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General Systematic name CAS number Molecular formula SMILES Molar mass 3-[(2R,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl)amino]propanoic acid Calcium Pantothenate (CAS: 137-08-6) C9H17NO5 CC(C)(CO)C(C(=O)NCCC(=O)O)O 219.235 g/mol
Infobox disclaimer and references
Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5 (a B vitamin), is a water-soluble vitamin required to sustain life (essential nutrient). Pantothenic acid is needed to form coenzymeA (CoA), and is critical in the metabolism and synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Chemically it is the amide between D-pantoate and beta-alanine. Its name is derived from the Greek pantothen () meaning "from everywhere" and small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in nearly every food, with high amounts in whole grain cereals, legumes, eggs, meat, and royal jelly. It is commonly found as its alcohol analog, the provitamin panthenol, and as calcium pantothenate.
Contents
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1 Biologic role
2 Sources 3 Daily requirement 4 Deficiency 5 Disputed uses o 5.1 Hair care o 5.2 Acne o 5.3 Diabetic Peripheral polyneuropathy 6 Synonyms 7 See also 8 Enzymes 9 References 10 External links
[edit] Sources
Small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in most foods [2], with high quantities found in whole grain and eggs. Pantothenic acid can also be found in many dietary supplements (as calcium-D-pantothenate), and some energy drink companies are now adding pantothenic acid to their beverages. A recent study also suggests that gut bacteria in humans can generate pantothenic acid[4].
Requirements Age group Age (in mg per day) infants 0-6 months 1.7 infants 7-12 months 2 children 4-8 years 3 children 9-13 years 4 adolescents 14-18 years 5 adults 19 years and older 5 pregnant women 6 breastfeeding women 7
[edit] Deficiency
Pantothenic acid deficiency is exceptionally rare and has not been thoroughly studied. In the few cases where deficiency has been seen (victims of starvation and limited volunteer trials), nearly all symptoms can be reversed with the return of pantothenic acid. Symptoms of deficiency are similar to other vitamin B deficiencies. Most are minor, including fatigue, allergies, nausea, and abdominal pain. In a few rare circumstances more serious (but reversible) conditions have been seen, such as adrenal insufficiency and hepatic encephalopathy. Notably, painful burning sensations of the feet were reported in tests conducted on volunteers. Deficiency of pantothenic acid may explain similar sensations reported in malnourished prisoners of war[3].
[edit] Acne
Following from discoveries in mouse trials[citation needed], in the late 1990s a small study was published promoting the use of pantothenic acid to treat acne vulgaris. According to a study published in 1995 by Dr. Lit-Hung Leung[5], high doses of Vitamin B5 resolved acne and decreased pore size. Dr. Leung also proposes a mechanism, stating that CoA regulates both hormones and fatty-acids, and without sufficient quantities of pantothenic acid, CoA will preferentially produce androgens.[citation needed] This causes fatty acids to build up and be excreted through sebaceous glands, causing acne.[citation needed] Leung's study gave 45 Asian males and 55 Asian females varying doses of 10-20g of pantothenic acid (100,000%-200,000% of the US Daily Value), 80% orally and 20% through topical cream. Leung noted improvement of acne within one week to one month of the start of the treatment.[citation needed] Critics are quick to point out the flaws in Dr. Leung's study, however. Dr. Leung's study was not a double-blind placebo controlled trial. To date, the only study looking at the effect of Vitamin B5 on acne is Dr. Leung's, and few if any dermatologists prescribe highdose pantothenic acid. Furthermore, there is no evidence documenting acetyl-CoA regulation of androgens instead of fatty acids in times of stress or limited availability, since fatty acids are also necessary for life.
[edit] Synonyms
Pantothenate Vitamin B5 Vilantae a brand name for the supplement when used to treat acne.
Coenzyme A Panthenol
o o
Found in Red Bull energy drinks Found in Crystal Light on the go - Energy - Wild Strawberry flavor packets
[edit] Enzymes
Ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase
[edit] References
1. ^ MedlinePlus. "Pantothenic acid (Vitamin-B5), Dexpanthenol". Natural Standard Research Collaboration. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Last accessed 4 Jan 2007. [1] 2. ^ Kimura S, Furukawa Y, Wakasugi J, Ishihara Y, Nakayama A. Antagonism of L(-)pantothenic acid on lipid metabolism in animals. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1980;26(2):113-7. PMID 7400861. 3. ^ a b Jane Higdon, "Pantothenic Acid", Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute 4. ^ Said H, Ortiz A, McCloud E, Dyer D, Moyer M, Rubin S (1998). "Biotin uptake by human colonic epithelial NCM460 cells: a carrier-mediated process shared with pantothenic acid.". Am J Physiol 275 (5 Pt 1): C1365-71. PMID 9814986. 5. ^ Leung L (1995). "Pantothenic acid deficiency as the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris". Med Hypotheses 44 (6): 490-2. PMID 7476595. 6. ^ Mnchener Medizinische Wochenschrift (Germany), 1997, 139/12 (34-37)