verb drives.) Bob drives very carefully. (Very modifies the adverb carefully.) Bob is quite tall. (Quite modifies the adjective tall.) Adverbs are often adjective + -ly: patient--patiently careless--carelessly expensive--expensively probable--probably certain--certainly happy--happily honest--honestly personal--personally real--really direct--directly fair-fairly serious--seriously But not all adverbs end in ly: again, ago, all, almost, also, always, any, anyhow, anymore, anyplace, anytime, anyway, anywhere, better, best, enough, far, farther, fast, further, furthest, here, how, inside, just, later, maybe, more, most, much, never, next, now, often, once, outside, quite, rather, slow (also slowly), so, some, somehow, sometime, sometimes, somewhat, still, straight, there, therefore, too, very, well, what, whatever, when, whence, whenever, where, whereby, wherein, wherever, yet.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Not all words that end in -ly are automatically adverbs; friendly, likely, lonely, and lovely are adjectives. Early can be an adjective OR an adverb. Fast, slow, quick, early, and straight are examples of other words that can be adjectives AND adverbs, BUT have the same meaning: Sara walks fast. (adverb) = Sara is a fast walker. (adjective). The early bus (adjective) = the bus that arrives early (adverb).

6.

7.

Most adverbs, like adjectives, can be compared using more and most: sharply--more sharply--most sharply. One- syllable adverbs are compared using -er and -est: straight--straighter--straightest. Some adverbs are irregular: well--better--best, badly (ill)--worse--worst, much--more--most, little--less--least, far--farther (further)--farthest (furthest).

TRANSITIONAL PHRASES
Transitional words and phrases keep the reader on track. They kep the reader understand the relationship between one idea or statement and subsequent ones.

1. Adding ideas:

6. Degrees of certainty:

besides for example (e.g.) for instance furthermore in addition in fact

anyhow anyway certainly doubtless in all likelihood in all probability

indeed likewise moreover once more similarly that is (i.e.) then, too

in any case indeed perhaps possibly probably surely

7. Qualification: 2. As expected: especially as a matter of fact for that matter it follows that naturally obviously of course surely to be sure frequently if in case in general in particular inasmuch lest occasionally particularly 3. Cause and effect: provided that specifically accordingly and so and thats why as a consequence as a result as might be expected as noted as noted earlier 8. Repetition: unless

consequently for this reason hence since then therefore thus

as we have seen besides in any case in fact in other words indeed to put it another way to repeat

4. Contrast: 9. Summary: at the same time conversely despite however in spite of nevertheless nonetheless notwithstanding not at all on the contrary on the other hand still unlike yet all in all finally in a word in brief in conclusion in short in summary in summation on the whole therefore to conclude to make a long story short to sum it up to summarize 5. Concession:

although but of course certainly doubtless granted that of course though to be sure to doubt that whereas

PARTS OF SPEECH 1. NOUN A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, idea, or quality. Examples: John, Mary, boy, girl, children; Pasadena, CEC; classrooms, notebooks; freedom, intelligence; hope, anger, joy 2. PRONOUN A pronoun is usually a substitute for a noun. The noun is called the "antecedent" (but an indefinite pronoun has no antecedent). Examples: a. Personal pronouns: I, mine, me; you, yours; he, his, him; she, hers, her; it, its; we, ours, us; they, theirs, them. b. Interrogative pronouns: who, whose, whom, which, what c. Relative pronouns (include): who, who, whose, which, that; whoever, whomever, whichever d. Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those e. Indefinite pronouns (include): all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, many, neither, nobody, no one, none, one, others, some, somebody, someone, such f. Intensive or reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves 3. VERB A verb expresses an action or a condition (a state of being). Examples: Robert will eat the hamburger. (action) Sara is happy. (condition or state of being)

Robert wont eat the hamburger. Will Robert eat the hamburger?

Sara isnt happy. Is Sara happy?

4. ADVERB An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Adverbs usually tell how (for example: slowly), when (e.g., lately), where (e.g., there), how much (e.g., very), or why (e.g., therefore). Example: He always chews his gum loudly. 5. ADJECTIVE An adjective describes or limits a noun. Examples: tall, young, pretty, light, blue, new, white (The tall, young, pretty girl is wearing a light blue dress with her new white shoes.) (NOT: ...a light dress blue with her new shoes white.) Adjectives and adverbs have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, superlative. Examples: Mary has a smart child. Sara has a smarter child. Nancy has the smartest child. Robert is an intelligent student. William is more intelligent than Robert. Kim is the most intelligent student. The red car is expensive. The white car is less expensive. The blue car is the least expensive. Im a good painter. Shes a better painter. Hes the best painter. Im a bad singer. Shes a worse singer. Hes the worst singer. 6. PREPOSITION A preposition usually shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another part of a sentence. There are many prepositions, including: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, beside, besides, by, down, during, except, from, for, in, inside, into, like, near, next, of, off, on, out, out of, outside, over, past, round, since, than, through, till, to, toward, towards, under, underneath, unless, until, upon, up, with, within, without. Examples: My pencil is under my desk by my foot. Martha drove from LA to NY. 7. CONJUNCTION A conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses. Coordinate conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal value: and, or, nor, but (and sometimes for). e.g., The dog and the cat are hungry. Correlative conjunctions occur in pairs: both-and, either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also. e.g., Both the fish and the snake are thirsty. Subordinate conjunctions connect unequal clauses (dependent clauses with independent clauses). They include: after, although, as, because, before, if, since, than, though, unless, until, when, where, while. e.g., After they ate, they had dessert. 8. INTERJECTION An interjection is a word that expresses feeling or emotion; usually it is followed by an exclamation mark. Examples: Oh! Ah! Wow! Darn! Gosh! Golly! Gee! Ow! Ouch! Yikes! Holy moly! Yippee! Hooray! Boo! Whew!

TITLES Mr. = Mister = man (married, single, divorced, widowed) Mrs. (say Miss-uz) = woman (married, divorced, widowed) Ms. (say Mizz) = woman (married, single, divorced, widowed) Miss = woman (single) or girl Master = boy TIME

1. What time is it? I dont know. What time is it? Its 7 oclock. 2. Do you have the time? No, I dont. Do you have the time? Yes, its 7 oclock. 3. Do you know what time it is? No, I dont. Do you know what time it is? Yes, its 7 oclock. 4. Its noon. = Its 12 pm. = Its 12:00 pm. = Its high noon. 5. Its midnight. = Its 12 am. = Its 12:00 am. 6. Its 7 oclock. = Its 7:00. 7. am = before noon. Its 7 am. = Its 7 in the morning. 8. pm = after noon. Its 7 pm. = Its 7 in the evening. 9. How to tell time The easy way: number of complete hours + number of minutes 7 hours +11 minutes = 7:11 (Do not say 7 hours :11 minutes. Say the numbers only: 7:11) The hard way: number of minutes + a word + the number of hours 11 past 7 OR 11 after 7 = 7:11 . Say past or after when the minute hand points between 0 and 30 minutes. Say to, of, till, until, or before when the minute hand points between 30 and 60 minutes.

DIRECTIONS - Excuse me. How do I get to Targit from CEC? - Take Colorado Boulevard west to Lake Avenue. Targit is on the north side of Colorado about 2 blocks past Lake. - Pardon me. Do you know where Targit is? - Yes. Go west on Colorado Boulevard past Lake Avenue. Its about 2 blocks after Lake, on the north side of Colorado. ...................................................

San Francisco
NW

N
NE

LA Phoenix San Diego

W
SW SE

E S

San Francisco is north of Los Angeles. San Diego is south of Los Angeles. Phoenix is east of Los Angeles. Los Angeles is west of Phoenix. Phoenix is northeast of San Diego. Phoenix is southeast of San Francisco. San Diego is southwest of Phoenix. San Francisco is northwest of Phoenix. ...................................... Union 88 Foss

Barco

Moonbucks

Union 88 is on the northwest corner of the intersection. Barco is on the northeast corner of the intersection.

Foss is on the southwest corner of the intersection. Moonbucks is on the southeast corner of the intersection. ................................................ How do I get to the main office? Go straight ahead. = Its straight ahead. Go down the hall and turn left. = Go down the hall and make a left. Go past the library and turn right. = Go past the library and make a right. Turn left at the end of the hall. = Make a left at the end of the hall. MEASURES 12 inches = 1 foot 3 feet = 1 yard 5,280 feet = 1 mile 16 ounces = 1 pound 2,000 pounds = 1 ton 1 acre = 208.7 feet per side 8 ounces = 1 cup 2 cups = 1 pint 2 pints = 1 quart 4 quarts = 1 gallon 1 gallon of water = 8 pounds

MONEY $ = dollar sign = cent sign $1 = $1.00 = one dollar 50 = 50 cents = $ .50 = half a dollar = a half dollar $1.50 = a dollar fifty = one fifty =one and a half dollars $1.50 1 = a penny 5 = a nickel 10 = a dime 25 = a quarter

150

PUNCTUATION MARKS

Punctuation marks on a page are similar to signs on a road. They guide you and direct you. 1. A period ( . ) ends a declarative or imperative sentence. I live in Pasadena. They dont live in Pasadena. Listen to me. Dont drink and drive. Please come here. Eat your vegetables.

2. A question mark ( ? ) ends an interrogative sentence. Do you live in Pasadena? Dont you like chocolate ice cream? 3. An exclamation mark ( ! ) ends an exclamatory sentence (a sentence that contains a lot of emotion). Help! Stop! Dont call me again! 4. A comma ( , ) separates items in a list. I like coffee, soda, milk, and tea. Sara, Maria, Robert and Steven will eat lunch.

5. A semicolon separates equal parts of a sentence. Mary is at home; Bob is at school. Give me a hamburger, with onions and lettuce; a coke, with a straw; and fries, with ketchup. 6. A colon ( : ) usually precedes a list. Bring these things with you: a book, a pencil, and a dictionary. 7. A dash ( ) usually indicates a break in thought. Ill have a hot dog with mustard no, make that ketchup. 8. A hyphen ( - ) separates syllables to make a word easier to read. co-ordinate re-elect pray-er

A hyphen also separates syllables when its necessary to continue a word on the following line. 9. Parentheses ( ) or a pair of dashes contain extra information. John (my brother) is coming to the party. John my brother is coming to the party. 10. An ellipsis (...) shows that information is missing or deleted. To be or not...the question. (To be or not to be. That is the question.) 11. Quotation marks ( ) enclose the exact words of a person. Maria said, Where are the keys? 12. An apostrophe ( ) is a substitute for a letter or letters (in a contraction). isnt = is not cant = cannot dont = do not Ill = I will Im = I am Hes sick. = He is sick.

Bobs rich. = Bob is rich. 99 = 1999

Whats new? = What is new? Theyve worked. = They have worked.

An apostrophe also shows possession. This is Saras book. (Dont say: This is the book of Sara.) Where is the dogs dish?

14. Begin all sentences with a capital letter (i.e., capitalize the first word in all sentences) and end all sentences with a punctuation mark. = Capitalize the first word in a sentence and finish the sentence with a punctuation mark.