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Today's lecture is about dental extraction, which means removing the tooth from its
socket(jaw), it doesn’t mean pulling the teeth out , it is the gentle lifting of teeth from
their attachment by moving the tooth involved tearing the PDL and it also involve
dilating the socket where the tooth is setting.
The alveolar bone which houses the teeth is different from the rest of body bones in
that it is elastic, so if a tooth was erupting in the radius, it can never be extracted
without braking, but it can be extracted in the alveolar bone because it is elastic, the
socket has two sides buccal and palatal, when we want to extract a tooth we dilate the
socket so that we can remove the tooth.
10 indications but the first is the most common and the last is the least common.
1- Caries:
It is the most common indication for teeth extraction, although dentistry has
moved away from being traditional to being very conservative, but still a
number of teeth are beyond restoration and we cant maintain them because
they are a focus of infection, so dental caries is the most common problem and
eventually it will lead to a tooth that is grossly carious, the carious process might
undermined and destroyed the crown and has reached the roots, and sometimes
after the death of the pulp it induces external root resorption and obviously this
case is hopeless and it has to be extracted.
2- Periodontal ligament diseases:
It is the next common indication of extraction, if you look to this lower central
incisor, there is no bone holding it in its space so it has to be removed.
Caries start with the pulpitis becoming irreversible then the inflammatory
process spreads down to the PD area leading to different periapical pathology.
plz look to those two different periapical areas in two molars, which represents
periapical granuloma and these teeth has to be extracted.
we can try and maintain teeth with periapical areas by doing RCT, but these
teeth are hopeless and cant be maintained.
3-pulpal lesions:
A case of pulpal lesion either pulpitis or pulp polyp, you can try to preserve it by
doing endodontic treatment but you cant do endodontic treatment because of
abnormal tooth morphology of root canal or the presence of calcification in the
root canal, or you can try to do endodontic treatment but the tooth will stay
symptomatic and the treatment won`t be successful, so eventually you will need to
extract that tooth.
4-Traumatized teeth:
You can maintain them but there is some cases where you have to extract them
because they are beyond maintenance, if the fracture was more toward the coronal
portion of the root, in most of the cases it has to be extracted.
5- orthodontic treatment:
Sometimes you have to extract a sound tooth because the patient is going to have
orthodontic treatment.
Most of patients with orthodontic problems have a lack of space, they have too
many teeth with small space, that is why most of the cases of orthodontics require
the extraction of the premolars both upper and lower to gain space so we can align
the teeth.
6- supernumerary teeth:
Sometimes there is a supernumerary teeth like this case, here it has to be removed
because it is a extra teeth.
The doctor put a slide showing an impacted 3rd molar radiograph for a pateint with
a denture, because there is an impacted tooth under that denture, the same thing
having remaining root so these have to be removed before we put the denture
in.unfortuanatlly I couldn’t find a similar picture on the net so this is a picture for
an impacted 3rd molar but not in a patient with a denture.
7- Radiotherapy:
These are used in the treatment of cancer in general but in endimic areas squamous
cell carcinoma is the most common cancer.
If you have a cancer like here under the tongue, we start with surgery but the
patient usually needs rdiotherapy.
If we give radiotherapy to the jaw bone, it will become hypoplastic, hypocellular
and hypovascular, so the bone has low blood supply, little number of cells and these
cells which is still viable have the genetic lesion, if they are stimulated to multiply,
they will die. if you extract a tooth from a jaw that have been eradiated, an
inflammatory process happens we call it osteoradionecrosis which is a necrotic
process where the whole mandible can be lost.
If you know that this patient is going to have radiotherapy, you look to his teeth and
the one which potentially need to be extracted has to be extracted before
radiotherapy, so you do extraction and then after 2 weeks the patient can have
radiotherapy.
8- hypoplastic teeth:
Hypoplastic teeth can be restored, but in sometimes they are so sever, the tooth is
hopeless and has to be extracted, this is applied to non‐carious loss of teeth
structure like erosion, abrasion and attrition, sometimes they render the teeth
hopeless and has to be extracted.
1‐ Intra alveolar : which means that the alveolus remain intact, you don’t remove
part of the alveolus, you just remove the tooth from its alveolus, it is most
commonly used.
2‐ The trans alveolar: we will take it in the forth year inshallah.
• Most of our discussion will be about the intra alveolar extraction.
There are three mechanical method that can be applied to deliver the tooth out.
1‐ The first one is the expansion of teeth socket;
Imagine that you have a piece of wood in a mud, when you move the wood
right and left, back and forth you start making certain shape, as a result the
mud which is the alveolar wall retreated away from the tooth, so the only
thing that holds the tooth is a thin PDL which can be torn easily if you pull the
tooth, this is what happens in the socket, you start dilating this socket by
forcing the root to move once against the buccal bone and once against the
palatal bone, back and forth so the socket becomes wider and the tooth can
be pulled out.
2‐ The use of a lever and fulcrum ( we have point of rest, the area of force and
the area of resistance)
this is the root and this is the bone, if you bring an instrument
like the one in the picture above and it touches the root, we
will have a fulcrum ( on the gingiva), arm of force( the part of
the instrument outside the gingiva)and arm of resistance (the
part of the tooth touching the instrument).
the elevator in this case will rest on bone, now if you pull the
lever down, the tip of the elevator will engage the tooth and
the tooth will move away from the socket.
This is the other mechanical principle for teeth extraction, using elevator in lever and
fulcrum fashion.
3‐ The last principle is the insertion of a wedge, the tip of the forceps is wedge
shape, if you force this wedge between the root and bone, naturally the tooth
will split from the bone and leave its socket.
Before we extract the tooth, we examine the patient and this is done by
taking the medical history, there is certain medical conditions which can be
contraindicated for extraction or you have to modify your procedure to suit
this condition. (you will be taking this next semester if god permits)
It is important in the history to ask the patient if he had a previous extraction,
and if he had a problem during the extraction, because he might have the
same problem again, so you will be prepared to deal with these
complications.
So.. things that you have to take in to consideration before extraction
are :
1‐ you start by examining the patient and their mouth, small jaws or small
mouth means difficult extraction because of poor access.
2‐ The other thing that you have to notice is the oral hygiene, if there is
multiple carious teeth, periodontal disease because if so then the
extraction will be difficult and there will be more chance for postoperative
complications.
3‐ Filling and RCT is something that you have to notice, if the tooth has a big
filling and you want to extract it, the filling and the root will brake and it
will be difficult to extract that tooth.
The same thing happens to a root with RCT for a long time because RCT
makes the tooth brittle not resilient as it should be, so if you attempt to
extract this tooth it will brake.
4‐ The inclination of teeth is very important, if the tooth is standing vertical its
good, but if it is inclined lingual or buccal, then you have to modify your
technique.
5‐ How much of the tooth structure is remaining, if only remaining roots are
there this is bad because we lost our guidance to the root although we do
extraction in this case and we move the roots out, but the presence of the
crown guide our instrument down to the roots, and if you loose the crown the
root will become under the level of bone and the access to the root will be
difficult.
6‐ Mobility of the tooth means that it will to be easier to extract, but the
presence of attrition means difficult extraction; because attrition is usually
associated with root hypercementosis; this means that there is a high amount
of cementum formation
1‐ A patient with history of known difficult extraction ; you
have to take an X‐ray like this case, the patient has a bend
in the root of his tooth, this will make extraction very
hard.
2‐ Impacted tooth.
3‐ Upper molars & premolars –teeth that are related to the maxillary sinus‐ ;
because there may be some complications if the thin floor of the maxillary sinus
is fractured we call it oro antrul complication.
4‐ Remaining roots with RCT.
5‐ multi rooted teeth, for example, in this molar you
can see many roots like octopus.
6‐ Third molars , WE ALWAYS TAKE RADIOGRAPHS;
because their shape most of the cases is abnormal.
7‐ Standing alone teeth; these are usually
hypercementosed with dense bone.
8‐ Any condition which predisposes to dental or alveolar abnormality , for
example, cleido‐cranial dysostosis , this condition is associated with many
impacted & supernumerary teeth.
General arrangements:
You always stand infront of the patient , your face is looking at his face EXCEPT if
you are extracting at the lower right quadrant you stand beside the patient & you &
the patient are looking at the same side.
The dental chair:
If we are extracting in the upper jaw the patient's occlusal plane should be 8 cm
blow the shoulder.
If we are extracting from the lower jaw the occlusal plane of the patient is 16 cm
below the elbow.
These positions are important so that when you do extraction you will stand
straight not harming your back, & you'll have more force to deliver the tooth out.
Any forceps consists of:
Handle, blade with tips (that’s holds the tooth) ; united by hinge joint
2‐ We also look at the tip of the blades, if the forceps Is
deigned to extract a whole tooth there has to be a
degree of partition between the two closed blades; to
avoid crashing the crown.
If its designed to extract a root , when the blades closed the
touch each other & there is no degree of partition in between,
because the crown is more bulgy in relation to the root.
• The multi rooted teeth has special arrangement , on the
blade there is two additional beaks ()ﻣﻨﻘﺎر which fit in the
furcation area in the lower jaw because we have lingual
& buccal furcation, so that there has to be 2 peaks in the
lower molar forceps.
• While in the upper jaw because the furcation
are buccal, mesiobuccal & distobuccal, you
DON’T HAVE PEAKS ON THE PALATAl BLADE,
but we have one peak on the buccal which fits
in the furcation between mesiobuccal &
distobuccal roots.
• If you have ONE BEAK >> UPPER MOLAR FORCEPS
• 2 PEAKS >> LOWER MOLAR FORCEPS
* the proper way to grip the forceps, your thumb should be on the hinged area
*extraction of the teeth is a two handed job, if you are right handed you hold the
forceps with your right hand but your left hand should be holding the alveolar process
of the tooth you are extracting , thus (1) immobilize the patient the patient will not
escape from your forceps (2) your inger will be at the same time retracting the cheeks
So …
You stand in a proper way Æ you put the patient in a proper height Æ you grip the
patient's alveolus in the right way Æ then you apply your forceps to the tooth Æ you
put the blades over the crown without closing them Æ let the crown guide your blades
down to the root Æ move the blades apically towards the gingival sulcus Æ push the
blades as high apically as possible & you grip the root , close the handle Æ start
moving the forceps with pure buccolingual movement Æ you continue doing that back
and forth and every time you feel that the tooth moves more and more until it is very
loose and you move it out, doing this you are dilating the socket and tearing the PDL
Æafter you do extraction, you give the patient a piece of gauze to bite firmly on it for
thirty minute until bleeding stops, he should not smoke for at least 12 hours, and
should not suck fluids through a straw because it will cause bleeding again.
If the patient has bleeding he has to bite again on the gauze, the pressure will stop the
bleeding, he will feel discomfort and he will have pain killers especially at the first
days, he should use cold luid not hot because it will encourage bleeding, but after 24
hours he use hot salty water to rinse his mouth after every meal, he brushes his teeth
gently as usual 12 hours he should avoid exercise or any abnormal movements
because it cause pressure and he might bleed again.
p.s "all the pictures are from the net, I tried my best to include them all, but
unfortunately I couldn’t so you have to refer to the book "
... اﷲ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻜﻢ أﻟﻒ ﻋﺎﻓﻴﺔ و ﻳﺠﺰﻳﻜﻢ آﻞ ﺧﻴﺮ، ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة ﺑﺤﺐ أوﺟﻪ اﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ
ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺮف ﻟﻴﺶ وﻗﺘﻬﺎrubber dam ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻣﺎ رح أﻗﺪر أﻧﺴﻰ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﻨﻖ ﺑﺎل،adhesive ﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻒ الHAND PIECE ﻓﻴﺮﻣﺎ ) أول ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ال
( اﻧﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﺸﺮ، ﺑﺲ ﺑﺮﺿﻮ اﻟﺤﻤﺪ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺳﻨﻚ.ﻓﻴﺮﻣﺎ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺼﺮة ﺗﺨﻨﻘﻨﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻟﻮا ﻗﺎﺗﻠﺘﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺘﻴﻞ
.( .... ﺟﻤﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﺴﻦ ) أﻏﻨﻴﻠﻚ؟؟،( دﻳﻤﺎ ) ﺷﺪي ﺣﻴﻠﻚ ﺑﺲ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻠﻚ إﺑﺮﺗﻴﻦ،( ﺟﻤﺎﻧﺔ ﻃﻌﺎﻣﻨﺔ ) اﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻚ: و ﻷﺣﺴﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ آﻠﻬﺎ
، ﻧﻮر ﺟﻴﻮﺳﻲ،اﻳﺜﺎر ودﻋﺎء، ﻧﻮر،(!! ﺟﻴﺖ أآﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ.. ﻋﺒﻴﺮ ) اﺑﻘﻲ اﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺳﻤﻚ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﺎ،( و أآﻴﺪ ﻣﺮام ) ﻣﺎ ﻋﺎش اﻟﺰﻋﻞ
زﻳﻦ ) ﺷﻮي ﺷﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ دﻳﻤﺎ و ﻓﻴﺮﻣﺎ،(ﻏﺰﻻن،ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻐﻨﻲ،ﺑﻄﺎﻳﻨﺔ، إﺳﺮاء) ﺷﻄﺎرة،( ﻧﺴﺮﻳﻦ) هﺰﻳﻢ اﻟﺮﻋﺪ، دﻋﺎء،( gloves, mask, lab coat) ﻏﺎدة
ﻓﻄﻮم، أﺳﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﻣﻨﻲ،ﻣﻴﺴﻢ، ﻣﻴﻤﻨﺔ، ﺟﻤﻴﻠﺔ،ﻣﺠﺪ، ﻧﻮر ﻧﺠﺎر،(داﻧﺎ ) زﻣﺎن ﻋﻨﻚ،( أﻻء ﻋﻤﺎﻳﺮة )أﻟﻒ ﻣﺒﺮوك، آﻮآﺐ، روان رﺣﺎل،(!ﺑﺘﻘﻠﻚ ﺷﻔﺘﻚ
.ﺷﻬﺪ، ﺟﻤﺎﻧﺔ ﺗﻴﺴﻴﺮ، رﺑﻰ أﺑﻮ رﻳﻤﺔ،( اﻷﺣﻤﺪي، أﻳﺴﺮ وأﻣﻞ )أﺑﻮ ﻋﻤﺮ، دﻋﺎء، راﻧﻴﺔ، ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ، رزان و ﺷﻔﺎء، ﻟﻤﻴﺎء،()اﻟﻜﻴﻨﻴﺔ
And all the malysian girls especially nor Aine my new friend.
ن"
َﺗ ْﻌ َﻤﻠُﻮ َ
ﺸﻬَﺎ َد ِة َﻓ ُﻴ َﻨ ﱢﺒ ُﺌﻜُﻢ ِﺑﻤَﺎ آُﻨ ُﺘ ْﻢ
ﺐ وَاﻟ ﱠ
ن ِإﻟَﻰ ﻋَﺎ ِﻟ ِﻢ ا ْﻟ َﻐ ْﻴ ِ
ﺳ ُﺘ َﺮدﱡو َ
ن َو َ
ﻋ َﻤ َﻠ ُﻜ ْﻢ َو َرﺳُﻮُﻟ ُﻪ وَا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺆ ِﻣﻨُﻮ َ
ﺴ َﻴﺮَى اﻟّﻠ ُﻪ َ
ﻋ َﻤﻠُﻮ ْا َﻓ َ
" َو ُﻗ ِﻞ ا ْ
اﻟﺘﻮﺑﺔ ١٠٥