INFORMATION SHEET: Chapter 1: Fundamentals of a Computer I: What is a computer? A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

Modern computers based on tiny integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. [2] Simple computers are small enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watch battery. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age, what most people think of as a "computer", but the embedded computers found in devices ranging from fighter aircraft to industrial robots, digital cameras, and toys are the most numerous. any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore computers ranging from a personal digital assistant to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity. II: BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTERS: -In the early days, one of the most important computing instruments is the abacus. It was most widely use computing instrument for more than 2000 years. 1642- The digital calculating machine was built by Blaise Pascal. 1820-First commercially successful mechanical calculator was developed by Charles Xavier Thomas. 1822- Charles Babbage started to design the Difference Engine Machine. He creates a full scale model of a difference Machine in 1823. - After 10 years he began to develop a digital computer which was known as the Analytical Engine Machine. 1890- Herman Hollerith and James Powers had developed a device which could read the information punched on the card. 1930-Howard Hathaway Aiken developed an automatic digital computer. -This machine known as the Harvard Mark 1. - It can handle 23-decimal places numbers (words) and could perform all four arithmetic operations. 1942- J. Presper Eckert, John W. Mauchly developed a high speed electronic computer known as Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) - It could perform 300 products per second and was many times faster than the previous relay computer. 1946- John von Neumann proposed a modified version of the ENIAC. -The modified version, EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) can employ binary arithmetic and stored program activities. 1950- In this early year two engineering had been made. These were the magnetic core memory and the transistor-circuit element. 1960-Sperry-Rand Corporation and the Stretch Computer by IBM designed LARC machine.

- The LARC had a core memory of 98,000 words and multiplied by 10 microseconds. 1970- Vacuum deposition of transistor began. Adders, shifting, registers and counters became available in tiny chips. 1980- Apple company was one of the companies which introduce Personal Computers. - The Japanese government planned to design and build a new generation computers which they called 5th generation computers. III: What are the components of a computer? Typical PC hardware Though a PC comes in many different form factors, a typical personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop) and the following parts: Motherboard The motherboard is the "body" of the computer. Components directly attached to the motherboard include:

The central processing unit (CPU) performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan. The chipset mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory. RAM Stores all running processes (applications) and the current running OS. RAM Stands for Random Access Memory The BIOS includes boot firmware and power management. The Basic Input Output System tasks are handled by operating system drivers. Internal Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards for graphics and sound. o Current The Northbridge memory controller, for RAM and PCI Express PCI Express, for graphics cards PCI, for other expansion cards SATA, for disk drives o Obsolete ATA (superseded by SATA) AGP (superseded by PCI Express) VLB VESA Local Bus (superseded by AGP) ISA (expansion card slot format obsolete in PCs, but still used in industrial computers) External Bus Controllers support ports for external peripherals. These ports may be controlled directly by the Southbridge I/O controller or based on expansion cards attached to the motherboard through the PCI bus. o USB o FireWire

Power supply A component that supplies power to a computer. Includes power cord, switch, and cooling fan. Supplies power at appropriate voltages to the motherboard and internal disk drives. Video display controller Produces the output for the visual display unit. This will either be built into the motherboard or attached in its own separate slot (PCI, PCI-E, PCI-E 2.0, or AGP), in the form of a graphics card. Removable media devices

CD (compact disc) - the most common type of removable media, suitable for music and data. o CD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a CD. o CD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a CD. DVD (digital versatile disc) - a popular type of removable media that is the same dimensions as a CD but stores up to 12 times as much information. It is the most common way of transferring digital video, and is popular for data storage. o DVD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a DVD. o DVD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a DVD. o DVD-RAM Drive - a device used for rapid writing and reading of data from a special type of DVD. Blu-ray Disc - a high-density optical disc format for data and high-definition video. Can store 70 times as much information as a CD. o BD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a Blu-ray disc. o BD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a Blu-ray disc. HD DVD - a discontinued competitor to the Blu-ray format. Floppy disk - an outdated storage device consisting of a thin disk of a flexible magnetic storage medium. Used today mainly for loading RAID drivers. Zip drive - an outdated medium-capacity removable disk storage system, first introduced by Iomega in 1994. USB flash drive - a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB interface, typically small, lightweight, removable, and rewritable. Capacities vary, from hundreds of megabytes (in the same ballpark as CDs) to tens of gigabytes (surpassing, at great expense, Blu-ray discs). Tape drive - a device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape, used for long term storage and backups.

Internal storage A Hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use and remains persistent even when the computer has no power.

Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data. Solid-state drive - a device similar to hard disk, but containing no moving parts and stores data in a digital format. RAID array controller - a device to manage several internal or external hard disks and optionally some peripherals in order to achieve performance or reliability improvement in what is called a RAID array.

Sound card Enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from a microphone. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the motherboard, though it is common for a user to install a separate sound card as an upgrade. Most sound cards, either built-in or added, have surround sound capabilities. Networking Connects the computer to the Internet and/or other computers.

Modem - for dial-up connections or sending digital faxes. (outdated) Network card - for DSL/Cable internet, and/or connecting to other computers, using IEEE 802.3 standards. Direct Cable Connection - Use of a null modem, connecting two computers together using their serial ports or a Laplink Cable, connecting two computers together with their parallel ports.

Other peripherals In addition, hardware devices can include external components of a computer system. The following are either standard or very common. Includes various input and output devices, usually external to the computer system. Input

Text input devices o Keyboard - a device to input text and characters by depressing buttons (referred to as keys), similar to a typewriter. The most common Englishlanguage key layout is the QWERTY layout. Pointing devices
o o

Mouse - a pointing device that detects two dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Optical Mouse - a newer technology that uses lasers, or more commonly LEDs to track the surface under the mouse to determine motion of the mouse, to be translated into mouse movements on the screen. Trackball - a pointing device consisting of an exposed protruding ball housed in a socket that detects rotation about two axes.

Gaming devices o Joystick - a general control device that consists of a handheld stick that pivots around one end, to detect angles in two or three dimensions. o Gamepad - a general handheld game controller that relies on the digits (especially thumbs) to provide input. o Game controller - a specific type of controller specialized for certain gaming purposes. Image, Video input devices o Image scanner - a device that provides input by analyzing images, printed text, handwriting, or an object. o Webcam - a low resolution video camera used to provide visual input that can be easily transferred over the internet. Audio input devices o Microphone - an acoustic sensor that provides input by converting sound into electrical signals. o Mic - Converting an autio signal into electrical signal

Output Main article: Output

Image, Video output devices o Printer o Monitor Audio output devices o Speakers o Headset

Inside the custom computer: A personal computer is made up of multiple physical components of computer hardware, upon which can be installed an operating system and a multitude of software to perform the operator's desired functions.

Simple Diagram 1. Monitor 2. Motherboard 3. CPU 4. RAM Memory 5. Expansion card 6. Power Supply 7. CD-ROM Drive 8. Hard Disk 9. Keyboard 10. Mouse

Motherboard

processor/cpu

memory/ram

Power supply expansion

card unit

optical drive

Hard disk drive

CHAPTER II: MEMORY AND ITS FUNCTIONS: What is a computer memory? How is it measured? 2 principal computer memory: RAM- RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY Stores all running processes (applications) and the current running OS. -RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it. -The contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off. ROM- READ ONLY MEMORY Is pre-loaded with data and software that never changes, so the CPU can only read from it. -typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. -retains its data indefinitely -contains a specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset. -Software stored in ROM is often called firmware, because it is notionally more like hardware than software.

The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written too much more rapidly than the main memory area. A memory CACHE stores the contents of frequently accessed RAM locations and the addresses where these data items are stored. In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). Binary-represents numeric values using two symbols, 0 and 1 A 1 byte is composed of 8bits.

TERM/BYTE KILOBYTE MEGABYTE GIGABYTE TERABYTE

ABBREVIATION KB MB GB TB

VALUE 1,024 bytes 1,048,576 bytes (million) 1,073,741,824 bytes (billion) 1,099,511,628,000 bytes (trillion)

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE: Hardware- A physical device something youre able to touch and see. (Ex: computer monitor, mouse, keyboard, etc.) Software- Is a code and instructions that tell a computer and/ or hardware how to operate. This code can be viewed and executed using a computer or other hardware device. (Ex: Microsoft Windows, Ms Office application, Internet Explorer) TYPES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE: SYSTEM SOFTWARE- includes operating systems, which govern computing resources. PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE- usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and software using different programming languages APPLICATION SOFTWARE- includes end-user applications of computers such as word processors or Video games. The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958. What are the limitations of a computer? Could not surpass any specific input. Could not decide on its own. Limited life span. Physical interaction is also limited. Could not feel any human desire.

Chapter III: Discussion on static electricity

Static electricity refers to the buildup of electric charge on the surface of objects. The static charges remain on an object until they either bleed off to ground or are quickly neutralized by a discharge. Although charge exchange can happen whenever any two surfaces come into contact and separate, a static charge will only remain when at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electrical flow (an electrical insulator). The effects of static electricity are familiar to most people because we can see, feel and even hear the spark as the excess charge is neutralized when brought close to a large electrical conductor (for example a path to ground), or a region with an excess charge of the opposite polarity (positive or negative). The familiar phenomenon of a static 'shock' is caused by the neutralization of charge. Static discharge is another way to make your hair stand up on end. Causes of static electricity The materials we observe and interact with from day-to-day are formed from atoms and molecules that are electrically neutral, having an equal number of positive charges (protons, in the nucleus) and negative charges (electrons, in shells surrounding the nucleus). The phenomenon of static electricity requires a separation of positive and negative charges. Removal and prevention of static electricity Removing or preventing a buildup of static charge can be as simple as opening a window or using a humidifier to increase the moisture content of the air, making the atmosphere more conductive. Air ionizers can perform the same task.[3] Items that are particularly sensitive to static discharge may be treated application of an antistatic agent, which adds a conducting surface layer that any excess charge is evenly distributed. Fabric softeners and dryer sheets washing machines and clothes dryers are an example of an antistatic agent prevent and remove static cling.[4] with the ensures used in used to

Many semiconductor devices used in electronics are particularly sensitive to static discharge. Conductive antistatic bags are commonly used to protect such components, while people working on circuits containing them will often ground themselves using a conductive antistatic strap.[5][6] In the industrial settings such as paint or flour plants as well as in hospitals, antistatic safety boots are sometimes used to prevent a buildup of static charge due to contact with the floor. These shoes have soles with only limited conductivity to provide some protection against serious electric shocks from the mains voltage. Static discharge The spark associated with static electricity is caused by electrostatic discharge, or simply static discharge, as excess charge is neutralized by a flow of charges from or to the surroundings. The feeling of a static electric shock is caused by the stimulation of nerves as the neutralizing current flows through the human body. Due to the ubiquitous presence of 10

water in places inhabited by people, the accumulated charge is generally not enough to cause high current. Despite the apparently innocuous nature of static electricity as we generally experience it, there can be significant risks associated with it in circumstances where large charges may accumulate in the presence of sensitive materials or devices. Electronic components Many semiconductor devices used in electronics are extremely sensitive to the presence of static electricity and can be damaged by a static discharge. Differences between static electricity and electric current Static electricity and electric current are two separate phenomena, both involving electric charge, and may occur simultaneously in the same object. Static electricity is a reference to the electric charge of an object and the related electrostatic discharge when two objects are brought together that are not at equilibrium. An electrostatic discharge creates a change in the charge of each of the two objects. In contrast, electric current is the flow of electric charge through an object, which produces no net loss or gain of electric charge. Although charge flows between two objects during an electrostatic discharge, time is too short for current to be maintained.

Chapter IV: Tools to be use in the working area Familiarizing the tools and its use. Precision screwdrivers: This includes both straight and Phillips head (the one with the cross shape at the tip). Mini or hobby needlenose pliers: These are useful for bending wires to various shapes for breadboarding; you also use them to insert wires and components in the holes of the boards.

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Standard sized needlenose pliers: These are useful for tasks where you need to apply more strength than mini needlenose pliers can handle. You can see both standard-sized needlenose pliers and the smaller version. A small pair of wire cutters: These are useful for clipping wires in close quarters, such as above a solder joint. The standard size of wire clippers you find at hardware stores is so large that you might have trouble clipping the wire with enough precision. Wire strippers: You use these to cut plastic insulation from the outside of a wire without harming the copper wire inside. The stripped wire can then be inserted into a breadboard or get soldered to a component to keep electricity flowing. A vise: Use this to hold components still while you drill, saw, sand, or whatever. A 3X magnifying glass: This helps you read part numbers on components and check our soldering joints to make sure theyre good. You can get handheld or table-mounted magnifying glasses. Safety glasses: Your eyes are one of your most important tools, so be sure to have a pair of safety glasses on hand to protect them. When using the tools in your workshop to drill, saw, clip wires, solder, and perform many other tasks, you need these special glasses to avoid injury from small pieces that could go flying. A multimeter or tester is essentially an electronics troubleshooting tool that you cant do without. You could use it to hunt down the defective part of a circuit for example, where the voltage is too low to get your circuit going. A multimeter is a combo type of testing tool in that it combines the functions of a few others meters (a voltmeter, an ammeter, and an ohmmeter) in one package. Soldering iron Get one rated at about 30 watts, preferably one for which you can buy different size tips so you can work on different types of projects. And make sure to get an iron with a three-prong plug so that it will be grounded. . B. What the tools to be need in PC maintenance? Precision screwdrivers Solid Pencil Eraser Ordinary Paint brush (Small or Medium size) Vacuum Cleaner or Air Blower Third party Quick-Dry Air Spray Cleaner Detergent Soap, Baking Soda, Other Cleaning solution Dry cloth Tooth Brush Liter Fluid Etc.

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Chapter V: How to Assemble a Computer: In assembling a computer, the main points to consider are purpose, availability, compatibility, and cost. Before building a system, ask these questions: What is the computer needed for? Are the parts for this computer available? What is the compatibility of the parts? Is this computer within the budget? The answers to these would serve as a guide in assembling the right computer. Materials Needed: - One (1) motherboard - one (1) compatible processor with cooling fan - one (1) compatible memory module - one (1) tower casing with power supply - one (1) graphics card (if the motherboard does not have a built-in video adapter) - one (1) compatible hard disk for storage - one (1) CD/DVD-ROM/RW drive - one (1) ps/2 or USB mouse - one (1) ps/2 or USB keyboard - one (1) CRT or LCD monitor - one (1) Philips screw driver - one (1) pack thermal paste or grease Step 1 When all the parts of the computer have already been selected and checked for compatibility, begin by laying all the components on a flat surface. Make sure that they are placed on anti-static sheets or wrappers (the sheets they are packaged in, for example) to avoid damage due to electro-static discharge. Also, avoid touching any leads or any exposed metal on any component. Step 2 Take the processor and carefully place it on the CPU slot of the motherboard. Take note of the correct positioning of the processor. Avoid touching any lead of the processor to avoid damaging it. Refer to the motherboard manual for the correct placement. Step 3 Apply thermal paste to the cooling fan of the processor. Spread the compound evenly on the metal surface. Install the fan on the motherboard, following the instructions on the motherboards manual. Take care in doing so to avoid damaging the processor. Connect the CPU fans power to the appropriate pins on the motherboard. Refer to the manual for the correct pins. Step 4 Place the motherboard in the tower casing and screw it in place. Install the back panel that came in with the motherboard on the casing. It should fit the rectangular hole at the back of the casing. Step 5 Insert the memory module in the memory slot of the motherboard. Locate this on the motherboards manual. Avoid touching the chips of the memory module to avoid damage. Check the slots of the memory so that it fits appropriately into the boards RAM slot. When the memory module is properly inserted, the locks would snap to an upright position and lock the module in place.

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Step 6 If the board has no video adapter built in, insert the graphics card in the appropriate slot in the mother board. This may be the AGP or the PCI-e slot, depending on what components you have. A lock would also hold the card in place. Step 7 Install the CD/DVD-ROM/RW drive in the casing. Screw the drive in place to secure it. Connect the drive to the board using the IDE cable that came in the package. An IDE slot should be available on the board. Step 8 Mount the hard disk in the casing. Screw the drive in place to secure it. Connect the hard disk using the appropriate cable that came in the package. This may be an IDE or a SATA cable. An available IDE or SATA slot should be available on the board. Step 9 Connect the casings power, reset, and LED pins to the motherboard. The appropriate pins on the motherboard can be seen on the manual. Step 10 Connect the power supply to the board. There is a power slot on the board which should have the same number of pins as the power supply. These may be 20- or 24-pin ends. Step 11 Connect the other power cables to the other components. The CD/DVD-ROM/RW drive and the hard disk must each have a power cable connected to them. Step 12 Screw the cover of the casing in place. Step 13 Attach the CRT or LCD monitor power cable to the power supply. If there is no slot on the supply, then the monitor plugs directly into an outlet. Connect the VGA or DVI cable of the monitor to the graphics port of the system. This may be the built-in port or the port of the installed graphics card in Step 6. Step 14 Attach the mouse and keyboard to the appropriate ports. If a ps/2 mouse and a ps/2 keyboard were bought, attach them to the ps/2 ports at the back of the system. A USB mouse or keyboard should be attached to the USB slots. Chapter VI: Installing Operating System (OS) What is Operating System? Operating system (commonly abbreviated to either OS or O/S) is an interface between hardware and user; it is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the limited resources of the computer. Acts as a host for applications that are run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the details of the operation of the hardware. 30s Steps to Clean Install XP Operating system If the above instructions for configuring your system to boot from CD; you can now boot the computer and follow the on screen prompts. Have your Product Key available, typical install is around 30 minutes. If setup seems to hang, wait at least 10 minutes + before restarting system. You should experience momentary screen blackouts.

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 1. Power on the computer. Press the Pause/Break or Delete key as soon as you see text on the screen (POST). [If you currently are running in an OS of any flavor, insert XP CD and restart computer. Skip to #3 if system is configured to boot from CD.] 2. Insert XP CD into CD drive. Press ENTER to resume booting from the XP CD. (BIOS must support booting from CD and boot order must be set so CD boots before hard drive, if the computer does not support booting from CD). 3. Look for message "booting from CD" usually located at the bottom of the screen. If you have a factory splash screen, press ESC to unload it. 4. Press any Key when you see the prompt to "Press Any Key" 5. Setup will start copying files, if you need to install any third party or RAID drivers press F6 at this time. The copying of files can take awhile. 6. Next you will get the option to repair or enter setup, choose to enter setup. Press ENTER. 7. Press F8 if you agree to the license. 8. Setup will scan for previous Windows installations 9. If you are using the upgrade version of XP on a computer without any version of Windows currently installed, this is where you will replace the XP CD with your qualifying CD, XP setup will scan the qualifying CD and instruct you to replace it with the XP CD to continue XP setup; otherwise, you will not see this screen. 10. Choose the location to install. 10a. If this is a clean hard drive, you can choose to create a partition in the unpartitioned space. At this point, you can allow Setup to use all the space or set a size for the partition. 10b. If the hard drive or partition has a previous installation of XP you want to remove, choose to delete the partition by pressing "D". You will then be prompted to create a new partition in the empty space. This will remove all data from the delete space. 11. Choose the file system from this screen. Make it a fat partition or its up to you on what type of partition you will choose? But NTFs(Quick)is recommended. NTFS is configured at the optimal file size during the initial setup. 12. If you have more that one partition or hard drive on your system, make sure you are formatting the correct partition/drive. 13. Press ENTER to continue. 14. Setup will show a progress box and reboot when copying files is complete. 15. When you see the "Press any Key to Reboot" do not Press any Key. If CD boots anyway, remove CD and reboot. 16. From this point, you will follow the on screen prompts. 17. If you live outside the US, you will probably need to modify the default settings. 18. Personalize your XP Enter your Name and Organization. 19. Enter the Product Key. The Key is located on the back of the CD folder in the Retail versions and on a holographic label with the OEM Versions purchased with a piece of hardware. Write this key down and secure it in a safe place in case the original is misplaced destroyed through natural causes or stupidity :) 20. Choose a name for the computer; this should be a unique name for the computer, especially if it is to be connected to a network. In Pro, you are given the option of creating a password or leaving it blank. 15

 21. Set your Time Zone and Time and Date. 22. Setup will scan for network. 23. If detected you will have the choice to choose a typical configuration or custom. Choose typical if you are unsure. 24. For home you will choose your workgroup, if a network is already established and you intend to connect to it, use the existing workgroup name, otherwise, I suggest using the default. 25. For Pro, the same goes for Pro as suggested for Home, but you will have the choice to join a Domain, if you do not have a Domain or do not know leave blank. 26. Setup will continue and reboot when completed ignore the "Press Any Key". 27. The loading XP window will now display after reboot. 28. You will see a change display settings, say yes and accept the setting if you can see the screen after accepting. 29. You will see a welcome screen, press next and unfortunately you have to wait for the dialog to finish. 30. Set up your internet or network connection (OPTIONAL). 31. Setup users screen. Set at least one user for yourself or the person that will be using the computer. 32. Thank You! 33. Logon to XP and apply and put standard icons on the desktop, By pressing right click then go to properties and Desktop menu and check all the necessary icons to be use on the desktop menu. 34. Install your anti-virus software. 35. Install all applications and setup your email. 36. Restore from Files and Settings transfer after reinstalling all applications if ever you have.
DEFINITION OF TERMS: CNR- COMMUNICATION NETWORK RELAY SATA- SERIAL ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ATTACHMENT ACPI- ADVANCED CONFIGURATIONS & POWER MANAGEMENT RTC- REAL TIME CLOCK RAID- REDUNDANT ARRAY OF INDEPENDENT DISK DRIVE LAN- LOCAL AREA NETWORK WAN- WIDE AREA NETWORK WIFI- WIRELESS FIDELITY DOS- DISK OPERATING SYSTEM HAD- HARD DISK ASSEMBLY RAM-RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY CPU- CENTRAL PROESSING UNIT PCI- PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERFACE AGP- ACCELERATED GAPHIC PORT USB- UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS BIOS- BASIC INPUT OUTPU SYSTEM SIMM- SINGLE INLINE MEMORY MODULE DIMM-DUAL INLINE MEMORY MODULE SODIMM- SMALL OUTLINE DIMM SDRAM-SYNCHRONOUS DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY DDR- DUAL DATA RATE POST- POWER ON SELF TEST

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VGA- VIDEO GRAPHICS ARRAY GUI- GRAPHICAL UNIT INTERFACE CMOS- COMPLIMENTARY METAL OXIDE SEMI CONDUCTOR CRT- CATHODE RAY TUBE LCD- LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY ATX- ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY EXTENSION PS 2- PERSONAL SYSTEM 2 PDA- PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT IDE- INTEGRATED DRIVES ELECTRONICS NIX- NETWORK INTERFACE CARD FDD- FLOPPY DISK DRIVE HDD- HARD DISK DRIVE CD- COPACT DISC DVD- DUAL VERSATILE DISC RW- REWRITABLE

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