Direcciones y Planos Cristalinos

Point Coordinates in an Orthogonal Coordinate System Simple Cubic

Crystallographic Directions in Cubic System

Determination of the directional indices in cubic system: Four Step Procedure (Text Book Method)
1. Draw a vector representing the direction within the unit cell such that it passes through the origin of the xyz coordinate axes. 2. Determine the projections of the vector on xyz axes. 3. Multiply or divide by common factor to obtain the three smallest integer values. 4. Enclose the three integers in square brackets [ ]. e.g. u, v, and w are the integers [uvw]

Crystallographic Directions in Cubic System

[111]

[120]
[110]

Crystallographic Directions in Cubic System

Head and Tail Procedure for determining Miller Indices for Crystallographic Directions 1. Find the coordinate points of head and tail points. 2. Subtract the coordinate points of the tail from the coordinate points of the head. 3. Remove fractions. 4. Enclose in [ ]

Indecies of Crystallographic Directions in Cubic System

Direction A Head point tail point (1, 1, 1/3) (0,0,2/3) 1, 1, -1/3 Multiply by 3 to get smallest integers 3, 3, -1

A = [33]
Direction B Head point tail point (0, 1, 1/2) (2/3,1,1) -2/3, 0, -1/2 Multiply by 6 to get smallest integers

_ _ B = [403]

C = [???]

D = [???]

Direction C

Indices of Crystallographic Directions in Cubic System

Head Point Tail Point (1, 0, 0) (1, , 1) 0, -1/2, -1 Multiply by 2 to get the smallest integers
__

C = [0I2]
Direction D Head Point Tail Point (1, 0, 1/2) (1/2, 1, 0) 1/2, -1, 1/2 Multiply by 2 to get the smallest integers
_

D = [I2I]

B= [???]

A = [???]

Crystallographic Directions in Cubic System

[210]

Crystallographic Directions in Cubic System

Crystallographic Directions in Cubic System

Indices of a Family or Form

< 100 > [100], [010], [001], [010], [001], [100]

< 111 > [111], [11 1 ], [1 1 1], [ 1 11], [ 1 1 1 ], [ 1 1 1], [ 1 1 1 ], [1 1 1 ]

< 110 > [110], [011], [101], [110], [011], [101] [110], [011], [101], [110], [011], [101]

MILLER INDICES FOR CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PLANES

Miller Indices for crystallographic planes are the reciprocals of the fractional intercepts (with fractions cleared) which the plane makes with the crystallographic x,y,z axes of the three nonparallel edges of the cubic unit cell. 4-Step Procedure: Find the intercepts that the plane makes with the three axes x,y,z. If the plane passes through origin change the origin or draw a parallel plane elsewhere (e.g. in adjacent unit cell) Take the reciprocal of the intercepts Remove fractions Enclose in ( )

1.

2. 3. 4.

Miller Indecies of Planes in Crystallogarphic Planes in Cubic System

Drawing Plane of known Miller Indices in a cubic unit cell

Draw (011) plane

Miller Indecies of Planes in Crystallogarphic Planes in Cubic System

Origin for B Origin for A

Origin for A

A = (I0)

B = (I22)

A = (2I)

B = (02)

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PLANES AND DIRECTIONS IN HEXAGONAL UNIT CELLS

Miller-Bravais indices -- same as Miller indices for cubic crystals except that there are 3 basal plane axes and 1 vertical axis. Basal plane -- close packed plane similar to the (1 1 1) FCC plane. contains 3 axes 120o apart.

Direction Indices in HCP Unit Cells

[uvtw] where t=-(u+v) Conversion from 3-index system to 4-index system:

[u v w ] [uvtw]
' ' '

1 ' ' u = (2u v ) 3 1 v = ( 2v ' u ' ) 3 t = (u + v) w=w

'

Miller-Bravais Indices for crystallographic directions in HCP

[011] = [1 2 1 3] [1-1-1] = [11 23] [-101] =[2113]

_ __

Miller-Bravais Indices for crystallographic planes in HCP

Miller-Bravais indices are h,k,i,l with i = -(h+k). Basal plane indices (0 0 0 1)
Intersecciones a1= -1 a2 = 0 c=0 Recprocos -1 0 0 ndices de Miller (-100) ndices de Miller-Bravais (-1010) donde i = -(h + k) Miller-

_ (1211)

Intersecciones a1= -1 a2 = 1/2 c=1 Recprocos -1 2 1 ndices de Miller (-121) ndices de MIller-Bravais (-12-11) donde i = -(h + k) MIller12-

Intersecciones a1= 1 a2 = 0 c= Recprocos 1 0 2 ndices de Miller (102) Indices de MIller-Bravais (10-12) donde i = -(h + k) MIller10-

Atomic Arrangement on (110) plane in FCC

Atomic Arrangement on (110) plane in BCC

Atomic arrangement on [110] direction in FCC

Linear and Planar Atomic Densities

Linear Density LD is defined as the number of atoms per unit length whose centers lie on the direction vector of a given crystallographic direction.

No. of atoms centered on direction LD = Length of direction vector

Linear Density
LD for [110] in BCC. No. of atom centered on the direction vector [110] = 1/2 +1/2 = 1 Length of direction vector [110] = 2 a a = 4R/ 3

1 1 3 LD = = = 2a 2 (4 R / 3 ) 4 R 2
[110] 2a

Linear Density
LD of [110] in FCC # of atom centered on the direction
vector [110] = 2 atoms Length of direction vector [110] = 4R

LD = 2 /4R

LD = 1/2R
Linear density can be defined as reciprocal of the repeat distance r LD = 1/r

Planar Density
Planar Density PD is defined as the number of atoms per unit area that are centered on a given crystallographic plane. No of atoms centered on the plane PD = Area of the plane

Planar Density of (110) plane in FCC

# of atoms centered on the plane (110) = 4(1/4) + 2(1/2) = 2 atoms Area of the plane = (4R)(2R 2) = 8R22
(111) Plane in FCC

2 atoms 1 PD110 = = 2 2 8R 2 4 R 2

a = 2R 2

4R

Closed Packed Crystal Structures

FCC and HCP both have: CN = 12 and APF = 0.74 APF= 0.74 is the most efficient packing. Both FCC and HCP have Closed Packed Planes FCC ----(111) plane is the Closed Packed Plane HCP ----(0001) plane is the Closed Packed Plane The atomic staking sequence in the above two structures is different from each other

Closed Packed Structures

Closed Packed Plane Stacking in HCP

Closed Packed Plane Stacking in FCC

Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials Single Crystals

For a crystalline solid, when the periodic and repeated arrangement of atoms is perfect or extends throughout the entirety of the specimen without interruption, the result is a single crystal. All unit cells interlock in the same way and have the same orientation. Single crystals exist in nature, but may also be produced artificially. They are ordinarily difficult to grow, because the environment must be carefully controlled. Example: Electronic microcircuits, which employ single crystals of silicon and other semiconductors.

Polycrystalline Materials
Polycrytalline Materials Polycrystalline crystalline solids composed of many small crystals or grains. Various stages in the solidification : a) Small crystallite nuclei Growth of the crystallites. b) Obstruction of some grains that are adjacent to one another is also shown. c) Upon completion of solidification, grains that are adjacent to one another is also shown. d) Grain structure as it would appear under the microscope.

Anisotropy
The physical properties of single crystals of some substances depend on the crystallographic direction in which the measurements are taken. For example, modulus of elasticity, electrical conductivity, and the index of refraction may have different values in the [100] and [111] directions. This directionality of properties is termed anisotropy. Substances in which measured properties are independent of the direction of measurement are isotropic.

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