Biology 2 Quarter I. A.

Origin of Life Formation of the Universe Big Bang Theory massive blast allowed all the universe's known matter and energyeven space and time themselvesto spring from some ancient and unknown type of energy Formation of The Solar System Explosion of a Super Nova disturbed cloud of gas and dust cloud grew hotter and denser in the center (hot center, cool edges) Formation of the Earth Alexander Oparin One of the two scientists who independently hypothesized the abiotic formation of organic compounds JBS Haldane One of the two scientists who independently hypothesized the abiotic formation of organic compounds Prebiotic Soup Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules amino acids and nucleotides Why Spontaneous Generation cannot happen today: 1. because atmosphere is oxygen rich 2. oxidizing atmosphere today not conducive 3. o2 attacks chemical bonds extracting electrons 4. less UV radiation that helps in forming organic molecules Harold Urey One of two scientists who tested the OparinHaldane Hypothesis Teacher Stanley Miller One of two scientists who tested the OparinHaldane Hypothesis Student Experiment: Early atmosphere - H2O, H2, CH4, NH3, CO, CO2, N2, water vapour

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The experiment had produced - 20 Amino acids found in organisms, sugars, lipids, purines, pyrimidines, even ATP

** Lab simulations of the early earth conditions produced organic polymers ** Natural process in organisms: Enzymes catalyze reactions

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Sydney Fox Protenoids: polypeptides from abiotic means

Rain or waves

Dilute solutions of monomers

LAVA

Proteinoids and polymers

water

J. Bernal Prebiotic synthesis of polymers took place on clay A. G. Cains-Smith clays might have been the first templates for self-replicating systems Pyrite: Charged surface Protobionts Aggregates of abiotically produced molecules that cant reproduce precisely RNA first genetic material short polymers of ribonucleotides have been produced abiotically in the laboratory

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revolution thinking about the evolution of life when they discovered that RNA molecules are important catalysts in modern cells ribosomes use rna catalyts: rRNA, tRNA and mRNA capable of self replication

PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC Pro- before Karyon- kernel no nucleus DNA: concentrated in a NUCLEOID With cytoplasm w/ Plasma Membrane EUKARYOTIC Eu- true Karyon- kernel Has NUCLEUS With cytoplasm Cytosol w/ Plasma Membrane

5 Descriptions of FIRST LIFE 1. Unicellular 2. Asexually reproducing 3. Aquatic environment 4. RNA containing 5. Heterotrophic

II.

Cell: Organic Unit of Life Cell basic unit of structure and function Can be: o Unicellular o Multicellular - Bodies are cooperative of specialized cells; Cannot survive for long on their own How do we study cells? Telescope // Microscope Anton von Leeuwenhoek: first to explore things: microscopic view

ORGANELLES Nucleus contains most of the genes *Nuclear envelope > Encloses nucleus > Double membrane (lipid bilayer with proteins) Nuclear lamina - netlike array of protein filaments maintains the shape of the nucleus Nucleolus - Site: components of ribosomes are synthesized and assembled; Components pass through the nuclear pore to the cytoplasm; Appears as a mass of densely stained granules and fibers adjusting part of chromatin Ribosomes Protein factory cells with active protein synthesis prominent nucleoli Free ribosomes: cytosol Bound ribosomes: for inclusion, transport, packaging ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

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ESSENTIAL SCIENTISTS Robert Hooke Cells composed of thousands of chambers Robert Bown Nucleus: Dark structure Matthias Schleiden all plants are made up of cells Theodor Schwann all animals are made up of cells Rudolf Virchow Cells arise from the division of pre-existing cells CELL THEORY most fundamental discovery: nature of living things forms basic framework formulated by Schwann, Schleiden and Virchow States that: all living things are composed of cells cells are the basic unit of structure and function all cells come from pre-existing cells

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Membranes that are related either: direct physical continuity or transfer of membrane segments Includes: VAly PLAne GOer Nuclear Envelope, ER, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Plasma Membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum more than half the total membrane of cells reticulum Greek word for network a. Smooth ER o Smooth walls of the sacs are not studded with ribosomes o Functions: SYLIP me car DE DRUP Synthesis of lipids Metabolism of carbohydrates Detoxification of drugs and poison b. Rough ER o studded with ribosomes Amica !

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Functions: synthesis of secretory protein membrane production synthesis of proteins

S.J. Singer and G. Nicolson Fluid Mosaic Model: mosaic of protein molecules in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

Golgi Apparatus Center of: MWSS Manufacturing Warehousing Sorting Shipping Products from the ER are: SMS Modified Stored Sent to other destinations Vacuoles membrane bound sacs in a cell Repository of inorganic ions Storage of pigments Helps to protect against predators food vacuole- formed by phagocytosis Contractile vacuole Pumps out water out Central Vacuole- filled with liquid Tonoplast organic compounds (proteins in seed) Disposal sites for metabolic products Lysosomes membrane bounded sacs of hydrolytic enzymes digestion of macromolecules works best in acidic medium ~pH 5 maintains internal pH excessive leak of a large number leads to auto digestion Plasma Membrane Controls traffic into and out of the cell Selective permeable Membrane structure: Charles Overton - it is made of lipids RBC- composed of lipids and proteins made up of phospholipids Amphiphatic Irvin Langmuir - Artificial membranes; Phospholipids in benzene* + water Gunter and F. Grendel - phospholipid bilayer; Suggests: stable boundary between two aqueous compartments; Measured lipid content in RBC

OTHER MEMBRANE ORGANELLES not part of Endo-Membrane System membranes not made by ER Free ribosomes and Ribomes of Mitochondria and Cytoplasm contain small amounts of DNA semi- autonomous Mitochondria power house of the cell site of cellular respiration Catabolic process that generates ATP number related to cells metabolic activity enclosed by two membranes Outer- smooth Inner- convoluted with infoldings (cristae) Chloroplast found in plants and eukaryotic algae site of photosynthesis Solar energy chemical energy member of plastids Amyloplasts- colorless, stores starch Chromoplast- stores pigments contains another membranous system THYLAKOIDS flattened sacs forms GRANA bathed with stroma Peroxisomes specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane sontains enzymes that produces* H2O2 as a by product Function: Use O2 to break Fatty acids Detoxify alcohol Transferring H2 from the poisons to oxygen Cytoskeleton Organization of structures and its activities Mechanical support Maintains shape Important to animal cells Anchorage for organelles cell motility 3 MAIN TYPES of FIBERS Amica !

Microtubules - Straight hollow rods; Made from Tubulin; Shape and support; Tracks for organelles equipped with motor proteins; Involved in cell division Cilia and Flagella - Core of microtubules sheathed in an extension of the Plasma Mem. Microfilaments - Solid rods; bear tension

Cell Wall Plant cells only Protection Maintains shape Prevents excessive uptake of water Made up of cellulose Extracellular Matrix Support; Adhesion; Movement; Regulation Components: Collagen: forms strong fibers outside the cell; Protein rich in carbohydrates Fibronectin: attached to the ECM; Bind to receptor proteins INTEGRIN* Regulate cell behavior Influence activity of genes Terms in Microscopy Magnification how much larger the object appears compared to pts real size Resolving power Measure of the clarity of the image Minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished as 2 separate points Resolution Limited by the wavelength of light used to illuminate the specimen TYPES OF MICROSCOPES

aims an electron beam through a thin specimen o Uses electromagnets o image is focused on a screen or on photographic film o heavy metals for staining Scanning Electron Microscope detailed study of the surface of specimen electron beam scans the surface coated with thin film of gold electron beam excites the electron on the samples surface

IV.

Disease

Disease any change (other than an injury) that interferes with the normal body function impair normal tissue function Infectious Disease caused by infectious agents acquired: contact w someone carrying disease; contaminated objects, food, air Spread: olio virus conta ious not virulent bola hemorrha ic fever virulent not conta ious D: results from the invasion and growth of a pathogen; tissue function is impaired I: results when a pathogen invades and begins growing within a host; bodily function: normal Can be: a. Genetic (Cystic fibrosis, Hemophilia) b. Aging (Atherocslerosis, osteoporosis) c. Infectious (German measles, Chicken pox, Malaria) Pathogens microorganisms that are capable of causing disease infectious agent that causes disease in virtually any susceptible host Opportunistic Pathogens potentially infectious agents Found on elderly immuno suppressed cancer patients immuno- compromised people who have AIDS or are HIV-positive (immunocompromised Types: a. b.

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Light Microscopes visible light is passed through the specimen lenses: refract light (image is magnified) can magnify effectively to about 1000x the size of actual specimen Electron Microscope focuses beam of electrons uses shorter wavelengths Resolution power: inversely proportional to the wavelength of radiation Transmission Electron Microscope

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Viral Infections (colds, influenza, measles, chicken pox, West Nile virus, hepatitis, AIDS) Bacterial infection (pneumonia, strep throat, boils, acne, streptococcal infection, bubonic plague, and anthrax) Protozoan infections (Malaria, amoebiasis and Diarrhea) Amica !

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Fungal infections (yeast infections, ringworm and athlete's foot) Helminthes Infection - simple, invertebrate animals, some of which are infectious parasites (Schistosomiasis Liver fluke disease)

Reproduction 1. initiates the synthesis of viral proteins 2. undergoes replication 3. new viruses are released VIRUS VS. FREE LIVING CELL

How they harm the host... 1. enter the host body 2. adhere to specific host cells (invade and colonize) 3. multiply between host cells or within body fluids (cause tissue damage) 4. production of toxins or destructive enzymes Germ Theory states that microorganisms can cause diseases infectious disease is caused by an infectious agent Robert Koch use of agar as solid medium. invented nutrient broth and nutrient agar Modes of Infection: a. Direct contact with reservoir b. Indirect contact - when a pathogen can withstand the environment outside its host for a long period of time before infecting another individual c. ir - borne droplet infection colds, flu, sinus infections, German measles d. ectors - carry disease throu h other animals e insect bites typhus, rabies, Hfever, malaria, dengue Defense: Structural Defense Skin, mucous membranes perspiration salts and fatty acids tears contain lyso yme hich can brea do n bacterial cell all acid secretion in stomach l Cellular Phagocytosis (leucocytes in WBC)

VIRUS

Acellular can not live independently Either DNA or RNA

FREE LIVING CELL can grow, reproduce, regulate gene expression can evolve independently Tobacco Mosaic Virus bleached spots that form a pattern that farmers called a mosaic leaves turn yellow, wither and fall off, killing the plant Dimitri Iwanowski juice taken from diseased plants placed extract on the leaves of healthy plants healthy plants became infected Martinus Beijerinck named the disease causin particle virus Latin for poison

Wendell Stanley chemically isolates and identifies the disease causing particle as the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) through electron microscopy BASIC STRUCTURE

Specific mechanisms of host resistance white blood cells called lymphocytes: -cells produced from lymphocytes that matured in the thymus land B-cells (produced from lymphocytes that matured in the bone marrow)

V. Virus -

Viruses

infectious agent (parasites of animals, plants and some bacteria) parasitic non-cellular particle Consists of: nucleic acid core -protein coat metabolism and reproduction: needs living cell / host Amica !

CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES a. b. c. d. e. f. Genetic Material DNA or RNA (never both) Shape Size Presence of Envelope - enveloped viruses enclosed by a membrane (portion of host cell or nuclear membrane) Specificity Disease Type Prions Infectious proteins Scrapie in sheep Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease- humans Viroids Naked circular molecules of RNA that infect plants Disrupts plants metabolism LIFE CYCLE Infection - chance of contact Growth - DNA of the virus RNA polymerase viral mRNA wrecking crew Replication - 25min (in E. coli Lysogenic cycle temperate/ avirulent phage IMPORTANCE OF VIRUS Pathogenic Defense vs. viral infection Discovery of vaccines ORIGIN OF VIRUSES Pieces of cellular DNA became a part of an infectious particle Not likely to have been the 1 living things on earth Evolved from the genetic material of living cells
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