Chimera Mosaicism

Individual having more than one genetically distinct population of cells that originated from more than one zygote

Animal that has more than one cytogenetically distinct population of cells.eg in a human mosaic some of cells might be 46, XX and some 47, XXX. HIV gene code for p24 antigen--> gag In Sickle cell anemia deoxygenated Hb leads to exposure of sticky end d/t replacement of polar by non-polar residue. Zinc fingers serve as binding sites for hormones that--> alter transcription rates Post-transcriptional modification of mRNASplicing--> removal of introns (if splicing is defective it leads to beta-thalassemia & Spinal muscular dystrophy) Poly-A tail3 end Stabilize RNA help exit from Nucleus
Proof read ing by DNA Pol ymerase occurs in 3 5 direction.

GTP is required during translocation of tRNA-nascent protein complex from A to P sites.

Types of banding in cytogeneticsG-banding- obtained with Giemsa stain fo llo wing digestion of chro mosome with trypsin. The dark regions tend to be heterochromatic, late replicating AT rich and inactive. The light regions tend to be euchromatic, early replicating and GC rich R-banding- reverse of G-banding(R stands for reverse) C-banding- stains Centromeres Q-banding- fluoresecent pattern obtained using quinacrine for staining. Pattern of bands is very similar to that seen in G-banding T-banding- visualize telo meres Cloni ngDenaturation- Splitting of double strand of DNA into two single strandsat temperature o f 94 degree celcius Annealing- requires RNA p rimer Elongation- a poly merase enzy me which will be active at a higher temperature eg. Taq pol ymerase

Q. The only codon for tryptophan is UGG. The antiocodon portion of the tRNA that carries tryptophan is most likely to be1. ACC 2. UGG 3. TCC 4. CCA---------ans Explanation- The anticodon on the tRNA molecule binds to the codon on the message because the two are complementary to each other. Complementary base sequences are of opposite polarities, or directions. By convention, nucleic acid sequences are written in the 5-->3 direction. The anticodon complementary to the codon 5 UGG 3 would be 3ACC 5 or by convention, 5CCA 3 74. Z-DNA has1. Right handed helix and has 10 base pairs per 360* turn 2. Right handed helix and has 11 base pairs per 360* left 3. Left handed helix and has 10 base pairs per 360* turn 4. Left handed helix and has 12 base pairs per 360* turn---------ans 75. On complete hydrolysis of DNA we will get all the following except-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Deoxy pentose sugar Phosphoric acid Adenos ine---------------ans (found when not hydrolysed completely) Purine bases

80. microRNA function1. Gene regulation--------------ans 2. DNA conformation 3. RNA Splicing 4. Translation 83. Introns are not +nt in1. Nuclear DNA 2. Mit. DNA---------------ans 3. Z DNA 4. B DNA Discussion- Therefore mitochondrial DNA have 6-7 times more chances of mutation 84. The End Codon of t-RNA at poly(A)''tail codes for1. Poly alanine 2. Poly proline 3. Poly lysine--------------ans 4. Poly glycine 85. Nucleic acid absorb light at wavelength of 260 nm due to1. Ribose 2. Phosphates 3. Histone proteins 4. Purine and pyrimidines-------------ans 86. Proteins binding to DNA has1. Copper 2. Zinc---------------ans 3. Cobalt 4. Iron 87. Which of the following is true about Wobble hypothesis1. Each amino acid is represented by only one codon 2. Base in third position of codon has reduced specificity for the same amino acid-------------ans 3. Actively transported sugars are usually hexoses 4. Surface tension lowering substances get concentrated at interface Discussion- Wobble hypothesis-->Proposed by 'watson and crick' 88. Null mutation is1. Mutation which produces no functional gene product 2. A mutation which leads to termination of proteins----------------ans 3. A mutation which will not produce an alteration of product 4. A mutation which occurs in the non coding sequence DiscussionNon-sense (Null) Stop Codon

Mis-sense Silent-mutation

Code for different Amino acid Code for same AminoAc id eg. AUG/AUC (Both for methionine)

89. The sigma subunit of prokaryotic RNA polymerase1. Binds the Antibiotic Rifampicin 2. Is inhibited by alpha Amanitine 3. Specifically recognize the promoter site-----------ans 4. Is part of the core enzyme 91. The most common in causation of Xeroderma Pigmentosum is1. DNA polymerase-3 2. DNA polymerase-1-----------ans 3. DNA excinuclease 4. DNA ligase Discussion- In a healthy, normal human being, the damage is first excised, "cut out" by endonucleases. DNA polymerase then repairs the missing sequence, and ligase"seals" the transaction. This process is known as nucleotide excision repair. 92*. Shine Dalgarno sequence in bacterial mRNA is near1. AUG----------------ans 2. UAA 3. UAG 4. UGA 93. Blue-white Color screen technique is Used in DNA cloning for1. To detect host DNA 2. To Screen for recombinant vectors 3. To find out the new cloned fragment of DNA 4. To find out the plasmid incorporated in DNA---------ans 94. PCR uses1. Ca++ 2. Mg++-------ans 3. Li+ 4. Na+ 95. All are substrates required for PCR except1. Taq Polymerase 2. d-NTP 3. Primer 4. Radiolabelled DNA probe---------ans 96. All are true about translation in eukaryotes except1. The mRNA is translated from 5 to 3 end 2. 1st amino acid is formylated--------------------------------------------------------------ans 3. Capping at 5 end in mRNA is helpful in recognition translator mechanism 4. It requires GTP to GDP transformation 97. Ribosome has following enzyme activity1. Peptidyl transferase-----------------------------ans 2. Amine acyl tRNA synthesis 3. Peptidase

4.

Carboxylase

99. Carbamoyl phosphate is involved in the synthesis of1. Purine and uric acid 2. Purine and pyrimidine 3. Purine and urea 4. Pyrimidine and urea------------ans 100. One of the following mutations is potentially lethal1. Substitution of adenine for cytosine 2. Substitution of methylcytosine for cytosine 3. Substitution of guanine for cytosine 4. Insertion of one base----------------------------------------------ans