1.

Read through the following account and then write on the dotted lines the most appropriate word
or words to complete the account.

The movement of air into (inspiration) and out of (expiration) the lungs is known as

ventilation. During inspiration, the diaphragm and the ...............................................

intercostal muscles both ................................................ This causes the volume of the

thoracic cavity to ...............................................and the pressure

...............................................so air moves into the lungs.

(Total 4 marks)

2. The photograph below shows human blood cells, as seen using a light microscope.

Magnification ×1000

(a) Name the cells labelled A and B.

Cell A.........................................................................................................................

Cell B..........................................................................................................................
(2)

Unit 2B June 06 1
 (b) Describe how cell B is involved in defence against disease.

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(c) Explain the role of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the transport of carbon dioxide.

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(Total 7 marks)

3. The table below shows the concentrations of protein and sodium ions in blood plasma and in
tissue fluid.

Solute Concentration in blood plasma Concentration in tissue fluid

Protein 70.0 g dm–3 0.0 g dm–3

Sodium ions 140.0 mmol dm–3 140.0 mmol dm–3

Unit 2B June 06 2
 (a) Explain how tissue fluid is formed.

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(b) Suggest explanations for each of the following.

(i) Protein is present in the plasma but absent from tissue fluid.

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(2)

(ii) The concentrations of sodium ions in plasma and tissue fluid are the same.

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(Total 7 marks)

4. (a) The photograph below shows part of the surface of one epithelial cell facing the lumen of

Unit 2B June 06 3
 the ileum, as seen using an electron microscope.

Magnification ×15 000

(i) Name the structure labelled A.

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(1)

(ii) Explain how the membrane of structure A is involved in the digestion of

carbohydrates.

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Unit 2B June 06 4
 (b) Describe how glucose is absorbed in the ileum.

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(4)

(c) Suggest why the concentration of glucose in the blood rises more quickly after a meal of
white bread and jam, than after a meal containing wholemeal bread only.

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(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Unit 2B June 06 5
5. The photograph below shows part of the lower epidermis of a leaf, as seen using a light
microscope.

Magnification ×100

(a) The area of the field of view is 0.102 mm2. Count the number of stomata present, and then
calculate the number per mm2. Show your working.

Answer ……………………… per mm2

(3)

(b) In an investigation, the concentration of potassium ions (K+) in guard cells was
determined when stomata were closed and when they were open. The results are shown in
the table below.

Concentration of potassium ions/mol dm–3

Stomata closed 0.10
Stomata open 0.45

Unit 2B June 06 6
 (i) Describe how the concentration of potassium ions in guard cells changes when
stomata open.

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(2)

(ii) Explain how this change in potassium ion concentration is related to the mechanism
of stomatal opening.

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(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Unit 2B June 06 7
6. The photograph below shows four germinating pollen grains, as seen using a light microscope.

Maginification ×100

(a) Name the part labelled A.

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(1)

(b) Part A contains a tube nucleus and two male nuclei. Describe the roles of the two male
nuclei in the process of fertilisation in a flowering plant.

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(4)

Unit 2B June 06 8
 (c) An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of sucrose concentration on the
germination of pollen grains from Camellia flowers. The results graph below.

Percentage 30
germination
of pollen 25
grains (%)
20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Sucrose concentration (%)

(i) From the graph, find the expected percentage germination in a 16% sucrose
concentration.

……………………… %
(1)

(ii) Describe the relationship between the percentage germination and the sucrose
concentration, as shown in the graph.

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(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Unit 2B June 06 9
7. The photograph below shows a cell from an insect testis, undergoing meiosis.

Magnification ×1000

(a) Name the stage of meiosis shown in the photograph and give a reason for your answer.

Name of stage .............................................................................................................

Reason ........................................................................................................................

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(3)

(b) In a species of butterfly, the diploid (2n) number of chromosomes is 360. State the
number of chromosomes present in each of the following cells.

(i) A butterfly sperm ...........................................................

(ii) A butterfly zygote ..........................................................

(2)

Unit 2B June 06 10
 (c) Explain the importance of meiosis in the formation of gametes.

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(Total 7 marks)

8. The graph below shows changes in the concentration of progesterone in the blood during the
menstrual cycle.
Progesterone concentration in blood

0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Time / days

(a) Name the structure in the ovary that produces progesterone during the menstrual cycle.

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(1)

Unit 2B June 06 11
 (b) Give two effects of progesterone.

1 ..................................................................................................................................

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(2)

(c) If fertilisation occurs on day 14, the concentration of progesterone changes from that
shown in the graph.

On the graph above, draw a line to show this change in concentration of progesterone in
the blood, from day 22 to day 28.
(2)

(d) Describe the roles of oxytocin in birth and lactation.

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(4)
(Total 9 marks)

Unit 2B June 06 12