7.

Selective Breeding + Gene Cloning may change the genetic nature of a species

SELECTIVE BREEDING
Breeding of organisms according to selected desirable characteristics

Reasons: Allow breeders to select desirable genes

-> Improve quality + yield agriculture (farm animals + food crops) - selecting best quality: animals to breed + planting seed from best crops - cross breeding: different varieties of a species to combine favourable characteristics -> resist disease -> show tolerance to drought + cold -> increased nutritional value

Eg. Friesian cow produce lots of milk

Jersey cow produce creamy milk Cross bred = Produce creamier milk in large quantities

HISTORY OF SELECTIVE BREEDING OF ONE SPECIES FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES SERIES OF CHANGES OCCURRED IN SPECIES AS A RESULT Canola Breeding in Australia
1969: First commercial crop -high levels erucic acid + glucosinolates - susceptible to blackleg disease = problems many losses 1970s: Breeding program improved varieties; Wesreo + Wesway + Lower erucic acid + greater blackleg resistance 1980: Marnoo + Lower glucocinolate + higher yielding - limited blackleg resistance -> growers preferred Jumbuck * 1987: Maluka + Shiralee + improved yields + disease resistance + lower erucic acid + glucosinolates 1993: Herbicide Triazine resistance = compete with weeds (kill weeds w/o affecting crops) Ability to mature earlier/later in year = more widespread cultivation across country

GENE CLONING
Creation of a genetically identical copy of a certain gene Involves: selected gene -> spliced + inserted into another org -> copies of gene DNA recombinant technology (recombining DNA to clone genes) - Can be used to produce a certain protein Eg. Insulin needed by diabetics by cloning the human gene for insulin -> restriction enzymes (splice) cut out/isolate insulin gene from DNA + cut through plasmid DNA -> insulin gene + plasmid = attach = recombinant plasmid formed -> insert -> bacteria which reproduces asexually = all contain copies of insulin gene Bacteria serve as biological factories producing human insulin = source for diabetics 1. Restriction enzymes splice human insulin gene -> plasmid = recombinant plasmid 2. Insert -> bacteria -> reproduce asexually = identical copies of bacteria all contain copes of insulin gene 3. Serve as bio factories producing human insulin = reliable source for diabetics

GENE CLONING & WHOLE ORGANISM CLONING

GENE CLONING genetically identical copies of a single GENE E. Insulin producing gene Gene spliced into genome of other organism which then reproduces identical copies Eg.DNA recombinant technology WHOLE ORGANISM CLONING Genetically identical copies of a WHOLE ORGANISM = complete genome Eg. Dolly the Sheep Eg. Nuclear Transfer unfertilized egg -> enucleated to remove nucleus DNA of desired organism inserted/fused -> egg fertilized allowed to reproduce -> embryo implanted into uterus

PRODUCTS

METHODOLOGY

AIM PROCESS PRODUCT

GENE CLONING Transfer copies of genes from one organism to another intro new gene into species PART OF DNA extracted -> ANOTHER SPECIES Identical copies of GENE ONLY (bacterium genetic makeup changed)

WHOLE ORGANISM CLONING Reproduce genetically identical populations ALL DNA extracted -> egg cell SAME SPECIES Identical DNA + GENETIC MAKEUP to organism cloned

USE OF CLONING THAT HAS POSSIBLE BENEFITS TO HUMANS

Cloning provides a fast + efficient method of reproducing plants/animals with desired characteristics. Cloning involved in + can be used to provide multiple copies of organisms with highly desired traits (Tissue culture) + Mass production of plants/animals with favourable traits Eg. more milk, finer wool, higher crop yield and resistance to disease -> frost-resistant tomatoes: longer shelf life -> humans able to store more for longer -> Bt cotton: insect-resistant -> prevent destruct of many crops -> saved from severe financial consequences -> save money on large use of pesticides - Iarge amts genetically identical organisms -> no genetic variation in population -> If change in environment occurs which org arent suited to -> unable to adapt, since natural selection has no variations to work on = destructive effects on whole population if source of income -> massive financial consequences Whole organism cloning + production of organs (heart, lungs) that can be transplanted in the case of disease, with certainty of no rejection + medical research

PROCCESSES USED IN CLONING OF AN ANIMAL + WAYS IN WHICH SCIENTISTS COULD VERIFY THAT THE ANIMAL PRODUCED WAS A CLONE
Cloning methods: Nuclear Transfer - unfertilized egg -> enucleated to remove nucleus - DNA of desired organism inserted/fused -> egg fertilized - allowed to reproduce (multiply) -> embryo implanted into uterus

Methods to Identify the Organism is a Clone: Nuclear Transfer: involves replicating the organisms WHOLE DNA (diploid cell -> unfertillised enucleated egg) = resulting cloned organism should have identical DNA with that of original parent Thus clones can be verified by DNA Hybridisation: DNA from both organisms is extracted Heat -> hydrogen bonds break -> DNA separates -> single strands. Single strands mixed together -> since the organisms are clones (genetically identical) = single strands should match up completely (no non-complementary sections)