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Solution:
The part of our eyes that helps us to focus near and distant objects in quick succession is eye lens.
Solution:
The focal length of the mirror will be The outer surface of a hollow sphere of aluminium will act as a convex mirror.
Solution:
The nature of the image formed by a concave mirror if its magnification is +4, will be virtual, erect and larger than the object.
Solution:
The nature of charge on the particle should be positive.
Solution:
Law of conservation of mass forms the basis of balancing chemical equations. In a balanced chemical equation, the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation.
Solution:
The two characteristic features of carbon which when put together give rise to large number of carbon compounds are 1. 2. The ability to catenate Tetravalency of carbon atom
Solution:
A chemical change can be confirmed by any of the following observations:
For example: Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce calcium hydroxide. During this process, a large amount of heat is also evolved, which increases the temperature of the system. This confirms that a chemical reaction has taken place.
Also, when calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
In this reaction, calcium carbonate breaks down to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Here, evolution of the gas (carbon dioxide) confirms that a chemical reaction has taken place.
Solution:
Fossil fuels are those fuels that were formed by remains of dead animals and plants that got buried deep inside the earth millions of years ago. Fossil fuels mainly contain hydrocarbons. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are fossil fuels. Disadvantages of burning fossil fuels: 1. The burning of fossil fuels produces large amounts of acidic gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. These acidic gases combine with rainwater to form acids such as sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Acid rains have been observed in many parts of the world after the industrial revolution in Europe. Fossil fuels such as coal leave a lot of ash content after burning. This ash is mostly thrown into rivers, leading to their pollution. Such contaminated water causes serious health problems. The burning of fossil fuels produces smoke, leading to air pollution. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide a greenhouse gas which is the main cause for global warming. Fossil fuels have a limited supply on the earth. They cannot be replenished at the same rate at which they are used.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Two coils A and B of insulated wires are kept close to each other. Coil A is connected to a galvanometer while coil B is connected to a battery through a key. What would happen if (i) a current is passed through coil B by plugging the key, and (ii) the current is stopped by removing the plug from the key? Explain your answer mentioning the name of the phenomena involved.
Solution:
(i) When current is made to pass through coil B, by plugging the key in, for that instant, the galvanometer connected to coil A shows a deflection, i.e., current passes through coil A as well. (ii) When current is stopped through coil B by taking the plug of the key out, for that instant, the galvanometer connected to coil A again shows a deflection, this time, however, in the opposite direction. That is, a current passes through coil A in the opposite direction. The observations are made because whenever we change the current in the coil B, the magnetic field associated with it and the coil A in its proximity changes. At the very instant of plugging the key in or taking the plug out, there is an instantaneous flow of current and a change in the magnetic field associated with the coil B. During this instantaneous moment, the current in coil B reaches from zero to the maximum or from the maximum to zero. This changing magnetic field of coil B induces a current in the coil A. The phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction.
Solution:
A solenoid is a coil of several circular turns of insulated conducting wire, wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder. Pattern of magnetic field lines of a solenoid through which a steady current flows:
The pattern of magnetic field lines inside a current-carrying solenoid indicates that the magnetic field is uniform, i.e., strength of the magnetic field is the same, everywhere inside the solenoid.
Solution:
Hypermetropiais a defect of vision in which a person cannot see nearby objects clearly, but has no problems in seeing distant objects. Corrected vision for a hypermetropic eye by using a convex lens:
Solution:
Four limitations in harnessing wind energy on a large scale are as follows: i) Wind mills or wind energy plants can only be built in places where wind blows at a high speed for the greater part of a year. ii) For a large-scale windmill to be productive, the wind speed must be atleast 15 km/h. iii) A large-scale windmill establishment requires large area of land. iv) The initial cost of establishment of the farm is quite high.
Solution:
Given that, Focal length, f = 25 cm Image distance, v = 50 cm Form the lens formula,
Or, u = 50 cm
Magnification,
The object must be placed 50 cm away from the lens, on the other side to produce a magnification of 1.
Solution:
(i) The elements A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H belong to the third period of the periodic table and to the following groups. A belongs to group 1 B belongs to group 2 C belongs to group 3 D belongs to group 14 E belongs to group 15
F belongs to group 16 G belongs to group 17 H belongs to group 18 (ii) The compounds formed by B and F would be ionic in nature. (iii) Elements A and B are definitely metals. (iv) Element H is most likely to found in gaseous state at room temperature. (v) The formula of the compound will be CG3.
Solution:
(i) Solid A is assumed to be MnO2 and solid B to be Aluminium (Al). When the mixture of MnO2 and Al is heated, manganese (Mn) is produced in molten state and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) floats over it. Mn is produced in the molten state as a lot of heat energy is released in the process. The chemical equation for the reaction can be written as:
(ii) The types of reaction under which the above reaction is classified are 1. 2. Redox reaction Displacement reaction
Solution:
The functional group of organic compounds that can be hydrogenated are alkenes and alkynes Hydrogen can be added to unsaturated hydrocarbons in the presence of nickel to yield saturated hydrocarbons. In this reaction, nickel acts as a catalyst.
Onhydrogenation, the unsaturated fatty acids which are liquid at room temperature become saturated and change to solid. A natural source of organic compound that is hydrogenated is vegetable oil.
Solution:
Consider a resistor of resistance R. Let the current flowing through this resistor be I and the potential difference across it be V. In time t, let Q amount of charge flows through the resistor. Work done on moving this charge, W = VQ ... (1) According to the definition of electric current,
Q=It Putting this in equation (1), W=VIt This work done is dissipated as heat. Hence, Heat produced, H = W = VIt H = VIt ... (2) According to Ohms law, V = IR. Putting this in equation (2), H = IR It
This relation is known as Joules law of heating. Power, P = 12 W Potential difference, V =12 V Time duration of current flow, t = 1 min = 60 s
The given figure shows a circuit consisting of three resistors R1, R2 and R3 connected in parallel. The total current in the circuit (I) gets divided among the three resistors as I1, I2 and I3. Thus, I = I1 + I2 + I3 Applying Ohms law to each resistor,
Let the equivalent resistance of the circuit be Req. Applying Ohms law to the equivalent circuit,
Using these,
An ammeter has to be connected in series with the combination of all three resistors so that the current passes through the ammeter becomes equal to the total current through the circuit. The voltmeter has to be connected in parallel to that resistor across which the potential difference has to be measured.
Solution:
Two most reactive elements of group 1 of the periodic table are sodium (Na) and potassium (K)
As the ions of sodium and chlorine are oppositely charged, they attract each other by strong electrostatic forces. The reaction between sodium and chlorine can be represented as follows:
The bond formed between these elements is known as ionic or electrostatic bond. Sodium chloride belongs to the class ionic compounds.
1. 2. 3. 4. OR
Following are the four physical properties of ionic compounds. Ionic compounds exist in solid state Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points Ionic compounds are soluble in polar solvents such as water and insoluble in non-polar or organic solvents (kerosene and petrol). Ionic compounds conduct electricity in their molten or aqueous state.
Refining is the process of obtaining pure metal from its impure sample. Electrolytic refining is the most widely used method of refining impure metals produced by various reduction processes. Electrolytic refining of copper
In this process, anode is made of a large block of impure metal and cathode is made of a thin strip of pure metal. The electrolyte used in the process is acidified copper sulphate solution. When electric current is passed through the electrolyte, the positively charged metal ions present in the electrolyte get attracted towards the negatively charged cathode. When metal ions reach near the cathode, they gain electrons from it and get deposited there. Hence, as the time increases, the cathode becomes thicker and thicker. As the metal ions from the electrolyte move towards the cathode, an equal amount of ions are released by the anode into the solution. Therefore, as the time increases, the size of the block of impure metal keeps on decreasing i.e. anode becomes thinner and thinner. The soluble impurities present in the impure metal block go into the electrolytic solution. And the insoluble impurities settle down at the bottom of the container below the anode and are known as anode mud.
Section B
Question 19 ( 1.0 marks)
Name the hormone that helps in regulating level of sugar in our blood. Name the gland that secrets it.
Solution:
Insulin helps in regulating sugar level in our blood. This hormone is secreted by pancreas gland.
Solution:
Four products that a person will get from the forest are timber, firewood, honey and animal meat.
Solution:
The green dot-like structures in some cells observed by the student when a leaf peel was viewed under a microscope are chloroplasts. The green colour is due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Solution:
The growth movement in plants in response to light stimulus is known as phototropism. To demonstrate phototropism in plants a sunflower plant is taken and kept in sunlight. It will be observed that the flower head of sunflower will move from east to west along with the movement of Sun. This shows that the flower head of sunflower is positively phototropic and moves in response to sunlight stimulus.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains Fertilization is the fusion of male and female carrying male gametes from the anther to pistil gamete to form a zygote. It is also of two types of a flower. Pollination is of two typesself internal fertilization and external fertilization. pollination and cross pollination. Pollination occurs with the help of certain agents such as wind, water or animals Fertilization occurs after pollination when the pollen grain resides on stigma and forms a pollen tube to transfer the male gamete into the embryo sac in the ovary.
Solution:
Eye colour or hair colour of a person is an example of inherited character whereas body weight is an example of acquired character. The basic difference between inherited and acquired character is that inherited character is passed on from parent to offspring. On the other hand, acquired characters are acquired by an individual during his lifetime depending upon his lifestyle.
Solution:
The ozone layer is continuously formed in the atmosphere because of the action of UV rays on molecular oxygen. The high-energy UV radiations break down O2 molecules present in upper layers of the atmosphere into nascent oxygen.
Then, this free oxygen atom combines with an oxygen molecule to form ozone.
Damage to the ozone is a cause of concern; this is because ozone depletion has created an hole in the ozone layer over the Arctic region. Damage in the ozone layer allows the harmful UV rays to reach the earth surface. UV rays can cause
skin cancer, ageing and corneal cataracts in human beings. death of many phytoplankton leading to the increase in the rate of global warming. Increase in the global warming rate, in turn, leads to the melting of Arctic ice cap. This may further result in the increase in the sea level.
Solution:
The full form of DNA is Deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the genetic material found in the chromosomes, which are present in the nucleus of a cell. It is a chemical that carries genetic information required by the cells to divide and produce proteins.
DNA plays an important role in the reproduction of a cell. The reproducing cell produces an identical copy of DNA through some cellular mechanism. Since the newly formed copy of DNA lacks an organised cellular structure, the cell gets divided to provide cell cover to the newly formed DNA. Thus, two daughter cells are formed from the single cell as a result of the copying of DNA.
Solution:
The process of digestion of food in mouth, stomach and small intestine is described as follows: MouthDigestion of food begins in the mouth. Saliva present in mouth contains a digestive enzyme, called salivary amylase, which breaks down starch into sugar. StomachStomach stores and mixes the food received from the oesophagus with gastric juices. The main components of gastric juice are hydrochloric acid, mucus and pepsinogen. Hydrochloric acid dissolves bits of food and creates an acidic medium. In this medium, pepsinogen is converted to pepsin, which is a protein-digesting enzyme. Mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of HCl. Small intestineSmall intestine is the site for complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Small intestine produces intestinal juice from the glands present in its wall. The intestinal juice helps in further digestion of food. Small intestine also obtains digestive juices from liver and pancreasthat helps in mixing of food. The liverproduces bile juice that causes emulsification of fats and the pancreas produces pancreatic juice for digesting proteins and emulsified fats. This digested food is finally absorbed through the intestinal walls. OR a. The events that occur in plants during photosynthesis are
Absorption of sunlight by the green pigment chlorophyll Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and the splitting of water molecule into oxygen and hydrogen Reduction of carbon dioxide into glucose
Role of stomata Stomata are tiny pores present mainly on the surfaces of leaves. They are also present on the surface of young stems and roots. Stomata are mainly engaged in the exchange of gases (entry of CO2 and release of O2) associated with photosynthesis. b. Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis Place a healthy, green, potted plant in a dark room for 12 days. This is done to ensure that the plant consumes all its reserve food and the leaves do not contain any starch. Then, cover a portion on both sides of a green leaf with two uniform pieces of black paper. Fix the cover in position with two paper clips.
Now, expose this plant to bright light. After a few hours, remove the leaf and decolourise it with alcohol. Now, test the presence of food (starch) by putting iodine solution on the leaf. It can be observed that the covered portion of the leaf does not show any presence of starch (food). This is because plants store the food prepared by through the process of photosynthesis as starch. Starch reacts with iodine solution to give blueblack colour. In the performed experiment, only those portions of the leaf that were exposed to sunlight could photosynthesise. Hence, the uncovered portion of the leaf gives blueblack colour when tested with iodine. The covered portion of the leaf did not receive any sunlight. Hence, starch was not produced in this portion. So, it does not change its colour when treated with iodine solution. Thus, it can be concluded that the sunlight is essential for photosynthesis.