Table of Content

1. BACKGROUND..................................................................................................................5 2. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................6 3. DISPLAY..............................................................................................................................7

3.1 OBJECTIVE........................................................................................................................................7 3.2 THEORY...........................................................................................................................................7 3.2.1. Light Emitting Diode..........................................................................................................7 3.2.2. Circuit of 7-segment display...............................................................................................7 3.3 PROCEDURES.....................................................................................................................................8 3.4 RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS..............................................................................................................8 3.4.1. Tolerance of the resistor array...........................................................................................9 3.4.2. Current used by the 7 segment............................................................................................9

4. DECODER DRIVER.........................................................................................................10
4.1 OBJECTIVE......................................................................................................................................10 4.2 THEORY.........................................................................................................................................10 4.2.1. Function of 7447..............................................................................................................10 4.2.2. Logic Level of TTL............................................................................................................10 4.2.3. Binary Coded Decimal.....................................................................................................10 4.3 PROCEDURES...................................................................................................................................11 4.3.1. Procedures for determining the usage of various pins......................................................11 4.3.2. Procedures for determining the frequency and current of 7447.......................................12 4.4 RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS............................................................................................................12 4.4.1. Results and observations for determining the usage of various pins................................12 4.4.2. Results and observation for determining the frequency and current of 7447 decoder......13

5. TOTALISOR (COUNTER)..............................................................................................15
5.1 OBJECTIVE......................................................................................................................................15 5.2 THEORY.........................................................................................................................................15 5.2.1. Counters...........................................................................................................................15 5.2.2. Function of 74192 counter ...............................................................................................15 5.3 PROCEDURES ..................................................................................................................................16 5.3.1. Procedures for determining usage of input pin.................................................................16 5.3.2. Procedures for observing the output waveform of 74192.................................................16 5.4 RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS.............................................................................................................16 5.4.1. Results and observations for determining the use of input pin..........................................16 5.4.2. Results and observations of output waveform of 74192....................................................18

6. CONDITIONER................................................................................................................19
6.1 OBJECTIVE......................................................................................................................................19 6.2 THEORY.........................................................................................................................................19 6.2.1. Conditioner.......................................................................................................................19 6.2.2. Bouncing..........................................................................................................................19 6.3 PROCEDURES...................................................................................................................................20 6.3.1. Procedures for observing the effect of bouncing..............................................................20 6.3.2. Procedures for eliminating the effect of bouncing using D-type flip-flop.........................20 6.3.3. Procedures for eliminating the effect of bouncing using monostable multivibrator..........21

6.3.4. Procedures for determining the maximum frequency for the monostable multivibrator...21 6.4 RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS............................................................................................................21 6.4.1. Results and Observations of effect of bouncing................................................................21 6.4.2. Results and Observations for eliminating the effect of bouncing using D-type flip flop....22 6.4.3. Results and Observations for eliminating the effect of bouncing using monostable multivibrator..............................................................................................................................23 6.4.4. Results and Observations for determining the minimum frequency for monostable multivibrator .............................................................................................................................24

7. CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................25

List of Figures
FIGURE 3-1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF 7-SEGMENT DISPLAY.....................................7 FIGURE 3-1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF 7-SEGMENT DISPLAY.....................................7 FIGURE 3-2 CONNECTION OF 7447 DECODER AND 7-SEGMENT DISPLAY........8 FIGURE 4-2 LOGIC-LEVEL VOLTAGE RANGE FOR TTL........................................10 FIGURE 4-2 LOGIC-LEVEL VOLTAGE RANGE FOR TTL........................................10 FIGURE 4-2 CONNECTION OF THUMBWHEEL SWITCH TO 7447 DECODER...11 FIGURE 5-3 STATE DIAGRAM OF 74192 COUNTER..................................................15 FIGURE 5-3 STATE DIAGRAM OF 74192 COUNTER..................................................15 FIGURE 5-2 CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR 74192 COUNTER TO 7447 DECODER ..................................................................................................................................................16 FIGURE 5-3 CIRCUIT FOR A MANUAL RESET SWITCH.........................................17 FIGURE 5-4 OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF 74192 DOING UP COUNTING...................18 FIGURE 5-5 ILLUSTRATION FOR USE OF TCU........................................................18 FIGURE 5-5 OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF 74192 DOING A UP COUNTING...............19 FIGURE 6-4 CONTACT BOUNCES.................................................................................20 FIGURE 6-4 CONTACT BOUNCES.................................................................................20 FIGURE 6-2 CONNECTION OF MOTOR TO 74192 COUNTER...............................20 FIGURE 6-3 CONNECTION OF 7474 D-TYPE FLIP FLOP WITH MOTOR............21 FIGURE 6-4 CONNECTION OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR WITH 74192 ..................................................................................................................................................21 FIGURE 6-5 WAVEFORM OF D-TYPE FLIP FLOP......................................................22 FIGURE 6-6 WAVEFORM OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR WITH MOTOR OPERATING AT 10 VOLTS...............................................................................................23 FIGURE 6-7 WAVEFORM OF N.C AND Q WITH MOTOR OPERATING AT 4 AND 6 VOLTS ................................................................................................................................23

FIGURE 6-8 WAVEFORM OF N.C AND Q WITH MOTOR OPERATING AT 8,10 AND 12 VOLTS.....................................................................................................................23 FIGURE 6-9 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR WITH FREQUENCY 20HZ........24 FIGURE 6-10 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR WITH FREQUENCY 50HZ......24

List of Tables
RESISTOR...............................................................................................................................8 TABLE 3-1 RESULTS OF VOLTAGE ACROSS THE RESISTOR, THE VALUE OF RESISTORS AND THE CURRENT USED.........................................................................8 ESTIMATED CURRENT ......................................................................................................9 TABLE 3-2 ESTIMATED CURRENT DRAWN FOR EACH DIGIT..............................9 TABLE 4-2 BCD TO DECIMAL CONVERSION.............................................................11 TABLE 4-2 VOLTAGE AT 7447 OUTPUT.......................................................................12 TABLE 4-3 READINGS OF THE VARIOUS PINS..........................................................12 TABLE 4-4 RESULTS OF CURRENT DRAWN BY 7447 AND ENTIRE CIRCUIT...13 TABLE 4-5 RESULTS OF CURRENT DRAWN WITH/WITHOUT FLASHING THE DISPLAY................................................................................................................................14 DUTY CYCLE.......................................................................................................................14 TABLE 4-6 CURRENT DRAWN BY ENTIRE CIRCUIT WITH DIFFERENT DUTY CYCLE ...................................................................................................................................14 TABLE 6-3 OUTPUT MEASUREMENT FOR D-TYPE FLIP FLOP............................22

1. Background
Digital system has become more popular in our life. Around us, we have numerous electronic product that make use of digital system ( E.g digital computer, digital calculator ). Even analogue sound system is beginning to be replaced by the digital systems. The digital system is, undisputedly one of the most extensively used system around us. One of the most widely used function of digital system is counting. Examples of such application are numerous such as Batch-counters, Timers, Frequency Meters and digital Multimeters. The main components of a counting function or any digital system are logic devices. Logic devices can be categories into three main type namely Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL), Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS), Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) or Current-Mode Logic (CML). Each of the categories has its characteristic. However, the most commonly used family is the TTL for small-scale and medium scale integration. TTL devices operate at 5 Volts DC and use mainly the bipolar junction technology. The Vcc and GND pins of every TTL has to be connected to the +ve and ve terminal of the power supply. Circuit would then be assembled and tested in stages to get the desired output.

2. Introduction
The main objective of the experiment is to design, build and test an electronic totalisor. The block schematic of an electronic totalisor is shown in figure 2-1. The electronic totalisor consists of a digital display for the user. An electronic counter provides the information for the display, through a decoder. Incoming signal is sent through a conditioner, so that the signal would be suitable for the counter. Display Decoder Input Conditioner Counter

Figure 21 Block Schematic of Digital Totalisor In this experiment, we would be connecting a counter circuit using TTL devices. We would record some readings of this circuit for analysis. Besides taking down some of the readings, we would also observed the functions of different IC as well as problems, which might arise from the connections of the circuit.

3. Display 3.1 Objective

To study the connection and use of the 7-segment display

3.2 Theory
7-segment display is a commonly used displaying device for digital systems. It made used of Light Emitting Diodes (LED) for each of the segment to display the desired digit or symbols.

3.2.1. Light Emitting Diode

Light Emitting Diode as its name implies, gives off visible light when energised. LED is basically a p-n junction. During the forward biased of the p-n junction, the holes and electrons recombine. In material such as gallium phosphide (GaP), The recombination process gives off photon energy (visible light).

3.2.2. Circuit of 7-segment display

The 7-segment display is made up of LEDs connected to a shape of a figure 8. The circuit of diagram of as typical common anode 7 segment is as shown in figure 3-1.
a Common Anode

a b
f b g

c d e f g Pt
Decimal Pt e

c d

Figure 3-1 Circuit diagram of 7-segment display

3.3 Procedures
We connect up the circuit as in figure 3-2. We then measure the each of the resistor. Next, connect LT to ground so that the 7-segment display would light up. Take measurement the voltage across the resistor and the voltage at the output of the 7447 decoder.
Common anode

a b c d e f g Voltage across resistor

Output of 7447
Vcc LT RBI Gnd

a b c d e f g
BI/RBO 7447

A0 A1 A2 A3

Figure 3-2 Connection of 7447 decoder and 7-Segment display

3.4 Results and Observations

The following table shows the voltage across the resistor, the value of resistors and the current used. Resistor Voltage across Resisto Curre Voltage across Voltage at 7447 resistor (V) r value nt used LED (V) output (V) by ( ) LED (mA) Ra 2.75 270 10.1 2.07 0.18 Rb 2.77 269 10.3 2.06 0.17 Rc 2.77 270 10.25 2.06 0.17 Rd 2.76 269 10.26 2.08 0.16 Re 2.79 270 10.33 2.06 0.15 Rf 2.78 270 10.29 2.04 0.18 Rg 2.75 270 10.1 2.07 0.18 Total 71.63 14.44 Table 3-1 Results of voltage across the resistor, the value of resistors and the current used.

3.4.1. Tolerance of the resistor array

The nominal value for the resistor array is 270 . From the above table, we can notice that the tolerance = (270 269) / 270 * 100 = 0.37%. The tolerance is very low ( Only about 0.37 % ).

3.4.2. Current used by the 7 segment

The current used by the LED = current used by the resistor. Therefore, we can estimate that the current drawn for each LED = Voltage across resistor / Resistance. The results are shown in the column Current used by LED (mA) for each individual terminal in table 3-1. It is noticed that there is a slight difference in the current drawn for LED at different terminal. This could be due to the fact that the LEDs at different terminals are not exactly the same. The average current used by a single LED would be = Total current drawn by 7 Segment/ 7 = 71.63mA / 7 = 10.23mA. The average current used to light up one LED is 10.23mA. In table 3-2 shows the configuration for each of the digits. From the table, we are able to know the number of LEDs to be light up in order to display the desired digit. The number of LEDs * average current would be the estimated current drawn. Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a On Off On On Off On Off On On On b On On On On On Off Off On On On c On On Off On On On On On On On d On Off On On Off On On Off On Off e On Off On Off Off Off On Off On Off f On Off Off Off On On On Off On On g Off Off On On On On On Off On On No LED used 6 2 5 5 4 5 5 3 7 5 Estimated current (mA) 61.38 20.46 51.15 51.15 40.92 51.15 51.15 30.69 71.61 51.15

Table 3-2 Estimated current drawn for each digit

4. Decoder Driver 4.1 Objective

To study and use the 7447 decoder To understand the function of the 7447 decoder

4.2 Theory
4.2.1. Function of 7447
The 7447 BCD ( Binary Coded Decimal ) To 7-Segment decoder takes in 4 line BCD and internally complements and decode the data to drive the 7 segment display.

4.2.2. Logic Level of TTL

The 7447 is a TTL family logic device. The TTL family voltage representation is shown in the following figure.
5v Binary 1 2v 0.8v 0v Indeterminate Binary 0

Figure 4-2 Logic-level voltage range for TTL The 2v-5v represents a logic one and 0v-0.8v represents logic 0. However the 0.8v-2v (Indeterminate) represent a logic 1 in TTL.

4.2.3. Binary Coded Decimal

Binary Coded Decimal is another representation of decimal value just like binary. It main advantage is that BCD code is relatively easy to convert to decimal. This would be ideal for designing as well as troubleshooting a system. Though BCD is easy to convert, it is noted that it requires 4 bit to represent 1 digit. Due to this fact, BCD is less efficient than binary. The conversion table for BCD is as follows:

10

BCD 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001

Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Table 4-2 BCD to decimal conversion

4.3 Procedures
4.3.1. Procedures for determining the usage of various pins
Connect up the circuit as in figure 4-2. Measure the voltage at a-g output of the 7447, with respect to ground. Measure voltage across resistor LED segments. We need to measure the potentials of LT, RBI, BI/RBO and A0 A3. Next, we connect up the 7447 encoder with a thumbwheel switch and vary the thumbwheel switch. Display

7447 A0 A1 A2 A3

+5v

Thumbwheel switch C

Figure 4-2 connection of thumbwheel switch to 7447 decoder

11

We temporarily link BI to ground and observe the effect We also link the RBI to ground and measure the potential at the pin BI/RBO for all the setting of the thumbwheel switch.

4.3.2. Procedures for determining the frequency and current of 7447

We vary the thumbwheel to display digit from 0 9 and measure the current drawn by the entire circuit and 7447 decoder. We would then find the minimum frequency by flashing the display using BI/RBO. When the display appears to be a steady 2, we would take the reading as the minimum frequency. We also measure the pulse width, frequency, intensity of 7-segment display and the current drawn by the entire circuit for duty cycle of 0.33, 0.25, 0., 0.1.

4.4 Results and Observations

4.4.1. Results and observations for determining the usage of various pins
Resistor a b c d e f g Total Voltage at 7447 output (V) 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.18 1.19

Table 4-2 Voltage at 7447 output The measurement of the LT, RBI, BI/RBO, A0-A3 is in the table below: Pins Voltage Logic LT 5.34 1 RBI 5.34 1 BI/RBO 5.42 1 A0 1.72 1 A1 1.76 1 A2 1.75 1 A3 1.72 1 Table 4-3 Readings of the various pins Although A0-A3 is in the indeterminate state, the logic level for TTL for indeterminate state is still consider as 1. According to the truth table of the 7447, if all the pins are logic 1 then the output would be High. In this case, the expected result is that the 7-segment would not light up, this result is the same as the actual result. 12

When the thumbwheel switch is being varied, the display on the 7-segment actually varies and matches the digit on the thumbwheel switch. The thumbwheel switch output the BCD number for each of the digit on the display of the thumbwheel. These outputs would be passed to the 7447 decoder, the decoder would then take the BCD and convert them to drive the 7-segment display. So the display on the 7segment match that of the thumbwheel switch. RBI can be used to suppress the trailing zero or leading zero of a system, while BI/RBO can be use to blink the 7 segment as a warning indicator or as a intensity controller.

4.4.2. Results and observation for determining the frequency and current of 7447 decoder
The thumbwheel is varied from 0-9 while the current being drawn by the entire circuit and that of 7447 is being monitored. Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Current by entire circuit (mA) 127.2 86.9 115.2 110.2 103.7 110.4 110 89.8 130.1 110 Current by 7447 decoder (mA) 56.4 58.4 56.9 56.4 57.3 56.5 56.7 57.7 55.6 55.6 Current by the 7segment display (mA) 70.8 28.5 58.3 53.8 46.4 53.9 53.3 32.1 74.5 54.4 Estimated current by 7-segment (mA) 61.38 20.46 51.15 51.15 40.92 51.15 51.15 30.69 71.61 51.15

Table 4-4 Results of current drawn by 7447 and entire circuit From the results shown in table 4-4 above, we are able to conclude that the current drawn by the 7447 decoder is quite constant. However, the current drawn by the entire circuit varies with the digits. One explanation would be that most of the current was drawn by the 7segment, various digit would means that various numbers of LED are being light up thus the variation of the current drawn by the entire circuit. This explanation seems logical since the estimated current drawn by the LED is quite close to the actual current drawn by the LED. The minimum frequency for the 7447 decoder such that the 7-segment appears to be a steady 8 is 40 Hz. The current drawn by the entire circuit is being compared with one without the minimum frequency is shown in table 4-5. Digit Current drawn without minimum Current drawn with minimum frequency frequency (mA) (mA) 0 127.2 90

13

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

86.9 115.2 110.2 103.7 110.4 110 87.8 130.1 110

73 84 79 80 79 77 70 90 75

Table 4-5 Results of current drawn with/without flashing the display From the above table 4-5, we can clearly see that the current drawn for the circuit with a minimum frequency is lesser than that which does not have a minimum frequency pumped in to flash the display. We can deduce that the signal actual flashes the display on and off about 40 time per second, this reduces the current needed to on the LED. The flashing although not obvious to our naked eye is there. The frequency is being set to 100.n.freqmin = 100.2.40Hz = 8000Hz. The measurement for a frequency of 8Khz for various duty cycle is as shown below: Duty cycle Freq (Hz) Pulsewidth (us) Intensity Digit when current drawn 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0.5 8000 60 0.33 8000 40 0.25 8000 30 0.2 8000 24 0.1 8000 8 Dimmer

Brighter Current drawn by entire circuit (mA) 107.2 86.7 99.7 94.5 95.1 95.2 94.4 83.1 106.8 95 100.3 84.7 93.1 89.9 90.9 89.9 90 80 99.1 89.8 95.7 83 90.1 86.3 87.9 86.4 86.4 77.9 94.2 86.2 80.9 86 82.6 84.5 82 84.5 82.4 75.4 88.5 82.2

85 78.4 79.6 76.1 79.3 76.3 76.3 71.9 80.7 76.1

Table 4-6 Current drawn by entire circuit with different duty cycle It is noted that as duty cycle reduces, the intensity of the display reduces. However, the current being drawn also reduces.

14

5. Totalisor (Counter) 5.1 Objective

To study the function of the 74192 counter To observe the output signal of the 74192 counter

5.2 Theory
5.2.1. Counters
Counting is one of the important skills in our life. Therefore counters are one of the essential device for a digital system. In digital systems, Basic counters are implemented using flipflop.

5.2.2. Function of 74192 counter

The 74192 counter is a BCD counter. The 74192 can be used for counting up or counting down. The 74192 is a BCD counter means that the counting is in BCD form. The state diagram is found in the following figure. 0 1 2 3 4

15

14

13

12

11

10

Figure 5-3 State diagram of 74192 counter

15

5.3 Procedures
5.3.1. Procedures for determining usage of input pin
Connect up the circuit as shown in figure 5-2. Next we input a low frequency to test the circuit then power up the counter. Display

7447 A0 A1 A2 A3 Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
Input

5V+

74192

Carry / Borrow

Figure 5-2 Circuit connection for 74192 counter to 7447 decoder We increase the frequency to determine the minimum frequency to obtain a steady figure 8 on the 7-segment display.

5.3.2. Procedures for observing the output waveform of 74192

Applying a frequency of 10Khz to the input, we then observe and sketch the output of Q0Q3, Carry, clock signal and the digit on the LED display while operating the counter as counting up. Next we operating the counter as counting down, we observe and sketch the waveform at Q0Q3, Carry, and clock signal. We also take note of the digit on the LED display.

5.4 Results and observations

5.4.1. Results and observations for determining the use of input pin
When the low frequency signal connected to the input, the counter actually starts to count from 2 and not 0. This is not desired, as counter would give an error. One of the solutions would be to allow the user to manually reset the counter when it is desired. The suggestion for such a circuit is in figure 5-3

16

Display

7447 A0 A1 A2 A3 Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
Input

5V+

74192
MR

Carry / Borrow

5V+

Figure 5-3 Circuit for a manual reset switch When the switch is not pressed, the ( Master Reset ) MR is low so the counter works as normal. However, when the switch is pressed, 5V is apply to the MR. When the MR is HIGH, the counter when be set to BCD decimal zero, thus the display would be zero. The minimum frequency was found out to be 280Hz. This value was found to be higher than the minimum frequency for the 7447. The reason could be, the time need to flash between nothing and digit 2 is 25ms. For a counter to appear like steady 8, it need to flash fast enough from 0 8. Thus time need has to be very fast about 7 times faster.

17

5.4.2. Results and observations of output waveform of 74192

The output waveform for an up counter operating at 10Khz is in figure 5-4.
TCU

Clock Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
Display

Figure 5-4 Output waveform of 74192 doing up counting

As the waveform in the above shown TCU is low when Q0, Q3 is HIGH and Q1,Q2 is LOW. However, a further examination shows that Q0, Q3 is HIGH would be sufficient thus a Boolean expression can be written as TCU= Q0.Q3.CPU since CPU is LOW for up counting. The duty cycle of Q0 is 0.5 while the duty cycle of Q3 = 0.2. The results above also tell us that when counter count from 0-9, and recycled from 9-0. During the transition from 9 to 0, TCU is low. This signal can be used to trigger the next counter for to count the tenth unit. For example, in state 1 of figure 5-5, the decimal value is 9. When counter counts up, the transition from 9 to 0 would pull the TCU LOW, this signal is used to trigger counter 2. Counter 2 would display 1 and counter 1 would display 0. Thus a digit 10 is displayed.
Counter 2 Counter 1 Counter 2 Counter 1

TCU

TCU

State 1

State 2

Figure 5-5 Illustration for use of TCU From the above figure, we can also deduce the ration of clock and Q0 as well as clock and Carry: Input CLOCK:Q0 = 2:1 Input CLOCK:TCU = 1:10 It was noted that the result of the digit is read when the clock signal is changing from LOW to HIGH, thus the 74192 operates on the rising edge of the clock. The output waveform for a down counter operating at 10Khz is in figure 5-5.

18

TCd

Clock Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
Display

Figure 5-5 Output waveform of 74192 doing a up counting From the output waveform of 74192 we can derived that the Boolean expression is TCU= Q0.Q1.Q2.Q3.CPD. The main difference between the Carry and Borrow pulses is that the Carry pulse is use to indicate a transition from 9 to 0 in up counting while the Borrow pulse is use to indicate a transition from 0 to 9 for down counting.

6. Conditioner 6.1 Objective

To understand the need for conditioner To understand the problem of bouncing To learn the usage of D-type flip-flop and monostable multivibrator.

6.2 Theory
6.2.1. Conditioner
Input pulses to the totalisor may originate from numerous sources, such as micro-switch or proximity sensor. Such input might not be suitable for the totalisor, thus a conditioner is needed to convert the input so that it would be suitable for the totalisor.

6.2.2. Bouncing
Contact bounce is a phenomenon. It is due to the fact that it is virtually impossible to obtain a clean voltage transition from a mechanical switch. An illustration is shown in the figure below:
5V+
Random bouncing

19

Figure 6-4 Contact bounces It would be possible to eliminate or reduce the effect of bouncing through the use of flip-flop or monostable multivibrator.

6.3 Procedures
6.3.1. Procedures for observing the effect of bouncing
Set the 74192 counter as a down counter. Connect up the circuit in figure 6-2 and observe the digit on the 7-segment display.

0 12V DC

motor

5V+ Normally Close (N.C) C Normally Open (N.O) 10K

CPD 74192

Figure 6-2 Connection of motor to 74192 counter

6.3.2. Procedures for eliminating the effect of bouncing using D-type flipflop
Connect up the circuit as shown in figure 6-3. Observe the output to verify it is correct. Next sketch the output for the conditioner. Vary the D.C. supply from 4 to 12 in steps of 2 volts. Measure the pulse width, period of pulse and the transit time from N.O to N.C and N.C to N.O. Observe for any contact bounces and compute the speed of the motor in resolution per minute (r.p.m). 5V+
0 12V DC

motor

N.C.

10K 5V+ PR 7474 Q

CPD 74192

C N.O.

10K

20
CLR

Figure 6-3 Connection of 7474 D-type flip flop with motor

6.3.3. Procedures for eliminating the effect of bouncing using monostable multivibrator
Connect up the circuit as shown in figure 6-4. Choose a suitable time-constant [ tw = Rx.Cx ] to cover the entire incoming pulse duration coming from the N.C contact of the micro-switch. Operate the D.C at 10 volts and check on the operation of the totalisor. Sketch the input waveform and output waveform of the conditioner. Monitor the 7-segment display and the waveform while varying the voltage of the motor from 4 to 12 in steps of 2 volts.
5V+

N.C. C

10K

Vcc Rext/ Cext A1 A2 B 74121

Cext Q

CPD 74192

Figure 6-4 Connection of monostable multivibrator with 74192

6.3.4. Procedures for determining the maximum frequency for the monostable multivibrator
Inject the PULSE OUT of the signal generator to the input of the 74121. Monitor and sketch the waveform. Increase the frequency and determine the maximum safe operating frequency. Correlate the result with the data sheet. Operate the monostable multivibrator above the maximum frequency and comment on the waveform.

6.4 Results and Observations

6.4.1. Results and Observations of effect of bouncing
The digit of the 7-segment display jumps randomly and not in successive order.

21

6.4.2. Results and Observations for eliminating the effect of bouncing using D-type flip flop.
The following waveforms in figure 6-5 show the N.O, N.C and output when the motor operates at 10 Volts.
28.7ms 3.3ms 3.3ms

N.O N.C Output

186ms 32ms

Figure 6-5 Waveform of D-type flip flop The following table shows the pulse width, period of pulse and the transit time from N.O to N.C and N.C to N.O for the D-type flip flop. The speed of the cam is calculated by inverting the period of the pulse then multiply it by 60. DC supply 4 6 8 10 12 Output pulse width (ms) 93 50 42 32 26 Period of pulse (ms) 550 327 230 182 146 Transit time from N.O to N.C (ms) 5.05 5 3.5 3.2 3 Transit time from N.C to N.O (ms) 5.05 5 3.5 3.2 3 Speed of cam in r.p.m 109 183 260 329 411

Table 6-3 Output measurement for D-type flip flop The waveform on the N.C and N.O still has the contact bounces however the output from the D-type flip flop is free from contact bounces. The function of the D flip flop is to take in the input from N.C and N.O which has contact bounces, convert the input into a suitable signal to drive the 74192 counter.

22

6.4.3. Results and Observations for eliminating the effect of bouncing using monostable multivibrator
This part of the experiment was not carried out due to the lack of time. The time constant to be chosen is 32 ms as taken from table 6-1 for operation at 10 Volts. Assume the capacitor value to be 47uF, using the formula tw = 0.6 Rx.Rc . Rx is found to be 9.867K . Therefore we approximate it to 10K as this is a standard value. The waveform of the output and N.C should look something like figure 6-6.
N.C
29ms 157ms

31.5ms

154.5ms

Figure 6-6 Waveform of monostable multivibrator with motor operating at 10 volts The digit on the 7-segment display decrement once for every resolution for the motor operating at 10 volts. When the motor is operating at 4 and 6 volts, the digit decrement by 2 counts for each revolution. This happens because the time constant is not suitable, thus the one shot trigger again on the contact bounce. But for motor operating at 8,10 and 12 volts, the circuit works correctly, as the time constant is suitable. The waveforms are shown in figure 6-7 and figure 6-8. N.C

Q Figure 6-7 Waveform of N.C and Q with motor operating at 4 and 6 volts N.C

Q Figure 6-8 Waveform of N.C and Q with motor operating at 8,10 and 12 volts

23

6.4.4. Results and Observations for determining the minimum frequency for monostable multivibrator
This part of the experiment was not carried out due to the lack of time. However the results are expected to be as shown below. 50ms Pulse output

34ms

66ms

Figure 6-9 Monostable Multivibrator with frequency 20Hz The maximum safe frequency is expected to be 27 Hz. Period of the pulse = 37.03 ms and the duty cycle has to be 91.8 %. The maximum duty cycle stated in the data sheet is 90%, which is quite near to 91.8%. Therefore, it is advisable for the operating frequency to be less than 27Hz. When the operating frequency goes beyond the 27Hz, the monostable vibrator is expected to miss some pulse as in the diagram below:
12.25ms 12.25ms

Pulse output 34ms

Figure 6-10 Monostable Multivibrator with frequency 50Hz

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7. Conclusion
Through this experiment, we learnt how to built a digital electronic totalisor. This involved building a display, decoder, counter and conditioner. The following summarises what we learned from the experiment. DISPLAY The amount of current drawn for the 7-segment display depends on the number of LED being light up. DECODER RBI can be used to dim out the trailing zeros or leading zeros. BI/RBO can be used to flash the display for warning or as an intensity controller. Pumping a square wave into the system can reduce the amount of current used by the system. The square waves duty cycle can be reduce to reduce the current drawn by the system COUNTER A reset switch would be needed to reset the system to zero Carry or borrow signal can be used to trigger the next counter to count the next unit. When the counter is counting, the 7-segment display is actually flashing CONDITIONER Mechanical switch introduce bounces to the system which is not acceptable D flip flop and monostable multivibrator can be used to eliminate the effect of bouncing, they act as a conditioner. The time constant of monostable multivibrator can be found using the formula 0,69*R*C. However time constant must be chosen carefully to prevent triggering on bounces. The monostable multivibrator has a maximum safe operating frequency, this frequency is defined when the duty cycle is about 90%. When the monostable multivibrator exceed this maximum safe frequency, some trigger might be missed.

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