* Tumour marker for ovarian cancer - CA-125

* Tumour marker for liver cancer - X-fetoprotein * BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 - breast cancer * EBV virus causes cancers - Burkitt lymphoma (african form), Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma (but not Infective mononucleosis as its not a cancer) while Infectious mononucleaosis (non-cancerous) while Nonhodgkin's lymphoma (not caused by EBV)

* Most commonly death occurs (both men and women) by LUNGS cancer * Male Most common cancer - prostate * Female Most common cancer - Breast * Neoplasm characteristics: High N/C ratio, monoclonal, High rate of mitosis (not polyclonal) * Most common malignant tumour of malignancy - Leukemia * Lung cancer caused by - Nickel, Chromium, Cadmium, Asbestos (not aflatoxin) * Organ to which metastasis never occurs (Spleen / Muscles) * Preneoplastic conditions: Solar keratosis, Ulcerative colitis, Leukoplakia of oral cavity/vulva/penis, Chronic atrophic gastritis so (not basal cell carcinoma)

* Li-Frameni syndrome caused by mutation in p53 gene * Benign mixed tumour - pleomorphic adenoma, mature teratoma * Malignant mixed tumour - wilms tumour, immature teratoma * Tumour suppressor genes - NF1, NF2, P53, RB1, WT1, (not CERB) * Presence of normal cells at abnormal location * Venous metastasis in (hepatic and renal cancer) * Hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), Lymphoma, seminoma, mesothelioma, wilms tumour all are malignant * Guardian genome - p53 gene * TNF - cachexin - causes cachexia

* Epithelia origin tumour - Hydatidiform * Typical pathway of spread for sarcoma - hematogenous * Most common pathway for spread of cancer - lymphatic * Mixed tumours - Teratoma (mature/immature), dermoid cyst, pleomorphic adenoma, Wilm's tumour * Most common tumour arising from more than one germ layer occurs mostly in gonads * Benign tumour in its surrounding causes atrophy * Human herpes virus 8 - causes kaposi's sarcoma (most common malignancy in AIDS) * Patient with Klinefilter's syndrome have high chances of breast cancer * A tumour is associated with (colonal expansion of single mutant cell that has inccured the genetic change (not radiation, chemical, viruses, germ line inheritance)

* Most common cancer predisposition syndrome related to DNA defective repair xeroderma pigmentosum * BCL -2 anti.apoptotic (most important in apoptosis) p53 / BAX - apoptotic * Liver carcinogen - vinyl chloride / aflatoxin B1 * Most potent carcinogen - polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons * Hypoglycemia can be manifestation- due to hepatocellular cancer * Most common malignant neoplasm related endocrinopathy - cushing's syndrome * 40 year old male, having mass on left side of face below left ear, biopsy done, microscope shows cords and groups of epithelial cells with myxoid stroma, island of cartilage and bone - pleomorphic adenoma

* Knockout gene mutation into cells - shrunken cells with chromatin clumping and cytoplasmic blebbing increased, survival of mutant cell line reduced, (all signs of apoptosis) gene in which mutation occured - BCL-2 (being antiapoptotic)

* Mutator phenotype with propensity to mutation is assocaited with - defective DNA repair

* P53 mechanism of action - cell cycle arrest and apopotosis * Presence of C-onc - determined by transcription of tumour derrived DNA into mouse fibroblast cell lines * one mutant allele of APC - thousands of adenomatous polyps in colon * PTEN gene involved in PI3Kinase signal transuction is associated with carcinoma of endometrium (and prostate) * Cyclin CDK 4 complex has a critical role in cell cycle regulation by phosphorylating the Retinoblastoma suspectibility protein (Cyclin and CDK4 phosphorylate RB protein so that it enters S phase p53 opposes phosphorylation) - (RB is made inactive by binding transcription factor E2F, when phosphorylated by Cyclin 4, it is set free and cell enters S phase)

* Halmark of malignancy - (Anaplasia/metastasis) - anaplasia a.c to Basis * Smoking causes Lung cancer * Polymorphism of P-450 loci confers inherited suspectibility to Lung cancers in ciggarrette smokers * commonest example of familial cancer - breast cancer * Most assosiacted cell replication as fertile soil in malignancy - Dysplasia * Autosomal dominant inheritance - Retinoblastoma, Melanoma, HPCC, Neurofibromatosis * Autosomal recessive inheritence - Xeroderma pigmentosum, Ataxia telingeictesia, blooms syndrome, Fanconi Anemia * Familial cancer - Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, Pancreatic cancer * Dysplasia leads to cancer in (cervix, skin, bladder, Bladder cancer) but not in Testes * Malignant tumour have all (Hyperchromatosis, increase mitosis, Irregular nuclei, Polymorphism) but not Growth by compression of surrounding tissue (as they invade rather compress the adjacent tissues)

* All are childhood neoplasm - Acute lymphocytic leukemia, osteosarcoma, medulloblastoma, wilms tumour (but not Brenner's tumour - an ovarian tumour)

* CEA produced by (carcinoma of colon, pancreas, stomach, lungs, heart) but not by carcinoma of liver * Helicobacter pylori causes all (chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer diease, gastric carcinoma, MALToma) but not (hamartamatous polyps) * Mass of disorganized but mature cells indigenous to particular site - hamartoma * Uncapsulated benign tumour - hemangioma/leiomyoma * Most resistant of all tissues to invasion - mature cartilage/elastic tissues in arteries * Which among these is not a hereditary cancer - is Carcinoma of colon (Retinoblastoma, Familial HPCC, MEN, Neurofibromatosis are familial) * Betanephtylamine - bladder cancer * Arsenic - skin cancer * Xeroderma pigmentosum - increased incidence of Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Malignant melanoma * Feature of anaplasia - (mitotic figures, Loss of polarity, tumour giant cells, Pleomorphism) but not hypochromatosis * Tumour without invasion of basement membrane * Basal cell carcinoma - Rodent's ulcer * Glioma and basal cell carcinoma - never metastasize * Pseudomyxoma peritonei associated with Appendiceal carcinoma * Nodal enlargement in proximity of cancer not necessarily mean dissemination of primary lesion * Cadmium causes prostatic carcinoma * Asbestos cuses mesothelioma * P53 mutation present in 50% tumours * UV radiation of 280 - 320 nm spectrum cause cutaneous cancers most commonly (though 200-280 nm spectrum most carcinogenic but filtered thru ozone) * HPV involving cervical cancers - HPV 16 / 18 * Migratory thrombophlebitis caused by deep seated cancers like - pancreatic carcinoma * Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis - nonbacterial fibrinous vegetations on the cardiac valve leaflets (more on left-sided valves), particularly in patients with advanced mucin-secreting adenocarcinomas

* Disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute promyelocytic leukemias and prostatic adenocarcinoma

1. Tumour with more than one germ layer - dermoid cyst 2. Not indicateive of anaplasia nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio 1:6 3. Most common pathway for spread of cancer - lymphatic 4. Adenomas are showing benign glandular pattern 5. Malignant transformation is indicated by metastasis 6. Uncapsulated benign tumour Hemangioma 7. Kruckenbergs tumour spreads via seeding in abdominal cavity 8. Malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin sarcoma 9. The staging of tumour consists of all except degree of differentiation 10. Lymph node enlargement near cancer due to all of above 11. Following tumour invades the vein renal cell carcinoma 12. Most invasive and rarely metastasizing tumour basal cell carcinoma 13. Carcinogenesis need initiators and promoters 14. Gene in carcinogenesis is all of above

Past Papers: Tumour marker for ovarian cancer - CA-125 Tumour marker for liver cancer - X-fetoprotein Radon causes lung cancer Asbestos causes mesothelioma Subacute sclerosing panenecephalitis caused rarely by resistant measles virus 6. BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 gene are involved in - breast cancer 7. EBV virus causes all cancers - Burkitt lymphoma (african form), Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma [but not Infective mononucleosis as its not a cancer) and not Non-hodgkin's lymphoma (not caused by EBV) 8. Most commonly death occurs (both men and women) by Lungs cancer 9. Male Most common cancer - prostate 10. Female Most common cancer - Breast 11. Neoplasm characteristics: High N/C ratio, monoclonal, High rate of mitosis (not polyclonal) 12. Most common malignant tumour of malignancy - Leukemia 13. Lung cancer caused by - Nickel, Chromium, Cadmium, Asbestos (not aflatoxin) 14. Organ to which metastasis never occurs (Spleen) 15. Li-Frameni syndrome caused by mutation in p53 gene 16. Mixed tumours - Teratoma (mature/immature), dermoid cyst, pleomorphic adenoma, Wilm's tumour 17. Benign mixed tumour - pleomorphic adenoma, mature teratoma 18. Malignant mixed tumour - Wilms tumour, immature teratoma 19. Tumour suppressor genes - NF1, NF2, P53, RB1, WT1, (not CERB) 20. Presence of normal cells at abnormal location - Choristoma 21. Venous metastasis in - (hepatic and renal cancer) 22. All tumors with suffix omas are benign but Hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), Lymphoma, seminoma, mesothelioma, wilms tumour, endothelium sinus tumour all are malignant 23. Guardian genome is name for- p53 gene
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

24. Cancer cachexia is caused by (reduced food intake, anorexia, intestinal

obstruction, increased basal metabolic rate, cytokines produced by tumour) (Correct - cytokines produced by tumour) 25. TNF - cachexin - causes cachexia 26. Placental Epithelial origin tumour (chondroma, fibroma, hemangioma, hydatidiform mole) (Correct - Hydatidiform mole) 27. Typical pathway of spread for sarcoma - hematogenous 28. Most common tumour arising from more than one germ layer occurs mostly in gonads 29. Benign tumour in its surrounding causes - atrophy 30. Human herpes virus 8 - causes kaposi's sarcoma (most common malignancy in AIDS) 31. Patient with Klinefilter's syndrome have high chances of - breast cancer 32. A tumour is associated with - colonal expansion of single mutant cell that has inccured the genetic change (not radiation, chemical, viruses, germ line inheritance) 33. Most common cancer predisposition syndrome related to DNA defective repair Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer 34. (most important in apoptosis) is BCL -2 (anti.apoptotic) while p53 / BAX apoptotic 35. Liver carcinogen - vinyl chloride / aflatoxin B1 36. Most potent carcinogen - polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons 37. Hypoglycemia can be manifestation- due to hepatocellular cancer 38. Most common malignant neoplasm related endocrinopathy - cushing's syndrome 39. Most common paraneoplastic disease - hypercalcemia 40. 40 year old male, having mass on left side of face below left ear, biopsy done, microscope shows cords and groups of epithelial cells with myxoid stroma, island of cartilage and bone - pleomorphic adenoma 41. Knockout gene mutation into cells - shrunken cells with chromatin clumping and cytoplasmic blebbing increased, survival of mutant cell line reduced,(all signs of apoptosis) gene in which mutation occured - BCL-2 (being antiapoptotic) 42. Mutator phenotype with propensity to mutation is assocaited with - defective DNA repair 43. P53 mechanism of action - cell cycle arrest and apopotosis 44. Presence of C-onc - determined by transcription of tumour derrived DNA into mouse fibroblast cell lines 45. One mutant allele of APC - thousands of adenomatous polyps in colon 46. PTEN gene involved in PI3Kinase signal transuction is associated with carcinoma of endometrium (and prostate) 47. Cyclin CDK 4 complex has a critical role in cell cycle regulation by phosphorylating the Retinoblastoma suspectibility protein 48. (Cyclin and CDK4 phosphorylate RB protein so that it enters S phase p53 opposes phosphorylation) - (RB is made inactive by binding transcription factor 49. E2F, when phosphorylated by Cyclin 4, it is set free and cell enters S phase) 50. Halmark of malignancy - (Anaplasia/metastasis) - anaplasia a.c to Basis 51. Smoking causes cancer of oral cavity, esophagus, pharynx, larynx, lungs) (Correct Lung) 52. Polymorphism of P-450 loci confers inherited suspectibility to - Lung cancers in ciggarrette smokers 53. Commonest example of familial cancer - breast cancer 54. Most assosiacted cell replication as fertile soil in malignancy - Dysplasia

55. Autosomal dominant inheritance - Retinoblastoma, Melanoma, HPCC,

Neurofibromatosis
56. Autosomal recessive inheritence - Xeroderma pigmentosum, Ataxia

telingeictesia, blooms syndrome, Fanconi Anemia

57. Familial cancers - Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, Pancreatic cancer 58. Dysplasia leads to cancer in (cervix, skin, bladder, bronchial epithelium) (but not

in Testes) 59. Malignant tumour have all (Hyperchromatosis, increase mitosis, Irregular nuclei, Polymorphism) but not Growth by compression of surrounding tissue (as they invade rather compress the adjacent tissues) 60. All are childhood neoplasm - Acute lymphocytic leukemia, osteosarcoma, medulloblastoma, wilms tumour (but not Brenner's tumour - an ovarian tumour) 61. CEA produced by (carcinoma of colon, pancreas, stomach, lungs, heart) but not by carcinoma of liver 62. Helicobacter pylori causes all (chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer diease, gastric carcinoma, MALToma) but not (hamartamatous polyps) 63. Mass of disorganized but mature cells indigenous to particular site - hamartoma 64. Most resistant of all tissues to invasion - mature cartilage 65. Which among these is not a hereditary cancer - is Carcinoma of colon, Retinoblastoma, Familial HPCC, MEN, Neurofibromatosis are familial) (Correct Carcinoma of colon) 66. Betanephtylamine causes - bladder cancer 67. Arsenic causes- skin cancer 68. Xeroderma pigmentosum - increased incidence of all 3 - Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Malignant melanoma 69. Feature of anaplasia - (mitotic figures, Loss of polarity, tumour giant cells, Pleomorphism) but not hypochromatosis 70. Tumour without invasion of basement membrane Carcinoma in situ 71. Basal cell carcinoma - Rodent's ulcer 72. Glioma and basal cell carcinoma - never metastasize 73. Pseudomyxoma peritonei associated with Appendiceal carcinoma 74. Nodal enlargement in proximity of cancer - not necessarily mean dissemination of primary lesion (may be reactive hyperplasia or infection response lymphagenitis ) 75. Not an autosomal dominant inherited cancer (retinoblastoma, melanoma, neurofibromatosis, MEN 1 and 2, Xeroderma pigmentosum) (correct xeroderma pigmentosum) 76. Cadmium causes prostatic carcinoma 77. Asbestos cuses mesothelioma 78. P53 mutation present - in more than 50% tumours 79. UV radiation of 280 - 320 nm spectrum cause cutaneous cancers most commonly (though 200-280 nm spectrum most carcinogenic but filtered thru ozone) 80. HPV involving cervical cancers - HPV 16 / 18 81. Migratory thrombophlebitis caused by deep seated cancers like - pancreatic carcinoma 82. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis - nonbacterial fibrinous vegetations on the cardiac valve leaflets (more on left-sided valves), particularly in patients with advanced mucin-secreting adenocarcinomas 83. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute promyelocytic leukemias and prostatic adenocarcinoma

84. When parenchymal cells in a neoplasm stimulate formation of abundant

collagenous stroma its called desmoplasia Nevus is benign tumour which arises from melanocytes Cystadenomas are found in ovaries Following are pluiripotent cell neoplasm retinoblastoma, nephroblastoma, terratoma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma (Correct - terratoma) 88. Following are totipotent neoplasms except (seminoma, malignant melanoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac carcinoma, choriocarcinoma) (Correct malignant melanoma) 89. Following is not a tumour suppressor gene (SIS, P53, BRCA 1, APC, MSH) (Correct SIS a siminan virus oncogen) 90. Clinical expansion of cell is largely determined by (decreased apoptosis, upregulated cell proliferation, angiogenesis, escape from immunity, additional mutation) (Correct escape from immunity ) 91. In a clinical trial, chemotherapeutic agent is given to patient with breast cancer metastasis, sample of cancer cells are obtained and assessed for presence of death of tumour cells by apoptosis, mutational inactivation of which of following product is most likely to render tumour cell resistant to (BCL-2, P53, NF-KB, cytochrome p450, granyzymes) (Correct P53) 92. Mutation in germ cell produces (cancer, congenital malformation, inherited disease, aneuploidy, extrauterine fetal death) (Correct inherited disease) 93. Metaplasia at molecular genetic level is related to reprogramming of stem cells 94. Changes in oral cavity predisposing to oral carcinoma - Hairy leukoplakia 95. Cancer most likely to enter_______, after venous metastasis - liver 96. Hemangioma most commonly found on head 97. EB virus may lead to following cancers except (African Burkitt lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Infectious mononucleosis) (correct infectious mononucleosis as its a disease rather a cancer) 98. Most common tumour of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma 99. Malignant neoplasm that are composed of undifferentiated cells represent anaplasia 100. The mutation of both alleles is one of the most common genetic mutation in human cancer (P53, K-RAS, RB, BCL2, BRCA1) (Correct p53) 101. Which of fllowing diagnostic screening techniques used in health care is most likely to have had the greatest impact on reduction in cancer death in developed nations - (chest radiograph, stool test, pap smear, chromosomal study, tumor markers) (Correct Pap smear) 102. Care taker genes - Genes that do not directly control tumor growth but affect genomic stability 103. Direct acting carcinogens include (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, natural plants, alkylating agent, insecticides) (Correct alkylating agents) 104. Role of HBV in pathogenesis of liver cell cancer is largely related to (viral integration into host genome, clonality, insertional mutagenesis, regulatory element HBX protein, chronic liver cell injury and regenerative hyperplasia) (Correct chronic liver cell injury and regeneratie hyperplasia) 105. The most reliable method for cancer diagnosis is Biopsy? 106. Procarcinogens are (pro-oncogenes, ultimate carcinogens, regulated by polymorphism in p-450 genes, indirect acting compounds which require chemical
85. 86. 87.

transformation, highly reactive electrophiles) (Correct - indirect acting compounds which require chemical transformation) 107. Telomere/s are specialized structures at end of chromosomes, shortening is tumour suppressor mechanism, function loss leads to cell death, shortening accelerated by telomerase, telomerase abundant in somatic cells (Correct - are specialized structure at end of chromosome ) 108. Helicobacter pylori linked to causation of gastric (Gastric B-Cell lymphoma, Gastric adenocarcinoma, MALTomas, Marginal zona lymphomas, Burkitts lymphoma) (Correct - Gastric adenocarcinoma being most common) 109. Genes that regulate the apoptosis include BCL-2 110. Chromosomal translocation is characteristic of Burkitts lymphoma 111. Polyvinyl chloride causes - liver angiosarcoma 112. Normal p53 can be rendered non-functional by human papilloma virus 113. Preneoplastic conditions: Solar keratosis, Ulcerative colitis, Leukoplakia of oral cavity/vulva/penis, Chronic atrophic gastritis so (not basal cell carcinoma/ not epidermal naevus) 114. Proto-oncogenes are normal genes which make genes and regulate cell division (have potential to undergo mutation and become oncogen that produce neoplasia) 115. In HPV virus E6 protein inhibits P53 gene, while E7 inhibits RB protein 116. CDKN2A codes for protein called p16, which acts as G1-S checkpoint of cycle 117. Renal cell carcinoma has tendency to spread to bone 118. 66 years old man has noted dark urine for past two weeks. A urine analysis shows hematuria, cells of this neoplasm will show single mutation causing (SIS, ERB2, ABL, RAS, N-MYC) (correct RAS (HRAS causes bladder and kidney cancer) 119. A 70 years old man has episode of hematamesis, upper GIT endoscopy reveals irregular 4 cm gastric antral ulceration. Biopsies are performed and microscopically reveal adenocarcinoma. Molecular analysis shows DNA hypermethylation of CDKN2 complex, which of following mechanism has abnormal gene expression most likely (Amplification, Epigenetic alternation, Growth factor binding, point mutation, Reduced miRNA expression) (Correct Epigenetic alternation) 120. Some preexisting conditions are observed to procrede development of malignant neoplasm while others do not, which of following condition is most likely to be statistically unrelated to subsequent malignancy (Endometrial atypical hyperplasia, cervical squamous dysplasia, chronic ulcerative colitis, uterine leiomyomas, alcoholism related cirrhosis) (correct uterine leiomyomas) 121. A 66 years old woman has observed increased abdominal girth, for 3 months on exam, there is a fluid wave pancreatitis which of following best determines progression of tumour (doubling time, extent of apoptosis, gene amplification, growth fraction, telomerase expression at bottom of form) (Correct - Growth fraction) 122. A clinical study was performed with the patient who was diagnosed breast cancer, malignancy grade, stage, molecular biology, and history types are analyzed, which of the following is most likely to be associated with best prognosis of patient (decreased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, decreased doubling time, increased lambi receptor expression, increased cathepsin expression, decreased apoptosis) (Correct - decreased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio)

A 37 year old woman noted a lump in her breast on self examination, he physician palpated 2 cm firm, irregular mass in right breast, cytometery is most likely to show which phase, (Go, G1, S, G2, M) (Correct S phase) 124. 48 years old previously healthy woman develop increased malaise over past 4 months, on physical examination, there are no abnormal finding, laboratory tests show, HB- 8.5g/dl, with WBC count 241,400 microliter. A bone marrow biopsy performed and there is 100% cellularity normal chromosome analysis of cells from marrow yield karyotype shows: (Chronic myelogenous leukemia, Metastatic breast cancer, multiple myeloma, myeloid hyperplasia, granulomatous infection) (Correct Myelogenous Leukemia) 125. Paraneoplastic syndrome, are heterogenous, karyotype group of disorder cause symptoms independent except (Tumour invasion/metastasis, infection, ectopic hormone, metastatic/nutritional defects, tumor treatment)(Correct Ectopic Hormone) 126. In the area of molecular pathology, and molecular diagnosis, (detection of monoclonality is essential for diagnosis of biopsy samples of breast cancers, detection of monoclonality is essential for diagnosis of biopsy samples of lymphomas, microsomal instability are helpful in diagnosing HNPCC, HER 2 gene detection by FISH test is used to diagnose inherited breast cancer, FAP is caused by mutation in mismatch repair gene)( Correct - detection of monoclonality is essential for diagnosis of biopsy samples of lymphomas) 127. Sequence of metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia occurs in neogenesis of: (Sq. cell carcinoma of bladder, carcinoid of small intestine, Adenocarcinoma of Barrett esophagus, sq. cell carcinoma of lungs, malignant lymphoma)(Correct Adenocarcinoma of Barrett esophagus) 128. Which of following helps in grading of tumour: (presence or absence of metastasis in lymph nodes, degree of differentiation, presence of tumour necrosis, mitotic activity, presence of cell in vascular space) (Correct - degree of differentiation) 129. Regarding bening and malignant neoplasm: (All malignant neoplasms can metastasize, 30% of newly diagnosed patients with malignancy have metastasis, benign tumours are anaplastic, always in stomach, coexist in leukemia) (Correct 30% of newly diagnosed patients with malignancy have metastasis) 130. Most common cause of cancer mortality in male aged between 15-34 is (Non-hodgkin lymphoma, lungs, brain, leukemia, prostate) (Correct - Lungs) 131. Most common cause of cancer mortality in female aged between 15-34 is (brain, cervix, leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, breast) (Correct - Breast) 132. Single transformed cell must go how many doubling to become clinically detectable lesion weighting appx 1 g (10, 30, 50, 110, 1300) (Correct - 30) 133. Procarcinogens include all of following except (cyclophosphamide, benzopene, aflatoxin, betel nut, vinyl chloride) (Correct - Cyclophosphamide) 134. Which of following is correct oncogen virus association: (HPV-Burkitt lymphoma, HTLV nasopharyngeal carcinoma, EBV T-cell lymphoma, HPV-cervical cancer) (Correct HPV-cervical cancer) 135. Which of following malignancy is associated with acanthosis nigricans: (hepatocellular carcinoma, breast carcinoma, renal carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, gastric carcinoma) (Correct Gastric carcinoma) 136. Alpha fetoprotein is tumour marker for malignancy (ovarian carcinoma, colon carcinoma, stomach cancer, breast cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma) (Correct Heptaocellular carcinoma)
123.

A clinical study is performed to determine incidence of cancer in different countries, the data shows person in Japan and immigrants: (Breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, uterine cancer) (Correct Stomach cancer) 138. A 42 years old woman goes to her physician for a routine physical exam, a 4 cm diameter tender mass is palpated in right breast, which appears fixed to chest wall, Another 2 cm non tender mass is palpable in left axilla, chest radiograph shows multiple 0.5 to 2.0 cm nodules in both lungs, which of following classification indicate stage of disease: (T1N1M0, T1N0M1, T2N1M0, T3N0M0, T4N1M1) (Correct - T4N1M1) 139. Which of following microscopic finding is most likely to indicate that neoplasm is malignant: (pleomorphism, atypia, invasion, increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, necrosis) (Correct invasion) 140. Autosomal dominant cancer is best represented by osteogenic sarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, retinoblastoma, leukemia, lymphoma (Correct retinoblastoma) 141. Clinically some of patients with neoplasm are found to have grade 1 disease, which of following is best interpretation of a neoplasm with these designations: (unlikely to be malignant, arising from epithelium, may spead via lymphatics and blood, has an in-situ component, well differentiated and localized) (Correct well differentiated and localized) 142. A child is born with single functional allele of tumour suppressor gene, at age of 5, remaining allele is lost through point mutation, as a result ability to inhibit cell cycle progression until cell is ready to divide is lost, which of following neoplasm is most likely to arise via this mechanism: (infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast, small cell anaplastic carcinoma of lungs, Retinoblastoma of eye and osteosarcoma, cerebral astrocytoma, chronic myeloid leukemia) (Correct - Retinoblastoma of eye and osteosarcoma) 143. Presence of which neoplastic cell shows lungs nodules: (Leukocyte common antigen, Beta-catenin, telomerase, DNA topoisomerase, vinertics) (Correct Beta catenin) 144. Commonest tumour suppressor gene to be involved in human is (P53, Rb, NF-2, NF-1, p-16 ) (Correct P53) ( guardian genome, ) 145. A biopsy of a mass is performed and microscopic studies show modulatory different adenocarcinoma which of following finding is most likely to be present in patient: (K-RAS mutation in neoplastic cell, Neoplastic cell +ve for vimentin, +ve stool culture for Shigella flaxeria, plasma HIV I RNA level of 40,000 copies/ml, increased titer DNA topoisomerase I autoantibody) (Correct K-RAS mutation in neoplastic cell) 146. 60 years female has a firm mass with irregular border, felt in his left breast in routine P.E, a fine needle aspiration is performed and microscopic examination shows malignant cell (analysis of karyotype, detection of gene, determination of aneuploidy, distinguishing carcinoma from sarcoma, quantification of RNA content) (Correct determination of aneuploidy) 147. Lack of chromosomal shortening allows malignant cell to undergo more divisions than normal cells, because of : (reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, telomerase, protein kinase, topoisomerase) (Correct - Telomerase) 148. A chest X-ray demonstrate 6cm palpable mass, a sputum is collected, and sputum cytology report leads Atypical cell present suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma, which of following environmental exposure is most likely to be associated with these findings (Asbestos, Radon, Silica, Formaldehyde, Benzene) (Correct - Radon)
137.

A 59 years old man had worsening cough with chest pain for past 6 months, on physical examination he has no remarkable finding, a chest xray shows 3 cm lump on left side of chest, molecular mechanism most likely be: (Point mutation in DNA, generation of free radical, loss of blood supply, secondary inflammation, ATP depletion) (Correct - Point mutation in DNA) 150. 60 years old man, with 80 pack years history of smoking, experience an episode of hemoptysis, on physical examination, he has puffiness of face, pedal edema, bruises on skin, and high blood pressure, which hormone should be detected in blood in increased amount: (PTH related peptide, erythropoietin, ACTH, insulin, Gastrin) (Correct - ACTH) 151. Columnar epithelial cells from colonic mucosa, are studied to identify abnormalities in cell signaling pathway, abnormal epithelial cells from colonic adenocarcinoma (ADP, BRC-ABL, cyclic AMD, cyclin D1, MAP kinase) (Correct MAP kinase)
149.

Important points for neoplasia: Epithelial tissue origin; ectoderm, endoderm Connective tissue origin: mesoderm Terrtoma: derives from ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm Carcinomas: derive from squamous, glandular (adenocarcinoma), transitional epithelium 5. Sarcomas: derive from connective tissue 6. Hamartoma: nonneoplastic overgiowth of lissue 7. Choristoma: normal tissue where it should not be 8. Grade of cancer: to see if cancer resemble its parent tissue or not? 9. Malignanl tumors: increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ralio; abnormal mitotic spindles 10. Malignanl tumors: 30 doubling times before detected 11. Benign and malignant lumors: monoclonal 12. Malignanl tumors: upregulation telomerase activily 13. Basal cell carcinomas of skin: invade tissue but do not melastasize 14. Invasion: second mosl important criterion for malignancy 15. Resist invasion: cartilage,clastic lissue (choose cartilage) 16. Loss of intercellular adherence > cell invasion 17. Extranodal metastasis [e.g,, liver) hasas greater prognostic significance than nodal metastasis. 18. Lymph nodes: first line of defense in carcinomas 19. Routes of metaslasis: lymphatic, hematogenous, seedingof body cavities 20. Seeding; comnon wilh surface-derived ovarian cancers 21. Bone metaslasis: vertebra most common site;paravertebral venous plexus 22. Osteoblastic melastasis:T serum alkaline phosphatase 23. Osteolytic metastasis: potential for hypercalcemia, pathologic fractures 24. Bone metastasis;osteoblastic (radio-dense) or osteolytic (radiolucent), 25. Lymph node; moslcommon tissue which are metastasized 26. Cancer:2nd most common cause death in US 27. Lifelime risk for cancer greater in men than women 28. Blacks; greatest overall risk for cancer 29. Most common tumours in childhood 1st Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (-33%), 2ndcentral nervous system, CNS tumors (-21%),3rd nenroblastoina (~7%),4th Wilms tumor (-5%)
1. 2. 3. 4.

30. Cancer in men: prostate, lung, colorectal 31. Cancer in women: breast,lung, colorectal 32. Gynecologic cancer; endometrium, ovary, cervical 33. Most common cause of cancer death in adults: lung cancer 34. Malignant melanoma: mosl rapidly increasing cancer 35. Actinic (solar) keratosis: precursor of squamous cell carcinoma 36. Cessation of smoking is most importanl factor in decreasing risk for cancer 37. HBV immunization: decreased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma 38. Human papillomavirus immunization: decreased risk for cervical cancer 39. Cervical cancer is the least common gynecologic cancer in lhe United Stales. 40. Cervical Pap smear: most responsible for decreased incidence/mortality rale for

cervical cancer
41. PSA: more seiisilive than specific 42. Treatment of H. pylori Infeccion: decreased risk for developing gaslric

lymphoma/adenocarcinoma 43. Treatment of GERD: decreased risk for distal adcnocircinoma of esophagus 44. Point mutations: most common type of mutation in cancer 45. Proto-oncogenes: involved in normal growth and repair Suppressor genes: protect againsl unregulated cell growth 46. BCL2 gene family: antiapoptosis genes 47. BAX gene: apoplosis gene 48. Hormone r marker: calcilmiin (rnt'dullary carcinoma of ihyroid) 49. Cytotoxic CD8 T cells: most effective host defense against cancer 50. Least Prognosis: M > N > T 51. Cachexia: TNF- pivotal role 52. Anemia of chronic disease: most common anemia in cancer 53. In cancer, Hemostasis inclines towards thrombogenic 54. Gram.negative sepsis: most common cause of death in cancer 55. Hypercalcemia: most common paraneoplastic syndrome 56. Acanthosis nigricans: may be associated with stomach cancer 57. Signs of ectopic hormonc production: hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hypercortisolism, polycythemia 58. Pathogens and cancer: viruses higher than bacteria which are parasites 59. leukemia; most common cancer due to ionizing radiation 60. Basal cell carcinoma: most common cancer due lo excessive UV lighl exposure 61. Repair genes: correct errors in nucleotide pairing; excise pyrimidine dimers 62. Enzymes involved in dimer excision; endonudcase, enonucleasc, ligase 63. Tobacco is the agent most responsible for cancer and cancer deaths in the United Slates. 64. Chemical carcinogenesis: initiation , promotion, progression