Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
A b s t r a c t The o b j e c t i v e of t h e a n a l y s i s prcsprited is t o
I__- formula is used f o r -the e s t i m a t i o n of t h e l o s s r e d u c t i o n
o u l l i n e and v a l i d a t e a mcthodology € o r t h c o p t i m i z a t i o n of o b t a i n e d I J a~ p r t i c i i l a r swit.ching o p t i o n , t h a t is c l o s i n g
MV d i s t r i b u t i o n network o p e r a t i o n , s o t h a t v a r i a b l e loads a s w i t c h and opening a n o t h e r i n t h e loop formed ("Switch
a r e f e d under minimum encrgy losses. Loss minimizclliori is Exchange Metliod"- SEM). In the second [ 2 , 3 ] , a l l t i e
achieved by t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of shimt c a p a c i t o r s and s w i t c h e s a r e i n i t i a l l y c l o s e d , and an optimal load flow i.s
r e c o n f i g u r a t i o n of t h e netwot k. I h e impact of load v a r i - o b t a j n e d . System i.s r c t u r n c d t o a r a d i a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n by
a t i o n and load modelling on t h e optimizing d e c i s i o n s is s u c c e s s i v e openings of t h e switches having t h e lowest
examined. Two d i c f e r c n t recoriciguratj on mclhods a r e c u r r c n t flow, uritj.1 network r a d i a l i t y is obtained ("Se-
a p p l i e d and compared. .
q u e n t i a l S w i b h Opening Method"- SSOM) Many p a p e r s , u s i n g
t h e above i d e n s have been prescnted i n r e c e n t y e a r s .
1. IN'I'ROWCTION
-
. In t h i s paper a combiiied method f o r t h c approach t o t h e
optima 1 o p e r a t i n g c ondj:t i on I)f t1isi:r i.hi] I:i on ne t works i.s
Most e l e c t r i c d i s t r i b u l i o n networks a r e o p e r a t e d r a d i a l l y . p r e s e n t c d . I t s two main s t e p s a r e :
Nevertheless, t h e r e a r e u s u a l l y s e v e r a l i n t e r c o n n e c t i n g - Optimum o r xicar optj.muin network configurn-lion is ob-
t i e s w i t c h e s a v a i l a b l e , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e undergroutid t a i n e d u s i n g one of .the two b a s i c methods mentioned
medium v o l t a g e networks. C o n f i g u r a t i o n a1 l c r a t i o n s may be above, t a k i n g i n t o account loading and v o l t a g e con-
performed by changes of t h e s t a t e of network s w i t c h e s , i n s h - a i n t s . A v o l t a g e q u a l i t y index ['(] is a l s o Gal-
such a way t h a t r a d i a l i t y is always r e e s t a b l i s h e d a f t e r culated.
t h e end of l h e manipulations. - Optimum c a p a c i t o r s i z e and l o c a t i o n a r e dct.ermined.
'l'lris is obtai.ned with t h e mcthod developed i n 151,
The optimal o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n of d i s t r i b u t i o n networks based on dynamic programming t e c h n i q u e s .
is u s u a l l y considcred t o be obtained when l i n e l o s s e s a r e T h i s procedure is r e p e a t e d u n t i l t h e two steps produce the
mii~imized,without any v i o l a t i o n s of branches loading and same c o n f i g u r a t i o n a i d c a p a c i t o r arrangements.
v o l t a g e limits. Olher s e r v i c c q u a l i t y c r j t e r i a caii be Cur-
t h e r used, l i k e s e r v i c e c o n t i n u i t y o r v o l t a g e s t a b i l i t y . The computer program dcvcloped is a p p l i e d on a . t y p i c a l
2OKV network c o n s i s t i n g of f i v e f e e d e r s . The impact of
Loss minimization problem was formely f a c e d as a p a r t of load v a r i a t i o n arid load modelling on loss minjmization and
.
d i s t r i b u t i o n networks p l a n n i n g s l u d i e s Recent advances i n v o l t a g e q u a l i t y index improvement, is examined.
d i s t r i b u t i o n automation technology have s u b s t a n t i a l l y i m -
proved c o n t r o l arid network management c a p a b i l i t i e s . Con-
s e q u e n t l y , t h e g e n c r a l problem of l o s s minimization has 2 . GENI!RAL ALGORI"
g r e a t e r e f f e c t on d i s t r i b u t i o n o p e r a t i o n d e c i s i o n s .
The proposed method c o n s i s t s of t h e following steps:
P r a c t i c a l l y , l o s s minimization is o b t a i n e d i n two ways:
- i n s t a l l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r s , when t h i s is economically 1.. Iletermine the o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n and cnergy I.ossc?s of
justified, t h e c x i s t i r i g system.
- network r e c o n f i g u r a t i o n , t h a t i s t h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e 2 . Reconfigure t h e system and determine the iiew o p c r a t i n g
p r o p e r t o p o l o g i c a l s t r u c C u r e of t h e network f o r miniinum condition.
losses. 3 . Remove t h e i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t o r s and connect t h e onas :
r e s u l t i n g i n the mmimuni net b e n e f i t OIL the ireconfig-
Determination of t h e optimum s i z e and p l a c e of c a p a c i t o r s ured system.
i s a very o l d problem f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n enginpers atid 4 . Repeat s t e p s 2 and 3 u n t i l r e c o n f i g u r a t i o n and capa-
s e v e r a l papers have been published on t h i s s u b j e c t . Recon- c i.tor i n s t a l l a t i o n s t c p s produce t h e same confi.guration
f i g u r a t i o n problem has been r e l a l i v e l y r e c m t l y t a c k l e d , and capaci t.or arrangements.
because of t h e advanced computing and c o n t r o l c a p a b i l - 5. l'erform a f i n a l load flow a i i a l y s i s and c v a l u a t c cnergy
i l i e s r c q u i r e d f o r i t s s t u d y . lhis i s dne t o the f a c t l h a t losses.
i n r e a l d i s t r i b u t i o n networks t h e numhrr o€ s w i t c h i n g
o p t i o n s t o be t e s t e d and c o n t r o l l e d f o r l o s s minimization In t h e f i v e s t e p s o u t l i n e d above, load is modeled as
is very l a r g e . follows.
GO 1
d ) A s w i t c h i n g o p t i o n l e a d i n g t o energy l o s s r e d u c t i o n can
be c a r r i e d o u t i f no branch flow c o n s t r a i n t s a r e v i o l a t e d .
?'he t w o b a s i c reconf i g u r a t i o n methods have been irnproved R e f e r r i n g t o F i g . 1 , t h e checks r e q u i r e d a r e d e f i n e d .
and g e n e r a l i z e d i n o r d e r t o account f o r v a r i a b l e loads. S u p e r s c r i p t s r e f e r t o the network c o n f i g u r a t i o n s b e f o r e
and a f t e r t h e s w i t c h i n g a c t i o n .
3.1 SWITCII IXCIIANGE MLTlIOD (SEM)
An h e u r i s t i c method f o r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of f i x c d cnpa-
c i t o r s on networks with load models d i f f e r e n t than C J
c o n s i s t s of t h e f o l l o w i n g s t e p s :
a ) Determine t h e o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n of 1 he network t a k i n g
i n t o account load v o l t a g e dependence ( c a p a c i t o r s a r e A3
modelled as CZ l o a d s ) .
h) Remove t h e c a p a c i t o r s i n s t a l l e d .
c ) For t h e c u r r e n t flows determined i n s t e p 1, f i n d t h e
c a p a c i t o r set t h a t minimizes o p e r a t i o n c o s t ,
cl) Repeat s t e p s a-c u n t i l t h e c a p a c i t o r s e t i n s t a l l e d is
not altered.
5. STUDY CASE
____- F i g u r e 3: Optimum c o n f i g u r a t i o n f o r C J loads.
GO3
is a l s o c o n t i n u o u s l y improvrd. SSOM hegins f r o m lhe mrshetl
nelwork ( a l l switclies c l o s e d ) arid by s e q u e n t j a l s w i t c h 4000
openings radia1il.y is achieved. 'The change of minimum
l o s s e s a f t e r l h e optjinal flow a t each s t e p i s i l l u s t r a t e d 3600 - il
i n Fig.4.
3200 -
1f
2800 - Lt
2400 -
2900 - 50
F i g u r e 5: Reconfiguration r e s u l t s f o r o t h e r load models.
Configu Cw Losses
ra1.i on (MWh) from from
F i g u r e 4 : Reconfiguration r e s u l t s f o r C J l o a d s .
Initial 224.02 3,700.11
From Pig.4 i l is c l c a r t h a t v o l t a g e improvement i s a l s o C Optimum 179.73 3,531.76
o b t a i n e d by network r e c o n f i g u r a t i o n aimjng a t l o s s s SSOM 179.73 3,531.76
reduction.
Initial 155.72 2,777.70
The numerical r e s u l t s a r e summarized i n Table 1. C Optimum 137.45 2,605.75
Z SSOM 132.72 2,607.52
1
1 I
I 1 I
~~ -~
ConIj g u r Losses Reduction Devia 1ioii
ation cw (MWh) from from
initial % optimum %
179.35 3,109.43 0.00 76
InInliaI
11. Table 2.
Optimum 150.11 3,0/1Ll.37 4.55
5.1.3 I n i t i a l a l e e f f e c t s
ISEM 152.1.4 3,049.01 4.40 0.15
In o r d e r t o examine t h e dependence of t h e h e u r i s t i c
150.11 3,044.37 4.55 methods on t h e iriilial s t a t u s of t h e nelwork s w i t c h e s ,
both methods a r e a p p l i e d on a p a r t i c u l a r l y poor i n i t i a l
Table 1 c o n f i g u r a t i o n , r e s u l t i n g i n i n i t i a l l o s s e s of 6,073.5GMWh
and Cw = 701.
The e x e c u t i o n t i m e of t h e two a l g o r i l h m s depends h i g h l y on
the management of t h e d a t a f i l e s r e q u i r e d t o account f o r A p p l i c a t i o n of ISEM provides t h e optimum network config-
t h e loads v a r i a t i o n . Itowever, it should be noted t h a t ISEM u r a l i o r i of Fig.3. The i n i t i a l s t a t e considered r e q u i r e s
appears much f a s t e r (105 s e c s on a PC 306, 33 MIlz f o r 16 20%more t i m e t h a n t h e i n i t i a l s t a t e of Fig.2. SSOM g i v e s
d i f f e r e n l network l o a d i n g s , whj l e SSOM r e q u i r e s 477 s e c s ) . l h e same r e s u l t s f o r C J loads b u t 125% more t i m e i s
r e q u i r e d due t o t h e meshed power flow method used. For
5.1.2 Other load models o t h e r load models SSOM g i v e s no r e s u l t s , as v o l t a g e
i n s t a b i l i t y is noted.
The d i f f e r e n t load models a r e considered and r e s u l t s a r e
compared w i t h those f o r C,J loads. 111 p a r t i c u l a r , mixed I t can he concluded t h a t i n i t i a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n a f f e c t s
loads a r e considered c o n s i s t i n g o f : 30% C J loacls, 25% CS ISEM r e s u l t s and SSOM coiiiputing t i m e . A l t e r n a t i v e power
and 115% CZ f o r t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d and 30%, 45I, 25% flow methods could he used w i t h SSOM f o r CP, CZ and MX
r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r t h e summer p e r i o d . loads when needed f o r s p e c i a l i n j t i a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s .
'The optimum' c o n f i g u r a t i o n f o r CS arid MX loads is t h e one 5.2 APPLJCATION OF RECONFIGURATION AND CAPACITOR
i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 3 (same with t h a t f o r C J l o a d s ) . For CZ INSTALLATION MEIIIODS
loads minimum encrgy loss is achieved by c l o s i n g branches
C2-D7 and D4-Dl4 and opening branches D2-D7 and C9-Dl4 i n In t h i s s e c t i o n t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of f i x e d c a p a c i t o r banks
P i g . 3. a t t h e network a f t e r r e c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s examined. The
i t e r a t i v e a l g o r i t h m p r e s e n t e d i n paragraph 2 is a p p l i e d .
SSOM was a p p l i e d and convergence t o t h e optjmum f o r each
load model is i l l u s t r a l e d i n F i g . 5 . l'lie e f f e c t of t h o s e As mentioned, c a p a c i t o r i n s t a l l a t i o n l a k e s i n t o consid-
models on t h e network l o s s e s p r e s e n t s p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t . e r a t i o n energy l o s s r e d u c t i o n , a s well a s c a p a c i t o r c o s t
t o maximize t h e n e t economical p r o f i t , arid can be
The numerical r e s u l t s a r e summarized i n Table 2 . implemented f o r a l l load models.
Configuration is s l i g h t l y a l t e r e d a f t e r t h i s i n s t a l l a t i o n . REFERENCES
'The r e s u l t s are given i n F i g . 6 . 'The f i n a l artnrial energy
l o s s e s a r e 2,250.93 MWh, which g i v e s il t o t a l 29.432 111: S . C i v a n l a r , J.J.Grainger, II.Yin, S.S.II.Lee,
r e d u c t i o n of t h e i n i t i n 1 l o s s e s . " n i s t r i b i i t i o n f e e d e r r e c o n f i g u r a t i on f o r l o s s
r e d u c t i o n " , JEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, V01.3,
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.- Reduction", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, V a l - 4 ,
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[[I] : J .D. Bunch, R . D. M i 1 l e r , J . E. Wheeler, " D i s t r i b u t i o n
System I n t e g r a t e d Voltage and Reactive Power
C o n t r o l " , IEEE Trans. on ?AS, Vol. PAS-101, No 2 ,
- I n t h e c a s e s c o n s i d e r e d , t h e same f i n a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n -
N.D. 1latziargp-i~ was born i n Alhens, Grrcce i n 1954. lie
i s p r a c t i c a l l y o b t a i n e d by any of t h e two methods, r e c e i v e d t h e Diploma i n E l e c t r i c a l and Mechanical Engin-
"Switch Exchange" - SZM, o r "Sequential Switch Opening" e e r i n g from the Nati onal Technical U n i v e r s i t y of Atlieiis
- SSOM. However, t h e f i r s t method r e q u i r e s substan- (NTUA), Greece i n 1976 and M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees Zrom
t i a l l y l e s s computer time while t h e second method is t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Manchester I n s t i t u t e oE Science and
independent from t h e i n i t i a l coiifigur a t i o n and thus Technology (UMIST), Manclirstrr , England i n 1979 and 1902,
more l i k e l y l e a d s t o t h e a c t u a l optimum. r e s p e c t i v e l y . He is c u r r e n t l y Associate P r o f e s s o r at the
- Voltage q u a l i t y i s i n g e n e r a l improved w i t h l o s s
reduction.
Power D i v i s i o n of t h e E l e c t r i c a l Engineering Department of
NIUA. His r e s e a r c h iiil e r e s t s i n c l u d e Modelling and D i g i t a l
- Load model s u b s t a n t i a l l y a f f e c t s l i n e l o s s e s , b u t has Techniques f o r Power System Analysis and C o n t r o l . D r .
no s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e on t h e s w i t c h i n g a c t i o n s l i a t z i a r g y r i o u is a s o n i o r meriber of IEEE and member of
o p t i m i z i n g network c o n f i g u r a t i o n and on r e a c t i v e power CIGRE and t h e Technical Chamber of Greece.
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