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-1Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function

b. Life Is Cellular
c. The Discovery of the Cell
d. Early Microscopes
Ÿ Around the mid-1600s, scientists began to use microscopes
to observe living things.
Ÿ In 1665, Robert Hooke used an early compound microscope
to look at a thin slice of cork, a plant material. He saw that
it was made of thousands of tiny, empty chambers. He
called those chambers “cells” because they reminded him
of a monastery’s tiny rooms, which are called cells.
Ÿ In Holland around the same time, Anton van Leeuwenhoek
used a single-lens microscope to observe pond water and
other things. The microscope revealed tiny living
organisms that seemed to be everywhere.
e. The Cell Theory
Ÿ Cells - collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that
separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all
forms of life
Ÿ The cell theory states:
Ÿ All living things are composed of cells.
Ÿ Cells are the basic units of structure and function in
living things.
Ÿ New cells are produced from existing cells.
f. Exploring the Cell
g. A History of the Cell
Ÿ 1665 - Hooke publishes his book, Micrographia.
Ÿ 1674 - Leeuwenhoek observes tiny living organisms in
drops of pond water through his simple microscope.
Ÿ 1838 - Schleiden concluded that all plants are made up of
cells.
Ÿ 1839 - Schwann concluded that all animals are made up of
cells.
Ÿ 1855 - Virchow proposes that all cells come from existing
cells, completing the cell theory.
h. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
i. Prokaryotes
Ÿ Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not
contained in a nucleus.
j. Eukaryotes
Ÿ Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus in which their genetic
material is separated from the rest of the cell.
k. Eukaryotic Cell Structure
l. Comparing the Cell to a Factory
Ÿ Organelles - specialized structure that performs important
cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell.
Ÿ Cytoplasm - portion of the cell outside the nucleus
m. Nucleus
Ÿ The nucleus contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and with it the
coded instructions for making proteins and other important
molecules.
Ÿ Chromatin - granular material you can see in the nucleus.
Ÿ Chromosomes - contains genetic information that is passed
from one generation of cells to another.
Ÿ Nucleolus - a small, dense region in the nuclei.
n. Ribosomes
Ÿ Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found
throughout the cytoplasm.
Ÿ Proteins are assembled on ribosomes.
o. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ÿ The internal membrane system in eukaryotic cells are
endoplasmic reticulum.
Ÿ The endoplasmic reticulum is the site where lipid components
of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and
other materials that export from the cell.
p. Golgi Apparatus
Ÿ Proteins produced in the rough ER move next into an
organelle call the Golgi apparatus.
Ÿ The functions of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort, and
package protiens and other materials from the endoplasmic
reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.
q. Lysosomes
Ÿ Lysosomes are small organelles filled with enzymes.
Ÿ They are involved in breaking down organelles that have
outlived their usefulness.
Ÿ They perform the vital function of removing ‘junk’ that might
otherwise accumulate and clutter up the cell
r. Vacuoles
Ÿ Some kind of cells contain saclike structures called vacuoles,
the store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and
carbohydrates.
Ÿ In many plants cells there is a single, large central vacuole
filled with liquid. The pressure of the central vacuole in these
cells makes it possible for plants to support heavy structures
such as leaves and flowers.
Ÿ Vacuoles can be found in some single-celled organisms and in
some animals.
s. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
t. Mitochondria
Ÿ Mitochondria are organelles that convert the chemical
energy stored in food into compounds that are more
convenient for the cell to use.
Ÿ It is enclosed by two membranes - an outer membrane and
an inner membrane. The inner membrane is folded up
inside the organelle.
Ÿ One of the most interesting aspects of mitochondria is the
way in which they are inherited. In humans, all or nearly all
of our mitochondria come from the cytoplasm of the ovum,
or egg cell.
u. Chloroplasts
Ÿ Chloroplasts are organelles that capture energy from
sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process
call photosynthesis.
Ÿ Plants and some other organisms contain chloroplasts.
Ÿ It is the biological equivalents of solar power plants.
Ÿ Like mitochondria, it is surround by two membranes.
Ÿ Inside the organelle are large stacks of other membranes,
which contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
v. Organelle DNA
Ÿ Unlike other organelles that contain no DNA, chloroplasts
and mitochondria contain their own genetic information in
the form of small DNA molecules.
Ÿ Lynn Margulis, an American biologist, has suggested that
the both are actually descendents of ancient prokaryotes.
This idea was called the end symbiotic theory.
w. Cytoskeleton
Ÿ Eukaryotic cells have a structure - the cytoskeleton - that
helps support the cell.
Ÿ The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps
the cell to maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton is also
involved in movement.
Ÿ Microfilaments and microtubules are two of the principal
protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton.
x. Microfilaments
Ÿ Are threadlike structures made of protein called actin.
Ÿ They form extensive networks in some cells and
produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the
cell.
Ÿ It can also help the cell move.
y. Microtubules
Ÿ Are hollow structures made of protein known as
tubulins.
Ÿ In many cells, they play critical roles in maintaining cell
shape.
Ÿ It is also important in cell division, where they form a
structure known as the mitotic spindle, which helps to
separate chromosomes.
Ÿ Centrioles are located near the nucleus and help to organize
cell division. (Not found in plant cells.)

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