DTD 5

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Materials Letters xx (2005) xxx – xxx

1 www.elsevier.com/locate/matlet

2 Pyroelectric ceramics for infrared detection applications

3 Padmaja Guggillaa, Ashok K. Batraa,*, James R. Currieb, Mohan D. Aggarwala,
Mohammad A. Alimc, Ravindra B. Lala,1

F
4

O
a
5 Department of Physics, P.O. Box 1268, Alabama A & M University Normal, Alabama 35762, USA
b
6 Avionics Department, NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
c
7 Department of Electrical Engineering, P.O. Box 297, Alabama A & M University Normal, Alabama 35762, USA

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8 Received 29 November 2004; accepted 12 May 2005
9

PR
10 Abstract

11 Pyroelectric and dielectric behavior of cation(s) modified lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic has been studied for their use in infrared
12
13
D
detectors. Various materials’ figures-of-merit for their use in infrared detector are calculated. The results are compared with several existing
candidate materials including PZT type ceramics.
TE
14 D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
15
16 Keywords: Pyroelectric; Infrared sensor; PZT ceramics
EC

17
18 1. Introduction (SBN), lithium tantalate (LT), and ferroelectric pervoskite 34
ceramics have been developed [1– 8]. 35
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19 Pyroelectric infrared detectors offer an advantage of PZT (lead zirconate titanate) based ferroelectric oxide 36
20 room temperature operation and wide spectral response. In ceramics, for use in pyroelectric infrared detection, offer 37
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21 the past few decades, major thrust for infrared detection and number of advantages over other single crystalline materials 38
22 the thermal imaging has been used for military night vision, such as triglycine sulfate (TGS), lithium tantalate (LT), 39
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23 target acquisition, and missile guidance. Non-military polyvinyldiflouride (PVDF), etc. Ferroelectric oxide 40
24 applications include infrared detecting head in imaging ceramics for use in pyroelectric infrared detectors are 41
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25 system for product inspection in faults isolation assuring relatively low-cost to manufacture by using standard 42
26 quality, automotive vision enhancement, fire detection and mixed-ceramic oxide processing steps, and also they are 43
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27 prevention, remote temperature measurements, medical both mechanically and chemically robust. Their good 44
28 diagnostics (cancer and rheumatism detection), and mon- mechanical strength allows large area wafers to be made, 45
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29 itoring patients’ burns. For these applications, efforts have which can be easily machined into thin sections. They are 46
30 been made to develop uncooled infrared and imaging not hygroscopic as are high pyroelectric performance TGS 47
31 devices [1 –8]. As a result of these efforts, the use of single crystals. Furthermore, TGS single crystals are fragile 48
32 crystalline ferroelectrics, such as triglycine sulfate (TGS), in nature which causes technical difficulties in the process- 49
33 polyvinyldiflouride (PVDF), strontium barium niobate ing. Also, the environmental temperature is a problem for 50
using and storing the devices. Ferroelectric materials used in 51
pyroelectric IR detectors operate only below the Curie 52
temperature (Tc) because above Tc they get depoled. 53
* Corresponding author.
Ferroelectric oxide ceramics also have a high Curie 54
E-mail address: ashok.batra@email.aamu.edu (A.K. Batra).
1
Present address. NASA Administrator’s Fellow, Exploration Science temperature so that there is no danger of depoling during 55
and Technology Division, XD40, NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center, normal usage over a wide range of ambient temperatures 56
Alabama 35812, USA. (e.g.,
50 to 70 -C). The pyroelectric performance of PZT 57
0167-577X/$ - see front matter D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2005.05.007

MLBLUE-06089; No of Pages 6
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
2 P. Guggilla et al. / Materials Letters xx (2005) xxx – xxx

(present work)
type ceramics can readily be modified by inclusion of 58

0.0026
selected dopants (elements) into the lattice, and thereby 59

1.640
BM740

0.15
631.39

93.75
73.2
3.2
controlling important parameters such as pyroelectric 60

300
coefficient ( p) and dielectric constants (eV, eW) which have 61

–
direct effect on the figures-of-merit (F) of the pyroelectric 62
(present work) materials. 63
Various perovskite ferroelectric ceramics such as 64

0.0026
STPZT2

0.213
768.65

115.83
PbTiO3, (PT)-based and Pb(ZrxTi1
x)O3, (PZT) based have 65

2.0
2.5
408.5

163.4
been reported to possess high figures-of-merit as materials 66

–
for pyroelectric infrared sensors [7 –14]. Whatmore and 67
(present work)

Bell [7] have proposed lead iron niobate—lead titanate 68

F
0.01866

ceramics modified by the addition of uranium based 69

32.675
0.131
STPZT1

1156.67

21.58
379.5

151.8
2.5

ceramics for IR sensing applications. Czekaj et al. [9] 70

O
–

investigated the pyroelectric properties of the multi-compo- 71

nent ferroelectric ceramic materials at room temperature, on 72

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the basis of solid solutions of: PbTiO3 –PbZrO3 – PbNb2/3 73
0.0003 at Tc
5510 at Tc
PETM [9]

5.51 at Tc

1.72 at Tc
(ceramic)

Zn1/3O3 –PbSb2/3Mn1/3O3 – PbW1/2Mg1/2O3 (system I) and 74

PR
PbTiO 3 – PbZrO 3 – PbNb 2/3 Zn 1/3 O 3 – PbSb 2/3 Mn 1/3 O3 – 75
480
3.2
–
–

PbNb2/3Mn1/3O3 (system II), prepared using hot pressing 76

technique. Suaste-Gomez et al. [10] reported the pyro- 77
0.0004 at Tc

electric properties of Pb0.88Ln0.08Ti0.98Mn0.02O3 (Ln = La, 78

6140 at Tc
PSTM [9]

6.14 at Tc

2.45 at Tc
(ceramic)

Sm, and Eu) ferroelectric system. Nevertheless, there 79

D
394

remains immense interest in the improvement of the quality 80

2.5
–
–

and performance of these materials as requirements for 81

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future applications, in particular for military, space, and 82
0.00039 at Tc
132365 at Tc

medical applications. 83
PLTM [9]

13.2 at Tc

5.28 at Tc
(ceramic)

In the present investigation the results of lanthanum- 84

455
2.5

EC

modified lead zirconate titanate (PLZT), denoted as STPZT- 85

–
–

1 and MnO2 doped PLZT denoted as STPZT-2 including 86

commercially available modified lead zirconate titanate 87
PLZT [14]
(ceramic)

31.612
0.028

0.124

ceramic (BM740) from Sensor Technology Limited, Canada 88

24.9
2.5
350
1129

140 R

[15] are reported. BM 740 has been chosen as it exhibits low 89

–

frequency drift over normal working temperature and the 90

R

aging of permittivity is low [15]. This sample is also 91

PLZT [8]
(ceramic)
Physical properties and figures-of-merit of various pyroelectric materials [4 – 14]

0.01

0.25

68.18

understood to be a potential candidate for pyroelectric 92

7.0
2.5
450
700

225

180

applications. Due to the proprietary reasons the exact 93

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cation(s) modified recipe of BM740 remained unknown. It 94

Mod. PZT

is worthy to mention that these ceramics have been prepared 95

C (ceramic)

0.003

0.524

162.96
0.87

using optimized recipe and proprietary processing technol- 96

2.5
380
290

200

152

ogy. Their usefulness in pyroelectric infrared detectors is 97

N

compared with the results of other candidate pyroelectric 98

(crystal)

materials. The properties and materials’ figures-of-merit of 99

U
0.01
0.38

121.74
2.3

3.2

197.5
TGS

modified lead zirconate ceramics [7– 10] are listed in Table 100
38

49
280

1 adapted from references 7 through 14 along with the 101

results obtained in the present research for comparison 102
(crystal)

0.005
0.235
LiTaO3

1.19
56.25
116.05

purposes. 103
3.2
180

620
47

10
6ACJ
1 m
10
6ACJ
1 m
10
6ACJ
1 m
106 Jm
3K
1

2. Experimental 104
ACm
2 K
1

Smart electroceramic samples are believed to have been 105

Units

-C

prepared using conventional ceramic processing technique 106

–
–
–

[16,17] as depicted in the flow chart of Fig. 1. There may be 107

Parameter

some minor variations to the processing steps involving 108

Table 1

partial or full batch calcining stages but again may be called 109
tan d

FV

FD
TC
cV
eV

eW

FI

as the conventional processing steps. It is not a constant 110

P

t1.10
t1.11
t1.12
t1.2

t1.3
t1.4
t1.5
t1.6
t1.7
t1.8
t1.9
t1.1
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P. Guggilla et al. / Materials Letters xx (2005) xxx – xxx 3

Weighing
each raw Ball Post-calcination Spray
Milling Calcination Ball Milling Drying
material
Powder

Silver Lapping Powder

electroding Ultrasonic and Pressing
Poling cleaning Sintering
by screen Grinding to Discs
printing

Fig. 1. Flow chart of conventional ceramic sample preparation.

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111 practice to achieve nano-particles for the smart electro- boundaries is caused from the discontinuity in the 155

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112 ceramics through ball milling. Usually conventional balling crystalline structure of the grains demarcated by the grain 156
113 limits the size on the order of micron(s). Since commercial boundaries and often having space charge region at 157

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114 facilities have been used to obtain the samples in this study, equilibrium condition across them. 158
115 it is confidently asserted that conventional processing steps The pyroelectric current I p was measured using Byer and 159

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116 outlined in Fig. 1 is the most appropriate flow chart for the Roundy method [18], and the pyroelectric coefficient ( p) 160
117 end systems used in this study. was calculated using a relationship: 161
118 Due to the severe proprietary reasons the exact fabrica-    
Ip dT
119
120
tion processes used in making commercial products (Sensor
Technology Ltd.., Canada) [15] having a more detailed flow
p¼
D A = dt
; ð1Þ
121 chart is restricted. However, some variations in the
122 processing steps are possible in any manufacturing facility. where A is the electrode area (identical areas for the 162
163
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123 The manufacturing facilities usually adopt the minimum opposite electrodes used in each sample), and dT
dt is the rate 164
124 handling but low-cost processing route in order to satisfy of change of temperature. The pyroelectric current is 165
125 customer demands within the budget for the end products. measured using a 6517 Keithley electrometer, and temper- 166
EC

126 The end products always satisfy a minimum level of ature is measured by the HP34970 digital multi-meter using 167
127 consistent performance having a set of established or type K thermocouple. The automated data acquisition was 168
128 reproduced satisfactory properties. accomplished using LabVIEW 6i software. Thus, the entire 169
129 The samples STPZT-1 and STPZT-2 are not commercial raw data were collected in a PC by storing in a file. The 170
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130 samples but laboratory recipe fabricated using production schematic of the complete set-up is shown in Fig. 2 and 171
131 equipment facility and proprietary technology of Sensor details are described elsewhere [19]. 172
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132 Technology. The BM740 samples are commercially pre- By using the foregoing electrical parameters the 173
133 pared by the same organization. It is apprehended that these following materials’ figures-of-merit [1,7] for assessing 174
134 three kinds of samples employed identical equipment the characteristics of single element pyroelectric detector, 175
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135 facility to achieve the end samples. The way recipe for
136 STPZT-1 and STPZT-2 has been designed such that each
C

137 sample can be represented as Pb0.94La0.06Zr0.65Ti0.35O3, and RS 232 Compute

138 Pb0.94La0.06Zr0.65Ti0.35O3 + 0.5 wt.% MnO2, respectively. LabVIEW 6i
N

139 The electrical measurements are conducted on a disc GPIB

140 having 13.75 mm in diameter and 0.9 mm in thickness.
U

141 Silver electrode is screen printed on two opposite sides of QuadTech 1920 Keithley 6517 HP 34970A
-or- DM
LCR Meter Electrometer
142 each disc sample. After that each sample is poled at an
143 appropriate electric field. The dielectric permittivity values
144 (eV and eW) were obtained by measuring terminal parallel
145 capacitance C p and loss tangent (eV/eW) at a fixed Barnan
Indicator
Temperature
146 measurement frequency of 1 kHz using QuadTech 1920 Control
Controller
Thermal
147 LCR meter. The amplitude of the peak-to-peak ac signal Brass
148 voltage (Vac) used for this purpose was 10 V/cm. This set- Staco Positive
Negative
149 up employed an in-house designed and constructed three- 3PN101
Variac Brass
150 terminal cell to accomplish the terminal capacitance Aluminum
151 measurement. For a polycrystalline material, a large portion
152 of the ac signal voltage is experienced across the grain
153 boundaries than the grains due to the high resistance of the Fig. 2. Block Diagram of the pyroelectric and dielectric response
154 grain boundaries. The high resistance of the grain measurement set-up.
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
4 P. Guggilla et al. / Materials Letters xx (2005) xxx – xxx

176 operating in optimum manner, were calculated as typical of ferroelectrics due to atomic displacements. In ferro- 190
177 follows: electric ceramics, increase in eV and loss tangent with temperature 191
178 can be attributed to the change in the space charge regions across 192
179 F I = p / cV for high current responsivity, the grain boundaries involving consecutive grains in addition to 193
the charge trapping processes at the grain boundary interfaces 194
180 F v = p / (cV eV) for high voltage responsivity, and
[20]. 195
181 F D = p / (cV¾eW) for high detectivity,
3.1. Dielectric and pyroelectric behavior 196
182 where p, cV, eV, and eµ are the pyroelectric coefficient, the
183 volume specific heat, and the real and imaginary parts of the In the case of STPZT-1, eV increases with temperature while tan 197
184 dielectric constant, respectively. d (eW / eV) remained nearly in the same range of values. Combining 198
these two observations in a concurrent manner it is unlikely to have 199

F
the space charge region nearly unaltered indicating generation of 200
185 3. Results and discussion carriers in the grains. Also the eV (or C p) has increased presumably 201

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from the charge trapping at the grain boundary interfaces. If none of 202
186 Fig. 3 shows the variation of pyroelectric coefficient ( p), these two conditions (carrier generation and trapping) are ruled out 203

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187 dielectric constant (eV) and loss tangent (tan d) of STPZT-1, then both mechanisms are the dominant behaviors in a polycrystal- 204
188 STPZT-2 and BM740 ceramic samples with temperature. In line material regardless of the ferroelectric properties. This is 205
189 general, all these parameters increase with temperature which is primarily a consideration from the polycrystalline nature of the 206

PR
STPZT1 STPZT1
2000 0.05
400
Coefficient(nC/cm2 ºC)

300
D 1500
0.04
Pyroelectric

0.03
TE

Tan∂
ε'

200 1000
0.02
100 500
0.01
EC

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
Temperature(ºC) Temperature(ºC)
R

STPZT2 STPZT2
400 1250 0.005
Coefficient(nC/cm2 ºC)

1000 0.004
300
Pyroelectric

750 0.003
O

Tan∂
ε'

200
500 0.002
C

100
250 0.001
N

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
U

Temperature(ºC) Temperature(ºC)

BM740 BM740
500
800 0.007
Coefficient(nC/cm2 ºC)

400
0.005
Pyroelectric

600
300
Tan∂
ε'

400 0.003
200
200 0.001
100

0 0 -0.001
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
Temperature(ºC) Temperature(ºC)
Fig. 3. The variation of pyroelectric coefficient and dielectric constants (eV, tan d) with temperature.
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
P. Guggilla et al. / Materials Letters xx (2005) xxx – xxx 5

207 ceramic materials as a whole. If the carrier concentration increases merit (for high voltage responsivity in the STPZT-2 (PLZT) sample 265
208 in the grain with increasing temperature, then this situation imposes is higher than reported value of PLZT based ceramic as listed in 266
209 a reduction in the space charge regions causing the terminal Table 1 [8,9,14] except for F I reported by Kobune et al. [8]. The 267
210 capacitance (or C p) to increase. Thus, space charge region values obtained for all the figures-of-merit for STPZT-2 268
211 contributes to only C space-charge term regardless of the trapping (PLZT + MnO2) is higher than the STPZT-1 sample due to 269
212 effect. Considering the influence of the charge storage process or achieving low dielectric constant and high pyroelectric coefficient 270
213 trapping in the space charge region across the grain boundaries then values. This observation may be attributed to the effect of Mn- 271
214 the frequency dependent term arises as dQ / dVac to the terminal doping, in that the recharging (Mn4+ Y Mn3+ Y Mn2+) of Mn ions 272
215 capacitance under the ac small-signal measurements. Further this partially substituted at the B-site (for Zr4+or Ti4+ ions) compensates 273
216 behavior is attributed to the trapping and de-trapping behavior for excessive charge of La3+ to the A-site (Pb2+ ions) caused by La- 274
217 under applied ac condition. In this case the terminal capacitance (eV substitutions in the A-sites, as has been reported by Glinchuk et al. 275
218 or C p) reflects geometric contribution as well as trapping (or de- [24] . This type of situation in a high resistivity and low dielectric 276

F
219 trapping) contribution to the terminal capacitance. The geometric loss case is important for the IR sensors. Furthermore, in ceramic 277
220 contribution is essentially associated with the space charge region oxide ferroelectrics, the value of the dielectric constants (eV and eW) 278

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221 and the terminal capacitance can be expressed [21 – 23] as: and pyroelectric coefficient ( p) depend on grain size, grain size 279
distribution, degree of porosity in the microstructure [25,26] and 280

O
Cp ¼ Cspace
charge þ dQ=dVac : ð2Þ on the domain structure including the dynamics along with the 281
defect structure or defect chemistry of the lattice sites formed 282
224 When the contribution of the trapping dominates without during sintering. 283

PR
223
222
225 affecting geometric capacitance only then tan d can nearly remain The doping process of the grains occurs via cation interstitials or 284
226 unchanged assuming the increment of C p taking place only via the anion vacancies during the sintering dynamics of the piezoelectric 285
227 dQ / dVac term. In the event if the conductance increased via ceramic bodies. Since the resulting composite constitutes cations, it 286
228 thermal generation of the carriers for the same temperature range is more than likely that the cation interstitials are a plausible concept 287
229 then eV will increase indicating increase in eW. The carrier for ionizing and subsequent donor enhancement in the grains. 288
230
231
enhancement is more likely a feasible concept as the piezoelectric
material system contains multiple cations that can ionize at
D
Again anion vacancies are also not ruled out. Additional studies will
be conducted to ascertain the possible underlying mechanism(s).
289
290
TE
232 elevated temperatures to contribute as carriers in the grains. The Their effect in reducing the dielectric constants and enhancement of 291
233 increase in the carrier concentration in the grains, thus, gives rise to pyroelectric coefficient cannot be ruled out too. The reduction in 292
234 the shrinking of the C space-charge term while dQ / dVac increases at a dielectric constant and loss is also due to the low frequency 293
235 faster rate for the same range of temperature due to the trapping polarizability in these materials. This may be because once the 294
EC

236 process at the grain boundary interfaces. Overall, this is a oxygen vacancies generated (in order to maintain the overall 295
237 complicated two-fold simultaneously operative mechanism for electro-neutrality due to Mn3+ for B site modification) are locked 296
238 the polycrystalline systems. Nevertheless, these concepts need into defect dipole pairs; they are much more immobile in STPZT-2 297
239 subsequent investigation as a future task. than STPZT-1. Suaste-Gomez et al. [10] reported the pyroelectric 298
R

240 In the case of STPZT-2 and BM740 samples, there is an properties of Pb0.88Ln0.08Ti0.98Mn0.02O3 (Ln = La, Sm, and Eu) 299
241 indication of the donor enhancement due to the thermal ionization ferroelectric system represented as PLMTM, PSTM and PETM 300
R

242 of the cations causing increase in terminal capacitance (eV or C p). respectively in Table 1. The values obtained for pyroelectric 301
243 Accordingly tan d has also increased reflecting enhanced coefficients, even at Tc are lower than values obtained in our 302
244 conductance without affecting the charge storage contribution at samples. Pyroelectric properties of the multi-component ferro- 303
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245 the grain boundary interfaces or within the space charge regions. electric ceramic materials, on the basis of solid solutions of: 304
246 Foregoing analogy holds in this case as C space charge term increases PbTiO 3 – PbZrO 3 – PbNb 2/3 Zn 1/3 O 3 – PbSb 2/3 Mn 1/3 O 3 – PbW 1/2 305
C

247 with or without the frequency dependent term dQ / dVac contribu- Mg1/2O3 (system I) and PbTiO3-PbZrO3-PbNb2/3Zn1/3O3-PbSb2/3 306
248 ting toward terminal eV. The tan d term increases reflecting the Mn1/3O3-PbNb2/3Mn1/3O3 (system II), prepared using hot press- 307
N

249 ratio of eW / eV increases wherein the growth of eW may be faster or ing technique, have been investigated at room temperature by 308
250 moderate rate while shrinking of eV is a faster process causing an Czekaj et al. [9] for both tetragonal (T) and rhombohedral (R) 309
251 eventual increase of tan d or eW / eV. The plausible mechanism(s) phase areas as well as morphotropic (M) phase boundary. The 310
U

252 operative for STPZT-2 sample has caused faster rise both for eV average value of the pyroelectric coefficient obtained in the M- 311
253 and eW / eV (or tan d) while the same mechanism(s) may dominate region was 500 lCm
2K
1 and 400 ACm
2K
1 for system II 312
254 in the BM740 sample having a little slower rise (or enhancement) and system I, respectively. The maximum value of dielectric 313
255 for both the parameters. permittivity obtained in the M-region was 1380 and 1440, 314
respectively. 315
256 3.2. Figures-of-merit The value obtained for pyroelectric coefficients of system I and 316
system II makes them prospective candidates for practical 317
257 Table 1 lists the values obtained for dielectric constants and applications as materials for pyroelectric detectors for high current 318
258 loss, pyroelectric coefficient and calculated material figures-of- responsivity; however the values obtained for Fv in samples 319
259 merits for STPZT-1, STPZT-2 and BM 740 ceramic samples at 50 studied are better. Based on investigation of Suaste-Gomez et al. 320
260 -C along with published data of other important materials [1 – 14] [10] and Czekaj et al. [9], the samples investigated in the present 321
261 including PZT type ceramics for comparison. For calculations of study, in particular STPZT-2 and BM740 are more attractive for 322
262 figures-of-merit of the samples fabricated and investigated in the use in IR sensors. Furthermore, in the present work complete study 323
263 present work, the default values of volume specific heat (cV) were was undertaken in terms of evaluation of dielectric constant and 324
264 chosen from the literature. The values obtained for the figures-of- loss, and pyroelectric coefficient along with their variation with 325
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
6 P. Guggilla et al. / Materials Letters xx (2005) xxx – xxx

326 temperature. The proprietary modified PZT (BM740) which has are also due to the staff members of Sensor Technology 362
327 high figures-of-merits for current responsivity due to low loss and Ltd., Canada for cooperation and providing relevant 363
328 dielectric constant is also attractive for use in infrared sensing suggestions. Keen interest of Drs. D. Frazier and B. Penn 364
329 applications compared with known materials such as lithium of NASA-MFSC in the uncooled infrared detector work are 365
330 tantalate [13]. It is worthy to mention that properties (Fig. 3) of
greatly appreciated. 366
331 ceramic studied do not change greatly up to 100 -C, thus their
332 performance in infrared detectors shall not degrade with much
333 change in ambient or operating temperatures.
References 367
368
[1] R.B. Lal, A.K. Batra, Ferroelectrics 51 (1993) 142. 369
334 4. Conclusions [2] J.-M. Chang, A.K. Batra, R.B. Lal, Cryst. Growth Des. 5 (2) (2002) 370

F
431. 371
335 Pyroelectric and dielectric properties of various ceramics [3] M. Banan, R.B. Lal, A.K. Batra, J. Mater. Sci. 27 (1992) 2291. 372
[4] R.W. Whatmore, Rep. Prog. Phys. 49 (1986) 1335. 373

O
336 such as STPZT-1 (PLZT), STPZT-2 (PLZT + MnO2) and
[5] A. Rogalski, Prog. Quantum Electron. 27 (2003) 59. 374
337 BM740 (modified PZT) for their applications in infrared [6] H.P. Beerman, Infrared Phys. 35 (1975) 115. 375
338 sensors are extensively studied and compared with other

O
[7] R.W. Whatmore, A.J. Bell, Ferroelectrics 142 (1981) 51. 376
339 candidate materials including PZT-type ceramic studied by [8] M. Kobune, A. Mineshige, S. Fujii, Y. Maeda, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 36 377
340 other researchers. The material figures-of-merits at 50 -C (1997) 5976. 378

PR
[9] D. Czekaj, A. Lisinska, M.F. Kuprianov, Yu.N. Zakharov, J. Eur. 379
341 are calculated from measured parameters (dielectric con-
Ceram. Soc. 19 (1999) 1149. 380
342 stants and pyroelectric coefficient) for their use in pyro- [10] E. Suaste-Gomez, R. Gonzalez-Ballesteros, V. Castillo-Rivas, Mater. 381
343 electric infrared detectors. From the viewpoint of pyro- Charact. 50 (2003) 349. 382
344 sensor applications, investigated ceramics, namely STPZT-2 [11] H.D. Sharma, A.K. Tripathi, V. Chariar, T.C. Goel, P.K.C. Pillai, 383
Mater. Sci. Eng., B, Solid-State Mater. Adv. Technol. 25 (1994) 384
345
346
347
and BM740, are remarkably attractive due to their large
pyroelectric coefficient and low dielectric loss. It is worthy
to mention that the materials investigated are also capable of
D 29.
[12] J. Lian, T. Shiosaki, Ferroelectrics 118 (1991) 135.
385
386
TE
[13] S.B. Lang, D.K. Das-Gupta, Ferroelectr. Rev. 2 (3-4) (2000) 217. 387
348 high operating temperature (up to 100 -C) applications. [14] A. Lozinski, F. Wang, A. Uusimaki, S. Leppavuori, Meas. Sci. 388
349 However, their actual use in infrared detector shall Technol. 8 (1997) 33. 389
350 determine if proposed enhancement can be realized in [15] Sensor Technology Ltd., Canada found in www.sensortech.ca. 390
EC

351 practice. It can also be concluded the proprietary technology [16] J.S. Reed, Principle of Ceramic Processing, 2nd edR, John Wiley & 391
Sons, New York, 1995. 392
352 used in fabrication of ceramics is appropriate for the [17] W.D. Kingery, H.K. Bowen, D.R. Uhlmann, Introduction to Ceramics, 393
353 fabrication of ferroelectric ceramic oxides. Further work is 2nd edR, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1976. 394
354 in progress to use these materials in thick films fabrication [18] R.L. Byer, C.B. Roundy, Ferroelectrics 3 (1972) 333. 395
R

355 so that their performance can be assessed for their use in [19] R. James, M.S. Curie, thesis (2004), Alabama A & M University, 396
Alabama, U.S.A. 397
356 thermal imaging devices.
[20] M.A. Alim, M.A. Seitz, R.W. Hirthe, J. Appl. Phys. 63 (1988) 2337. 398
R

[21] M.A. Alim, Act. Passive Electron. Compon. 19 (1996) 139. 399
[22] M.A. Alim, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 411 (1996) 13. 400
O

357 Acknowledgments [23] M.A. Alim, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 411 (1996) 113. 401
[24] M.D. Glinchuk, I.P. Bykov, V. Skorokhod, T. Kala, Ferroelectrics 131 402
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358 This work is supported by US Army SMDC grant #

[25] A. Pelaiz Barranco, F. Calderon Pinar, O. Perez Martinez, Phys. Status 404
359 DASG60-03-1-0003 and NSF grant HRD-0236525. Solidi, A Appl. Res. 186 (3) (2001) 478. 405
N

360 Authors sincerely thank Mr. G. Sharp for the fabrication [26] K.C. Mccarthy, F.S. Mccarthy, G. Teowee, T.J. Bukowski, T.P. 406
361 of the sample holder for capacitance measurements. Thanks Alexander, D.R. Uhlmann, Integr. Ferroelectr. 17 (1997) 377. 407
U