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AN INTRODUCTION TO
Behavior Based Safety (BBS)
Dr. A. V. 8ingh
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eg eg
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Fewer Accidents Fewer Accidents
Traditional Safety Model
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%raditional 8afety
Management
8afety Management
8ystem Features
PPE Emergency Response Po||c|es
Procedures 8afety Ru|es |nc|dent |nvest|gat|on
8afety Heet|ngs Aud|ts||nspect|ons |ndustr|a| hyg|ene
Tra|n|ng 8afety Perm|ts
hazard Recogn|t|on
F|re Protect|on Eng|neer|ng
Ergonom|cs
8afety |ncent|ves
8hE 8tandards 8afety 8urveys
Job 8afety Ana|ys|s J80
Purpose: To reduce/eIiminate injuries
in the workpIace.
Limited effectiveness, why?
Strong reIiance on 3tecede3ts
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PIease think . . .
How many of the above elements can be
directly traced to injury elimination just at
the moment the injury is about to occur ?
":estion: Are inj:ries totally eliminated?
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Injury Statistics . . .
14 people die at work in US everyday
11,000 people suffer from disabling injury
everyday
":estion: Are inj:ries totally eliminated?

Injury Statistics . . . Year 2004 in US*

-5200 workplace fatalities
-3.8 fatalities per 100,000 workers
-3.9 million people suffer disabling injuries
-6.1 injuries or illnesses per 100 workers
":estion: Are inj:ries totally eliminated?

Injury Statistics . . . In INDIA

-124 people die at workplace everyday
-46575 people are injured
-32% contribution to global fatality at work
-37% of global burden of occupational injury
":estion: Are inj:ries totally eliminated?

To ConcIude . . .
-Good Safety Management systems exist
-Still workplace is injury prone & not safe
-Injury although declined, still persists
AT IS MISSING?
R IS T CATC?

ScientificaIIy proven that . . .

In 1951, Dr. Heinrich claimed that more than 90%
of inj:ries were ca:sed by UNSAF ACTS
DuPont proved by research that:
Injury Causes Percent
njuries due to Unsafe Acts / Behavior 76
njuries due to combination of Unsafe Behavior &
Conditions
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njuries due Unsafe Conditions 4
0
DOE, US Govt. found out that . . .
Personnel errors (Unsafe Acts) was present in 77%
of incidents
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40
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Percent by Cause (200

DuPont Research found that . . .

0,000 azards
(Unsafe Acts & Conditions)
,000 Near Miss / First Aid
00 Non LTAs
0 LTAs
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Fatal
liminate
Avoid
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To ConcIude . . .
EIiminate Unsafe Acts / Conditions = Avoid Injuries & Accidents
Safety Safety
Activities Activities
Fewer Unsafe Fewer Unsafe
Acts Acts
Fewer Fewer
Accidents Accidents
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Unsafe Acts & Objectives of BBS
1. Unsafe Acts is a behavioral process
2. Also defined as "at risk behavior
Objective of BBS is to minimize "at risk"
behavior at workplace
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PrincipIes of BBS
ehavior is the cause of accidents
Consequence motivate behavior
What gets measured, gets done
Feedback is essential to improvement
Quality is built early in the process
Conversations change organizations
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ehavioral 8afety
Management
8afety Management
8ystem Features
PPE Emergency Response Po||c|es
Procedures 8afety Ru|es |nc|dent |nvest|gat|on
8afety Heet|ngs Aud|ts||nspect|ons |ndustr|a| hyg|ene
Tra|n|ng 8afety Perm|ts
hazard Recogn|t|on
F|re Protect|on Eng|neer|ng
Ergonom|cs
8afety |ncent|ves
08hA 8tandards 8afety 8urveys
Purpose: To reduce/eIiminate injuries
in the workpIace.
Improvement: Adding o3seque3ces
But,
StiII Iimited effectiveness, why?
Not integrated with other eIements
Job 8afety Ana|ys|s ehav|ora| 8afety
J80

ehavioral 8afety
Management
%o be effective:
- ntegrate the fundamental elements
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of 8 into the 8afety Management
8ystem elements
- How?
dentify {pinpoint_ critical behaviors
Define behaviors precisely to measure
them reliably
mplement mechanisms to determine
current status
Provide feedback
Reinforce progress

hat is Behavior?
ehavior is anything that a person says,
does, thinks or feels
: orkin at heihts with safety belts
ehavior should be observable, specific

hat is Antecedent ?
Anything that occurs before or during the
behavior can be an antecedent for that
behavior
B: Working at heights with safety belts
A: Painful Memory of past accident
It is Antecedents that cause a certain types
of behavior to happen

hat is Consequence ?
Anything that occurs after a behavior
B: Working at heights with safety belts
A: Painful Memory of past accident
C: No more accidents
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The ABC of BBS Program
A: Antecedents - ca:se of certain behavior
C: Consequence - o:tcome of a behavior
: ehavior - what you see a person do
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hat is BBS Program?
Understand & Influence Antecedents
Minimize / eliminate workplace injuries
Make people behave safely, work safely
This is Zero Inj:ry C:lt:re too . . .
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BBS vs. Zero Injury
ero Injury is the GOAL
S is the path to reach the GOAL
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How to ImpIement BBS ?
7 Steps Process
1. Identify Unsafe Acts in all your operations.
Make a list of safe acts for these unsafe acts.
2. Audit Unsafe Acts & Conditions. Report
3. Measure no. of safe / unsafe acts. Know
your scores
4. Set Improvement Goals. Identify actions to
achieve the goals. Implement Actions
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How to ImpIement BBS ?
7 Steps Process
5. Monitor actions implementation & trends of
Unsafe Acts & conditions
6. Continually improve performance
7. Recognize performers & celebrate
achievement
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#eactive
Proactive
A: It's the best way of measuring how weII your system is working!
": Why focus on
behavior?
Systems' eaknesses
Serious Injuries
At At Risk Behaviors Risk Behaviors
Non Serious Injuries
Near Misses
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RecaII . . .
Safety Safety
Activities Activities
Fewer Unsafe Acts Fewer Unsafe Acts
Fewer Fewer
Accidents Accidents
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hat do we do now?
Safety Safety
Activities Activities
Fewer Unsafe Acts Fewer Unsafe Acts
Fewer Fewer
Accidents Accidents
Traditional
Model
BBS Proram
+
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Primary %eam Roles
Management
ead by example
8upport the process
Remove roadblocks
Monitor success
Provide resources
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asic Elements of 8
dentify/define targeted safe
behaviors.
Observe behaviors.
Measure process/activities.
Deliver feedback.
Deliver positive consequences.
Analyze variance/take action.
mprove process continuously.
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Consequences
Behavior
Antecedents prompt the person to act prompt the person to act
action action - - what the person actually what the person actually
does does
what happens during or aIter the what happens during or aIter the
behavior behavior
Consequences have the greatest
influence on future behavior.
A--C Model
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Consequences
Consequences follow
behavior
%hey either:
$trengthen the behavior
or
Weaken the behavior
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RESULTS
CRITICAL SAFE
& PROCESS
SUPPORT
BEHAVIORS
PERFORMANCE
VERBAL &
GRAPHIC ON
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
IMPROVEMENT
%he ehavioral Process
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Classification of
Consequences
%ype:
Positive to Performer
Negative to Performer
%iming:
mmediate - during or soon after
Future - from a day to several months
Probability:
Certain that the consequence will occur again
Uncertain that the consequence will occur
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If BBS has to Succeed then . . .
%op Management Commitment is essential
Ownership & involvement from all employees
Steering Committee to monitor in plants
%raining to all on S & safety practices
Effective Feedback - Most important
Performance monitoring & Continual
improvement
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Safe Behavior
Is safe behavior an occ:pational necessity?
Can safe behavior be a philosophy of life?
Is safety only at work place?
Dont I want my son to drive safely & reach
home every day?
Safe Behavior = Safety Ass:rance
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%hank you