A. B. C. D.

TITLE : HYDROGEN DAY/DATE OF EXPERIMENT: Monday, October 17th 2011 FINAL OF EXPERIMENT : Monday, October 17th 2011 AIM : Understanding the preparation of hydrogen Understanding the properties of hydrogen and its compound Identifying hydrogen gas and its compound E. BASIC THEORY : HYDROGEN Hydrogen is the lightest element. It is by far the most abundant element in the universe and makes up about about 90% of the universe by weight. Hydrogen as water (H2O) is absolutely essential to life and it is present in all organic compounds. Hydrogen is the lightest gas. Hydrogen gas was used in lighter-than-air balloons for transport but is far too dangerous because of the fire risk (Hindenburg). It burns in air to form only water as waste product and if hydrogen could be made on sufficient scale from other than fossil fuels then there might be a possibility of a hydrogen economy. Note that while normally shown at the top of the Group 1 elements in the periodic table, the term "alkaline metal" refers only to Group 1 elements from lithium onwards. Hydrogen gas (now known to be H2) was first artificially produced in the early 16th century, via the mixing of metals with strong acids. In 176681, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance, and that it produces water when burned, a property which later gave it its name, which in Greek means "water-former." At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, non-toxic, highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. Industrial production is mainly from the steam reforming of natural gas, and less often from more energy-intensive hydrogen production methods like the electrolysis of water. Most hydrogen is employed near its production site, with the two largest uses being fossil fuel processing (e.g., hydrocracking) and ammonia production, mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen is a concern in metallurgy as it can embrittle many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE A basic understanding of the properties of hydrogen peroxide is essential to the safe handling of this chemical. Hydrogen peroxide is clear, colorless, water like in appearance, and has a characteristic pungent odor. Nonflammable, it is miscible with water in all proportions and is sold as a water solution. The amount of hydrogen peroxide in commercial solutions is expressed as a percentage of the solution's weight. Thus, a 35% solution contains 35% hydrogen peroxide and 65% water by weight. Most municipal and industrial applications call for 35% or 50% concentrations.

Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide liberates oxygen and heat. In dilute solutions the heat evolved is readily absorbed by the water present. In more concentrated solutions, the heat raises the temperature of the solution and accelerates the decomposition rate. Special stabilizers are added during the manufacture of all grades of hydrogen peroxide to inhibit the catalytic decomposition effect of metals and other impurities that may accidentally contaminate the chemical during shipment, storage, and handling. F. TOOLS and MATERIALS No Tools and Materials 1 Reaction tube side pipe 2 Measuring glass 3 Dish 4 Statif and clem 5 Bunsen 6 Ca piece 7 Mg Powder 8 KI 0,05M 9 H2O2 4.5 % 10 Litmus paper 11 Wood 12 Zn powder 13 Glass cotton 14 Cotton 15 Pork 16 Aquades 17 KClO3 18 KMnO4 G. PROCEDURE : 1.
Piece of Ca

Amount 1 2 1 1 1

1ml 2 1

Put into dish Watered with aquades Checked the solution with litmus paper
Result

2.
Mg powder

Put into dish which contains aquades Heated Checked with PP solution
Result

3.
Wet glass cotton + dry cotton + dry glass cotton + little Zn powder + dry cotton

Entered into reaction tube with side pipe Closed with rubber Heated horizontally at the part of Zn Tested the gas that out with fire flame
Result

4.

Zn powder

Filled into reaction tube with side pipe Set the rubber tube that put capsized in water Added five drops HCl 4M Closed with rubber Heated Checked the gas with fire flame
Result

5.
Drops of H2O2 3%

Entered into reaction tube that filled with KI 1 ml and starch solution Observed it
Result

H. EXPERIMENT RESULT

No 1
Piece of Ca

Procedure -

Result of Experiment Solution is colorless There is bubble The litmus change from red to blue And blue litmus not change

Reaction Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq_) + H2(g)

Conclusion The reaction of calcium with aquades yield H2 gas and the colorless solution is Ca(OH)2 and the solution is base

Put into dish Watered with aquades Checked with litmus

Result

Solution is colorless After heating there is bubble

Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

Mg react with water will make basic solution and produce H2 gas Mg cant react in cold condition

After drop by PP

There is gas contained in measuring glass

Zn(s) + 2H2O(l) Zn(OH)2(l) + H2(g)

H2 gas is produced in reaction between Zn and H2O

Te flame is stronger

Flame is stronger because H2 is easily burnt

The solution become silver

Zn(s) + H2O(l) Zn(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

The H2 gas is formed , so it makes the flame stronger

There is bubble, then the gas filled the measure glass

The fire flame stronger

KI + amilum purple black solution

2KI(aq) + H2O2(aq) 2KOH(aq) + I2(l) + H2(g)

The bubble formed is H2 gas The purple solution indicates that I2 is formed

KI + amilum + H2O2 bubble but too small so difficult to be observed

I. DISCUSSION : In the first experiment, the aim is to make hydrogen gas from reaction of water with and alkaline earth that is a white piece of Calcium is added by water, the solution produced is colorless solution and there is a bubble. The bubble produced is hydrogen gas. When it checked by litmus paper, the blue one do not change, but the red one change to blue. It indicates that the solution is base because of Ca(OH)2. It can be supported by reaction below, Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) In the second experiment, the aim is similar with first experiment that make hydrogen gas from reaction of water with and alkaline earth. But, the metal used is white magnesium powder that added with water. But there is no reaction happen. Then we heat it and there is bubble appear and the color of solution is colorless. It indicates that the bubble which appear is hydrogen gas and Mg cant react in cold condition but in hot condition. This is the reason why we must heat it first. Then PP solution to identify the characteristic the solution. The result is pink solution. It indicates that the solution is base because of Mg(OH)2. It can be explained by the reaction below. Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) In the third experiment, the aim is to make the hydrogen gas. In the side pipe reaction tube is filled respectively wet cotton glass, dry cotton glass, Zn powder, and dry cotton. The tube is closed by rubber in order to make the gas is not lose then the pipe side is set with water pipe that connected with inversed measure glass in water. Then it heated at part of Zn then the gas is flow to fill the measure glass. The gas is colorless. It happens because the Zn is react with water vapor from wet cotton glass. The gas formed is hydrogen. For more identification, flame test is done, by entering flame wood into the measure glass containing gas. The flame is stronger than before because hydrogen is flammable but there is no sound of explosion. It happens because the hydrogen gas have been react with oxygen form water vapor H2O(g), so not hydrogen that make the flame stronger but water vapor. Reaction : Zn (s) + 2H2O (l) Zn(OH)2 (aq)+ H2 (g) In the fourth experiment, Zn is reacted with HCl. The rubber must be closed fast in order the gas not lose much. Then the gas is flown in water pipe that connected with capsized measure glass. The colorless gas is flown and fill the measure glass. The solution in reaction tube become silver and there is bubble. The bubble is hydrogen gas and for more identification is done again by testing with fire wood. The fire wood is become stronger, because Hydrogen is flammable. but there is no sound of explosion. It happens because the hydrogen gas have been react with oxygen form water vapor H2O(g), so not hydrogen that make the flame stronger but water vapor. The function of HCl is to form hydrogen and dissolve the Zn become ZnCl2.the function of cotton glass is to decrease the reactivity of Zn. Reaction : Zn (s) + 2HCl (l) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

In the fifth experiment, KI is reacted with H2O2 and starch solution, the color is dark purple. It indicates that I2 is formed, starch as indicator. Iod is formed slowly. Exactly there is a bubble but its too small so difficult to be seen. The bubble is hydrogen Reaction : 2KI + H2O2 2KOH + I2 + H2

J. CONCLUSION : 1. Hydrogen gas is colorless and flammable also odorless 2. The hydrogen can be made by : Reacting Calcium with water Reacting Magnesium with hot water Heating zinc powder together with heating wet cotton glass Reacting zinc with chloric acid Reacting Potassium iodide and hydrogen peroxide QUESTION : 1. Explain what is explosion gas and its function! Explosion gas is gas that explosion like because of reactiveness of H2 with flame. The function is to indicate that the H2 is formed 2. Write all reaction on the experiment above! Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) Zn (s) + 2H2O (l) Zn(OH)2 (aq)+ H2 (g) Zn (s) + 2HCl (l) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) 2KI + H2O2 2KOH + I2 + H2 3. Why hydrogen peroxide is used in dilute solution! Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide liberates oxygen and heat. In dilute solutions the heat evolved is readily absorbed by the water present. In more concentrated solutions, the heat raises the temperature of the solution and accelerates the decomposition rate REFERENCE http://h2o2.com/technical-library/ http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen

ATTACHMENT

Ca(OH)2 solution

Ca(OH)2 is tested with litmus paper

Mg(OH)2 + aquades

heating Mg(OH)2

PP test of Mg(OH)2

Composition of third experiment

Zn + HCl

Gas fill the measure tube

KI solution

KI + starch + H2O2