Bones of neurocranium. Neurocranium is portion of skull that supports,surrounds and protects brain.

The eight bones are 4 single bones(sphenoid,occipital,ethmoid,and frontal),2 pair bones(one on each side):temporal and parietal. 1.sphenod bones: -This single,irregularly shaped,midline bone cradles the base of the brain and pituitary gland and form the posterior part of the orbit.it has the processes that serve as part of the attachement for three of the four pairs of major chewing muscles. -It has foramina (holes) that are passageway for the nerve branches that supply all teeth and surrounding structure -Sphenoid bone has processes or wings projecting laterally .lesser wing cam only be seen internally.greter wing also seen internally but best view externally. -external surface of greter wings is part of temporal fossa where temporalis muscle attach to neurocranium . -fissure internally between greater and lesser wings called superior orbital fissure,which is passageway of ophthalmic nerve(nranch of trigeminal nerve) -there are two processes that project downward from the base of skull just adjacent to the posterior surface of maxillae called pterygoid processes.pterygoid processes contain fossa about size of end little finger called pterygoid fossa.a fossa where one end major chewing muscle,the medial ptrygoid muscle attach.ptrygoid fossa bounded by lateral plate of bone known as lateral pterygoid plate(or lamina) and medial plate of bone (mdial pterygoid plate).lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate also call lamina is where lateral pterygoid muscle attach. -two pairs of foramina is foramen rontundum and foramen ovale.the oval,foramen ovale is the skull opening for the passage of mandibular nerve,The rounder,more medial anterior foramen rontundum is the opening for passage of another part of trigeminal nerve called maxillary nerve. -space between pterygoid process and posterior wall of maxillae known as pterygopalatine. -sphenoid /angular spine is sharp ,small process on inferior surface of sphenoid bone which superior attach to the sphenomandibular ligament. 2.temporal bones

Bones of face (visceral apparatus) Form of facial bones gives us appearance.they function in both respiration and digestion.made up of dermal and intramembranous bone.there are 14 facial bone.2 single bone are mandible and vomer.six paired are palatine,zygomatic,nasal,and lacrimal bone,as well as maxillae and inferior nasal conche(turbinates). 1.maxillae (right and left maxilla) -body of maxilla:part of maxilla forms floor of orbit of eyes,where infraorbital fissure located.it disappears anteriorly to become infraorbital canal.important nerves and vessel enter this fissure and canal,give off branches within the canal which supply some of the maxillary teeth and surrounding tissue.nerves and vessels exit maxilla on the fae through infraorbital foramen.the entrance to the alveolar canals where the nerves to the maxillary teeth enter the maxilla are very small foramina located posterior and anterior to the third molar. -bony processes on each maxilla: (1) frontonasal or nasofrontonasal process (2) zygomatic process (3) alveolar process:extend to form an arch shape of bone that surrounds root of max.dental arch of teeth.roots of the teeth embedded in individual alveoli(tooth socket).shape of each alveolus or thin bony socket naturally corresponds closely with shape of roots of tooth it surrounds. (4) palatine process of maxilla -maxillary sinus or antrum:sinuses are hollow spaces within bones and found within sphenoid,frontal,and ethmoid bones,as well as within maxilla.

2.mandible Mandible is the largest and strongest bone of skull.it has three parts : -one horizontal body -two vertical rami(ramus)

A joint or articulation,is a connection between two separate parts of the skeleton.TMJ is articulation between mandible and 2 temporal bones. There are 3 articulating parts to each TMJ: 1)mandibular condyle 2)articular fossa with its adjacent eminence(or tubercle) of temporal bone. 3)articular disc,interposed between bony parts. Anatomy:

Mondibular condyle: Its about the size and shape of a large date pit with greter dimension mediolaterally. From : -side:looks like round knob. -posterior aspect:its wide and narrow mediolaterally with narrow neck. -upper surface:strongly convex anteroposteriorly,mildly convex mediolaterally.

Condlye is in the position it would occupy when the teeth come together as tightly and as comfortably as possible(maximum intercuspation).the functioning regions are covered with fibrous connective tissue.the fibrous layer of joint and disc are avascular(devoid of blood vessel and nerves),indicating that considerable force occurs on these surface of joint.this fibrous ,avascular type of connective tissue is adapted to resist pressure.its particularly tick on top of condyle over the region where most function occurs when condyle is forward from resting position.as when we bite our front teeth or incisors together. Articular : articular fossa(nonfunctioning portion) Articular eminence(functioning portion) The articular(glenoid) fossa(anterior three-fourth of larger mandibular fossa) is considered to be nonfunctioning portion of joint,coze when teeth are tight occlusion.theres no tight contact among head of condyle,the disc and the concave part of articular fossa. The articular eminence or transverse bony ridge is located just anterior and inferior to articullar fossa.surface is lined by thickened layer of fibrous connective tissue,more than rest articular fossa,this indicates the functional portion of joint when we are chewing food with mandible in protruded and/or lateral position. Articular disc: Its not bone,so its not prepared in a dry skull.the disc is a tough oval pad of dense fibrous connective tissue act as a shock absorber between mandibular condyle and articular fossa and articular eminence.smooth on surfaces.thinner in centre and round edge.the upper contour is cncave-convex anterioposteriorly to conform the shape of articular eminence and fossa.(in other words,its to fit under articular aminence,and convex posteriorly,conforming the shape of articular fossa that it loosely rest against.lower surface is concave in both directions,adapting the upper surface of convex mandibular condyle. dIsc forms one natural wedge anterior to the condyle head and seconde wedge posteriorly to the condyle because of extremely slippery surfaces,these two wedge portion help the disc move harmoniously with condyle.when the wedge portion becomes flattened or the centre of /disc thickens,disc fails to move synchronously with condyle,resulting in popping or gratting noise (crepitus),which is quite annoying yet a fairly common occurrence.with an elastic posterior attachment disc move with head of condyle during function but only about half as far. Function: -divide shape between head of condyle and articulating fossa into upper and lower spaces ,which permit complex functional movement of mandible. -Anterior and posterior contain specialized nerve fibres called proprioceptive fibre which help unconsciously to determine position of mandible -help to regulate movement of condlye

-stabilize condyle by filling space between incongruous articulating surface of the cvex condlye and concave-convex articular fossa/eminence. -cushion the loading reducing physical wear and strain on joint surface -lining of capsule surrounding produce synovial fluids that lubricate movement of joint.

Oral anatomy/ 1.Oral cavity is bounded anteriorly by lips,laterally by cheecks.superiorly by palate,and inferiorly by floor of mouth.it can be divided as: -outer oral vestibule,or space between teeth(supporting alveolar process) and lips.teeth and alveolar process. 2.Mucosa membrane lines the oral cavity.it mades up of 2 layers: -outer stratified surface epithelium -underlying connective tissue Lips

Fig. 1.7 Annotated panoramic radiograph. 1 Nasal septum, 2 anterior nasal spine, 3 inferior turbinate, 4 middle turbinate, 5 superior turbinate, 6 soft tissue shadow of the nose, 7 airspace between soft tissue shadow of upper border of tongue and hard palate, 8 lateral wall of nasal passage, 9 maxillary sinus (antrum), 10 nasolacrimal canal orifice, 11 orbit, 12 infraorbital canal, 13 zygomatic process of the maxilla, 14 pterygomaxillary fissure, 15 maxillary tuberosity with developing third permanent molar tooth, 16 zygoma, 17 zygomatico-temporal structure, 18 articular eminence of temporal bone, 19 mandibular condyle, 20 external auditory meatus, 21 first cervical vertebra (atlas), 22 second cervical vertebra (axis), 23 third cervical vertebra, 24 fourth cervical vertebra, 25 mandibular foramen and lingula, 26 mandibular canal, 27 mental foramen, 28 inferior border of mandible, 29 hyoid, 30 pharyngeal airspace, 31 epiglottis, 32 coronoid process of mandible, 33 inferior orbital rim, 34 mastoid process, 35 middle cranial fossa, 36 bite-block for patient positioning during panoramic radiography, 37 chin holder (cephalostat), 38 shadow of cervical spine, 39 ethmoid sinus, 40 angle of mandible, 41 crypt of developing mandibular third permanent molar tooth, 42 developing mandibular second premolar tooth, 43 primary second molar tooth showing physiological root resorption, 44 maxillary permanent central incisor tooth, 45 maxillary permanent lateral incisor tooth, 46 maxillary permanent canine tooth, 47 maxillary first premolar tooth, 48 maxillary

permanent first molar tooth, 49 ramus of mandible, 50 pterygoid plates