KJP342 FLUID POWER TECHNOLOGY

Pump Pump convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Mechanical energy is from prime mover (electric motor, engine). 2 category of pumps, 1) dynamic pumps/nonpositive displacement pumps. 2) Positive displacement pump. NPD pumps generally used for low pressure, high volume flow applications. Function to move fluid from one location to another. ( centrifugal and axial flow propeller pump). PD pumps, will ejects a fixes amount of fluid into hydraulic system per rev. can overcome the pressure resulting from the mechanical loads and resistance to fluid flow. High pressure, small, high volumetric efficiency, efficiency of the pump is stable for a large range. (piston, gear, vane types of various design). Variable and nonvariable. Pumping theory Displacement volume. Pump operate by creating a partial vacuum in a confine space. The atmospheric pressure will push the fluid out of the oil tank into the pump intake. Pump will then mechanically push the fluid out into the discharge line. Type of pump 1. Gear pump external gear pump, internal gear pump, lobe pump, screw pump. 2. vane pump unbalanced vane pump, balanced vane pump. 3. piston pump axial design, radial design. Pump Performance Usually rated according to their volumetric output and pressure. Volumetric output (delivery rate or capacity) is the amount of liquid that a pump can deliver at its outlet port per unit of time at a given drive speed, usually expressed in GPM or cubic inches per minute. Sometimes rated according to displacement, that is the amount of liquid that they can deliver per cycle or cubic inches per revolution. Slippage is a measure of a pump's efficiency and usually is expressed in percent. Some pumps have greater internal slippage than others; some pumps are rated in terms of volumetric output at a given pressure. Displacement The amount of liquid transferred from a pump's inlet to its outlet in one revolution or cycle. Either in cubic meter per rev or meter per cycle. Also know as the volumetric displacement, VD . Slippage Leaking from a pressure outlet to a low-pressure area or back to an inlet. A little slippage is design for lubrication purpose. EP Chiang FKM UiTMPP

Page 1

KJP342 FLUID POWER TECHNOLOGY Pressure up leakage up. Increase slippage is loss of efficiency.

NPD pump The volume of liquid delivered for each cycle depends on the resistance offered to flow. A pump produces a force on the liquid that is constant for each particular speed of the pump. Resistance in a discharge line produces a force in the opposite direction. When these forces are equal, a liquid is in a state of equilibrium and does not flow. If the outlet of a nonpositive-displacement pump is completely closed, the discharge pressure will rise to the maximum for a pump operating at a maximum speed. A pump will churn a liquid and produce heat.

EP Chiang FKM UiTMPP

Page 2

KJP342 FLUID POWER TECHNOLOGY

PD Pump

Gear pump One of the simplest type of positive displacement pump construction. Seal chamber is created by the space between the gears teeth. Using two matching gears as the key to the design. External type

D0

Di

External gear pump The Volumetric Displacement,

VD =
Where

(D 4

2 o

Di2 L

Do is the outside diameter of the gear teeth Di is the inside diameter of the gear teeth L is the width of ear teeth

EP Chiang FKM UiTMPP

Page 3

KJP342 FLUID POWER TECHNOLOGY The theoretical flow rate

QT = V D N
where N is the rpm of pump, how fast the pump is rotating.

Internal type

Internal gear pump

EP Chiang FKM UiTMPP

Page 4

KJP342 FLUID POWER TECHNOLOGY

Vane Pump a cam ring's shape is a true circle that is on a different centerline from a rotor's. Pump displacement depends on how far a rotor and ring are eccentric. The advantage of a true-circle ring is that control can be applied to vary the eccentricity and thus vary the displacement. A disadvantage is that an unbalanced pressure at the outlet is effective against a small area of the rotor's edge, imposing side loads on the shaft. Thus there is a limit on a pump's size unless very large hearings and heavy supports are used.

Cam ring

The volumetric displacement,

VD =
Where

(DC + DR )eL

DC is the diameter of the cam ring DR is the diameter of the rotor L is the width of rotor e is the eccentricity between the rotor and cam ring When the eccentricity of the rotor and cam ring is at it maximum value, this will also coincide with the maximum volumetric displacement. When eccentricity is equal zero, then volumetric displacement is also zero. The theoretical flow rate

QT = V D N

Balance vane pump a stationary, elliptical cam ring and two sets of internal ports. A pumping chamber is formed between any two vanes twice in each revolution. The two inlets and outlets are 180 degrees apart. most universal in the mobile-equipment field EP Chiang FKM UiTMPP

Page 5

KJP342 FLUID POWER TECHNOLOGY

Piston Pumps Two types of design axial or radial. Radial design

In a radial piston pump the pistons are arranged like wheel spokes in a short cylindrical block.. A drive shaft, which is inside a circular housing, rotates a cylinder block. The block turns on a stationary pintle that contains the inlet and outlet ports. As a cylinder block turns, centrifugal force slings the pistons, which follow a circular housing. A housing's centerline is offset from a cylinder block's centerline. The amount of eccentricity between the two determines a piston stroke and, therefore, a pump's displacement. Controls can be applied to change a housing's location and thereby vary a pump's delivery from zero to maximum. pintle is a round bar that serves as a stationary shaft around which a cylinder block turns. A pintle shaft has four holes bored from one end lengthwise through part of its length. Two holes serve as an intake and two as a discharge. Two slots are cut in a side of the shaft so that each slot connects two of the lengthwise holes. EP Chiang FKM UiTMPP

Page 6

KJP342 FLUID POWER TECHNOLOGY The slots are in-line with the pistons when a cylinder block is assembled on a pintle. One of these slots provides a path for a liquid to pass from the pistons to the discharge holes bored in a pintle. Another slot connects the two inlet holes to the pistons when they are drawing in liquid. The discharge holes are connected through appropriate fittings to a discharge line so that a liquid can be directed into a system. The other pair of holes is connected to an inlet line Cylinder Block house pintle and pistons. Rotors./ reaction ring Drive Shaft. A drive shaft is connected to a cylinder block and is driven by an outside force such as an electric motor

Axial design Piston and cylinder block are parallel to each others. Can be bent axis configuration or swash plate design. Pump displacement depends on the bore and stroke of a piston and the number of pistons. Swash plate design

Cylinder block and drive shaft is on the same centerline. Pistons are connected to a shoe plate and bears against an angled swash plate. The angle of swash plate determines the length of the piston stroke. The inlet ant outlet ports are located in the valve plate.

EP Chiang FKM UiTMPP

Page 7

KJP342 FLUID POWER TECHNOLOGY

Bent axis

Drive shaft and cylinder block are set at an offset angle. Piston rods are connected to the drive shaft flange by ball and socket joints. Universal link connects the block to the drive shaft to provide alignment and positive drive. The volumetric displacement

V D= DAY tan( )
Where D is the piston circle diameter A is the piston area Y is the number of pistons is the offset angle

The theoretical flow rate

QT = V D N = DAY tan( ) N

EP Chiang FKM UiTMPP

Page 8

KJP342 FLUID POWER TECHNOLOGY

Pump Performance
Volumetric Efficiency of Pump Efficiency is calculated using the ratio of the output over the initial input. Volumetric efficiency indicates the amount of leakage that takes place within the pump. There for the volumetric efficiency of any type of pump is given by,

output v = = input

the the

actual flow rate = theoretical flow rate

QA QT

Mechanical Efficiency Mechanical efficiencies indicates the amount of energy losses that occur for reasons other than leakage. This includes friction between moving components and also how the oil moving inside the pump.

output m = = input
Where

the

pump power output if no leakage = actual power delivered to pump

pQT TT = TA N TA

p is the pump discharge pressure TA is the actual torque delivered to the pump. TT is the theoretical torque required to operate the pump based on design.

TA =

VD p 2

Overall Efficiency Take into account all the losses between the inlet of the pump and the outlet of the pump.

o = v m =

pQ A TA N

EP Chiang FKM UiTMPP

Page 9

KJP342 FLUID POWER TECHNOLOGY

Pump Performance Comparison Gear pumps in general the least expensive but also provides the lowest level of performance. Gear pumps wear rapidly, but simple in design and compact. Vane pumps performance and efficiency are between gear pumps and piston pumps. Piston pumps the most expensive and complex in design, but also provides the highest level of overall performance. Can be driven at high speeds (rpm 5000). Operate at high pressure. Pump Noise Undesirable. Too loud can cause health risk. To control the levels of noise: find the source of the noise (misaligned pump/motor couplings, improper installation of pump/motor mounting plates, pump cavitation, operate at excess speed or pressure. Modify components. Use sound absorption materials. Pump noise can also determine the performance of a pump. Increase noise could indicates increased wear. Pump cavitation due to the entrained air bubbles in the hydraulic fluid or vaporization of the hydraulic fluid. Prevent cavitaion keep suction line velocity low (1.2 m/s <) - keep inlet lines short - minimize inlet line fittings - mount the pump close to the reservoir - use strainer or low-pressure drop[ inlet filters - use the right hydraulic oil Selecting pump - use the right components (actuator, motor, fittings, plumbing, reservoir etc) - determine the required flow-rate - select the right operation/system pressure - determine the pump speed and prime mover - select base on types of applications. - Consider noise levels, hp loss, need of heat exchanger. - Cost

EP Chiang FKM UiTMPP

Page 10