Heavy Construction Heavy Construction

Lecture #20 Lecture #20

Post Post--tensioned Concrete: tensioned Concrete:
Design Principles Design Principles Design Principles Design Principles
ccourtesy of ourtesy of
Carlos Palomino (Suncoast Post Carlos Palomino (Suncoast Post--tension) tension)
SUNCOAST POST-TENSION
Suncoast was founded in 1983, and today we are the largest
supplier of fabricated, un-bonded post-tensioning materials
and services in the United States for buildings and
foundations.
We provide the specialty fabricated materials, equipment,
engineering support, and technical field services necessary
to meet any post-tensioned concrete structural job
requirements.
Suncoast currently operates 16 branch offices in the United
States. SCPT has the presence and capabilities to serve
projects in North, Central, and South America.
SAMPLES OF POST-TENSIONED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES CONCRETE STRUCTURES
This structure is a cylinder, square in plan. The rear rib is
supported by columns, and the front rib is essentially an arch
supported at the abutments, and at the crown, laterally, by
prestressing cables running across the top of the shell.
Pre-stressed arches at the Moscone Center - San Francisco
1981. Demonstrated effective use of prestressing to meet strict
architectural guidelines (spans of 275 ft)
THRUST RESISTED BY
PRESTRESSED CABLES
Arch under
gravity loads
Thrust forces
at base
Prestressed cables added at
foundation level
The Normandy Bridge - 1995. Built on the river Seine, near Le Havre (FR). At
the inauguration date, it was the worlds record of cable-stayed bridges with a
856-m span and a total length of 2141-m. The two towers are the world bridge's
highest ones in prestressed concrete. Also prestressed concrete main span
deck was utilized.
Falconhead Golf Course, Golf Green Cantilevered Slab (Bee Cave, TX). Bonded,
encapsulated post-tensioned slab (thickness: 32" at cantilever support. 18" at cantilever tip).
The main cantilevered slab spans 20 feet and is completed by a tip-cantilever which adds an
additional 8-foot span to the cantilevered slab
Pike at Rainbow Harbor
Parking Building Long
Beach California shows long Beach California shows long
cantilevered spiral ramps
built using post-tensioned
concrete
Calgary Olympic Oval-1988. First 400m covered speed skating
oval. Roof consists of a series of post-tensioned concrete arches
Juan Pachn Vicens Auditorium - sports venue in the city of Ponce, Puerto
Rico - Designed by T.Y.Lin and built on 1972. 138 ft cantilevered.
FOUR 8EA8ON8 FOUR 8EA8ON8 FOUR 8EA8ON8 FOUR 8EA8ON8
HOTEL HOTEL HOTEL HOTEL - -- - MAM MAM MAM MAM
8uperstructure. 8uperstructure. 8uperstructure. 8uperstructure. 8uperstructure. 8uperstructure. 8uperstructure. 8uperstructure.
Tallest tower Tallest tower Tallest tower Tallest tower
south of New south of New south of New south of New
York, 72 stories York, 72 stories York, 72 stories York, 72 stories
PT PROJECTS
Largest developments in
the U.S.A. are using post-
tensioned concrete slabs in
commercial buildings.
High Rise Commercial High Rise Commercial
(Condo units)
Office Buildings
Began in 1950 with pre-cast
lift-slabs
PT cast in place slabs
started in 1960s
EVERGLADE8 EVERGLADE8 EVERGLADE8 EVERGLADE8
ON THE BAY ON THE BAY ON THE BAY ON THE BAY ON THE BAY ON THE BAY ON THE BAY ON THE BAY
AX8 CONDO AX8 CONDO AX8 CONDO AX8 CONDO
AXIS CONDO
LATTUDE ON THE RVER LATTUDE ON THE RVER LATTUDE ON THE RVER LATTUDE ON THE RVER
AXIS CONDO
Courtesy of Brokers Cervera Real Estate
500 500 500 500
BRCKELL BRCKELL BRCKELL BRCKELL
AXIS CONDO
BRCKELL BRCKELL BRCKELL BRCKELL
OPERA OPERA OPERA OPERA
TOWER TOWER TOWER TOWER
Courtesy of Florida East Coast Realty
Behavior of concrete member
Concrete beam or slab
Span between supports
Loaded member
Deflection issue
Effect of the loading
Top face feels compression
Top length shortens
top
bot
Original member length
Bottom face feels tension
Bottom length increased
bot
Response of member
Top face feels compression
Bottom face feels tension
Concrete weak in tension
Starts cracking soon
If member is not
reinforced with steel
Cracks will continue to open
until
If member is not
reinforced with steel
Collapse is imminent
Now if member has rebar
Bottom reinforcement added
Bottom face feels tension
Cracks will still develop
Cracks will be smaller and controlled
Collapse is prevented
NOW IF THE MEMBER HAS
POST-TENSIONING
Top face feels compression
Bottom face feels tension
EFFECT OF THE LOADS
NOW IF THE MEMBER HAS
POST-TENSIONING
Possible TENSION at top face
Deflected shape
EFFECT OF THE POST-TENSIONING
OPPOSITE EFFECT FROM THE LOADS
Bottom face feels COMPRESSION
Cracks, deflections, loadings, behavior is controlled
by active reinforcement called post-tensioning.
W
prec
a
P P
W
load
T
T
Forces in the member after tendons are
stressed and anchored
T
a
P P
W
load
Reduced load
Final effective forces in the member after
tendons are stressed and anchored
ADVANTAGES
In summary, designer of a post-
tensioned structure has a great flexibility
in choosing the amount and location of in choosing the amount and location of
the prestressing steel to best resist the
anticipated loads and deflection.
Active reinforcement
POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE
Main Advantages:
Reduction of slab thickness (material savings).
Thinner slabs mean savings in time and labor.
Reduction of deflections.
Reduction of building height (cladding, mechanical, etc.)
Reduction of building weight (foundation savings). Reduction of building weight (foundation savings).
Because prestressing steel has higher strength than mild steel,
PT slabs are built with approximately 60 to 70% less steel (more
space for MEP installations).
Reduction of cracking due to permanent pre-compression, better
corrosion resistant
Architectural freedom of larger spans and irregular slab
geometries
Reduction in construction time since early stripping of formwork
is permitted
CONVENTIONALLY REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
- Regular Strength Concrete
- !nitial Crack occurs soon - !nitial Crack occurs soon
- Reinforcement = Steel Rebar
- F
Y
= 60 ksi (Typical)
- Passive Reinforcement
- After Concrete Cracks
- Stresses and Deformations have to occur before rebar
starts working
!N FLOOR SYSTENS:
Span Length is generally subject to deflection Span Length is generally subject to deflection
and punching shear issues:
-Typical (spanfslab thickness) Ratio = 28
Post-Tensioned Concrete Structures:
-High Strength Concrete -High Strength Concrete
-High Strength Strands (Tendons)
-F
y
= 250 ksi
Active Reinforcement
-!nduces Balanced stresses in concrete
-Efficient Design
PLAN CONCRETE MEMBER PLAN CONCRETE MEMBER PLAN CONCRETE MEMBER PLAN CONCRETE MEMBER
RENFORCED CONCRETE MEMBER RENFORCED CONCRETE MEMBER RENFORCED CONCRETE MEMBER RENFORCED CONCRETE MEMBER
PRE8TRE88ED MEMBER PRE8TRE88ED MEMBER PRE8TRE88ED MEMBER PRE8TRE88ED MEMBER
Design Concerns:
-Serviceability:
-Cracks
-Deflections
-Ninimum Rebar Requirements -Ninimum Rebar Requirements
-Safety:
-Collapse
-Strength:
Flexural
Shear
Basic Load Combinations:
Transfer 1.0 D.L. + 0 L.L. + 1.08 Pre-Stressing
Service 1.0 D.L. + 1.0 L.L. + 1.0 Pre-Stressing Service 1.0 D.L. + 1.0 L.L. + 1.0 Pre-Stressing
Safety 1.2 D.L. + 1.6 L.L. + 1.0 Pre-Stressing
Overload, Naterial Deficiencies:
Long Term 3.0 D.L. + 1.0 L.L. + 3.0 Pre-Stressing
Losses due to material behavior, creep, wedge seating,
shrinkage, long term creep, relaxation, etc.
Service Checks By ACIJ31S {Chapter 1S):
-Naximum stress at tensile fiber:
-6 fc (Two Way)
-12 fc (One way) -12 fc (One way)
!f Naximum Stress is Greater than 2 fc
Bonded Reinforcement is required at positive moment
Ninimum Reinforcement (for ductility and reduced crack width and
spacing)
Minimum Bonded Reinforcement Required
- Top Rebar @ supports A
s
= 0.00075 A
cf
- One Way Slab Nin. Rebar =0.00+ A - One Way Slab Nin. Rebar =0.00+ A
Strength Design {Factored):
MDemand
MResisting
vDemand
Results of structural
analysis
vProvided
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS
STRAIN COMPATIBILITY
MATERIAL STRENGTH
BANDED TENDON PERSPECTIVE
DISTRIBUTED TENDON PERSPECTIVE
TOP STRESSES AT POST-TENSIONED SLAB
One-way slab on beams or walls
Flat Plate
TYPE8 OF PO8T-TEN8ONED 8LAB8
Slab with wide shallow beams
Slab with column capitals
and drop panels
Waffle slab
Two way slab on beams
TYPE8 OF PO8T-TEN8ONED 8LAB8 {cont.}
One way slab with joists
General framing layout of pan joist system.
TYPE8 OF PO8T-TEN8ONED 8LAB8 {cont.}
Mat foundations
TYPE8 OF PO8T-TEN8ONED 8LAB8 {cont.}
Slabs on grade
STANDARD SYSTEM:
Usually utilized in non-aggressive environments. Tendon is coated with
corrosion inhibiting grease within a plastic sheathing by the process of extrusion.
ENCAPSULATED SYSTEM:
TYPES OF UNBONDED
P.T. SYSTEMS
System that provides watertight connection at all stressing and dead ends and
has the anchor cavity of the anchorage covered by a watertight cap. Provides
better corrosion resistance. Tendon is still coated with corrosion inhibiting
grease within a plastic sheathing by the process of extrusion.
Note:
Even though codes do not strictly mandate for one or another, we recommend
encapsulated, especially for parking structures (exposure condition, wide temperature
variations)
What does the code define as aggressive environment?
One in which structures are subject to direct or indirect applications of
deicing chemicals, seawater, brackish water, or spray from these
sources; structures in the immediate vicinity of seacoasts, and
structures where anchorage areas are in direct contact with soils.
TYPES OF UNBONDED
P.T. SYSTEMS
With the exception of those building located near the coast, nearly all
enclosed buildings (office, condos, apartments) are considered to be
non-aggressive environments.
As per PTI recommendations for Construction and Maintenance of
Concrete Parking Structures, and also as per ACI-362-Guide for Design
of Durable Parking Structures, Aggressive environments are defined
as areas within 5 miles of the Atlantic Ocean (Coastal Chloride Zone I)
and the Encapsulated System is recommended.