Lindenmayer Systems Part II

Nature Inspired Design

Context-Dependet Grammars with Trees

Similar to linear systems
Left predecessor : a path Center (strict) predecessor: an edge

Thorsten Schnier

Right predecessor: an axial tree

School of Computer Science University of Birmingham

15/02/2002

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In Bracketing Systems
Neighbourhood not preserved Harder to implement Requires backtracking over stacks
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Context-Sensitive L-Systems
Depend on Neighbours
Production Selection Predecessor Context Only applicable if context fits

1L-System Example
Signalling
: baaaaaaa p : b<a -> b
1

p : b -> a
2

Notation
<a a a > ->
l r

(2L system) (1L system) (1L system)

Production Sequence:
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<a a ->
l

a a > ->
r

(k,l)-system in general

Simplification
Allow different context lengths Most specific (largest context) is preferred
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2L-Systems Example
Tree Growth

Why ?

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= 25.75 n = 26 F1F1F1 0 <0> 0 --> 1 0 <0> 1 --> 1[-F1F1] 0 <1> 0 --> 1 0 <1> 1 --> 1 1 <0> 0 --> 0 1 <0> 1 --> 1F1 1 <1> 0 --> 1 1 <1> 1 --> 0 * <-> * --> + * <+> * --> -

= 22.5 n = 30 F1F1F1 0 <0> 0 --> 0 0 <0> 1 --> 1 0 <1> 0 --> 0 0 <1> 1 --> 1[+F1F1] 1 <0> 0 --> 0 1 <0> 1 --> 1F1 1 <1> 0 --> 0 1 <1> 1 --> 0 * <-> * --> + * <+> * --> -5-

Parametric OL-Systems
Paremterized Productions
parameterized conditionals

Understanding Biological Systems

Formalize Topology and Growth
Comparisons Characterizations

Example:
: P1: P2: P3: P4: A(x,y) A(x,y) B(x) B(x) : : : : y<=3 y>3 x<1 x>=1 -> -> -> -> B(2)A(4,4) A(x+2, x+y) B(x)A(x/y, 0) C B(x-1)

Example: Sympodial Branching

Apex produces flower Terminates axis growth New lateral apices A -> I[A]F Typical for: Rose Campion Lychnis coronaria

Turtle Interpretation
Use for angles, distances

For more, see literature

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Figures and Animations from www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/projects/bmv/vmm-deluxe/TableOfContents.html Photo from http://waddell.ci.manchester.ct.us/id_campion.html

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Why? 1: Plant Understanding: Signalling

Using context-sensitive L-System Example: Basipetally Flowering
Downwards progression of flowers Older branches (at the bottom) flower later Needs Signalling 3-Signal Example: Wall Lettuce ( Mycelis muralis )

Why? 2: Photorealistic Modelling

From Topology to Shape
Add shapes for leaves etc. Add materials (colours and textures) ... Add gravity, wind Add environmental interaction

Figure from www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/projects/bmv/vmm-deluxe/TableOfContents.html

Stochastic L-sytems
Figures and Animations from www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/projects/bmv/vmm-deluxe/TableOfContents.html Photo from http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/astera/mycel/mycemur.html
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Similar but different plants Forrests, Meadows, ...

More
Environmental Sensitive L-Systems

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Interaction with the Environment

Figures from www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/projects/bmv/vmm-deluxe/TableOfContents.html

Cell Growth
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Why? 3: Morphogenesis
Morphogenesis
Development from genetic code to organism Natures GT-PT transformation

Evolve L-Systems
Evolve production rules
Variable-length Crossover (rare) e.g swap productions Mutation: change/add/remove symbols from successor

Different Aspects
Differentiation Growth Others

Fitness task-dependent
E.g. user selection E.g. FASS-curve (space-filling, self-avoiding)
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Different Models
Cellular Automata Reaction-Diffusion Others
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Evolutionary Systems and Morphogenesis

Evolution of L-Systems - Example

L-Breeder

Morphogenesis as GT-PT transformation

Complex Nonlinear Environmentally Sensitive

But also
Very flexible (non-brittle) Highly robust Highly compressed

LPEvol

Example
Describe Poodle/Sheperd completely in a long string (head to toe) Describe Poodle/Sheperd as growth rules Result of crossover ?
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Why ? 4: L-Systems in Other Environments

Growth of Neural Networks
Specify Topology Train Weights Representation ?

Evolution of NNs using L-Systems

Two Transformations
GA to Productions Productions to NN Two representations

Example Representation
[A2[B,C]D]E
Biological metaphors and the design of modular artificial neural networks

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Derivation

1: A->BBB 2: B > B ->[C,D] 3: B -> C 4: C < D -> C 5: D > D -> C1

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Summary
More Variations on L-Systems
Context-Dependent Parametric Others (Growth functions, environmentally sensitive, timed, ...)

Uses
Understanding / classifying plant growth Photorealistic modelling Model of Morphogenesis L-Systems in other areas (NNs)
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References
(In addition to those from Lecture 11)
Papers by Prusinkiewicz et al:

http://www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/Redirect/bmv/papers/index.html
Links to many papers about Morphogenesis/Development:

http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/ezequiel/alife-page/development.html
Paper on genetic Algorithsm and Lindenmayer Systems:

G. Ochoa. On genetic algorithms and lindenmayer systems . In A. Eiben, T. Baeck, M. Schoenauer, and H. P. Schwefel, editors, Parallel Problem Solving from Nature V, pages 335--344. Springer-Verlag, 1998.
Paper on using L-system to generate neural networks:

Boers, E.J.W. and Kuiper, H. (1992), Biological metaphors and the design of modular artificial neural networks. Masters thesis, Dept. of Computer Science and Dept. of Experimental and Theoretical Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands, 1992.
Software

2D Java Applet at http://www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/Redirect/bmv/java/LSystems/LSys.html L-Breeder at http://pixie.oum.ox.ac.uk/L-Breeder/ LPEvol at http://www.geocities.com/rgasch/src/

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