Sherry Liang Physics 1-2 Energy Experiment (1) Frame Question: How does the height of a bob affect

its kinetic energy?

(2) Measure and Present Data Height (m) (+/- 0.200) 0.020 .040 .060 .080 .100 .120 .140 .160 .185 .205 .225 .245 Velocity 1 (m/s) (+/- 0.03) .63 .76 .90 1.03 1.13 1.28 1.36 1.50 1.50 1.52 1.64 1.68 Velocity 2 (m/s) (+/- 0.03) .64 .79 .91 1.03 1.14 1.29 1.38 1.43 1.47 1.51 1.58 1.67 Velocity 3 (m/s) (+/- 0.03) .61 .80 .91 1.05 1.15 1.26 1.35 1.43 1.49 1.50 1.57 1.67 Average (m/s) (+/- 0.03) .63 .78 .91 1.05 1.14 1.28 1.37 1.45 1.49 1.52 1.60 1.67

Mass of bob = 70 g +/- 2 g String length = 0.77 m +/- .02 m Width of bob = .045 m +/- .002 m Resting height = .040 m +/- .002 m

(3) Interpret a) As the height of the bob increases, the velocity of the bob increases. (Height is measured as: the difference of the bob height relative to the table at the initial position and at the rest position) b) Throughout the pendulum motion, energy is being converted between kinetic and potential energy. When the bob is being held at its starting position, energy is in the form of potential energy. After the bob is released, it is then being converted into kinetic energy. Therefore, as the kinetic energy increases, the potential energy decreases. The total energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energies; ideally, the mechanical energy will always be conservedas long as external forces are not involved in any work. In our experiment, it is observed that the experimental A from the equation V = AH^.5 (where V = velocity and H = height) is smaller than the expected A. In terms of energy, this means that kinetic energy is lower than expected. Therefore, not all the energy is conserved the fullest extent during the pendulums motion. This could be due to the fact that the bob was consistently released at a lower height than desired. Also, because the bob is cylindrical rather than rectangular, the measurement of the bob width is measured to be larger than what it actually is (the bob curves in on the ends). Velocity is measured by meters/seconds. In this case, it is height / gate time. A larger bob width would result in a longer gate time. Since velocity and time share an inverse relationship, this would result in a smaller velocity. (5) Defend Findings a) The results are very close to my expected findings. The data points are all on the border of the curve fit; RMSE is 0.0969, which is very precise. b) Computer Constant A = 3.529 +/- 0.055 Expected Value A => v = (2gh)^(1/2) A = (2g)^(1/2) = (19.6)^(1/2) = 4.43 In the experiment, the A value is smaller than the expected A calculated from the framing section. When the experimental A is smaller than the expected A, our velocities would be lower than the expected values. In other words, kinetic energy would be on the low side (due to height or bob width, explained in interpret, 4b) c) If the starting height varied randomly, you have some high velocities and some low velocities, resulting in.

However, this would not change the equation, because its best fit would still be the

same. The only factor that would be affected is precision. (random starting heights = less precision) d) If a narrower part of the pendulum consistently passed through the gate than was expected, then the gate time would be smaller. Since velocity = m/s, velocity shares an inverse relationship to time, so less time means a higher velocity. The equation would then change by Ax^n, where n becomes a higher number in order to correspond to a higher velocity. (ex. Ax^.8 instead of Ax^.5)