[Teacher: "Sanjay, give me a sentence beginning with I." Sanjay: "I is ..." Teacher: "No, Sanjay.

It's always 'I am...' " Sanjay: "OK. I am the ninth letter of the alphabet."] One of the most dreaded portions of the English section of the CAT is the one relating to grammar. MBA applicants find themselves frequently at a loss while trying to negotiate a deadly landmine of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions articles and gerunds. Additionally this is something that is of practical use to applicants in their professional life. Poor grammar makes for a poor impression! Thus proficiency in this section becomes all the more critical! A frequently tested aspect of grammar in MBA entrance tests is Subject-Verb Agreement (SVA). The Basics Subject: The part of a sentence that commonly indicates what it is about, or who or what performs a particular action. The simple subject consists of the specific noun or pronoun that is doing the action or whose state of being is being described. Example, The most hardworking student in my class never sleeps much. The simple subject of the sentence is student because the student performs the action. The complete subject of the sentence includes the simple subject and all words that modify it: The most hardworking student in my class. Verb: The part of speech that expresses existence, action, or occurrence. In other words the doing word. It may also express a state of being. Example, The most hardworking student in my class never sleeps much. The verb sleeps describes the action of the sentence. Example, Consequently, he is always fresh. The verb is describes the state of being of the subject, he. [What's the difference between a CAT and a comma? One has claws at the end of its paws and one is a pause at the end of a clause.] Generic Rules 1. Agreement in Number: SVA implies that if the subject is plural (cats), then the verb needs to be plural (meow). If the subject is singular (cat) then the verb needs to be singular (meows). Do remember that verbs do not form their plurals by adding an s as nouns do. In order to determine which verb is singular and which one is plural, think of which verb you would use with he or she and which verb you would use with they.

runs, run Which one is the singular form? Which word would you use with he? We say, He runs. Therefore, runs is singular. We say, They run. Therefore, run is plural. 2. Agreement in Person: Sentences are written in either first, second, or third person, based on the authors viewpoint. If a sentence is written in first person, the writer is writing about herself/himself, using pronouns such as I and we. In a second-person sentence, the writer speaks directly to the reader, using the pronoun you. Third-person sentences generally refer to their subjects by name or with pronouns like he, she, it,or they. Often, there will be a change in the form of the verb, depending on whether its subject is in first, second, or third person. For example, the singular first-person, second-person, and thirdperson forms of the verb are completely different from each other as seen below, I am hungry. ( am a first-person subject) You are hungry. ( are a second-person subject) He is hungry. ( is third-person subject)

[When I was a kid, my English teacher looked my way and said, "Name two pronouns." I said, "Who, me?"] There are some additional rules that will help you to maintain SVA in Sentence Correction questions of MBA entrance examinations. 1. A subject made up of two or more nouns or pronouns joined by and takes a plural subject, unless that subject is intended to be singular. He and I run every day. (Plural) Peanut butter and jelly is my favorite sandwich. (Singular) 2. When a subject is made up of nouns joined by or , the verb agrees with the last noun. He or I run every day. Potatoes, pasta, or rice pairs well with grilled chicken. 3. Dont get confused by the words that come between the subject and verb; they do not affect agreement. Connectives, phrases such as combined with, coupled with, accompanied by, added to, along with, together with, and as well as, do not change the number of the subject. These phrases are usually set off with commas

The dog, who is barking noisily, is usually very well behaved. The team captain, as well as his players, is disappointed. 4. When I is one of the two subjects connected by either/or or neither/nor, put it second and follow it with the singular verb am. Neither she nor I am going to the festival.

5. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined by or/nor , the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is nearer the verb. The boy or his friends run every day. His friends or the boy runs every day. [ Importance of Punctuation

Let's eat, Grandpa! Let's eat Grandpa! ] 6. Words such as each, either, neither, anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody are always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs. For example, when we write each of my sons, the verb must agree with the singular subject each instead of the plural noun sons. And the singular subject everyone who knows my sons should be followed by the singular is impressed by them, and not are impressed by them. Note: There is one indefinite pronoun, none, that can be either singular or plural None of you claims responsibility for this incident? None of you claim responsibility for this incident?

7. Collective nouns (team, couple, staff,committee etc.) take either a singular or plural verb depending on whether the emphasis is on the individual units or on the group as whole. The committee were divided over the issue. (Tip : Think of it as The commitee (members) were divided over the issue.) The cricket team is practicing for the World Cup. 8. With words that indicate portions percent, fraction, part, majority, some, all, none, remainder and so forth look at the noun in your of phrase (object of the preposition) to determine whether to use a singular or plural verb. If the object of the preposition is singular, use a singular verb. If the object of the preposition is plural, use a plural verb. Example, 70% of the cake has been eaten 70% of the cakes have been eaten

Practice As in any other subject regular and continuous practice is the key to success. There is no magic wand! After every Grammar lesson this what you should be doing, 1. Refer to to your grammar book and go to the related chapter. Solve the exercise problems given at the end of the chapter. More than just mugging the rules you should be focussing on these practice questions.

2. Use online resources for additional practice Sources, Theory http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/sv_agr.htm http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/subjectVerbAgree.asp http://www.yourdictionary.com/grammar-rules/20-Rules-of-subject-verb-agreement.html Practice http://www.englishpage.com/grammar/Subject_Verb_Agreement/Exercises/ http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/cgi-shl/quiz.pl/sv_agr_quiz.htm 3. If you are really diligent and serious about the CAT while you are doing your online research keep open a word doc into which you copy paste all the material that you come across on the particular topic. Save the word document with the relevant name e. g. -Subject Verb agreement and you have a ready reckoner for revision when the CAT is just round the corner. CAT is not only about working hard but also about working smart! The successful student is one who can quickly revise all the concepts of the year long study in a matter of weeks! [We speak of a brother and also of brethren, But though we say Mother, we never say Methren, Then the masculine pronouns are he, his and him, But imagine the feminine she, shis and shim, So English, I fancy you will all agree, Is the funniest language you ever did see.]

BasicRule.

The basic rule states that a singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb. NOTE: The trick is in knowing whether the subject is singular or plural. The next trick is recognizing a singular or plural verb. Hint: Verbs do not form their plurals by adding an s as nouns do. In order to determine which verb is singular and which one is plural, think of which verb you would use with he or she and which verb you would use with they. Example : talks, talk Which one is the singular form? Which word would you use with he? We say, "He talks." Therefore, talks is singular. We say, "They talk." Therefore, talk is plural.

Rule 1.

Two singular subjects connected by or or nor require a singular verb.

Example :

My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.

Rule 2.

Two singular subjects connected by either/or or neither/nor require a singular verb as in Rule 1.

Examples :

Neither Juan nor Carmen is available. Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations.

Rule 3.

When I is one of the two subjects connected by either/or or neither/nor, put it second and follow it with the singular verb am. Example : Neither she nor I am going to the festival.

Rule 4.

When a singular subject is connected by or or nor to a plural subject, put the plural subject last and use a plural verb. Example : The serving bowl or the plates go on that shelf.

Rule 5.

When a singular and plural subject are connected by either/or orneither/nor, put the plural subject last and use a plural verb. Example : Neither Jenny nor the others are available.

Rule 6.

As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subjects when they are connected by and. Example : A car and a bike are my means of transportation.

Rule 7.

Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by words such as along with, as well as, besides, or not. Ignore these expressions when determining whether to use a singular or plural verb. Examples : The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly. Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.

Rule 8.

The pronouns each, everyone, every one, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, and somebody are singular and require singular verbs. Do not be misled by what follows of. Examples : Each of the girls sings well. Every one of the cakes is gone. NOTE: Everyone is one word when it means everybody.Every one is two words when the meaning is each one.

Rule 9.

With words that indicate portionspercent, fraction, part, majority, some, all, none, remainder, and so forth look at the noun in your of phrase (object of the preposition) to determine whether to use a singular or plural verb. If the object of the preposition is singular, use a singular verb. If the object of the preposition is plural, use a plural verb. Examples : Fifty percent of the pie has disappeared. Pie is the object of the preposition of. Fifty percent of the pies have disappeared. Pies is the object of the preposition. One-third of the city is unemployed. One-third of the people are unemployed. NOTE: Hyphenate all spelled-out fractions. All of the pie is gone. All of the pies are gone. Some of the pie is missing. Some of the pies are missing. None of the garbage was picked up. None of the sentences were punctuated correctly. Of all her books, none have sold as well as the first one.

NOTE: Apparently, the SAT testing service considers none as a singular word only. However, according to Merriam Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, "Clearly none has been both singular and plural since Old English and still is. The notion that it is singular only is a myth of unknown origin that appears to have arisen in the 19th century. If in context it seems like a singular to you, use a singular verb; if it seems like a plural, use a plural verb. Both are acceptable beyond serious criticism" (p. 664).

Rule 10.

The expression the number is followed by a singular verb while the expression a number is followed by a plural verb. Examples : The number of people we need to hire is thirteen. A number of people have written in about this subject.

Rule 11.

When either and neither are subjects, they always take singular verbs. Examples : Neither of them is available to speak right now. Either of us is capable of doing the job.

Rule 12.

The words here and there have generally been labeled as adverbs even though they indicate place. In sentences beginning with here or there, the subject follows the verb. Examples: There are four hurdles to jump. There is a high hurdle to jump.

Rule 13.

Use a singular verb with sums of money or periods of time. Examples : Ten dollars is a high price to pay. Five years is the maximum sentence for that offense.

Rule 14.

Sometimes the pronoun who, that, or which is the subject of a verb in the middle of the sentence. The pronouns who, that, and which become singular or plural according to the noun directly in front of them. So, if that noun is singular, use a singular verb. If it is plural, use a plural verb. Examples : Salma is the scientist who writes/write the reports. The word in front of who is scientist, which is singular. Therefore, use the singular verb writes. He is one of the men who does/do the work. The word in front of who is men, which is plural. Therefore, use the plural verb do.

Rule 15.

Collective nouns such as team and staff may be either singular or plural depending on their use in the sentence. Examples : The staff is in a meeting. Staff is acting as a unit here. The staff are in disagreement about the findings. The staff are acting as separate individuals in this example. The sentence would read even better as: The staff members are in disagreement about the findings.

The 20 Rules of Subject Verb Agreement in Standard English 1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number. This is the cornerstone rule that forms the background of the concept. The dog growls when he is angry. The dogs growl when they are angry. 2. Dont get confused by the words that come between the subject and verb; they do not affect agreement. The dog, who is chewing on my jeans, is usually very good. 3. Prepositional phrases between the subject and verb usually do not affect agreement. The colors of the rainbow are beautiful. 4. When sentences start with there or here, the subject will always be placed after the verb, so care needs to be taken to identify it correctly. There is a problem with the balance sheet.Here are the papers you requested.

5. Subjects don't always come before verbs in questions. Make sure you accurately identify the subject before deciding on the proper verb form to use. Does Lefty usually eat grass? Where are the pieces of this puzzle. 6. If two subjects are joined by and, they typically require a plural verb form. The cow and the pig are jumping over the moon. 7. The verb is singular if the two subjects separated by and refer to the same person or thing. Red beans and rice is my mom's favorite dish. 8. If one of the words each, every, or no comes before the subject, the verb is singular. No smoking or drinking is allowed.Every man and woman is required to check in. 9. If the subjects are both singular and are connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not only/but also the verb is singular. Jessica or Christian is to blame for the accident. 10. The only time when the object of the preposition factors into the decision of plural or singular verb forms is when noun and pronoun subjects like some, half, none, more, all, etc. are followed by a prepositional phrase. In these sentences, the object of the preposition determines the form of the verb. All of the chicken is gone.All of the chickens are gone. 11. The singular verb form is usually used for units of measurement. Four quarts of oil was required to get the car running. 12. If the subjects are both plural and are connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not only/but also, the verb is plural. Dogs and cats are both available at the pound. 13. If one subject is singular and one plural and the words are connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not only/but also, you use the verb form of the subject that is nearest the verb. Either the bears or the lion has escaped from the zoo. Neither the lion nor the bears have escaped from the zoo. 14. Indefinite pronouns typically take singular verbs.

Everybody wants to be loved. 15. * Except for the pronouns (few, many, several, both, all, some) that always take the plural form. Few were left alive after the flood. 16. If two infinitives are separated by and they take the plural form of the verb. To walk and to chew gum require great skill. 17. When gerunds are used as the subject of a sentence they take the singular verb form of the verb, but when they are linked by and they take the plural form. Standing in the water was a bad idea.Swimming in the ocean and playing drums are my hobbies. 18. Collective nouns like herd, senate, class, crowd, etc. usually take a singular verb form. The herd is stampeding. 19. Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are treated as singular and take a singular verb. The Burbs is a movie starring Tom Hanks. 20. Final Rule Remember, only the subject affects the verb! Challenges of Grammar Rules The problem with some grammar rules from the perspective of modern linguistics is that there is not one absolute grammar in the English language. Most American native English speakers equate standard English with being correct and any non-standard variation of English with being incorrect. In reality, however, the concept of standard American English is really the privileging of a particular dialect of English that originates from the Ohio River Valley. This is the dialect of English that the anchors of the nightly news speak and that we base our notions of correct and incorrect grammar on. It is important to recognize that no grammar is any more correct or incorrect than any other on a functional level, and our notions of correct and incorrect are culturally constructed.