6221601

Midterm 1 (a) Solutions

dy 1. (a) (5 marks) Solve the initial value problem y + x = 0; y(0) = 3. Write the dx solution in explicit form. (b) (2 marks) Determine the largest interval of existence of the solution obtained in part(a). Justify your answer. dy Solution. (a) The equation y + x = 0 can be rewritten as ydy = xdx which dx is a separable equation. Integrating both sides, we obtain y dy = x dx y2 x2 = +c 2 2

Using the initial condition y(0) = 3, we obtain (3)2 (0)2 9 = +c c= 2 2 2 y2 x2 9 = + y 2 = x2 + 9. 2 2 2 The explicit solution is y = 9 x2 because y(0) = 3. (b) y = 9 x2 is continuous when 9 x2 0 x2 9 3 x 3 2x x y = = is continuous when x2 < 9 3 < x < 3 2 2 2 9x 9x Thus the largest interval of existence of solution is (3, 3). Thus the solution is 2. (a) (8 marks) Determine whether the given dierential equation is exact. If it is exact, then solve it. (e4x + 2xy)dx + (x2 + cot y)dy = 0. Solution. (a) M = e4x + 2xy and N = x2 + cot y. My = 2x and Nx = 2x Since My = Nx , the given equation is an exact equation. Now f =M x f = e4x + 2xy x

Integrating partially with respect to x we obtain f (x, y) = Also f =N y x2 e4x e4x + 2 y + g(y) = + x2 y + g(y) 4 2 4 x2 + g (y) = x2 + cot y g (y) = cot y

Integrating we obtain g(y) = ln | sin y| + c. substitution is used for integration. 4x So f (x, y) = e4 + x2 y + ln | sin y| + c and the solution of the given equation is f (x, y) = 0 e4x + x2 y + ln | sin y| + c = 0 4 1

(b) (5 marks) Find an appropriate integrating factor to make the following equation exact. 2y(1 y)dx 2xdy = 0 (Do not solve the resulting equation) M = 2y(1 y) = 2y 2y 2 and N = 2x My = 2 4y and Nx = 2 Since My = Nx , the given equation is not an exact equation. Now Nx M y 2 (2 4y) 4 + 4y 4(1 y) 2 = = = = M 2y(1 y) 2y(1 y) 2y(1 y) y This is function of y only, so the integrating factor is (y) = e
2 y 2

dy

= e2 ln |y| = eln |y|

1 y2

3. (9 marks) Solve the dierential equation by using an appropriate substitution y 5 dy = (xe2x + xy 6 )dx Solution. The given equation can be rewritten as y dy = (xe
5 2x2
2

dy xe2x xy 6 dy 2 + xy )dx = + 5 xy = xe2x y 5 5 dx y y dx

6

(1)

This is Bernoullis equation with n = 5 so we take u = y 1n = y 1+5 = y 6 . dy 1 5 du = u 6 dx 6 dx Substituting these values in the Bernoullis equation, we obtain y = u6
1

1 5 1 5 du 2 u 6 xu 6 = xe2x u 6 6 dx du 2 5 Multiplying by 6u 6 , we obtain 6xu = 6xe2x (2) dx Alternatively, Using this substitution Equation (1) becomes

du du 2 2 (1 n)xu = (1 n)xe2x 6xu = 6xe2x dx dx This is a linear equation in u and the integrating factor is I.F. = e
P (x) dx
2

(2)

= e

6x dx

= e3x

Multiplying equation (2) by e3x , we obtain du d 3x2 2 2 2 2 6xe3x u = 6xe2x e3x (e u) = 6xex dx dx Integrating both sides with respect to x, we obtain e3x
2

e3x u = 3ex + c u = 3ex e3x + ce3x u = 3e2x + ce3x Replacing u by y 6 , we obtain y 6 = 3e2x + ce3x
2 2

4. (8 marks) A large tank is partially lled with 900 liters of uid in which 20 grams of salt is dissolved. Brine solution containing 4 grams of salt per liter is pumped into the tank at a rate of 3 liters/min. The well mixed solution is then pumped out at a rate of 6 liters/min. Find the number of grams of salt present in the tank at any time t, (0 t 300). Solution. Let A(t) be the amount of salt in the tank at any time t. The dierential equation is dA = Rin Rout dt 6A 6A 2A Now Rin = (4)(3) = 12 and Rout = = = 900 + (3 6)t 900 3t 300 t Thus the dierential equation is dA 2A dA 2A = 12 + = 12 dt 300 t dt 300 t I.F. = e
2 300t

(1)

dt

= e2 ln |300t| = (300 t)2

Multiplying Equation (1) by I.F., we have (300 t)2 dA 2A + (300 t)2 = 12(300 t)2 dt 300 t d [(300 t)2 A] = 12(300 t)2 dt 12(300 t)1 (300 t)2 A = +c (1)(1) A = 12(300 t) + c(300 t)2

We are given that A(0) = 20, so we have 20 = 12(300) + c(300)2 c = 3580 90000
3580 (300 90000

The amount of salt in the tank at time t is A = 12(300 t)

t)2

5. (a) (5 marks) Given y1 = x, y2 = cos 2x and y3 = sin 2x. Determine whether y1 , y2 , and y3 are linearly independent on the interval (0, ). Justify your answer. Solution. (a) The Wronskian of the functions y1 , y2 and y3 is W (x, cos 2x, sin 2x) = x cos 2x sin 2x 1 2 sin 2x 2 cos 2x 0 4 cos 2x 4 sin 2x

= x(8 sin2 2x + 8 cos2 2x) 1(4 cos 2x sin 2x + 4 cos 2x sin 2x) = 8x = 0 for every x in (0, ). We conclude that the given functions are linearly independent on the interval (0, ). 3

(b) (8 marks) Given that y1 (x) = ex is a solution of dierential equation xy (x + 1)y + y = 0. Find a second solution y2 . We know that the second solution will be y2 = uy1 = uex . We can nd u by the formula or by substituting y2 into the given equation. In order to use the formula, we rewrite the given equation as y x+1 1 y + y=0 x x

So P (x) = x+1 and the formula for u gives x u= = = e

P (x)dx

dx = 2 y1 ex+ln x dx = e2x

( x+1 )dx x

(ex )2 xex dx e2x

dx =

1 ( x + x )dx x

(ex )2

dx

xex dx = xex ex

using integration by parts. Now the second solution is y2 = uex = (xex ex )ex = x 1. Alternatively, let y = uex , then y = uex + u ex and y = uex + 2u ex + u ex . Substituting these values in the given equation xy (x + 1)y + y = 0, we obtain x(uex +2u ex +u ex )(x+1)(uex +u ex )y +uex = 0 ex (ux+2u x+u xxuxu uu +u) = 0 Since ex is never zero, we obtain xu + (x 1)u = 0. Let u = w, then u = w , and the above equation becomes a linear equation in w xw + (x 1)w = 0 w + The integrating factor is I.F. = e
x1 dx x

x1 w=0 x

(1)

=e

1 [ x x dx] x

=e

1 [1 x dx]

= exln x = ex .eln x

ex x

Multiplying equation (1) by the integrating factor, we obtain x 1 ex d ex ex w + w=0 ( w) = 0 x x x dx x Integrating with respect to x, we obtain ex w = c w = cxex . Since w = u , we have u = cxex . Using integration by parts, we obtain u = c1 xex c1 ex + c2 Choosing c1 = 1 and c2 = 0, we have u = xex ex and therefore the second solution is y2 = uex = (xex ex )ex = x 1.
x