From Earth Up to Space

The Earth is not just a body of rock, and geology is not just about rocks. When you study rocks enough, eventually the questions you ask and the answers you find lead upward into the atmosphere and beyond. Earth extends into space in a literal sense, and instruments based in space are an integral part of geology. So let's put down our rock hammers and go into these uppermost parts of the Earth the ionosphere and magnetosphereand trace the continuum from there to the ground. As the Sun shines on Earth, the atmosphere shields us from a little over half of the incoming radiant energy. Ozone in the stratosphere, you remember, absorbs part of the ultraviolet radiation, and water vapor and carbon dioxide take care of most of the infrared and microwave energy. With all that absorbed radiation, the outermost atmosphere is a very energized place, and above about 100 kilometers altitude a significant fraction of the air is ionized and conducts electricity. The solid Earth is a conductor too. But in between is a lot of insulating air. Recently scientists documented some weird electrical beasts that cross this insulating barrier and help complete the global circuit. They are forms of lightning that strike upward, the most common ones being red sprites, or just sprites. I think they're the coolest things in the sky. Go just a little higher up, and the influence of outer space gets stronger. Consider the aurora, which forms where the Earth's magnetic field steers free electrons energized by superheated wind from the Sun. Over most of the planet, this activity happens well above the air, but near the magnetic poles the magnetic field lines lead downward and the electrons put on a show.
The Magnetosphere

The part of space where satellites fly is still part of the Earththe magnetosphere. This is where radiation from two sources, the Sun and the galaxy, interacts with a protective magnetic bubble that the Earth maintains. Up here things are energetic enough for nuclear reactions to take place, such as the transformation of nitrogen to radiocarbon. Magnetospheric studies are hard for me to follow, but if the mathematics excites you, then you should find this historical introduction to the magnetosphere fascinating. And for more alleyways on the Web to lose yourself in, visit NASA's Space Physics Data Facility or the Today's Space Weather page. The military has its own set of space weather soldiers. Activity in the magnetosphere is followed from orbit and the ground using sensitive instruments. Sometimes space weather gets so intense that the activities

of civilization are disrupted. So along with the Richter scale of earthquakes and the Torino scale of cosmic impacts, we have several different intensity scales for space weathersolar radiation storms, geomagnetic storms, and radio blackouts. See all three on the Scales master page.
Implications for Climate

This stuff has some connection, still obscure, to our climate. Something between the Sun and Earth takes the small, 0.1-percent fluctuations of the Sun's energy and amplifies them into definite changes, like a 3-degree latitude shift in north Atlantic storm tracks between high and low points in the sunspot cycle, or changes in the ozone layer. Something makes day-to-day solar activity cause immediate changes in regional meteorology. Professor Brian Tinsley has suggested a link from sunstorms to rainfall via the solar wind, modulating the global rain of electronsa sort of invisible aurora through the stratosphere that causes electric charge to accumulate on high cloud tops. There they trigger "electrofreezing" of supercooled water droplets. Read his recent papers at Tinsley's site. His is not the only theory along these lines. And let us not forget other possibilities. For a while in the 1980s there was a lively debate over a theory, now discredited, that large amounts of water come into the upper atmosphere from outer space in the form of small comets. That could not have happened without the evidence from space-based cameras looking down on us.

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(From Earth Up to Space)

The Earth is not just a body of rock, and geology is not just about rocks. Earth extends into space in a literal sense, and instruments based in space are an integral part of geology. As the Sun shines on Earth, the atmosphere shields us from a little over half of the incoming radiant energy. Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs part of the ultraviolet radiation, and water vapor and carbon dioxide take care of most of the infrared and microwave energy. Recently scientists documented some weird electrical beasts that cross this insulating barrier and help complete the global circuit. They are forms of lightning that strike upward, the most common ones being red sprites, or just sprites. Go just a little higher up, and the influence of outer space gets stronger. Consider the aurora, which forms where the Earth's magnetic field steers free electrons energized by superheated wind from the Sun. The part of space where satellites fly is still part of the Earththe magnetosphere. Magnetospheric studies are hard for me to follow, but if the mathematics excites you, then you should find this historical introduction to the magnetosphere fascinating. Activity in the magnetosphere is followed from orbit and the ground using sensitive instruments. Something between the Sun and Earth takes the small, 0.1-percent fluctuations of the Sun's energy and amplifies them into definite changes, like a 3degree latitude shift in north Atlantic storm tracks between high and low points in the sunspot cycle, or changes in the ozone layer. For a while in the 1980s there was a lively debate over a theory, now discredited, that large amounts of water come into the upper atmosphere from outer space in the form of small comets. That could not have happened without the evidence from space-based cameras looking down on us.

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(Emotional Intellegence) Daniel Goleman, a psychologist and science writer, is the author of the best seller Emotional Intelligence, a fascinating book about recentt discoveries in brain research about emotional intelligence. He raise an experiments calls The Marshmallow Challenge. In that experiment, four years old children were individually called into a room at Stanford University. There, kin man gave a marshmalow to each of them and said they could eat the marshmallow right away, or wait for him to come back from an errand, at which point they would get two marshmallows. The ones who had resisted eating marshmallow were clearly more socially competent than others. The third or so who grabbed the marshmallow were more likely to be seen as shying away from social contacts, tobe stubborn, easily upset by frustations, to think themselves are unworthy, jealus, become immobilized by stress, and sharp temper.

Article Review Form Name Student Number Faculty & Class : A. Labib Fardany Faisal : 1106065445 : MIPA / Physics

1. Title of the article : Emotional Intelligence 2. Author : Patricia Holt 3. Explain in two or three sentences why you have choosen this article - I like the topic - I can understand the word easily 4. Explain briefly in four or five sentences what the article is about. The article is about an experiment to know kind of childrens emotional intelligence. It conducted by Daniel Goleman, a psychologist and science writer. 5. What is the writers message or purpose in writing this article? To inform that emotional intelligence is more important than IQ. 6. Give your personal comment: The characteristic of the human can be seen since he was a child

Article Review Form Name Student Number Faculty & Class : A. Labib Fardany Faisal : 1106065445 : MIPA / Physics

1. Title of the article : From Earth up to Space 2. Author : Andrew Alden 3. Explain in two or three sentences why you have choosen this article - I like the topic - I can understand the word easily 4. Explain briefly in four or five sentences what the article is about. The article explain about a relation of the earth and space. 5. What is the writers message or purpose in writing this article? To give the knowledge about earth and space 6. Give your personal comment: We must believe the God who create this nature as the perfect creature.