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BODY COORDINATION

Body coordination is the process which involves the various organs and systems in the body working together to produce a response towards the stimuli. Body coordination is controlled using two systems, namely the nervous system and the endocrine system.

Nervous system Memory and thinking Speech Vision Voluntary and involuntary actions

Endocrine system Growth and reproduction Secondary sexual developments Control of blood osmotic pressure Control of blood sugar level

A stimulus is a change that brings about a response. There are two types of stimuli: (a) Internal - the change in the blood sugar level and body temperature. (b) External heat, pressure, touch and light. A response is the process which brings about an action such as: (a) Removing ones hand from a hot iron. (b) Salivating when seeing or smelling some delicious food.

Stimulus

Sensory organ Coordinating centre

Response

Effector organ

2 Human Nervous System

Human nervous system is made of: (a) Central nervous system (or CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord. (b) Peripheral nervous system (or PNS) consists of the spinal nerves and cranial nervous.

Many cytoplasmic extensions called dendrons, dendrites and axon. A cell body which consists of -nucleus -cytoplasm Neurone -dendrons branch into smaller branches called dendrites. -dendrites receive impulses and transmit them along the dendrons to the cell body. -impulses travel from the cell body along the axon to transfer impulses to the next neurone.

3 Nervous Coordination

A stimulus is any change which occurs outside (external) or inside (internal) the human body that brings about response. Sensory cells inside the sensory organs act as receptors to detect any stimulus and convert the stimulus into electrical impulses. Muscles and glands in the body are classified as effectors that bring about a response to a stimulus.

Is detected Stimulus Receptor -central nervous system. -synapses between sensory, relay and motor neurons.

Response Result in

Effector

Proprioceptors

Proprioceptors are stretch receptors found in specific areas in our bodies such as: (a) In th muscles (b) Tendons (c) Ligaments (d) Ear vestibule (or saccule and utricle)

Human brain

The brain is connected to the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system. Twelve pairs of cranial nerves originate from the brain to various parts of the head.

4 Structure of the brain The brain contains about 10 000 million neurones and weighs about 1.5kg. The brain is made of very soft and delicate tissues, hence it is protected by (a) Cranium (b) Layers of membranes called menings The brain consists of two layers: (a) An outer layer called the grey matter which contains cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axon of neurones. (b) An inner layer called the white matter which consists of nerve fibres (with myelinated axon of neurones.

characteristi cs

Functions

cerebrum Largest part of the brain(also known as the forebrain) Is the made of the right and left hemispheres Controls voluntary actions

cerebellum Is situated below and behind the cerebrum Is also made of two

Medulla oblongata Is the smallest part of the brain and is situated below the cerebrum Is the enlarged area of the brain stem which connects the brain to the spinal cord

Controls and maintains body balance and posture

Controls involuntary actions like heartbeat, respiration, peristalsis and swallowing.

5 Hormonal coordination Endocrine system is made of endocrine glands and their secretions. Endocrine glands are ductless glands which secret chemical substances called hormones in a small quantity directly into the bloodstream.

Endocrine glands The endocrine glands in both the males and the females are the same except for the testes (of males) and the ovaries (of females). Endocrine glands are controlled by the pituitary glands (or known as master glands) or the nervous system.

Endocrine glands Pituitary glands-a small gland located in the brain, controls the secretion of hormones from other endocrine glands Thyroid gland-is located in the neck region, in front of the trachea and below the larynax Pancreas-is situated below the stomach and is connected to the duodenum through the pancreatic Adrenal glands-a pair, on top of each kidney, have two layers Testes-a pair, inside the scrotum and are located outside a males body Ovaries-a pair, are located on each of the uterus

Hormones -growth hormones -antidiuretic hormones (ADH) hormones which stimulate other endocrine glands -thyroxine (which contains the mineral, iodine)

Functions -stimulates growth -controls water balance -stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen -regulates metabolism -regulates the normal physical and mental development -lowers blood sugar level by stimulating the conversion of excess glucose into glycogen which is stored in the liver Prepares the body for emergencies: -increase metabolic rate -controls the development of male secondary sexual characteristics -controls the development of female secondary sexual characteristics

Target cells/organs -bone cells -kidney -ovaries -testes -thyroid gland -all body cells

-insulin -glucagon

-liver and muscle cells

-adrenaline (is usually secreted during emergencies, under stress or fear) -testosterone

-heat, respiratory system, liver, blood capillaries and eyes -male sex organs

-oestrogen -progesterone

-female sex organs

6 Effects of alcohol abuse on body coordination and health Alcoholic drinks contain ethanol (or ethyl alcohol) which produced through a process called fermentation by adding yeast to different types of cereals and fruits.

Effects of excessive alcohol consumption Body coordination alcohol is a depressant which slows down transmission of nerve impulses, thus it slows down bodys reaction time towards stimulus. Alcohol abuse leads to addiction to alcohol, resulting in alcoholic. Heath A small amount of alcohol causes blood capillaries to expand, bringing more blood to the skin surface and more sweat is produced. Excessive alcohol consumed over a long period of time leads to health problems like: (a) Dehydration loss in water through urine (b) Malnutrition due to loss in appetite (c) Obesity because alcohol contains high calories Organs Blood capillaries Brain Heart Liver Effects due to excessive consumption of alcohol Cause blockage, resulting in less oxygen brought to the brain Damages brain cells Deterioration of heart muscles and causes heart diseases (such as hypertension and stokes) Causes liver hepatitis which leads to liver cirrhosis (or hardening and scarring of liver tissues). Liver is unable to carry out detoxification and finally leads to death Causes inflammation, bleeding of stomach wall and finally stomach ulcers

Stomach

Importance of avoiding excessive consumption of alcohol Safeguards ones health Reduces family and social problems Increase road safety

SCIENCE

NAME : SUSANTI INTU :NUR ASYIKIN SIMON TITLE : BODY COORDINATION