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Causes Lack of empathy for other people, and a need for admiration-all of which must be consistently evident at work and in relationships. 1. Heritable narcissistic traits emerged in part due to natural selection for promiscuous sexuality. 2. Some people develop into narcissists because of selfreflection on largely heritable traits-"I am attractive and therefore I deserve special treatment." 3. Cultural factors may bring-about narcissistic qualities (e.g., watching narcissistic role models on TV; adverse, war-torn environments).
Treatment Clinical treatment is rare because most narcissists avoid therapy. However, narcissists can learn to be more caring about others, and narcissism can be reduced when these individuals are included in social groups. Psychotherapy may be useful in getting the individual with narcissistic personality disorder to relate to others in a less maladaptive manner.
Reacts to criticism with anger, shame or humiliation Takes advantage of others to reach his or her own goals Exaggerates own importance Exaggerates achievements and talents Entertains unrealistic fantasies about success, power, beauty, intelligence or romance Has unreasonable expectation of favorable treatment Requires constant attention and positive reinforcement from others Is easily jealous Disregards the feelings of others, lacks empathy Has obsessive self-
interest
Narcissistic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder is a condition in which people have an inflated sense of self-importance and an extreme preoccupation with themselves. Causes, incidence, and risk factors The causes of this disorder are unknown. An overly sensitive personality and parenting problems may affect the development of this disorder. Symptoms A person with narcissistic personality disorder may:
React to criticism with rage, shame, or humiliation Take advantage of other people to achieve his or her own goals Have excessive feelings of self-importance Exaggerate achievements and talents
Be preoccupied with fantasies of success, power, beauty, intelligence, or ideal love Have unreasonable expectations of favorable treatment Need constant attention and admiration Disregard the feelings of others, and have little ability to feel empathy
Signs and tests Like other personality disorders, narcissistic personality disorder is diagnosed based on a psychological evaluation and the history and severity of the symptoms. Treatment Psychotherapy (for example, talk therapy) may help the affected person relate to other people in a more positive and compassionate way.