DG Interconnection

Ian Bradley Manager P&C Programs Hydro One Networks Inc. January 22, 2009

Outline
Anti-Islanding Protection Requirement Transfer Trip Requirement New technologies being studied DG Interconnection Transformer New Requirements Hydro One Feeder Protections Resynchronization of DG facilities to Hydro One Example of sequence of events for temporary and

permanent faults

Conclusions
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Anti-Islanding Requirement

Islanding of DG facilities shall not be permitted in Hydro Ones Distribution System

Electric island DG continues to supply HONI customers after HONI has disconnected via breaker/recloser

CB2 CB1

F1
CB4

CB3

TS

F2 F3
DG Recloser/Breaker Closed Recloser/Breaker Open

DG

Anti-Islanding Requirement

Islanding of DG facilities shall not be permitted in Hydro Ones Distribution System

Electric island DG continues to supply HONI customers after HONI has disconnected via breaker/recloser

Anti-Islanding Requirement
Reasons for Anti-Islanding protection
Prevent Power Quality problems to HONIs customers Prevent Out-of-Phase Reclosing Mitigate safety hazards

Solutions will vary depending on size and type of DG

and load profile of feeder

Under/Over Frequency and Voltage protections required. Directional overcurrent/power, negative sequence overcurrent, zero sequence voltage, transfer trip may be required

Transfer Trip Requirement

HONI requires that all exporting DGs be equipped with a Transfer Trip (TT) signal unless:
the maximum generation is less than 50% of the minimum feeder load not able to sustain island

Consistent with CSA, international standards & major utility practices

F1 TS F2 F3
DG Recloser/Breaker Transfer Trip
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Transfer Trip Requirement

Transfer Trip may be costly for smaller DG installations especially when multiple devices need TT to the DG Facility

Hydro One is working on solutions which will replace the Transfer Trip Requirements for DG facilities interconnecting sized 500kW and below, which include:
Pulse-based Signaling (Connectivity-based) Rate-of-change-of-frequency (ROCOF) local based Vector Surge (Vector Jump) local based

Each technology will be evaluated and tested to determine its suitability for use as Anti-Islanding Protection for these projects
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DG Interconnection Transformer (DGIT)

Hydro One has initiated a task force of experts to determine the most efficient, safe and reliable method of connecting generation to the distribution system

New standards have been created and will apply to all future DG interconnections

Issues associated with the DGIT:

(HV):(LV) Delta:Wye-Gnd causes damaging temporary overvoltages to Hydro One during ground faults (HV):(LV) Wye-Gnd:Delta adds a ground source to system and desensitizes feeder ground protections (HV):(LV) Wye-Gnd:Wye-Gnd also acts as a ground source and allows harmonics to pass
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DG Interconnection Transformer (DGIT)

3-Wire Distribution Systems

Delta (HV) : Wye-Gnd (LV) DGIT Grounding transformers may be required on LV side to limit TOV to DG Not a ground source will not affect Hydro Ones feeder ground protection No TOV on Hydro Ones distribution system High Voltage Interrupter not a requirement

DG Interconnection Transformer (DGIT)

4-Wire Distribution Systems

Wye-Gnd (HV) : Delta (LV) Neutral reactor required on HV side to limit ground current infeed Shall be sized to ensure TOV is limited to 125% of nominal will not have a TOV problem Is a ground source For DG installations greater than 500kW, HVI is required to trip DGIT from system eliminating ground source For DG facilities smaller than 500kW
Wye-Gnd (HV) : Wye-Gnd (LV) DGIT will be allowed Does not require HVI If single phase switching is present upstream three single phase transformers shall be used
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Hydro Ones Feeder Protections

Hydro One will utilize distance protection for low set instantaneous phase and ground protection If the low set protections operate, the DGIT and DG shall trip via Transfer Trip or other approved Anti-Islanding Protections DGIT is removed from system ground source is also removed Overcurrent protection will then operate as required DGs will not impede feeder protections Using this approach and the combination of DGIT configurations, both TOV and ground protection problems have been eliminated May enable quicker connections as standard modules are being developed

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Resynchronization

Following a protection operation, the DGIT shall reclose into the distribution system within 10 seconds
This will limit the power quality issues associated with DGIT energization for Hydro One customers

The generator shall stay offline until voltage and frequency has been stabilized and within limits for at least a period of 5 minutes

If voltage and frequency are not restored within a period of 5 minutes, resynchronization shall lockout and the generators shall be kept offline until Hydro One operators contact the DG facility

The DGIT and generator reconnection may need to be staggered if multiple DGs are present on feeder
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Sequence of Events Temporary Fault

Fault Occurs ex. Bird/Tree Contact on a lateral protected by fuse

F1 TS F2 F3
DG Recloser/Breaker - Closed Fuse (Closed) Recloser/Breaker - Open Fuse (Blown) Transfer Trip
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HVI

Fault

Wye

Delta

Sequence of Events Temporary Fault

Low Set Instantaneous Feeder Protections senses fault Opens feeder breaker (Fuse Saving Scheme)

Sends Transfer Trip to DG Facility to HVI and generator breaker

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Sequence of Events Temporary Fault

DGIT and generator breakers open Fault does not clear

F1 TS F2 F3
DG Recloser/Breaker - Closed Fuse (Closed) Recloser/Breaker - Open Fuse (Blown) Transfer Trip
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HVI

Fault

Wye

Delta

Sequence of Events Temporary Fault

Feeder breaker recloses Fuse blows Fault is cleared Load is Lost

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Sequence of Events Temporary Fault

DGIT recloses within 10 seconds of breaker reclosing Generator stays offline

F1 TS F2 F3
DG Recloser/Breaker - Closed Fuse (Closed) Recloser/Breaker - Open Fuse (Blown) Transfer Trip
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HVI

Fault

Wye

Delta

Sequence of Events Temporary Fault

Voltage and Frequency is stabilized Generator resynchronizes after 5 minutes

F1 TS F2 F3
DG Recloser/Breaker - Closed Fuse (Closed) Recloser/Breaker - Open Fuse (Blown) Transfer Trip
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HVI

Fault

Wye

Delta

Sequence of Events Permanent Fault

Fault Occurs ex. Conductor breaks

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Sequence of Events Permanent Fault

Low Set Instantaneous Feeder Protections senses fault Opens feeder breaker

Sends Transfer Trip to DG Facility to HVI and generator breaker

F1 TS F2 F3

Fault
HVI Wye

Delta

DG Recloser/Breaker - Closed Recloser/Breaker - Open Transfer Trip

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Sequence of Events Permanent Fault

DGIT and generator breakers open Fault is not cleared after reclose attempts Hydro One crews are dispatched to repair line After 5 minutes the generator resynchronization will lockout

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Sequence of Events Permanent Fault

Hydro One repairs line Fault is cleared Operators close Feeder breaker energizing the line DGIT recloses within 10 seconds - Generator stays offline

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Sequence of Events Permanent Fault

Operators contact DG facility Generators are restarted manually and synchronized to Hydro One

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Summary

The new requirements presented here will allow DGs to connect with fewer problems, and allow a quicker turn around time.

They have eliminated two of the major technical barriers faced with interconnection of DGs TOV and feeder protections

Hydro One is working hard to determine best practices and ideal solutions to technical problems faced with interconnection of DGs
Focused on safety, reliability, and minimizing cost to DG Proponents Creating modular equipment which can be implemented quickly and efficiently to reduce wait times

Future

The new DG Interconnection Requirements Standard shall be provided to the public shortly

Hydro One will continue to develop solutions to enable more generation and overcome other technical and financial obstacles such as Anti-Islanding Protection for smaller DGs

P&C Enablement Program for DG Interconnection

Questions