LOVELY PROFESSILNAL UNIVERSITY TERM PAPER MEC-101 SUBJECT-MECHANICAL SCIENCES-II TOPIC-DIFFERENT TYPES OF TURBINES

AND USES

SUBMITTED TO
MAAM MANISHA YADAV SUBMITTED BY NAME-GULFAM ALI REG.NO-10811953 ROLL NO.-RE1801 A03

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely grateful and remain indebted to MANISHA YADAV MAAM for being a source of inspiration and for her constant support in the Design, Implementation and Evaluation of the term paper. We are thankful to them for their constant constructive criticism and invaluable suggestions, which benefited us a lot while developing the term paper on MECHANICAL SCIENCE-I. she has been a constant source of inspiration and motivation for hard work. she has been very co-operative throughout this project work. Through this column, it would be our utmost pleasure to express our warm thanks to her for their encouragement, co-operation and consent without which we mightnt be able to accomplish this paper. I also express our gratitude to MY FRIENDS for providing us the infrastructure to carry out the Term paper. This term paper of LPU gives us the complete information about their uses, benefits etc. In the last, we gratefully acknowledge and express our gratitude to friends who supported us in preparing this term paper.

CONTENT
INTRODUCTION THEORY OF OPERATION Types of turbines
Steam turbines Gas turbines Transonic turbine Contra-rotating turbines Statorless turbine Ceramic turbine Shrouded turbine Shroudless turbine. Water turbines Pelton turbine-- a type of impulse water turbine. Francis turbine--a type of widely used water turbine. Kaplan turbine--a variation of the Francis Turbine. Wind turbine.

Turbine

A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid or air flow and converts it into useful work. The simplest turbines have one moving part, a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum, with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades, or the blades react to the flow, so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. Early turbine examples are windmills and water wheels. Gas, steam, and water turbines usually have a casing around the blades that contains and controls the working fluid. Credit for invention of the steam turbine is given both to the British Engineer Sir Charles Parsons (1854-1931), for invention of the reaction turbine and to Swedish Engineer Gustaf de Laval (1845-1913), for invention of the impulse turbine. Modern steam turbines frequently employ both reaction and impulse in the same unit, typically varying the degree of reaction and impulse from the blade root to its periphery. A device similar to an elephant turbine but operating in reverse, ie. driven, is a compressor or pump. The axial compressor in many gas turbine engines is a common example. Here again, both reaction and impulse are employed and again, in modern axial compressors, the degree of reaction and impulse will typically vary from the blade root to its periphery. Claude Burdin coined the term from the Latin turbo, or vortex, during an 1828 engineering competition. Benoit Fourneyron, a student of Claude Burdin, built the first practical water turbine.

Theory of operation

A working fluid contains potential energy (pressure head) and kinetic energy (velocity head). The fluid may be compressible or incompressible. Several physical principles are employed by turbines to collect this energy: Impulse turbines These turbines change the direction of flow of a high velocity fluid or gas jet. The resulting impulse spins the turbine and leaves the fluid flow with diminished kinetic energy. There is no pressure change of the fluid or gas in the turbine rotor blades (the moving blades), as in the case of a steam or gas turbine, all the pressure drop takes place in the stationary blades (the nozzles). Reaction turbines These turbines develop torque by reacting to the gas or fluid's pressure or mass. The pressure of the gas or fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades. A pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid as it acts on the turbine stage(s) or the turbine must be fully immersed in the fluid flow (such as with wind turbines). The casing contains and directs the working fluid and, for water turbines, maintains the suction imparted by the draft tube. Francis turbines and most steam turbines use this concept. For compressible working fluids, multiple turbine stages are usually used to harness the expanding gas efficiently. Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines.

Types of turbines Steam turbines Gas turbines Transonic turbine Contra-rotating turbines Statorless turbine Ceramic turbine Shrouded turbine Shroudless turbine. Water turbines Pelton turbine-- a type of impulse water turbine. Francis turbine--a type of widely used water turbine. Kaplan turbine--a variation of the Francis Turbine. Wind turbine. Steam turbine

A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. It has almost completely replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine primarily because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio. Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator about 80% of all electricity generation in the world is by use of steam turbines. The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of

multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process.

Gas turbine

A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a flow of combustion gas. It has an upstream compressor coupled to a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. (Gas turbine may also refer to just the turbine element.) Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where air is mixed with fuel and ignited. Combustion increases the temperature, velocity and volume of the gas flow. This is directed through a nozzle over the turbine's blades, spinning the turbine and powering the compressor. Energy is extracted in the form of shaft power, compressed air and thrust, in any combination, and used to power aircraft, trains, ships, generators, and even tanks.

Types of gas turbines Aeroderivatives and jet engines Amateur gas turbines Auxiliary power units Industrial gas turbines for electrical generation Turboshaft engines Radial gas turbines Scale jet engines Microturbines

Transonic turbine .

Transonic is an aeronautics term referring to the condition in which a range of velocities of airflow exist surrounding and flowing past an air vehicle or an airfoil. Air flow velocities are concurrently below, at, and above the speed of sound at the pressure and temperature of the airflow of the air vehicle's local environment (about mach 0.81.2). It is formally defined as the range of speeds between the critical Mach number, when some parts of the airflow over an air vehicle or air foil are supersonic, and a higher speed, typically near Mach 1.2, when all of the airflow is supersonic. Between these speeds some of the airflow is supersonic, and some is not. Most modern jet powered aircraft are engineered to operate with as high a transonic air speed as possible, before their air foils experience the onset of transonic wave drag, which is prevalent and really defines the beginning of the transonic speed ranges. The importance of transonic wave drag lies in the fact that it is both an unpredictable and non-linear phenomenon. That is the behavior of an airfoil, or an airframe, is very difficult to predict at the onset of transonic wave drag. Also the rate of increase in drag is almost never linearly related to an increase in speed. In the transonic region an air foils speed may increase by say 2%, but the increase in drag (in the transonic region) may be 8%. Worst of all in the transonic region for an airfoil an increase in speed that goes from a 2% to 3% increase; can yield an increase in transonic drag that rises from 8% to 16%. That is how non-linear the phenomenon is. Attempts to combat wave drag can be seen on all high-speed aircraft; most notable is the use of swept wings, but another common form is a wasp-waist fuselage as a side effect of the Whitcomb area rule. Severe instability can occur at transonic speeds. Shock waves move through the air at the speed of sound. When an object such as an aircraft also moves at the speed of sound, these shock waves build up in front of it to form a single, very large shock wave. During transonic flight, the plane must pass through this large shock wave, as well as contending with the instability caused by air moving faster than sound over parts of the wing and slower in other parts. The difference in speed is due to Bernoulli's principle. Transonic speeds can also occur at the tips of rotor blades of helicopters and aircraft. However, as this puts severe, unequal stresses on the rotor blade, it is avoided and may lead to dangerous accidents if it occurs. It is one of the limiting factors to the size of rotors, and also to the forward speeds of helicopters (as this speed is added to the forward-sweeping (leading) side of the rotor, thus possibly causing localized transonics).

Contra-rotating turbine

Contra-rotating, also referred to as coaxial contra-rotating, is a technique whereby propellers or fan blades mounted on a common axle rotate in opposite directions. It is used in aircraft engines, resulting in the maximum power of a single piston or turboprop engine to drive two propellers in opposite rotation. Contra-rotating propellers are also common in some marine transmission systems, in particular for large speed boats with planing hulls. Two propellers are arranged one behind the other, and power is transferred from the engine via planetary gear transmission. The configuration can also be used in helicopter designs, where similar issues and principles of torque apply. Contra-rotating propellers should not be confused with counter-rotating propellers, a term which describes non-coaxial twin-propellered craft with each propeller on its own shaft; one turning clockwise and the other counter-clockwise. The efficiency of a contra-rotating prop is somewhat offset by its mechanical complexity. Nonetheless, coaxial contra-rotating propellers and rotors are moderately common in military aircraft and naval applications, such as torpedoes, where the added maintenance is not a primary concern to government budgets.

Stator turbine

Rotor and stator of electric motor

Stator of a 3-phase AC-motor The stator is the stationary part of a rotor system, found in an electric generator or electric motor Depending on the configuration of a spinning electromotive device the stator may act as the field magnet, interacting with the armature to create motion, or it may act as the armature, receiving its influence from moving field coils on the rotor. The first DC generators (known as dynamos) and DC motors put the field coils on the stator, and the power generation or motive reaction coils on the rotor. This was necessary because a continuously moving power switch known as the commutator is needed to keep the field correctly aligned across the spinning rotor. The commutator must become larger and more robust as the current increases. The stator of these devices may be either a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. Where the stator is an electromagnet, the coil which energizes it is known as the field coil or field winding. An AC alternator is able to produce power across multiple high-current power generation coils connected in parallel, eliminating the need for the commutator. Placing the field coils on the rotor allows for an inexpensive slip ring mechanism to transfer high-voltage, low current power to the rotating field coil. It consists of a steel frame enclosing a hollow cylindrical core (made up of laminations of silicon steel). The laminations are to reduce hysteresis and eddy current losses.

Ceramic turbine
A ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling.[1] Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous (e.g., a glass). Because most common ceramics are crystalline, the definition of ceramic is often restricted to inorganic crystalline materials, as opposed to the non-crystalline glasses. The earliest ceramics were pottery objects made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials. Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products and art objects. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering; for example, in semiconductors. The word ceramic comes from the Greek word (keramikos) meaning pottery, which is said to derive from the Indo-European word ker, meaning heat.[2][3] Ceramic may be used as an adjective describing a material, product or process; or as a singular noun, or, more commonly, as a plural noun, ceramics.[4]

Water turbine

Kaplan turbine and electrical generator cut-away view.

The runner of the small water turbine A water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from moving water. Water turbines were developed in the nineteenth century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. Now they are mostly used for electric power generation. They harness a clean and renewable energy source.

Types to water turbines Pelton wheel

Old Pelton wheel from Walchensee Power Plant, Germany

Figure from Pelton's original patent (October 1880)

Plan view of a Pelton turbine installation (courtesy Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation). The Pelton wheel is among the most efficient types of water turbines. It was invented by Lester Allan Pelton (18291908) in the 1870s, and is an impulse machine, meaning that it uses the principle of Newton's second law to extract energy from a jet of fluid. Many variations of impulse turbines existed prior to Pelton's design, but were very inefficient. The water leaving these wheels typically had high speed, and carried away much of the energy. Pelton modified this with a paddle geometry that, when the rim runs at 1/2 the speed of the water jet, the water leaves the wheel with very little speed, allowing for a very efficient turbine.

Francis turbine

Francis turbine (courtesy Voith-Siemens) The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James B. Francis. It is an inward flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in a head range of ten meters to several hundred meters and are primarily used for electrical power production.

Kaplan turbine

A Bonneville Dam Kaplan turbine after 61 years of service

The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine which has adjustable blades. It was developed in 1913 by the Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan. The Kaplan turbine was an evolution of the Francis turbine. Its invention allowed efficient power production in low-head applications that was not possible with Francis turbines. Kaplan turbines are now widely used throughout the world in high-flow, low-head power production.

Wind turbine

A wind turbine converts the energy of wind into kinetic energy. If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as pumping water, cutting lumber or grinding stones, the machine is called a windmill. If the mechanical energy is instead converted to electricity, the machine is called a wind generator, wind turbine, wind power unit (WPU), wind energy

converter (WEC), or aerogenerator.

Advantages

Variable blade pitch, which gives the turbine blades the optimum angle of attack. Allowing the angle of attack to be remotely adjusted gives greater control, so the turbine collects the maximum amount of wind energy for the time of day and season. The tall tower base allows access to stronger wind in sites with wind shear. In some wind shear sites, the wind speed can increase by 20% and the power output by 34% for every 10 metres in elevation.

Disadvantages

The tall towers and blades up to 45 meters long are difficult to transport. Transportation can now amount to 20% of equipment costs. Tall HAWTs are difficult to install, needing very tall and expensive cranes and skilled operators. Massive tower construction is required to support the heavy blades, gearbox, and generator.

Uses of turbines
Almost all electrical power on Earth is produced with a turbine of some type. Very high efficiency steam turbines harness about 40% of the thermal energy, with the rest exhausted as waste heat. Most jet engines rely on turbines to supply mechanical work from their working fluid and fuel as do all nuclear ships and power plants. Turbines are often part of a larger machine. A gas turbine, for example, may refer to an internal combustion machine that contains a turbine, ducts, compressor, combustor, heat-exchanger, fan and (in the case of one designed to produce electricity) an alternator. However, it must be noted that the collective machine referred to as the turbine in these cases is designed to transfer energy from a fuel to the fluid passing through such an internal combustion device as a means of propulsion, and not to transfer energy from the fluid passing through the turbine to the turbine as is the case in turbines used for electricity provision etc. Reciprocating piston engines such as aircraft engines can use a turbine powered by their exhaust to drive an intake-air compressor, a configuration known as a turbocharger (turbine supercharger) or, colloquially, a "turbo".

Turbines can have very high power density (ie the ratio of power to weight, or power to volume). This is because of their ability to operate at very high speeds. The Space Shuttle's main engines use turbopumps (machines consisting of a pump driven by a turbine engine) to feed the propellants (liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen) into the engine's combustion chamber. The liquid hydrogen turbopump is slightly larger than an automobile engine (weighing approximately 700 lb) and produces nearly 70,000 hp (52.2 MW). Turboexpanders are widely used as sources of refrigeration in industrial processes. Turbines could also be used as powering system for a remote controlled plane that creates thrust and lifts the plane of the ground. They come in different sizes and could be as small as soda can, still be strong enough to move objects with a weight of 100kg.

The Role of Turbines in Power Generation

Large scale electrical energy production largely depends on the use of turbines. Nearly all of the world's power that is supplied to a major grid is produced by turbines. From steam turbines used at coal-burning electricity plants to liquid water turbines used at hydro-electric plants, turbines are versatile and can be used in a number of applications. There are also gas turbines that combust natural gas or diesel fuel for use in remote locations or where a large backup power supply is required. A turbine is a simple device with few parts that uses flowing fluids (liquids or gases) to produce electrical energy. Fluid is forced across blades mounted on a shaft, which causes the shaft to turn. The energy produced from the shaft rotation is collected by a generator which converts the motion to electrical energy using a magnetic field. Most power plants use turbines to produce energy by burning coal or natural gas. The heat produced from combustion is used to heat water in boiler. The liquid water is converted to steam upon heating and is exhausted through a pipe which feeds the steam to the turbine. The pressurized steam flow imparts energy on the blades and shaft of the turbine causing it to rotate. The rotational mechanical energy is then converted to electrical energy using a generator. A good analogy would be the common practice of heating water in a teapot on your stove. When the water is heated to boiling temperature steam is produced increasing the pressure inside of the pot. The increased pressure causes the steam to exhaust through a tiny hole at a high rate. After the steam exits the turbine it is fed to a cooling tower where the steam cools and reverts back to water. You can see this occurring when driving past a power plant and noticing the white plumes of smoke being emitted from large towers. This is not smoke, but rather a product of the hot pipes heating water vapor in the cooler air and generating steam.

A similar turbine design is used to produce hydroelectric power at dams. When water is released from the lake side of the dam to the river side, it is fed across a series of turbines. The high rate of flowing water causes the turbines to turn rapidly where this energy captured and converted to electricity. Energy produced by hydro electric means has the added benefit of not using emission producing fossil fuels which will pollute the air. However, hydro-electric dams do affect the environment in other ways as they can disrupt vulnerable ecosystems that rely on the environment where the dam is built. There are also other forms of large scale electricity generation, like nuclear and geothermal; however they are still very similar in that they still use turbines to produce the electricity but the water is just heated by an alternative source. Some added risks are involved when using nuclear reactors to produce heat thus limiting their widespread use. Other smaller scale types of turbines exist to produce power in remote locations or to generate power in areas of the world where a power grid has yet to be established. The advantage of this type of turbine is its high efficiency rating. If the waste heat is recovered by heat exchanger and used to power another generator, in a combined cycle configuration, the efficiency can be as high as 60%. In a cogeneration configuration where the waste heat is recovered and used to for space and water heating, the efficiency can be as high as 90%. There are numerous other benefits to using a turbine to produce electrical power. Gas turbines produce a large amount of power in a small package. They can be turned on and off on demand and it costs a lot less money and takes a lot less time to build a turbine than it does to build a coal or natural gas burning power plant. They are also ideal for situations where high demand exists on a power grid for short periods of time, like hot days in the summer, and a turbine is in place to carry the extra load. Large electrical companies like Siemens and GE manufacture and custom build turbines from 10 MW to over 400MW depending on the customer's demands. There are also used dealers and distributors around the world that may have a new surplus or used turbine immediately available that fits your specifications. The simplistic design, versatility, and efficiency of turbines allow for its widespread use in electrical power generation. When deciding on your power supply, be sure to investigate the use of a turbine if the electrical demand is large enough.