HUMAN INTERFACE

To promote error free operation Safe and effective control functions

Group of interacting plant personals Instrumentation and control system engineers Classification Low-Level Human Interface (LLHI) High-Level Human Interface (HLHI) Initial setting Regular monitoring Plant operators Monitoring Supervising Running the process in different stages (startup, operation, and shutdown)

Low-Level Human Interface Panel board Instruments (indicators, recorders) Located close to LCU or DI/OU(100-200 feet)

High-Level Human Interface High level display devices (CRT, Printers and magnetic storage devices) Located anywhere in the plant Configurations Stand-alone Control Configuration Geographically centralized configuration Geographically distributed configuration Stand-alone Control Configuration Small and simple Applicable to a small process/digital control system with conventional controllers.

Geographically centralized configuration Functionally distributed however geographically centralized Low-level as backup of High-level interfaces.

Advantage Monitoring without disturbing plant operation

Geographically distributed configuration LLHI- plant area HLHI- control room

Advantages Reduction in control room size Reduction in field wiring cost

Operator Interface Requirements Process Monitoring Process control Process Diagnostics Process record keeping

Process Monitoring

Normal Functions Instantaneous value of process variables Continuous (flow, temp and pressure) Discrete variables (pump and switch positions) Status of any sensors

Tag should be included Process variables with Engg units Derived variables Abnormal status

Alarm status of individual variable Display alarm limit Distinct alarm condition for different status Multiple alarm condition with priority status Combination of several variables at abnormal condition. Trended Variables

Group of trended variables With engg units, time increments, and absolute time of day. With additional informations set point, allowed range and allowed rate etc. Process control

Rapid access to continues control loop and logic sequences Facility to change Control modes Set point Result of changes

Operator to perform logical operations with interlocking signal monitoring Information about new step initiation and halting any operations in order to perform new logical sequences.

Facility to manipulate control outputs to avoid single point failure.

Process Diagnosis Information about hazardous condition Test sensor and analyzers of process variables Test components and modules, controllers, communication elements, computing devices and human interface itself.

Automatic detection of process faults First-out alarm function Priority alarming functions More advanced diagnosis based on combination of alarming functions, mode of failure Process Record Keeping Record of short-term trending information Manual input of process data Recording of alarms : tag name of PV, time of alarm, type of alarm Periodic records of PV information Long-term storage and retrieval of information Recording of operator control actions LLOI Connected directly to LCU Controlling and monitoring LCU Dedicated to single LCU Applications conjunction with HLOI In place of HLOI Only during emergency and failure conditions

Advantages Suitable for operators trained to use panel-board instruments Less expensive for small applications Manual backup HLOI and control equipment Typical LLOI instruments are Control station Indicator station Alarm annunciators Trend recorders Smart instrumentation

Smart Continuous control station Bar graph- Sp and PV Control output as % Digital display with units High and Low alarms Mode of operation (slow and fast mode) Ramp button for SP and PV Operational status alarm

Manual Loader station Low cost alternative of Continuous control station Back up purpose

Indicator station To monitor process variables not associated with control loop Similar to control station with no control push button Optional alarming facility

Logic (sequential) station push button and indicating lights Used for turn on/off pumps, start automatic sequence, feed i/ps to logic systems Simple and low cost LLOI

Smart announciators Alarm prioritization Annunciation and acknowledgement mode options

First-out annunciation Alarm cutout

Chart recorders Analog and Digital recorders Round chart , bar chart. P based recorders Display with memory Impact or heat mechanism for plotting Axis with scale plain papers can be used Automatic labeling, range selection using alpha-numeric key Distinguish plots with colors and symbols

Smart announciators Alarm prioritization Annunciation and acknowledgement mode options First-out annunciation Alarm cutout Chart recorders Analog and Digital recorders Round chart , bar chart. P based recorders Display with memory Impact or heat mechanism for plotting Axis with scale plain papers can be used Automatic labeling, range selection using alpha-numeric key Distinguish plots with colors and symbols

LLOI requirements Display and push buttons sealed against the atmosphere Display with high visibility in the expected ambient light condition Push button with tactile feedback to the operators

HLOI Shared interface not dedicated to any LCU Control over any or all LCUs CRT and advanced display techniques (VDUs) Information shared thro shared communication facilities

Advantages Saving floor space and equipment expenses

Architecture configurations Centralized HLOI Decentralized HLOI Overlap type Fixed HLOI Modular HLOI

Single central processing unit CRT can access to any of the control loop More no of CRT can be used as backups Peripherals are shared not dedicated to any CRT.

Disadvantages Complex peripheral switching and

Memory-sharing implementation Limited to less number of loops and

Data points More display response time Too expensive for small ones

Sharing of data among HLOI The loss of any single HLOI does not affect the system. More expensive method No extra back up units necessary

Fixed HLOI configuration Optional additional hardware Advantages Flexibility in configuration Secondary CRTS Keyboards Printers Mass Storage units Trend recorders voice alarm system Interface port to special communication systems Backups for all important units

Modular HLOI configuration

Modular HLOI configuration in detail Elements used as HLOI Microprocessor and memory components Winchester disk magnetic disk Read/write optical disk

Removable mass memory Printers and plotters Modular packaging Approach Additional units CRT module Alarm panel module Black and white dot matrix printer Pen plotter ink-jet printer Thermal transfer printers Floppy disk Magnetic tape Read only optical disks

Panel board instrumentation

module Work space module

Desired characteristics on modules Good anthropometic design Elimination of glare Easy accessibility of peripherals Simple interconnection of modules

Operator Display Plant level Display : Information about entire unit, single are many Area level display : portion of plant (related to each other) information. Group level Display : single process information Loop level : individual control loop information

Plant level display Plant level information summary

Area- level display Types Deviation overview display Absolute value display Panel board type display Selected plant area display

Deviation overview display Bar graph of deviation in process variable from set point Normalized deviation to total span Clustered plot representing no of groups in each area Exceed predetermined level deviation alarm initiated graph colour changes (green-band concept).

Absolute value display Absolute PV indication Additional information: set

Value and high/low alarm limit

Panel board type display Tag number of loops and PV PV is not in alarm low-key colour PV in alarm status changes color

With flashing Underlining also possible colour

blind operator Addition to tag no, absolute value

also displayed

Other area level display Area graphic display piping and Instrumentation diagram Alarm summary display list of current alarm, outstanding alarm, tag number, description of alarm, alarm time, type of alarm, alarm status (returned to normal, acknowledgement etc)

Group level display Mimics panel board display: SP, control output, PV, manual, automatic, cascade mode, high low alarm level, Logical station, trend records

Advantages Without additional hardware, additional stations and recorders can be added. Duplications of stations and recorders are also possible.

Other types of Display (as area display) Batch control displays :

Permits to start, top, continue, diagnose problems in logic sequence. Operator guides :

Information about problem diagnosed by Automatic system, emergency alternatives

Loop-level displays : single loop information One PV as a function of another PV Tuning display - with following facilities Fast trend plotting manual,/auto station List of tuning parameters

Graphic display features Static fields background of dynamic display, includes labels, symbols and other necessary items Data fields PV numerical values with units Dynamic display elements size , color , shape flexibility Zooming facility

Design considerations for displays Simple with necessary information , freedom to change include more information Over flashy and light-colored back-ground not suitable Top 2 lines common information, bottom two line communication between operator and HLOI Color consistency Addition to color change during alarm state blinking , underlining should be provided.

Engineering Interface LLEI- low level, minimum functional devices inexpensive HLEI full-function devices, more powerful, expensive. Functions System configuration : define hardware configuration, interconnections, control logic and computational algorithm Operator interface configuration : define operator interacting system System documentation System failure diagnosis

Requirements General requirements Access security : security mech to protect unauthorized user Erconomic design : prompt-and response sequence facility, data formats understandable to process instrumentation Engg, interconnection between engineering interfaces

Data reasonableness and consistency : self checking of data entered by the engineers for consistency and reasonableness.

User convenience: easy to interface EI without shutdown of the system Cost effectiveness

Requirements System configuration requirements Define the address of input output points based on their location in the shared communication in an informative way. Provision to define tag names and associated descriptions Define signal conditioning need to perform (such as linearization, zero and span adjustment, unit conversion) Provision to select ,configure and tune the control algorithms Define the communication among various units included in the control function (shared communication address)