White Paper for 2011 Basic Research Challenge: Reduced-Order Representations for Design

Background Approach Taken We propose a framework for building a reduced order model from a physics-based model. combining two machine learning techniques: probabilistic principal component analysis (PPCA) and neural networks. The PPCA is used for extracting bases, and a neural network is used for calculating weighting coefficients. Relevance to the Research Areas Technical Objective Recent relevant breakthrough Expectation maximization for PCA Funding plan

Handle incomplete data Computation time

For a successful design of a complex system, it is important to identify a feasible design space of the system and conduct thorough trade-off studies. Traditionally, empirical relationships are heavily used because of their short computation time. On the other hand, these relationships are valid only a certain condition or in the vicinity of the condition. Therefore, the design space shrinks as the empirical relationships are used. In contrast, physics-based models do not have such limitation. The relationships between properties in the physics-based models are governed by physical laws. Use of the physics-based models broadens the design space. Nonetheless, use of the physics-based models in design is still hindered due to their long computation time especially when the models are in high fidelity. Typically, a design process involves optimization, which requires repetitive analyses. It is time-consuming to repeatedly execute the high-fidelity physics-based models. Exploration of the design space can easily become prohibitive as extra dimensions are added to the space. A through trade-off study can become overwhelming as new concept alternatives are populated. A reduced-order model of a physics-based model is an approximate representation of the physics-based model. It is an attempt to reduce the computation time of the physics-based model while keeping the fidelity as high as possible. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)[add

reference] is a popular order reduction technique in CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), structural dynamics, and image processing. POD is also known as principal component analysis (PCA). POD extracts basis functions from data, either from experiments or high-fidelity simulations. A lower order model can be constructed as a linear combination of only a subset of the basis functions. A challenge one can face when he tries to apply POD on a physics-based model is numerical unstability of the model. It is not uncommon for a numerical simulation to diverge or crash. When the physicas-based model is repeatedly run at various conditions in order to create a dataset for POD, the data set becomes incomplete as the model crash in some cases. POD cannot handle incomplete data. Everson and Sirovich extended POD such that it can handle incomplete data. [Describe how it works] The gappy POD is used for image restoration.