Starting methods of Induction Motor

Instructed by :- Miss. Piumi

Name :- J.A.T Jayaweera Index no :- 090231N Department :-Electrical Engineering Date of practical :-11/08/2011 Date of submission :-25/08/2011

Discussion Reason for the shaded motor rotates from un-shaded portion to the shaded portion
Shaded pole motors have poles which divided in to two parts. One is Shaded part, which covered with the copper coil. Other is un-shaded portion where no coil is attached. The copper loop causes the magnetic field through the ringed portion to lag behind the field in the un-shaded portion. This effect can explained using the Lenz law. The magnetic force created in the pole will induce current in the copper coil. Also this current again produces the magnetic force in the pole (Shaded portion). According to the Lenz law this induced current and ultimately the magnetic field is produced in a opposed direction of the main magnetic field. This will reduced the total magnetic force in the shaded portion. Therefore when the excitation winding is connected to the A.C source the magnetic force will swap from the un-shaded portion to the shaded portion. Because of this rotor will also rotate in the same direction i.e. from un-shaded portion to the shaded portion.

Construction and Working principle of D.O.L Starter

In this method the motor is directly connected to the source using the circuit as shown below. Also this method can consider as the simplest and cheapest starting method for induction motor. This method is usually employed with the motors with the ratings of less than 5kW. In this arrangement, the motor current is the same as the line current and the terminal voltage of the induction motor equals the line voltage. Due to the high starting current there will be considerable voltage drop along the supply line. This may affect to other loads. This voltage drop depends on the power rating of the motor. Higher the rating the higher voltage drop will be.

Drawbacks of the direct on line method

In this method starting current of the motor will not reduced. However this high current will not harm the motor windings but when high current drawn from the supply it will make significant voltage drop in the system. So this method is not recommended method for high power motors. This is the main drawback of the direct on line starting method of the induction motor.

Star-Delta Starter This method is the most common form of starter used in starting the induction motors. It achieves an effective reduction in starting current by initially connecting the stator windings in star connection and then change to the delta connection.

Autotransformer method
In this method autotransformer is placed in series with the motor. When the voltage is reduced using the autotransformer current will also reduced accordingly. It can give lower start up currents than star-delta arrangements but with an associated loss of torque. Also when changing the voltage it can be drop in the voltages.

Typical values for peak starting current are 1.7 to 4 times of the nominal full-load current and for peak starting torque 0.5 to 0.85 times nominal operating torque.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Single Phase Induction Motors

Motor

Split phase induction motor

Advantages Higher starting torque Reversible at low speed Ability to accelerate rapidly Cost is relatively low than other motors.

Disadvantages Due to the high starting resistance not suitable to the applications which need repeated start and stop functions Relatively expensive Low torque in starting Need to use capacitor

Having a smother and quieter operation than split phase motor Having longer life and higher Capacitor induction motor reliability because of the lower starting current Ability of withstand frequent starting and stop functions Quite and less vibration Shaded pole induction Need not separate starting motor methods Simple design and construction

Low efficiency Low starting and running torque

Reversing the direction of a 3-phase induction motor In order to reverse the direction of the motor we should change the direction of the magnetic flux. To do this we can change the direction of the stator current flow direction. We can change any two wires of the stator supply.