AM SLN 12 (E)

Chapter 12 Circles 179
CHAPTER 12 2. (a) By comparing the equation with the general

form, we have
Exercise 12A (p.295) D = −6 , E = −8 and F = 18
1. (a) The equation of the circle is D E −6 −8
The centre is ( − , − ) = ( − ,− )
2 2 2 2
( x − 2)2 + ( y − 1)2 = ( 5 )2 = (3, 4)
x − 4 x + 4 + y2 − 2 y + 1 = 5
2
x 2 + y2 − 4 x − 2 y = 0 1
Radius = D2 + E 2 − 4 F
2
Substitute x = 0 into the equation, 1
= ( −6)2 + ( −8)2 − 4(18)
( 0 ) 2 + y 2 − 4( 0 ) − 2 y = 0 2
y( y − 2 ) = 0 = 7
y = 0 or y = 2
(b) By comparing the equation with the general
∴ The points of intersections are (0, 0) and form, we have
(0, 2) . D = 6 , E = −2 and F = −15
(b) The equation of the circle is D E 6 −2
The centre is ( − , − ) = (− , − )
( x + 2) + ( y + 3) = 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= ( −3, 1)
x 2 + 4 x + 4 + y2 + 6y + 9 = 4
x 2 + y2 + 4 x + 6 y + 9 = 0 1
Radius = D2 + E 2 − 4 F
2
Substitute x = 0 into the equation, 1 2
= 6 + ( −2)2 − 4( −15)
( 0 ) 2 + y 2 + 4( 0 ) + 6 y + 9 = 0 2
( y + 3)2 = 0 =5
y = −3
(c) 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 − 4 x + 16 y − 94 = 0
∴ The point of intersection is (0, − 3) .
x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 8 y − 47 = 0
(c) The equation of the circle is
By comparing the equation with the general
( x + 3)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 32 form, we have
x 2 + 6 x + 9 + y2 − 4 y + 4 = 9 D = −2 , E = 8 and F = −47
x + y + 6x − 4y + 4 = 0
2 2
D E −2 −8
The centre is ( − , − ) = (− , )
2 2 2 2
Substitute x = 0 into the equation, = (1, − 4)
(0)2 + y 2 + 6(0) − 4 y + 4 = 0
1
( y − 2)2 = 0 Radius = D2 + E 2 − 4 F
y=2 2
1
∴ The point of intersection is (0, 2) . = ( −2)2 + 82 − 4( −47)
2
(d) The equation of the circle is =8
( x − 2)2 + ( y + 2)2 = ( 8 )2 (d) By comparing the equation with the general

form, we have
x 2 − 4 x + 4 + y2 + 4 y + 4 = 8
D = 0 , E = 10 and F = 16
x 2 + y2 − 4 x + 4 y = 0 D E 10
The centre is ( − , − ) = (0, − )
Substitute x = 0 into the equation, 2 2 2
= (0, − 5)
( 0 ) 2 + y 2 − 4( 0 ) + 4 y = 0
y( y + 4 ) = 0 Radius =
1
D2 + E 2 − 4 F
y = 0 or y = −4 2
1 2
∴ The points of intersection are (0, 0) and = 0 + 10 2 − 4(16)
2
(0, − 4) . =3
180 Chapter 12 Circles
3. Let P(x, y) be a point on the circle, ( x 1, x 2 ) be The equation of the circle is

1 13
the centre and r be the radius. ( x − )2 + ( y + 3)2 =
As the centre is the mid-point of a diameter, 2 4
7 −1 3 −1 4 x + 4 y − 4 x + 24 y + 24 = 0
2 2
∴ x1 = = 3 , y1 = =1 x 2 + y2 − x + 6 y + 6 = 0
2 2
r 2 = (7 − 3)2 + (3 − 1)2
7. The radius is equal to the distance from the centre
= 42 + 22 to the given line
= 20
−1 − 2(3) + 2
∴ The equation of the circle is r= = 5
12 + 2 2
( x − 3)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 20 The equation of the circle is
x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 2 y − 10 = 0 ( x + 1)2 + ( y − 3)2 = ( 5 )2
x 2 + y2 + 2 x − 6y + 5 = 0
4. Let P(x, y) be a point on the circle, ( x 1, x 2 ) be
the centre and r be the radius. 8. D = −4 , E = −6
1
As the centre is the mid-point of a diameter, Radius = ( −4)2 + ( −6)2 − 4 F
2a b+b 2
∴ x1 = = a , y1 = =b 16 + 36 − 4 F > 0
2 2
F < 13
r 2 = ( a − 0)2 + (b − b)2
= a2 9. Let the equation be
∴ The equation of the circle is x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 ...........................(1)
( x − a)2 + ( y − b)2 = a 2 Substitute (0, 1), (2, −3) and (−4, −1) into (1),
x + y − 2 ax − 2 by + b = 0
2 2 2
(0)2 + 12 + D(0) + E(1) + F = 0
E + F + 1 = 0 .....................(2)
(2)2 + ( −3)2 + (2) D + ( −3) E + F = 0
5. Let r be the radius of the circle.
2 D − 3E + F + 13 = 0 ..............(3)
r 2 = ( 4 − 3)2 + (2 − 1)2 ( −4)2 + ( −1)2 + ( −4) D + ( −1) E + F = 0
= 1 +1
2 2
−4 D − E + F + 17 = 0 ..........(4)
=2 By solving (2), (3) and (4), we have
The equation of the circle is D = 2 , E = 4 and F = −5
( x − 3)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 2 ∴ The equation of the circle is
x 2 + y2 − 6 x − 2 y + 8 = 0 x 2 + y2 + 2 x + 4 y − 5 = 0 .
10. Let the equation be

6. D = −1, E = 6 , F = −12
x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 ...........................(1)
D E
Centre = ( − , − ) Substitute (1, 3), (1, 5) and (−2, 6) into (1),
2 2
−1 6 12 + 32 + D + 3E + F = 0
= (− , − )
2 2 D + 3E + F + 10 = 0 ...............................(2)
1
= ( , − 3) 12 + 52 + D + 5 E + F = 0
2 D + 5 E + F + 26 = 0 ..............................(3)
Let r be the radius of the circle
( −2)2 + 6 2 + ( −2) D + 6 E + F = 0
1 −2 D + 6 E + F + 40 = 0 ..................(4)
r 2 = (2 − )2 + ( −4 + 3)2
2 By solving (2), (3) and (4), we have
3 2
= ( ) +1 D = 2 , E = −8 and F = 12
2
13 ∴ The equation of the circle is
=
4 x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 8 y + 12 = 0 .
11. Let the equation be 15. Let (h, k) be the centre and r be the radius,
x + y + Dx + Ey + F = 0 ...........................(1)
2 2
then r = 2 , h = 2 or −2
Suppose (2, 2), (1, 1), (4, −2) and (5, 1) satisfy h + 2k − 4 = 0
(1), when h = 2 , k = 1
2 D + 2 E + F + 8 = 0 .....................................(2) when h = −2 , k = 3
D + E + F + 2 = 0 ........................................(3) The equation of the circle is
4 D − 2 E + F + 20 = 0 ...................................(4)
( x − 2)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 2 2
5 D + E + F + 26 = 0 .....................................(5)
or ( x + 2)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 2 2
By solving (2), (3), (4) and (5), we have
D = −6 , E = 0 and F = 4 , it has a solution. x 2 + y2 − 4 x − 2 y + 1 = 0
∴ (2, 2), (1, 1), (4, −2), and (5, 1) are concyclic. or x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 6 y + 9 = 0
12. Let (h, k) be the centre, then

16. (a) D = −2 , E = −2 , F = −7
3h + k = 0 .............................................(1)
D E −2 −2
(h + 3)2 + ( k − 4)2 = (h − 5)2 + k 2 The centre is ( − , − ) = ( − ,− )
2 2 2 2
16h − 8k = 0 = (1, 1)
k = 2 h ..........................(2)
1
Solve (1), (2), h = 0 , k = 0 Radius = D2 + E 2 − 4 F
2
The circle is 1 2
( x − 0 ) 2 + ( y − 0 ) 2 = (5 − 0 ) 2 + ( 0 − 0 ) 2 = 2 + 2 2 − 4( −7)
2
x 2 + y 2 − 25 = 0 =3
The distance between P and centre
13. Let r be the radius. Since the circle touches both
axes, the circle with centre (r, r). = (3 − 1)2 + (0 − 1)2
( x − r )2 + ( y − r )2 = r 2 = 5
<3
Substitute x = 8, y = 1 into the above equation,
∴ P(3, 0) lies inside the circle.
(8 − r )2 + (1 − r )2 = r 2
(b) Centre of C = (1, 1)
r 2 − 18r + 65 = 0
The equation of the circle is
(r − 5)(r − 13) = 0
r = 5 or r = 13 ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 1)2 = ( 5 )2
The equation of circle is
x 2 + y2 − 2 x − 2 y − 3 = 0
x 2 + y 2 − 10 x − 10 y + 25 = 0
or x 2 + y 2 − 26 x − 26 y + 169 = 0
17. (a) Let (x, y) be the intersection between the
perpendicular bisector and AC.
14. Let the centre be (5, k), then
( x − 3)2 + ( y − 1)2 = ( x + 1)2 + ( y + 1)2
( x − 5)2 + ( y − k )2 = 52
−8 x − 4 y + 8 = 0
Substitute (1, −4) into the above equation, 2x + y − 2 = 0
(1 − 5)2 + ( −4 − k )2 = 52 (b) Mid-point of AC :
( k + 4)2 = 9 3 −1 1−1
k = −7 or −1 ( , ) = (1, 0)
The equation of the circle is 2 2
Radius :
( x − 5)2 + ( y + 7)2 = 52
r 2 = (3 − 1)2 + (1 − 0)2 = 5
or ( x − 5)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 52
x 2 + y 2 − 10 x + 14 y + 49 = 0
( x − 1)2 + y 2 = 5
or x + y − 10 x + 2 y + 1 = 0
2 2
x 2 + y2 − 2 x − 4 = 0
2 x + y − 2 = 0 ...................(1) (h − 1)2 + ( k − 2)2 = (h + 1)2 + ( k + 2)2

(c)  2
−4h − 8k = 0
 x + y − 2 x − 4 = 0 ..........(2)
2
From (1), y = 2 − 2 x ...........(3) h + 2 k = 0 ................(2)

Substitute (3) into (2), Solving (1) and (2), h = −2 , k = 1
x 2 + (2 − 2 x ) 2 − 2 x − 4 = 0 ∴ r 2 = ( −2 − 1)2 + (1 − 2)2 = 10
5 x ( x − 2) = 0 The equation of the circle is
x = 0 or x = 2
∴ y = 2 or y = −2 ( x + 2)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 10
∴ B is (0, 2) , D is (2, − 2) . x 2 + y2 + 4 x − 2 y − 5 = 0
22. Let (h, k) be the centre and r be the radius,

18. Let (h, k) be the centre, then
then,
(h + 1)2 + ( k − 1)2 = 32 ...........................(1) k = − r ......................................(1)

(h − 2) + ( k − 4) = 3 .........................(2)
2 2 2
(h + 2)2 + ( k + 1)2 = (h − 4)2 + ( k + 1)2
Solving (1) and (2), h = −1 , k = 4 or h = 2 , k = 1 12 h = 12
The equation of the circle is h = 1 ................(2)
( x + 1)2 + ( y − 4)2 = 32 r 2 = (h + 2)2 + ( k + 1)2

Substitute (1) and (2) into the above equation,
or ( x − 2)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 32
k 2 = (1 + 2)2 + ( k + 1)2
x 2 + y2 + 2 x − 8y + 8 = 0
2 k + 10 = 0
or x 2 + y2 − 4 x − 2 y − 4 = 0 k = −5, ∴ r = 5
19. Let r be the radius, ( x − 1)2 + ( y + 5)2 = 5 2
then the centre is (1 − r, 1 − r ) . x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 10 y + 1 = 0
( x − 1 + r) + ( y − 1 + r) = r
2 2 2
Substitute (0, −1) into the above equation, 23. (a) D = −4 k , E = 2 k , F = 3k 2 − k

(r − 1)2 + (r − 2)2 = r 2 Let r be the radius.
r 2 − 6r + 5 = 0 r=
1
D2 + E 2 − 4 F < 1
(r − 1)(r − 5) = 0 2
r = 1 or r = 5 D2 + E 2 − 4 F < 2
The equation of the circle is Condition 1 :
x 2 + y2 = 1 or ( x + 4)2 + ( y + 4)2 = 52
16k 2 + 4 k 2 − 4(3k 2 − k ) < 2
x + y − 1 = 0 or x + y + 8 x + 8 y + 7 = 0
2 2 2 2
16k 2 + 4 k 2 − 12 k 2 + 4 k < 4
8k 2 + 4 k − 4 < 0
20. Let (h, 0) be the centre, then
0 −1 2k 2 + k − 1 < 0
( )(2) = −1 ( k + 1)(2 k − 1) < 0
h −1
h=3 1
−1 < k <
2
∴ r 2 = (3 − 1)2 + (0 − 1)2 = 5 Condition 2 :
The equation of the circle is D2 + E 2 − 4 F > 0
( x − 3)2 + y 2 = 5 16k 2 + 4 k 2 − 4(3k 2 − k ) > 0
x 2 + y2 − 6 x + 4 = 0 2k 2 + k > 0
k (2 k + 1) > 0
1
21. Let (h, k) be the centre, then k<− or k > 0
k+2 1 2
( )( ) = −1 Combining the results,
h +1 3 1 1
3(h + 1) + ( k + 2) = 0 −1 < k < − or 0 < k <
3h + k + 5 = 0...................(1) 2 2
D E Case 2:
(b) The centre = ( − ,− ) Centre = ( − r, r )
2 2
−4 k 2k −3r + 4r − 12
= (− ,− ) =r
2 2 5
= (2 k , − k ) r − 12 = ±5r
y r = 2 or r = −3 (rejected)
1 ( x + 2)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 2 2
x 2 + y2 + 4 x − 4 y + 4 = 0
Case 3:
x
−1 O 1
Centre = (r, − r )
3r − 4r − 12
=r
5
−1 − r − 12 = ±5r
r = 3 or r = −2 (rejected)
x − 2y − 3 x − 2 y − 13 ( x − 3)2 + ( y + 3)2 = 32
24. (a) =−
5 5 x 2 + y2 − 6 x + 6 y + 9 = 0
x − 2y − 8 = 0
2
x − 2y − 8 = 0 ( −2) + 2(1) − 5
(b) Solve  26. r 2 = + (1)2 = 5 + 1 = 6
3 x − y − 14 = 0 5
The intersection is ( 4, − 2) .
P
(c) The centre is (4, −2) r
1
1 10 (−2, 1)
r= = 5
2 5
The equation of the circle is Q
( x − 4)2 + ( y + 2)2 = 5 The equation of the circle is
x 2 + y 2 − 8 x + 4 y + 15 = 0
( x + 2)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 6
x 2 + y2 + 4 x − 2 y − 1 = 0
25. The circle may be in quadrant I, II or IV.
Let r be the radius, then the centre is (r, r), (−r, r)
and (r, −r) respectively.
Exercise 12B (p.308)
Case 1:
Centre = (r, r )  x + y − 2 = 0...................................(1)
1. (a)  2
 x + y − 4 x + 6 y + 8 = 0 ................(2)
2
3r + 4r − 12
=r From (1), y = 2 − x ..........................(3)
5
7r − 12 = ±5r Substitute (3) into (2),
r = 1 or r = 6 x 2 + (2 − x )2 − 4 x + 6(2 − x ) + 8 = 0
2 x 2 − 14 x + 24 = 0
( x − 1) + ( y − 1) = 1
2 2
x 2 − 7 x + 12 = 0
or ( x − 6) + ( y − 6) = 6
2 2 2
( x − 3)( x − 4) = 0
x 2 + y2 − 2 x − 2 y + 1 = 0 x = 3 or x=4
y = −1 or y = −2
or x 2 + y 2 − 12 x − 12 y + 36 = 0
∴ The intersections are (3, − 1) and ( 4, − 2) .
3 x − y − 3 = 0 .................................(1)  x 2 + y 2 = 100.................................(1)
(b)  2 5. (a) 
 x + y + 2 x − 8 y + 7 = 0 ................(2)  x + 2 y = 10 ....................................(2)
2
From (1), y = 3 x − 3.........................(3) From (1), x = 10 − 2 y ......................(3)

Substitute (3) into (2), Substitute (3) into (1),
x 2 + (3 x − 3)2 + 2 x − 8(3 x − 3) + 7 = 0 (10 − 2 y)2 + y 2 = 100
10 x 2 − 40 x + 40 = 0 5 y 2 − 40 y = 0
x2 − 4x + 4 = 0 y( y − 8) = 0
y=0 or y = 8
( x − 2)2 = 0
x = 10
or x = −6
x=2
y=3 ∴ L intersects C at two points.
∴ The intersection is (2, 3) . (b) (i) E is the mid-point of AB
10 − 6 0 + 8
x − 2 y + 4 = 0.................................(1) ) = (2, 4)
(c)  2
( ,
2 2
 x + y − 4 x + 3 = 0 .......................(2)
2
(ii) (Slope of L)(Slope of DF) = −1
From (1), x = 2 y − 4 ........................(3)
1
Substitute (3) into (2), ( − ) (Slope of DF) = −1
2
( 2 y − 4 ) 2 + y 2 − 4( 2 y − 4 ) + 3 = 0 Slope of DF = 2
5 y 2 − 24 y + 35 = 0 Equation of DF is
D = ( −24)2 − 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 35 = −124 < 0 y − 4 = 2( x − 2 )
2x − y = 0
∴ There is no intersection point.
2 x − y = 0 ...............................(4)
2. D = −4 , E = 6  2
 x + y = 100 .........................(5)
2
D E −4 6 From (4), y = 2 x ......................(6)
Centre = ( − , − ) = ( − , − ) = (2, − 3)
2 2 2 2 Substitute (6) into (5),
2 + 3( −3) − 3 −10
Radius = = = 10 x 2 + (2 x )2 = 100
10 10
5 x 2 = 100
 x − 3 y = 0.............................................(1) x = 2 5 or x = −2 5
3.  2
 x + y − 6 x − 2 y + k = 0.......................(2)
2
y = 4 5 or y = −4 5
From (1), x = 3 y ....................................(3) ∴ D is (2 5 , 4 5 ) ,
Substitute (3) into (2),
F is ( −2 5 , − 4 5 ) .
(3 y)2 + y 2 − 6(3 y) − 2 y + k = 0
Q A is (−6, 8), B is (10, 0).
10 y 2 − 20 y + k = 0
AB2 = (10 + 6)2 + (0 − 8)2
Q They have two intersections. = 320
∴ Discriminant > 0
4 DE ⋅ EF = 4 (2 5 − 2)2 + ( 4 5 − 4)2
( −20)2 − 4(10)( k ) > 0
k < 10 (2 + 2 5 ) 2 + ( 4 + 4 5 ) 2
= 4 ⋅ 2 5 ( 5 − 1) ⋅ 2 5 (1 + 5 )
 x + 3 y − 2 = 0 .......................................(1) = 320
4.  2
 x + y − 8 x − 12 y + 12 = 0 ...................(2)
2
∴ AB2 = 4 DE ⋅ EF
From (1), x = 2 − 3 y ...............................(3)
6. (a) Let m be the slope of the tangent.
The equation of the tangent is
(2 − 3 y)2 + y 2 − 8(2 − 3 y) − 12 y + 12 = 0
y − 2 = m( x − 1)
10 y 2 = 0 y = m( x − 1) + 2 ..........................(1)
y=0
x=2 x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 2 y − 5 = 0..................(2)
∴ They intersect at one point.
Substitute (1) into (2), 7. Let the equations of the lines be

x + [ m( x − 1) + 2] − 4 x
2 2
x + y + k = 0 ......................(1)
+ 2[ m( x − 1) + 2] − 5 = 0
x 2 + y2 − 6 x − 4 y + 5 = 0
x + m x − 2 m x + 4 mx + m − 4 m
2 2 2 2 2
( x − 3)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 8
+ 4 − 4 x + 2 mx − 2 m + 4 − 5 = 0
(1 + m 2 ) x 2 + ( −2 m 2 + 6 m − 4) x ∴ Centre = (3, 2) , radius = 8
+ m 2 − 6m + 3 = 0 3+2+ k
= 8
If (1) is a tangent, the discriminant of the 2
above equation is zero. k + 5 = ±4
( −2 m 2 + 6 m − 4)2 k = −1 or k = −9
− 4(1 + m 2 )( m 2 − 6 m + 3) = 0 x + y − 1 = 0 or x + y − 9 = 0
4 m 4 − 24 m 3 + 52 m 2 − 48m + 16
− 4 m 4 + 24 m 3 − 16 m 2 + 24 m − 12 = 0 8. Let the equations of the lines be
36 m − 24 m + 4 = 0
2
5 x + 12 y + k = 0 ................(1)
9m 2 − 6m + 1 = 0 x 2 + y 2 + 16 x − 8 y − 89 = 0
(3m − 1) = 0 2
( x + 8)2 + ( y − 4)2 = 169
1
m= ∴ Centre = ( −8, 4) , radius = 13
3
∴ The equation of the tangent is 5( −8) + 12( 4) + k
1 = 13
y = ( x − 1) + 2 13
3 k + 8 = ±169
x − 3y + 5 = 0
k = 161 or k = −177
(b) Let m be the slope of the tangent.
The equation of the tangent is 5 x + 12 y + 161 = 0 or 5 x + 12 y − 177 = 0
y + 5 = m( x + 3)
y = m( x + 3) − 5 ..........................(1) 9. Let m be the slope of the tangent.
x + y + 2 x + 8 y + 12 = 0 ................(2)
2 2 The equation of the tangent is
Substitute (1) into (2), y + 4 = m( x + 2 )
mx − y + (2 m − 4) = 0 ...........(1)
x + [ m( x + 3) − 5] + 2 x
2 2
+ 8[ m( x + 3) − 5] + 12 = 0 x 2 + y2 − 6 x − 2 y = 0
x 2 + m 2 x 2 + 6 m 2 x − 10 mx + 9m 2 ( x − 3)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 10
− 30 m + 25 + 2 x + 8mx + 24 m − 40 + 1 = 0 Centre = (3, 1) , radius = 10
(1 + m 2 ) x 2 + (6 m 2 − 2 m + 2) x If (1) is a tangent, the distance from the centre to
+ 9m 2 − 6m − 3 = 0 (1) is equal to the radius.
If (1) is a tangent, the discriminant of the
m(3) − 1 + (2 m − 4)
above equation is zero. = 10
(6 m 2 − 2 m + 2 ) 2 m2 + 1
− 4(1 + m 2 )(9m 2 − 6 m − 3) = 0 (5m − 5)2 = 10( m 2 + 1)
36 m 4 − 24 m 3 + 28m 2 − 8m + 4 25m 2 − 50 m + 25 = 10 m 2 + 10
− 36 m 4 + 24 m 3 − 24 m 2 + 24 m + 12 = 0 3m 2 − 10 m + 3 = 0
(3m − 1)( m − 3) = 0
4 m 2 + 16 m + 16 = 0
1
m2 + 4m + 4 = 0 m= or m = 3
3
( m + 2)2 = 0 The equation of the tangent is
m = −2
∴ The equation of the tangent is 1
y+4= ( x + 2) or y + 4 = 3( x + 2)
y = −2( x + 3) − 5 3
2 x + y + 11 = 0 x − 3 y − 10 = 0 or 3x − y + 2 = 0
10. x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 2 y − 20 = 0 Centre = ( −3, 0) , radius = 5

Tangent at P(1, 5), x 2 + y2 − 2 x + 4 y = 0
x + 5 y + 2( x + 1) − ( y + 5) − 20 = 0 ( x − 1)2 + ( y + 2)2 = 5
3 x + 4 y − 23 = 0 ........................(1) Centre = (1, − 2) , radius = 5
Tangent at Q(2, −2) Distance between centres
2 x − 2 y + 2( x + 2) − ( y − 2) − 20 = 0 = [1 − ( −3)]2 + ( −2 − 0)2
4 x − 3 y − 14 = 0 ........................(2)
= 20
Solving (1) and (2), the intersection is (5, 2) . =2 5
= sum of radii
11. Let m be the slope of tangent, then ∴ Two circles touch each other externally.
y + 1 = m( x + 3)
mx − y + (3m − 1) = 0 .................(1) 15. Let C1 and C 2 be the given circles
x + y − 4 x − 8 y + 15 = 0
2 2
C1 : x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 2 y − 16 = 0
( x − 2)2 + ( y − 4)2 = 5
( x − 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 18
Centre = (2, 4) , radius = 5
Centre is (1, −1), radius = 3 2
m(2) − ( 4) + (3m − 1)
= 5 C 2 : x 2 + y 2 − 10 x − 6 y + 32 = 0
m2 + 1
( x − 5)2 + ( x − 3)2 = 2
5m − 5
= 5 Centre is (5, 3), radius = 2
m2 + 1
Distance between two centres
5( m − 1)2 = m 2 + 1
4 m 2 − 10 m + 4 = 0 (5 − 1)2 + (3 + 1)2
2 m 2 − 5m + 2 = 0 =4 2
(2 m − 1)( m − 2) = 0 =3 2 + 2
1 = sum of radii
m = or m = 2
2 ∴ Two circles touch each other externally.
2 − 12 3 Substitute (4, 2) into C1 ,
tan θ = =
1 + 2 ⋅ 12 4 L.H.S. = 4 2 + 2 2 − 2( 4) + 2(2) − 16
θ = 36.9° (corr. to 3 sig. fig.) =0
12. (a) The length of the tangent = R.H.S.
Substitute (4, 2) into C 2 ,
12 + 32 + 4(1) + 2(3) − 2 = 18 = 3 2
L.H.S. = 4 2 + 2 2 − 10( 4) − 6(2) + 32
(b) 3 x + 3 y + 2 x + 7 y − 6 = 0
2 2
=0
2 7 = R.H.S.
x 2 + y2 + x + y − 2 = 0
3 3
∴ The point (4, 2) lies on both C1 and C 2 .
The length of the tangent
∴ Two circles touch each other at ( 4, 2) .
2 7
( −2)2 + 1 + ( −2) + − 2 = 2
3 3 16. x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 2 y − 3 = 0
( x − 2)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 8
13. ( −1) + 2 − 6( −1) − 2(2) + F = 3
2 2
Centre = (2, − 1) , radius = 8
7+ F = 9 Radius of the required circle
F=2
= (7 − 2)2 + ( 4 + 1)2 − 8
14. x + y + 6 x + 4 = 0
2 2
=5 2 −2 2
( x + 3)2 + y 2 = 5 =3 2
∴ The equation of the required circle is

(b) AB = ( −1)2 + ( −4)2 − 8( −1) − 2( −4) + 12
( x − 7)2 + ( y − 4)2 = (3 2 )2
= 45
x 2 + y 2 − 14 x − 8 y + 47 = 0
=3 5
17. x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 2 y − 7 = 0 (c) y
( x − 1) + ( y + 1) = 9
2 2
∴ Centre is (1, −1), radius is 3.

C (1, 4)
The length between both centres of circles is D
1 − ( −1) = 2 B
∴ The radius of smaller circle = 3 − 2 = 1.

∴ The equation of the required circle is x
( x + 1) + ( y + 1) = 1
2 2 2
x + y2 + 2 x + 2 y + 1 = 0
2
18. 5 x − y − a = 0 .........................................(1) A (−1, −4)
3 x + 3 y − 2 x + 4 y + b = 0 .....................(2)
2 2
Area of ABCD
The tangent to (2) at (c, −1) is 1
= 2[ ( 5 )(3 5 )] = ( 5 )(3 5 ) = 15
3cx + 3( −1) y − ( x + c) + 2( y − 1) + b = 0 2
(3c − 1) x − y + (b − c − 2) = 0 ...................(3)
21. (a) Let f ( x, y) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 15
Compare (3) with (1),
3c − 1 = 5 f (0, − 2) = 0 2 + ( −2)2 + 2(0) − 15
∴ c=2 = −11
b − c − 2 = −a <0
Substitute c = 2 , a + b = 4 .....................(4) ∴ The point (0, −2) lies inside the circle.
Substitute (2, −1) into (1), (b) Equation of line L is
5(2) − ( −1) − a = 0 y + 2 = m( x − 0 )
a = 11 y = mx − 2
Substitute a = 11 into (4), b = −7
∴ a = 11 , b = −7 , c = 2  2
(c)  x + y + 2 x − 15 = 0
2 ......................(1)
 y = mx − 2 .....................................(2)
19. (a) Centres are (−3, 4) and (6, 1)
Let (0, b) be the point of contact, then it lies
on the line joining the centres. x 2 + ( mx − 2)2 + 2 x − 15 = 0
(1 + m 2 ) x 2 + (2 − 4 m) x − 11 = 0 ........(3)
1− b 1− 4
= Let A( x 1, y 1 ) and B( x 2 , y 2 ) be the intersections.
6 6+3
1 − b = −2 Then x 1 and x 2 are the roots of (3).
b=3 4m − 2
∴ x1 + x2 =
∴ The point of contact is (0, 3) . 1 + m2
(b) Substitute (0, 3) into the given circles, 1 2m − 1
( x1 + x2 ) =
0 2 + 32 + 6 ⋅ 0 − 8 ⋅ 3 + k1 = 0
2 1 + m2
k1 = 15 1 1
( y1 + y2 ) = ( mx1 − 2 + mx2 − 2)
2 2
0 2 + 32 − 12 ⋅ 0 − 2 ⋅ 3 + k2 = 0 1
k2 = −3 = [ m( x1 + x2 ) − 4]
2
1 4m − 2
20. (a) x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 2 y + 12 = 0 = [ m( ) − 4]
2 1 + m2
( x − 4)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 5 −m − 2
=
C = ( 4, 1) , radius = 5 1 + m2
2m − 1 −m − 2 14 8 E 2 25
The mid-point is ( , ). ∴ (+ ) − 4( )(25 + 8 E ) = 0
1 + m2 1 + m2 3 3 9
Let M(x, y) be the mid-point of AB. ∴ E = 12 or −3
∴ The required equation is
 x = 2 m − 1 ..............................(1)
 1 + m2 x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 24 y + 9 = 0
∴  − m − 2 .............................(2) x 2 + y2 − 6 x − 6 y + 9 = 0
y = or
 1 + m2
y+2
(1) x 2 m − 1 2( x ) − 1 24. (a) (i) ( x − 0)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 1
, = =
(2 ) y − m − 2 −( y + 2 ) − 2 Centre of C is (0, 1) , radius = 1
x
(2 y + 4 − x ) y ( − y − 2 − 2 x ) x
= (ii) Radius of K is t.
x x
Distance between centres = sum of radii
2 y 2 + 4 y − xy = − xy − 2 x − 2 x 2
(0 − s)2 + (1 − t )2 = 1 + t
x 2 + y2 + x + 2 y = 0
∴ s 2 + 1 − 2t + t 2 = 1 + 2t + t 2
s 2 = 4t
22. (a) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 6 y + 5 = 0 ..................(1) (b) Let C1 be the required circle.
( x + 1)2 + ( y + 3)2 = 5 p2
C = ( −1, − 3) Let ( p, ) be the centre of C1 .
4
y−2 y+3 p2
(b) ( )( ) = −1 ∴ radius =
x − 4 x +1 4
( x − 4)( x + 1) + ( y − 2)( y + 3) = 0 6 2 p2 2 2 p2
Also, ( p − ) + ( − ) = ( )2
5 4 5 4
x 2 + y 2 − 3 x + y − 10 = 0 ..................(2) p2 − 3 p + 2 = 0
p = 1 or 2
(c) P, Q are the intersection of (1) and (2).
∴ PQ is the common chord (1) and (2). For p = 2 , equation of K is
1 1
(1) − (2), 5 x + 5 y + 15 = 0 ( x − 1)2 + ( y − )2 = .
x+ y+3= 0 4 16
For p = 2 , equation of K is
23. (a) Since C touches x-axis at (3, 0), ( x − 2)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 1 .
Substitute y = 0 into C,
(c) Distance between centres
∴ x 2 + 2 Dx + F = 0 has the equal root 3.
1
∴ ( x − 3)2 ≡ x 2 + 2 Dx + F = (2 − 1)2 + (1 − )2
4
x 2 − 6 x + 9 ≡ x 2 + 2 Dx + F 9
6 = 1+
∴ D = − = −3 16
2 25
F=9 =
16
(b) Since C touches the line 5
L : 3 y − 4 x = 12 , =
4
4 1
substitute y = x + 4 into C, Sum of radii = 1 +
3 4
5
4 4 =
x 2 + ( x + 4)2 − 6 x + 2 E( x + 4) + 9 = 0 4
3 3
25 2 14 8 E ∴ The two circles obtained in (b) touch each
x +( + ) x + (25 + 8 E ) = 0 other externally. Since both circles pass
9 3 3 through B, therefore B is the point of
Since C touches L, contact.
∴ the above equation has equal roots.
25. (a) C1 : x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 4 y + 4 = 0 12 x + 5 y − 35 = 0 .....................(1)

(ii)  2
Centre is (1, 2), radius = 1.  x + y − 4 x + 6 y + 9 = 0 .........(2)
2
y-axis is a tangent of C1 . 1
From (1), y = (35 − 12 x ) .........(3)
5
C 2 : x 2 + y2 − 4 x + 6 y + 9 = 0
Centre is (2, −3), radius = 2. 1
x 2 + [ (35 − 12 x )]2 − 4 x
y-axis is a tangent of C 2 . 5
1
∴ y-axis is a common tangent of C1 and + 6[ (35 − 12 x )] + 9 = 0
5
C2 .
169 x 2 − 1 300 x + 2 500 = 0
(b) An equation of the line is D = ( −1 300)2 − 4(169)(2 500)
−3 − 2 =0
y−2= ( x − 1)
2 −1 ∴ T intersects C2 .
− y + 2 = 5x − 5
5x + y − 7 = 0 x+y−4 x−y−2
26. (a) d1 = , d2 = ,
Substitute x = 0 . ∴ y = 7. 2 2
x+ y−6 x−y
∴ The required point is (0, 7) . d3 = , d4 =
2 2
(c) (i) y
Q d12 + d2 2 + d32 + d4 2 = 2 k
(0, 7)
∴ x+y−4 2 x−y−2 2
( ) +( )
2 2
θθ (1, 2) x+ y−6 2 x−y 2
π +( ) +( ) = 2k
+ 2θ 2 2
θ 2
x
O x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy − 8 x − 8 y + 16 + x 2
(2, −3) + y 2 − 2 xy − 4 x + 4 y + 4 + x 2 + y 2
+ 2 xy − 12 x − 12 y + 36 + x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 = 4 k
T
4 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 24 x − 16 y + 56 = 4 k
2 −1 1 x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 4 y + 14 = k
tan θ = =
3+2 5
2 tan θ (b) x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 4 y + 14 − k = 0
tan 2θ =
1 − tan 2 θ D = −6 , E = −4 and F = 14 − k
2
∴ D2 + E 2 − 4 F > 0
= 5
1 − 25
1 36 + 16 − 4(14 − k ) > 0
2 25 −4 + 4 k > 0
= ⋅ k >1
5 24
5
=  x − y = 0 ........................................(1)
12 (c)  2
 x + y − 6 x − 4 y + 14 = k ..............(2)
2
π
Slope of T = tan( + 2θ) From (1), x = y ...............................(3)
2
= − cot 2θ Substitute (3) into (2),
=−
12 2 x 2 − 10 x + 14 − k = 0
5 Q L 4 touches the circle.
∴ Equation of T is
∴ D=0
12
y − 7 = − ( x − 0) 10 2 − 4(2)(14 − k ) = 0
5
5 y − 35 = −12 x 8k = 12
12 x + 5 y − 35 = 0 k = 1.5
27. No solution is provided for the H.K.C.E.E.

question because of the copyright reasons. 3. x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 6 y + F = 0 .......................(1)
( x + 1)2 + ( y + 3)2 = 10 − F
Exercise 12C (p.316) Centre = ( −1, − 3) , radius = 10 − F

(a) Substitute (0, −2) into (1),
1. The family of circle is x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 4 y + F = 0 .
0 2 + ( −2)2 + 2(0) + 6( −2) + F = 0
(a) It passes through the origin, F = 0 F=8
∴ The equation of the circle is
(b) x + 2 y + 2 = 0
x 2 + y2 + 4 x − 4 y = 0 x = −2 y − 2 .........................(2)
1 2 Substitute (2) into (1),
(b) Radius = 4 + 4 2 − 4 F = 10
2 ( −2 y − 2)2 + y 2 + 2( −2 y − 2) + 6 y + F = 0
32 − 4 F = 40 5 y 2 + 10 y + F = 0
F = −2
D=0
10 2 − 4(5)( F ) = 0
x 2 + y2 + 4 x − 4 y − 2 = 0 F=5
(c) 32 + 12 + 4 ⋅ 3 − 4 ⋅ 1 + F = 5 (c) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 2 y = 0
18 + F = 25 ( x − 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 2
F=7
Centre = (1, − 1) , radius = 2
Distance between centres = 2 2
x 2 + y2 + 4 x − 4 y + 7 = 0
2 2 = 10 − F ± 2
10 − F = 2 or 10 − F = 3 2
2. (a) ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 7)2 = k 2 , ( k > 0) where k is the
10 − F = 2 or 10 − F = 18
radius.
F=8 or F = −8
∴ The equation of F is
x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 14 y + (50 − k 2 ) = 0 D
4. (a) Centre of C = ( −
E
,− )
2 2
4 6
(b) Centre of C = ( − , ) = ( −2, 3) , 2( m − 1) −4 m
2 2 = (− ,− )
2 2
1 2 ∴ Centre of C is (1 − m, 2 m) .
Radius of C = 4 + 6 2 − 4(12) = 1.
2 (b) From (a), locus of centre is
If the circle touches C externally, x = 1− m
Sum of radii = distance between centres y = 2m
∴ y = 2(1 − x )
1 + k = (1 + 2)2 + (7 − 3)2
= 25 ∴ L : 2 x + y − 2 = 0 is the locus of centre C
=5 for any real m.
∴ k=4
5. The required common chord is
( x 2 + y 2 − 4 y − 3) − ( x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 2 y − 5) = 0
x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 14 y + 34 = 0 . 4x − 2y + 2 = 0
If the circle touches C internally, 2x − y + 1 = 0
| different of radii | = distance between centres
| 1− k | = 5 6. ( x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 2 y − 15) + k (3 x − y + 7) = 0....(1)
k = −4 or 6 (a) Substitute (−3, 2) into (1),
Since k > 0 , ∴ k = 6 [( −3)2 + 2 2 − 6( −3) − 2(2) − 15]
∴ The equation of the circle is + k[3( −3) − 2 + 7] = 0
x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 14 y + 14 = 0 . 12 + k ( −4) = 0
k=3
The required equation of the circle is Substitute x = 1 into (1),

( x + y − 6 x − 2 y − 15) + 3(3 x − y + 7) = 0
2 2
1 + y 2 + 4(1) − 8 y + 10 = 0
x + y + 3x − 5y + 6 = 0
2 2
y 2 − 8 y + 15 = 0
(b) From (1), ( y − 3)( y − 5) = 0
x 2 + y 2 + (3k − 6) x − ( k + 2) y + (7k − 15) = 0 y = 3 or y = 5
∴ The coordinates of A and B are (1, 3) , (1, 5) .
3k − 6 2 k+2 2
Radius = ( ) +( ) − (7k − 15)
2 2
= 5 10. ( x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 6 y + 8) + k ( x − 3 y + 2) = 0
(3k − 6)2 + ( k + 2)2 − 4(7k − 15) = 20 x + y 2 + ( k − 4) x − 3( k + 2) y + 2( k + 4) = 0
2
10 k 2 − 60 k + 80 = 0 k − 4 3( k + 2)
The centre is ( − , ).
k − 6k + 8 = 0
2 2 2
( k − 2)( k − 4) = 0 Substitute the centre into the line x − 3 y + 2 = 0 .
k = 2 or k = 4 k−4 3( k + 2)
− − 3[ ]+ 2 = 0
∴ The required equation of the circle is 2 2
x 2 + y2 − 4 y − 1 = 0 −( k − 4) − 9( k + 2) + 4 = 0
−10 k − 10 = 0
or x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 6 y + 13 = 0 k = −1
The required equation of the circle is
7. The equation of the circle is
( x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 6 y + 8) − ( x − 3 y + 2) = 0
( x + y + 4 x − 2 y + 1) + k ( x − 2 y) = 0
2 2
x 2 + y 2 − 5 x − 3y + 6 = 0
x + y + ( 4 + k ) x − 2(1 + k ) y + 1 = 0
2 2
Since the centre lies on the x-axis, 11. ( x 2 + y 2 − 8 x + 2 y − 8)

∴ −2(1 + k ) = 0 + k ( x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 2 y) = 0 ...........................(1)
k = −1
( k + 1)( x 2 + y 2 ) + ( 4 k − 8) x + (2 − 2 k ) y − 8 = 0
∴ The circle is x 2 + y 2 + 3 x + 1 = 0 .
4( k − 2 ) 2(1 − k ) 8
x 2 + y2 + x+ y− = 0 ...(2)
k +1 k +1 k +1
8. ( x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 4 y + 1) + k (2 x − y + 4) = 0
−2( k − 2) k − 1
x 2 + y 2 + (2 k + 2) x − ( k + 4) y + ( 4 k + 1) = 0 (a) Centre = ( , )
k +1 k +1
Since the circle touches y-axis, substitute x = 0 , Substitute the centre into x − y + 1 = 0 ,
then y 2 − ( k + 4) y + ( 4 k + 1) = 0 will give equal −2( k − 2) k − 1
roots, − +1 = 0
k +1 k +1
∴ D=0 −2( k − 2) − ( k − 1) + ( k + 1) = 0
( k + 4)2 − 4( 4 k + 1) = 0 −2 k + 6 = 0
k=3
k 2 − 8k + 12 = 0
( k − 2)( k − 6) = 0 Substitute k = 3 into (1),
k = 2 or k = 6 4 x 2 + 4 y2 + 4 x − 4 y − 8 = 0
∴ The required equation of the circle is x 2 + y2 + x − y − 2 = 0
x 2 + y2 + 6 x − 6y + 9 = 0 (b) Substitute (2, 3) into (1),
or x + y + 14 x − 10 y + 25 = 0
2 2
(2 2 + 32 − 8 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 3 − 8)
+ k (2 2 + 32 + 4 ⋅ 2 − 2 ⋅ 3) = 0
9. Rewrite the given equation as
( −5) + k (15) = 0
( x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 8 y + 10) + b( x − 1) = 0 1
k=
 x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 8 y + 10 = 0 .................(1) 3

x − 1 = 0
1 Radical axis is
Substitute k = into (1), ( D1 − D2 ) x + ( E1 − E2 ) y + ( F1 − F2 ) = 0
3
4 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 20 x + 4 y − 24 = 0 D1 − D2
Slope =
x 2 + y2 − 5x + y − 6 = 0 E2 − E1
E1 − E2 D1 − D2
Product of slopes = ⋅ = −1
12. x + y + 2 x − 4 y + k ( x + y − 2 y) = 0
2 2 2 2 D1 − D2 E2 − E1
∴ The radical axis is perpendicular to the line
(1 + k ) x 2 + (1 + k ) y 2 + 2 x − 2(2 + k ) y = 0 .......(1)
joining the centres of the cicles.
Substitute y = x + 3 in (1),
15. (a) Let the equation of C be
(1 + k ) x 2 + (1 + k )( x + 3)2
+ 2 x − 2(2 + k )( x + 3) = 0 x 2 + y 2 + 3 x + y − 10 + k ( x 2 + y 2 − x − 5) = 0
2 x 2 + 2 kx 2 + 4 x + 4 kx − 3 + 3k = 0 (1 + k ) x 2 + (1 + k ) y 2 + (3 − k ) x + y − (5k + 10)
= 0 ........................(*)
(2 + 2 k ) x 2 + ( 4 + 4 k ) x − 3 + 3k = 0
1
D=0 Substitute (0, 3) into (*), k = −
2
( 4 + 4 k )2 − 4(2 + 2 k )( −3 + 3k ) = 0 ∴ The equation of C is
k 2 − 4k − 5 = 0 x 2 + y 2 + 7 x + 2 y − 15 = 0 .
( k − 5)( k + 1) = 0
(b) The equation of the tangent is
k = 5 or k = −1 (rejected)
∴ The required equation of the circle is 7 2
x (0) + y(3) + ( x + 0) + (3 + y) − 15 = 0
2 2
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 4 y + 5( x 2 + y 2 − 2 y) = 0 7 x + 8 y − 24 = 0
6 x 2 + 6 y 2 + 2 x − 14 y = 0
16. (a) x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 8 y + 16 = 0 ................(1)
3x 2 + 3y 2 + x − 7 y = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 2 y − 8 = 0 ..................(2)
(2) − (1), 6 x + 6 y − 24 = 0
13. x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 8 y + 8 = 0 ........................(1)
x + y − 4 = 0 ................(3)
x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 2 y + 6 = 0 ........................(2)
For (1), centre (−1, 4), radius = 3
For (2), centre (3, 1), radius = 2 x 2 + ( 4 − x )2 − 4 x − 8( 4 − x ) + 16 = 0
Distance between centres 2x2 − 4x = 0
2 x ( x − 2) = 0
= ( 4 − 1)2 + ( −1 − 3)2 = 5 = sum of radii
x = 0 or x = 2
∴ Two circles touch each other externally.
y = 4 or y = 2
(1) − (2), 8 x − 6 y + 2 = 0
They intersect at 2 points (0, 4) and (2, 2).
4 x − 3y + 1 = 0
The common chord is
x+y−4=0
14. Let the circles be
 x 2 + y 2 + D1 x + E1 y + F1 = 0 (b) The smallest circle is the one with the
 2 common chord as diameter.
 x + y 2 + D2 x + E2 y + F2 = 0 y−4 y−2
( )( ) = −1
D1 E D E x x−2
The centres are ( − , − 1 ) and ( − 2 , − 2 ) . x ( x − 2) + ( y − 4)( y − 2) = 0
2 2 2 2
Slope of line of centres x 2 + y2 − 2 x − 6 y + 8 = 0
E2 E1
(− ) − (− )
= 2 2 3(0) + 4(0) − 25
D2 D1 17. (a) Radius = =5
(− 2
) − (− 2
) 32 + 4 2
E − E2
= 1
D1 − D2 ∴ The equation of C is x 2 + y 2 = 25 .
4 25
(b) Substitute y = x− into C, 8 3(0) + 4(0) + 15 2
3 3 r 2 = ( )2 + ( ) = 4 2 + 32 = 25
2 3 +4
2 2
4 25
∴ x 2 + ( x − )2 = 25
3 3 The equation is x 2 + y 2 = 25 .
9 x 2 + 16 x 2 − 200 x + 625 = 225
25 x 2 − 200 x + 400 = 0 3. ( x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 4 y − 4) + k ( x 2 + y 2 − 16) = 0
x 2 − 8 x + 16 = 0 ( k + 1)( x 2 + y 2 ) + 2 x − 4 y − (16k + 4) = 0
2 4 16k + 4
D = 82 − 4(16) = 0 x 2 + y2 + x− y− =0
k +1 k +1 k +1
∴ C touches the line 4 x − 3 y = 25 .
1 2 2 2 16k + 4
(c) Since (3, −4) lies on C, r2 = ( ) +( ) +
k +1 k +1 k +1
∴ The equation is 3 x − 4 y = 25 . 5 + 4( 4 k + 1)( k + 1)
=
( k + 1)2
(d) By symmetry, the coordinates of Q are (−3, 4).
16k 2 + 20 k + 9
∴ The equation of PQ is =
( k + 1)2
4+4
y+4= ( x − 3)
−3 − 3 Area = πr 2 = 9π
4 ∴ r2 = 9
y+4=− x+4
3
16k 2 + 20 k + 9 = 9( k + 1)2
4 x + 3y = 0
7k 2 + 2 k = 0
∴ The equation of the family of circles is 2
k = 0 or k = −
( x 2 + y 2 − 25) + k ( 4 x + 3 y) = 0 ..........(1) 7
Substitute (0, 1) into (1),
x 2 + y2 + 2 x − 4 y − 4 = 0
∴ (0 + 1 − 25) + k (0 + 3) = 0
∴ k=8 or 7( x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 4 y − 4) − 2( x 2 + y 2 − 16) = 0
∴ The required equation of the circle is 5 x 2 + 5 y 2 + 14 x − 28 y + 4 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 32 x + 24 y − 25 = 0 .
4. Let (h, k) be the centre and r be the radius.
2 h + k = 0 ..............................................(1)
Revision Exercise 12 (p.320) r 2 = (h − 2)2 + ( k + 1)2
2
1. Substitute y = 2 x − 5 into x 2 + y 2 = k . h + k −1
=
2
x 2 + (2 x − 5)2 = k
5 x − 20 x + 25 − k = 0
2 2(h − 2)2 + 2( k + 1)2 = (h + k − 1)2
For tangency, put D = 0. h 2 + k 2 − 2 hk − 6h + 6k + 9 = 0 ...............(2)
( −20)2 − 4(5)(25 − k ) = 0 From (1), k = −2 h ..................................(3)
20 k = 100 Substitute (3) into (2),
k=5 h 2 + ( −2 h)2 − 2 h( −2 h) − 6h + 6( −2 h) + 9 = 0
9h 2 − 18h + 9 = 0
2.
(h − 1)2 = 0
r
h = 1 , k = −2
(0, 0)
r 2 = (1 − 2)2 + ( −2 + 1)2 = 2
( x − 1)2 + ( y + 2)2 = 2
Let r be the radius of the circle. x 2 + y2 − 2 x + 4 y + 3 = 0
5. Let (h, k) be the centre, r be the radius. 7. Let (h, k) be the centre.
2
πr 2 = 5π 3h − k + 3
(h − 2)2 + ( k + 1)2 =
∴ r= 5 10
10(h − 2)2 + 10( k + 1)2 = (3h − k + 3)2
h − 2k + 3
= 5 h 2 + 6hk + 9k 2 − 58h + 26k + 41 = 0 ..............(1)
5
2
h − 3k − 7
h − 2 k + 3 = ±5 ................................(1) (h − 2)2 + ( k + 1)2 =
10
Similarly, 2 h − k + 1 = ±5 .......................(2)
10(h − 2)2 + 10( k + 1)2 = (h − 3k − 7)2
Solving (1) and (2) gives
14 10 16 20 9h 2 + 6hk + k 2 − 26h − 22 k + 1 = 0 ................(2)
(h, k ) = (2, 0) , ( − , − ) , ( , ) or
3 3 3 3 1 1
Solving (1) and (2), (h, k) = ( , − ) or (3, 2)
4 10 2 2
(− , ) .
3 3 1 1 5
r = ( − 2) + ( − + 1) =
2 2 2
∴ ( x − 2)2 + y 2 = 5 2 2 2
x 2 + y2 − 4 x − 1 = 0 or r = (3 − 2) + (2 + 1) = 10
2 2 2
1 1 5
14 2 10 ( x − )2 + ( y + )2 =
or (x + ) + ( y + )2 = 5 2 2 2
3 3 or ( x − 3)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 10
(3 x + 14)2 + (3 y + 10)2 = 45
9 x 2 + 9 y 2 + 84 x + 60 y + 251 = 0 x 2 + y2 − x + y − 2 = 0
4 10
or x 2 + y2 − 6 x − 4 y + 3 = 0
or ( x + )2 + ( y − )2 = 5
3 3
8 − 9. No solutions are provided for the H.K.C.E.E.
(3 x + 4)2 + (3 y − 10)2 = 45 questions because of the copyright reasons.
9 x 2 + 9 y 2 + 24 x − 60 y + 71 = 0
10. Let the required circle be of the form
16 2 20
or (x − ) + ( y − )2 = 5
3 3 x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 4 y − 4 + k ( x − 2 y + 1) = 0
(3 x − 16)2 + (3 y − 20)2 = 45 x 2 + y 2 + ( k − 2) x + ( 4 − 2 k ) y − 4 + k = 0
9 x + 9 y − 96 x − 120 y + 611 = 0
2 2
2 − k 2k − 4 k
Centre = ( , ) = (1 − , k − 2)
2 2 2
6. Let (h, k) be the centre. Let the coordinates of the centre be (x, y).
h − 2k + 3  x = 1 − k
= 5
5  2
h − 2 k + 3 = ±5  y = k − 2
h − 2 k + 8 = 0 .........................................(1) y+2
x =1−
h − 2 k − 2 = 0 .........................................(2) 2
y + 2 = 2 − 2x
Q The circle passes through (2, 1). 2x + y = 0
∴ (h − 2)2 + k 2 = 5 ..............................(3)
Solving (1) and (3), there is no solution. 11. (a) Let m be the slope of tangent.
Solving (2) and (3), (h, k) = (4, 1) or (0, −1) y = m( x + 4) ....................................(1)
x 2 + y 2 − 4 y = 0 ..............................(2)
( x − 4)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 5
or x 2 + ( y + 1)2 = 5
x 2 + m 2 ( x + 4 ) 2 − 4 m( x + 4 ) = 0
x + y − 8 x − 2 y + 12 = 0
2 2
( m + 1) x + (8m 2 − 4 m) x + 16 m( m − 1) = 0
2 2
or x 2 + y2 + 2 y − 4 = 0 For tangency, put D = 0.

(8m 2 − 4 m)2 − 4( m 2 + 1)[16 m( m − 1)] = 0  x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 2 y − 20 = 0.....................(1)

13.  2
m 2 (2 m − 1)2 − 4 m( m 2 + 1)( m − 1) = 0 3 x + 3 y 2 + 13 x − y − 40 = 0..................(2)
m( −3m + 4) = 0
4 (a) (1) × 3 − (2), − x + 7 y − 20 = 0
m = 0 or m = The common chord is x − 7 y + 20 = 0 .
3
4
∴ L1 : y = ( x + 4 ) (b) Eliminate the constant term from (1) and (2),
3 (2) − (1) × 2,
4 x − 3 y + 16 = 0
the equation of the circle is
L2 : y = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 5x − 5y = 0
(b) By similar method of (a), it can be find that
5 5
the slopes are also 0 and .
4 (c) The centre of (b) is ( − , ) .
3 2 2
4 Substitute into (a),
∴ L 3 : y − 4 = ( x − 4) 5 5
3 L.H.S. = ( − ) − 7( ) + 20 = 0
3 y − 12 = 4 x − 16 2 2
4 x − 3y − 4 = 0 The centre lies on PQ
L4 : y − 4 = 0 ∴ PQ is a diameter of the circle OPQ.
y=4 ∴ OP ⊥ OQ .
(c) By solving equations, L1 and L 4 intersect at (d) The centre of C1 is (−2, −1).
R(−1, 4). Substitute into (b), it is satisfied.
L 2 and L 3 intersect at S(1, 0). ∴ It lies on the circle OPQ.
PR = PS = QR = QS = 5
∴ The angle subtended is 90° .
∴ They form a rhombus.
Area = 5 ⋅ 4 square units
14. (a) x 2 + y 2 − x − 3 y = 0 .........................(1)
= 20 square units
Substitute B(−1, 1), C(1, 0) into (1).
12. (a) Since (α, β) on L, They are satisfied.
∴ α + β −1 = 0 ∴ They lie on the circle.
α = −β + 1 (b) Let A be (x, y) then
∴ Equation of circle with (α, β) as centre, x y
r as radius is 1 −1 1 1
=2
( x − α ) 2 + ( y − β) 2 = r 2 2 1 0 2
x 2 + y 2 − 2(1 − β) x − 2βy x y
( x + 2 y − 1) = ±5
+ (α 2 + β 2 − r 2 ) = 0
x + 2 y = 6 .................................(2)
or x 2 + y 2 − 2(1 − β) x − 2βy = k ,
where k is a constant. or x + 2 y = −4 ...............................(3)
(b) Centre is (α, β) , radius = 2, touches x-axis, Solving (1) and (3), there is no solution.
Case 1: Solving (1) and (2), we have
β = 2 , α = −2 + 1 = −1 . A is (2, 2) or (0, 3) .
∴ Equation of the circle is 0 −1 1
(c) When A = (2, 2), m BC = =−
x + y − 2(1 − 2) x − 4 y + (1 + 2 − 4) = 0
2 2 2 2 1 − ( −1) 2
2−0
x 2 + y2 + 2 x − 4 y + 1 = 0 m AC = =2
2 −1
Case 2: m AC ⋅ m BC = −1
β = −2 , α = −( −2 + 1) = 3 .
∴ ∠C = 90°
∴ Equation of the circle is 3 −1
x 2 + y 2 − 2[1 − ( −2)]x When A = (0, 3), m AB = =2
0 − ( −1)
−2( −2) y + [32 + ( −2)2 − 4] = 0 m AB ⋅ m BC = −1
x 2 + y2 − 6 x + 4 y + 9 = 0 ∴ ∠B = 90°
(d) Let A1 = (2, 2), A 2 = (0, 3) . From (1), y = 2

x = 8 − 2( 2 ) = 4
Then A1 A 2 = A 2 B = BC = CA1 = 5
∴ L1 touches C at A( 4, 2) .
and ∠A 2 BC = 90° , ∠BCA1 = 90°
k
∴ A1 A 2 BC is a square. (b) From C, centre = ( 4 − , 2 − k)
2
15. (a) Substitute y = mx into k 5 k
radius = ( )2 + k 2 =
x 2 + y2 − 4 x − 2 y − 4 = 0 2 2
x 2 + m 2 x 2 − 4 x − 2 mx − 4 = 0
2( 4 − 2k ) − (2 − k ) − 1 5
(1 + m 2 ) x 2 − 2(2 + m) x − 4 = 0 ..........(1) (c) = k
5 2
(b) As x1 and x2 are roots of (1),
 x + x = 2( 2 + m ) 5
5 = k
 1 2
1 + m2 2
∴  k =2
1 2+m
 ( x1 + x2 ) = k = ±2
 2 1 + m2
 y1 + y2 = mx1 + mx2 (d) Substitute k = ±2 into (b),
 = m( x1 + x2 ) centre = (3, 0) or (5, 4).
 2 m( 2 + m )
 = Q L1 and L 2 intersect at (2, 3).
 1 + m2
 1 ( y + y ) = m( 2 + m ) ∴ The angle bisector is
 2 1 2
1 + m2 3−0 4−3
y−0= ( x − 3) or y − 3 = ( x − 2)
∴ The coordinates of P are 2−3 5−2
m + 2 m( m + 2 ) 3x + y − 9 = 0 or x − 3 y + 7 = 0
( , )
1 + m2 1 + m2
(c) Let P be (x, y), then 21. (a) PA is x1 x + y1 y = r 2 .
m+2
x= Q P lies on PA
1 + m2
y ∴ x1 x 0 + y1 y0 = r 2
+2
= x 2 x 0 x1 + y0 y1 = r 2
y
1+ 2
x (b) Similarly, we have x 0 x2 + y0 y2 = r 2 .
x( y + 2 x )
= Consider an equation
x 2 + y2
x 0 x + y0 y = r 2......................(*)
x + y2 = y + 2 x
2
Substitute A( x 1, y 1 ) and B( x 2 , y 2 ) into (*).
x 2 + y2 − 2 x − y = 0
They are both satisfied.
16 − 19. No solutions are provided for the H.K.C.E.E. Further, (*) is linear in x, y,
questions because of the copyright reasons.
∴ It is a straight line.
∴ (*) is a straight line passing through A, B.
 L1 : x + 2 y − 8 = 0
 (c) Using (b),
20. (a)  L 2 : 2 x − y − 1 = 0 the equation of AB is

C :( x − 4) + ( y − 2) + k ( x + 2 y − 8) = 0
2 2
4x − y = 9
From L1 , x = 8 − 2 y , substitute into C, 4x − y − 9 = 0
(8 − 2 y − 4)2 + ( y − 2)2 + k (0) = 0

5( y − 2)2 = 0 Enrichment 12 (p.323)
y 2 − 4 y + 4 = 0 .............(1) 1. (a) The coordinates of A and B are given by
D = ( −4)2 − 4( 4)
=0  y = mx + c .....................................(1)
 2
 x + y = 1 ....................................(2)
2
∴ L1 intersects C at one point.
Substitute (1) into (2), x 2 + ( mx + c)2 = 1 a b

Centre = ( − , − ) , radius =
1 2
a + b2
∴ (1 + m ) x + 2 mcx + c − 1 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
L e t A a n d B b e ( x1, y1 ) a n d ( x2 , y2 ) Radius of C0 = Diameter of C1
respectively. 1 2
c = 2⋅ a + b2
2 mc c2 − 1 2
x1 + x2 = − , x1 x2 =
1+ m 2
1 + m2 a2 + b2 = c2
Since A and B lies on y = mx + c , (b) Substitute P(1, 0) into C1 ,
∴ y1 = mx1 + c
12 + 0 2 + a(1) + b(0) = 0
y2 = mx2 + c
a = −1
∴ ( y1 − y2 ) = m( x1 − x2 )
a2 + b2 = c2
Length of AB = ( y1 − y2 )2 + ( x1 − x2 )2 b2 = c2 − a2
= m 2 ( x1 − x2 )2 + ( x1 − x2 )2 = 2 2 − ( −1)2
b = − 3 or 3 (rejected)
= 1 + m 2 ⋅ x1 − x2
a b 1 3
Q x1 − x2 = ( x1 + x2 )2 − 4 x1 x2 Centre of C1 = ( − , − ) = ( , )
2 2 2 2
Let A be (x, y).
−2 mc 2 c2 − 1
= ( ) − 4 ( ) 1 x
1 + m2 1 + m2 = , x =1
2 2
2 1 + m2 − c2
= 3 y
= , y= 3
1 + m2 2 2
1 + m2 − c2 ∴ A is (1, 3 ) .
∴ Length of AB = 2
1 + m2 a b 1 3
(c) Centre of C2 = ( − , ) = ( , − )
(b) (i) If touches C, length of AB = 0. 2 2 2 2
∴ The equation of C2 is
∴ 1 + m2 − c2 = 0
x 2 + y2 − x + 3y = 0 .
c 2 = 1 + m2
(ii) If L meets C at two points, AB > 0. (d) Let B be ( x1, y1 ) .
1 x
i.e. 1 + m 2 − c 2 > 0 (Q 1 + m 2 > 0 ) = , x =1
2 2
∴ c2 < 1 + m2 3 y
− = , y=− 3
(c) Let L1 , L 2 be the two tangents. 2 2
B is (1, − 3 ) .
Q OP ⊥ L1 , ∴ slope of OP = −1
Since A is (1, 3 ) , P is (1, 0) and B is
Q OQ ⊥ L 2 , ∴ slope of OQ = −1
(1, − 3 ) ,
∴ POQ is a straight line and POQ is a A, P and B are collinear.
diameter.
y−0
∴ Equation of PQ is = −1 3. (a) y
x−0
y = −x
x+y=0
x
(d) The equation is x 2 + y 2 − 1 + k ( x + y) = 0 (0, 0) (1, 0) B
where k is a constant.
2. (a) C0 : x 2 + y 2 = c 2 The centre of C is (1, 0).

1
Centre = (0, 0), radius = c Radius = ( −2)2 = 1
2
C1 : x 2 + y 2 + ax + by = 0 ∴ The coordinates of B are (2, 0) .
(b) The equation of the tangent to C at Q is ∴ The equation of C 2 is

1
px + qy + ( −2)( x + p) = 0 x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2 y − 2 − 4( y − 2 ) = 0
2
( p − 1) x + qy − p = 0 x 2 + y2 − 2 x − 2 y − 2 − 4 y + 8 = 0
1− p x 2 + y2 − 2 x − 6 y + 6 = 0
(c) Slope of tangent to C at Q =
q
q
Slope of PB = Classwork 1 (p.289)
p −1
q t 1. (a) The equation of the circle is
=
p −1 s − 2
qs − 2 q = tp − t x 2 + y 2 = 82
tp − 2 q = tp − t (Q qs = tp ) x 2 + y 2 = 64
t = 2q
(b) The equation of the circle is
qs = tp
= 2 qp ( x − 4)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 2 2
s = 2p ( x − 4)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 4
(d) Since Q is a point on C, (c) The equation of the circle is

p + q − 2p = 0
2 2
( x − 5)2 + ( y + 2)2 = ( 5 )2
s 2 t s ( x − 5)2 + ( y + 2)2 = 5
( ) + ( ) 2 − 2( ) = 0
2 2 2
s 2 + t 2 − 4s = 0 (d) The equation of the circle is
∴ The equation of the locus of P is ( x + 3)2 + ( y + 3)2 = ( 3 )2
x 2 + y2 − 4 x = 0 . ( x + 3)2 + ( y + 3)2 = 3
4. (a) Since L1 touches C1 at (3, 1),

2. (a) ( x + 1)2 + ( y − 4)2 = 72
L1 is the tangent of C1 at (3, 1). Centre : ( −1, 4)
∴ The equation of L1 is Radius : 7
1 1 (b) 4( x + 3)2 + 4( y + 7)2 − 25 = 0
3 x + y + ( −2)( x + 3) + ( −2)( y + 1) − 2 = 0
2 2 25
2x − 6 = 0 ( x + 3)2 + ( y + 7)2 =
4
x−3= 0 5
(b) (i) The equation of F is ( x + 3) + ( y + 7) = ( )2
2 2
2
x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2 y − 2 + k ( y − 2) = 0 Centre : ( −3, − 7)
(ii) Substitute x = 3 into F, 5
Radius :
3 + y − 2(3) − 2 y − 2 + k ( y − 2) = 0
2 2 2
y 2 − 2 y + 1 + ky − 2 k = 0 (c) ( x + 5)2 + y 2 = 16
y 2 + ( k − 2) y + 1 − 2 k = 0 ( x + 5)2 + ( y − 0)2 = 4 2
Q L1 touches C 2 . Centre : ( −5, 0)
Radius : 4
∴ D=0
( k − 2)2 − 4(1 − 2 k ) = 0 3. (a) The equation of the circle is
k 2 + 4k = 0 ( x − 3)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 52
k ( k + 4) = 0
( x − 3)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 25
k = −4 or k = 0 (rejected)
(b) Substitute (6, 6) into the L.H.S. of the By comparing the equation with the equation
equation, in general form, we have
∴ L.H.S. = (6 − 3)2 + (6 − 2)2 D = 3, E = 5 and F = −
7
= 32 + 4 2 2
= 25 D E 3 5
The centre is ( − , − ) = (− , − )
= R.H.S. 2 2 2 2
Showing that (6, 6) is a point on the circle. 1
Radius = D2 + E 2 − 4 F
(c) Substitute x = 0 into the equation, 2
∴ (0 − 3)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 25 1 2 7
= 3 + 5 2 − 4( − )
( y − 2)2 = 16 2 2
( y − 2)2 − 16 = 0 =2 3
( y − 2 − 4)( y − 2 + 4) = 0 (d) 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 20 x − 8 y − 115 = 0
( y − 6)( y + 2) = 0 115
y = 6 or y = −2 x 2 + y2 − 5x − 2 y − =0
4
∴ The point of intersection are (0, 6) and By comparing the equation with the equation
in general form, we have
(0, − 2) .
115
D = −5, E = −2 and F = −
4
D E −5 −2
Classwork 2 (p.291) The centre is ( − , − ) = ( − , − )
2 2 2 2
1. (a) By comparing the equation with the general 5
form, we have = ( , 1)
2
D = −2, E = 4 and F = −20 1
Radius = D2 + E 2 − 4 F
D E −2 4 2
The centre is ( − , − ) = (− ,− )
2 2 2 2 1 115
= ( −5)2 + ( −2)2 − 4( − )
= (1, − 2) 2 4
1
Radius =
1
D2 + E 2 − 4 F = 144
2 2
1 =6
= ( −2)2 + 4 2 − 4( −20)
2 2. D = −6, E = −2k, F = 9, radius = 5
1
= 100 1
2 D2 + E 2 − 4 F = 5
=5 2
(b) By comparing the equation with the equation 36 + 4 k 2 − 36 = 100
in general form, we have k 2 = 25
D = 6, E = −2 and F = 4 k = ±5
D E 6 −2
The centre is ( − , − ) = ( − , − )
2 2 2 2
= ( −3, 1) Classwork 3 (p.293)
1
Radius = D2 + E 2 − 4 F 1. (a) Let r be the radius of the circle.
2
1 2 r 2 = (3 + 2)2 + ( −2 − 10)2
= 6 + ( −2)2 − 4( 4) = 169
2
1 The equation of the circle is
= 24
2 ( x − 3)2 + ( y + 2)2 = 169
= 6 x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 4 y − 156 = 0
(c) 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 6 x + 10 y − 7 = 0 (b) Let r be the radius of the circle.
7
x 2 + y 2 + 3x + 5y − = 0 πr 2 = 25π
2
r 2 = 25
The equation of the circle is The equation of the circle is

( x − 3) + ( y + 2) = 25
2 2
( x − 5)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 49
x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 4 y − 12 = 0 x 2 + y 2 − 10 x − 2 y − 23 = 0
2. Let P(x, y) be a point on the circle, ( x 1, y 1 ) be the 2. (a) Let (h, k) be the centre.
centre and r be the radius. The circle touches both axes, and lies in
quadrant II, so we have h = −r, k = r.
As the centre is mid-point of a diameter,
∴ Centre = ( − r, r )
1− a 5+a
∴ x1 = , y1 =
2 2 (b) The equation of the circle is
1− a 5+a ( x + r )2 + ( y − r )2 = r 2
r2 = ( + a)2 + ( − a)2
2 2 Since it passes through (−2, 1), we have
1+ a 2 5−a 2
=( ) +( ) ( −2 + r )2 + (1 − r )2 = r 2
2 2 (r − 1)(r − 5) = 0
a 2 − 4 a + 13 r = 1 or r = 5
=
2 ∴ The equation of the circle is
( x +1)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 1
1− a 2 5 + a 2 a 2 − 4 a + 13
(x − ) + (y − ) = x + y2 + 2 x − 2 y + 1 = 0
2
2 2 2
4 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 4(1 − a) x − 4(5 + a) y + 16 a = 0 or ( x + 5)2 + ( y − 5)2 = 52
x 2 + y 2 − (1 − a) x − (5 + a) y + 4 a = 0 x 2 + y 2 + 10 x − 10 y + 25 = 0
3. Let the equation be

x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 ......................(1) Classwork 5 (p.298)
Substitute (2, 1), (3, 0) and (2, −1) into (1), 1. x 2 + y 2 + 12 x + 10 y + 56 = 0 ...................(1)
2 D + E + F + 5 = 0 ..................................(2) y = mx + 2 .............................................(2)
3D + F + 9 = 0 ..................................(3) Substitute (2) into (1),
2 D − E + F + 5 = 0..................................(4) x 2 + ( mx + 2)2 + 12 x + 10( mx + 2) + 56 = 0
By solving (2), (3) and (4), we have x + m 2 x 2 + 4 mx + 4 + 12 x + 10 mx + 20 + 56 = 0
2
D = −4, E = 0 and F = 3. x 2 (1 + m 2 ) + x (12 + 14 m) + 80 = 0

∴ The equation of the circle is Q They touch each other
x 2 + y2 − 4 x + 3 = 0 . ∴ Discriminant = 0
(12 + 14 m)2 − 4(1 + m 2 )(80) = 0
144 + 336 m + 196 m 2 − 320 − 320 m 2 = 0
Classwork 4 (p.294)
124 m 2 − 336 m + 176 = 0
1. Let (h, k) be the centre and r be the radius, 31m 2 − 84 m + 44 = 0
then 2 h − k − 9 = 0 .................................(1) ( m − 2)(31m − 22) = 0
r 2 = (h − 12)2 + ( k − 1)2.........(2) 22
m = 2 or m =
31
r 2 = (h − 5)2 + ( k + 6)2 .........(3)
Comparing (2) and (3), we have  x = 0 .............................................(1)
(h − 12)2 + ( k − 1)2 = (h − 5)2 + ( k + 6)2 2. (a)  2
 x + y − 2 y − 3 = 0 .......................(2)
2
14h + 14 k − 84 = 0
h + k − 6 = 0 ............................(4)
Solving (1) and (4), we have h = 5, k = 1 y2 − 2 y − 3 = 0
( y + 1)( y − 3) = 0
Substitute into (2),
y = −1 or y = 3
r 2 = (5 − 12)2 + (1 − 1)2 They intersect at two distinct points, they are
= 49 (0, − 1) and (0, 3) .
∴ x1 + x2 = 6
 y = 0 .............................................(1)
(b)  2 1
 x + y − 8 x − 4 y + 16 = 0 ..............(2)
2
( x1 + x2 ) = 3
2
Substitute (1) into (2), 1 1
∴ ( y1 + y2 ) = ( x1 + 1 + x2 + 1)
x 2 − 8 x + 16 = 0 2 2
( x − 4)2 = 0 1
= (6 + 2 )
x=4 2
=4
They intersect at one point, it is ( 4, 0) . ∴ The mid-point of AB is (3, 4) .
 x − y = 0 ........................................(1) (ii) AB
(c)  2
 x + y − 4 x − 6 y = 0 .....................(2)
2
= ( x1 − x2 )2 + ( y1 − y2 )2
From (1), x = y ...............................(3)
Substitute (3) into (2), = ( x1 + x2 )2 − 4 x1 x2 + ( y1 + y2 )2 − 4 y1 y2
y2 + y2 − 4 y − 6y = 0 k−7
= 6 2 − 4( ) + 82 − 4( x1 + 1)( x2 + 1)
y(2 y − 10) = 0 2
y = 0 or y = 5 = 36 − 2( k − 7) + 64 − 4( x1 x2 + x1 + x2 + 1)
x = 0 or x = 5 k−7
∴ They intersect at two distinct points, they = 36 − 2 k + 14 + 64 − 4( + 6 + 1)
2
are (0, 0) and (5, 5) . = 100 − 4 k
2 x − y + 1 = 0 .................................(1) = 2 25 − k
(d)  2
 x + y − 5 x − 2 y − 9 = 0 ................(2)
2
From (1), y = 2 x + 1.........................(3) Classwork 7 (p.301)

(a) By using the formula, the equation of the tangent is
x 2 + (2 x + 1)2 − 5 x − 2(2 x + 1) − 9 = 0 1
(1) x + (1) y + (2)( y + 1) = 4
5 x 2 − 5 x − 10 = 0 2
x + y + y +1 = 4
x2 − x − 2 = 0 x + 2y − 3 = 0
( x + 1)( x − 2) = 0
x = −1 or x = 2 (b) By using the formula, the equation of the tangent is
y = −1 or y = 5 1 1
(2) x + (0) y + ( −4)( x + 2) + (6)( y + 0) + 4 = 0
∴ They intersect at two distinct points, they 2 2
are ( −1, − 1) and (2, 5) . 2 x − 2( x + 2 ) + 3 y + 4 = 0
3y = 0
y=0
Classwork 6 (p.300) (c) ( x − 4)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 4
(a) y = x + 1.................................................(1) x + y 2 − 8 x + 2 y + 13 = 0
2
By using the formula, the equation of the tangent is

x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 8 y + k = 0 ........................(2) 1 1
Substitute (1) into (2), (2) x + ( −1) y + ( −8)( x + 2) + (2)( y − 1) + 13 = 0
2 2
x 2 + ( x + 1)2 − 6 x − 8( x + 1) + k = 0 2 x − y − 4( x + 2) + ( y − 1) + 13 = 0
−2 x + 4 = 0
2 x 2 − 12 x + k − 7 = 0 .........(3) x−2=0
Q They intersect at two distinct points.
(d) ( x − 1)2 + ( y + 2)2 = 5
∴ Discriminant > 0
x 2 + y2 − 2 x + 4 y = 0
( −12)2 − 4(2)( k − 7) > 0
By using the formula, the equation of the tangent is
k < 25
1 1
(b) (i) Let A( x 1, y 1 ) and B( x 2 , y 2 ) be the points of (0) x + (0) y + ( −2)( x + 0) + ( 4)( y + 0) = 0
2 2
intersection. Then x 1 and x 2 are the roots of −x + 2y = 0
(3). x − 2y = 0
Classwork 8 (p.302) y − 4 = m( x − 7)
y = m( x − 7) + 4 ................................(1)
(a) Since the slope of the tangent is 3, let the equation
of tangent be x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 6 y + 20 = 0 .......................(2)
y = 3 x + c .........................................(1) Substitute (1) into (2),
Substitute (1) into the equation of the circle, x 2 + [ m( x − 7) + 4]2
− 8 x − 6[ m( x − 7) + 4] + 20 = 0
( x + 3)2 + (3 x + c − 2)2 = 10
x 2 + m 2 x 2 − 14 m 2 x + 8mx + 49m 2
x + 6 x + 9 + 9 x + 6 xc − 12 x + c 2 − 4c + 4 = 10
2 2
− 56 m + 16 − 8 x − 6 mx + 42 m − 24 + 20 = 0
10 x 2 + (6c − 6) x + c 2 − 4c + 3 = 0
(1 + m 2 ) x 2 + ( −14 m 2 + 2 m − 8) x
If (1) is a tangent, the discriminant of the above + ( 49m 2 − 14 m + 12) = 0
equation is zero.
If (1) is a tangent, the discriminant of the above
(6c − 6)2 − 4(10)(c 2 − 4c + 3) = 0 equation is zero.
4c 2 − 88c + 84 = 0 ( −14 m 2 + 2 m − 8)2 − 4(1 + m 2 )
c 2 − 22c + 21 = 0 ( 49m 2 − 14 m + 12) = 0
(c − 21)(c − 1) = 0
196 m 4 − 28m 3 + 112 m 2 − 28m 3 + 4 m 2
c = 21 or c = 1
∴ The equations of the tangents are, − 16 m + 112 m 2 − 16 m + 64 − 196 m 2
for c = 21 , y = 3 x + 21 + 56 m − 48 − 196 m 4 + 56 m 3 − 48m 2 = 0

3 x − y + 21 = 0 −16 m 2 + 24 m + 16 = 0
for c = 1, y = 3 x + 1 2 m 2 − 3m − 2 = 0
3x − y + 1 = 0 (2 m + 1)( m − 2) = 0
−1
m= or 2
(b) Since the slope of the tangent is −2, let the equation 2
of tangent be ∴ The equations of the tangents are,
y = −2 x + c ....................................(1) −1 −1
for m = , y= ( x − 7) + 4
Substitute (1) into the equation of the circle, 2 2
x + 2 y − 15 = 0
x 2 + ( −2 x + c)2 − 2 x + 8( −2 x + c) + 12 = 0
x 2 + 4 x 2 − 4 xc + c 2 − 2 x − 16 x + 8c + 12 = 0 for m = 2 , y = 2( x − 7) + 4
2 x − y − 10 = 0
5 x 2 − ( 4c + 18) x + c 2 + 8c + 12 = 0
If (1) is a tangent , the discriminant of the above 2. Let m be the slope of the tangent. The equation of
equation is zero. the tangent is
[ −( 4c + 18)]2 − 4(5)(c 2 + 8c + 12) = 0 y − 5 = m( x + 7)
y = m( x + 7) + 5 ................................(1)
4c 2 + 16c − 84 = 0
c 2 + 4c − 21 = 0 x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 2 y − 6 = 0 ........................(2)
(c + 7)(c − 3) = 0 Substitute (1) into (2),
c = −7 or c = 3 x 2 + [ m( x + 7) + 5]2 + 6 x − 2[ m( x + 7) + 5] − 6 = 0
∴ The equations of the tangents are, x 2 + m 2 x 2 + 14 m 2 x + 10 mx + 49m 2 + 70 m
for c = −7 , y = −2 x − 7 + 25 + 6 x − 2 mx − 14 m − 10 − 6 = 0
2x + y + 7 = 0 (1 + m 2 ) x 2 + (14 m 2 + 8m + 6)
for c = 3 , y = −2 x + 3 + 49m 2 + 56 m + 9 = 0
2x + y − 3 = 0 If (1) is a tangent, the discriminant of the above
equation is zero.
(14 m 2 + 8m + 6)2
Classwork 9 (p.304) − 4(1 + m 2 )( 49m 2 + 56 m + 9) = 0
1. Let m be the slope of the tangent. The equation of 196 m 4 + 224 m 3 + 232 m 2 + 96 m + 36
the tangent is − 196 m 4 − 224 m 3 − 232 m 2 − 224 m − 36 = 0
m =0
∴ The equation of the tangent is (d) The equation of the circle is

y = (0)( x + 7) + 5 ( x + 2)2 + y 2 = 11
y=5
x 2 + y2 + 4 x − 7 = 0
Q There must be two tangents. The length of the tangent
∴ The other tangent must be in the form x = k.
= (2)2 + (5)2 + 4(2) − 7
Q x = k passes through (5, −7).
= 30
∴ k = −7
∴ The equation of the tangent is x = −7 .
Classwork 11 (p.308)
Classwork 10 (p.305) 1. (a) ( x − 2)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 2
1. (a) Let f ( x, y) = x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 2 y − 39 The centre is (2, 1), radius = 2
then f (5, 8) = (5)2 + (8)2 − 6(5) + 2(8) − 39 ( x − 4)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 2
= 36 The centre is (4, −1), radius = 2
>0 Distance between two centres
∴ The point (5, 8) lies outside the circle.
= ( 4 − 2)2 + ( −1 − 1)2
(b) Let f ( x, y) = x + y + 10 x − y + 9
2 2
=2 2
then f ( −1, 1) = ( −1)2 + (1)2 + 10( −1) − 1 + 9 = 2+ 2
=0 = Sum of radii
∴ The point (−1, 1) is on the circle. ∴ Two circles touch each other externally.
(c) Let f ( x, y) = ( x − 3)2 + ( y + 1)2 − 49 (b) ( x − 3 2 )2 + ( y + 4)2 = 1

then f ( −2, − 3) = ( −2 − 3)2 + ( −3 + 1)2 − 49 The centre is (3 2 , − 4) , radius = 1
= −20 ( x − 2 )2 + ( y + 3)2 = 4
<0
The centre is ( 2 , − 3) , radius = 2
∴ The point (−2, −3) lies inside the circle.
2. (a) The length of the tangent = (3 2 − 2 )2 + ( −4 + 3)2

=3
= ( −8)2 + (9)2 − 6( −8) − 7(9) − 9
= 2 +1
= 11
= Sum of radii
(b) 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 3 x − 4 y − 14 = 0 ∴ The circles touch each other externally.
3 14
x 2 + y2 − x − y − =0 2. (a) Let C1 and C 2 be the given circles.
4 4
The length of the tangent C1 : x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 2 y + 1 = 0
3 14 ( x − 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 1
= (6)2 + ( −3)2 − (6) − ( −3) −
4 4 The centre is (1, −1), radius = 1
= 2 10 C2 : x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2 y − 7 = 0
(c) The equation of the circle is ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 9

The centre is (1, 1), radius = 3
( x − 1)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 5
x 2 + y2 − 2 x − 6y + 5 = 0
The length of the tangent = (1 − 1)2 + ( −1 − 1)2
=2
= ( 4)2 + (7)2 − 2( 4) − 6(7) + 5 = 3 −1
=2 5 = Difference of radii
∴ The circles touch each other internally.
Substitute (1, −2) into C1 , If the line is a tangent to C, the x-coordinates of

the intersecting points should be equal, which
L.H.S. = 12 + ( −2)2 − 2(1) + 2( −2) + 1 implies that (1) has equal roots.
=0
∴ Discriminant = 0
= R.H.S.
82 − 4(10)( −5 + K ) = 0
Substitute (1, −2) into C 2 , 33
K=
L.H.S. = 12 + ( −2)2 − 2(1) − 2( −2) − 7 5
=0
= R.H.S. 1
(c) Radius = ( −4)2 + (6)2 − 4 K
2
∴ The point (1, −2) lies on both C1 and C 2 . 1
= 52 − 4 K
∴ Two circles touch each other at A(1, −2). 2
(b) Let C1 and C 2 be the given circles = 13 − K
C1 : x 2 + y 2 = 2 Area = πr 2 = 9π
The centre is (0, 0), radius = 2 π(13 − K ) = 9π
K=4
C 2 : x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 6 y − 14 = 0
(d) C : x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 6 y + K = 0
( x + 3)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 32
( x − 2)2 + ( y + 3)2 = 13 − K
The centre is (−3, 3), radius = 4 2
Centre = (2, −3), Radius = 13 − K
x 2 + y 2 − 12 x + 35 = 0
= ( −3 − 0)2 + (3 − 0)2 ( x − 6) 2 + ( y − 0 ) 2 = 1
=3 2 Centre = (6, 0), Radius = 1
=4 2− 2 Case 1:
= Difference in radii Distance between centres = sum of radii
∴ The circles touch each other internally.
(6 − 2)2 + (0 + 3)2 = 13 − K + 1
Substitute (1, −1) into C1 , 5 = 13 − K + 1
L.H.S. = 12 + ( −1)2 K = −3
=2 Case 2:
= R.H.S. Distance between centres = difference of radii
Substitute (1, −1) into C 2 , 5 = 13 − K − 1
L.H.S. = 1 + ( −1) + 6(1) − 6( −1) − 14
2 2 K = −23
=0
= R.H.S.
∴ The point (1, −1) lies on both C1 and C 2 .
∴ Two circles touch each other at A(1, −1). 1. (a) Let the required circle be of the form
x 2 + y 2 − x + 2 y + 1 + k ( x − y − 1) = 0......(1)
Substitute the point (1, 1) into (1),
12 + 12 − 1 + 2(1) + 1 + k (1 − 1 − 1) = 0
(a) Substitute (3, 5) into C, 4−k =0
32 + 52 − 4(3) + 6(5) + K = 0 k=4
K = −52 ∴ The required equation is
(b) Substitute y = 3 x − 1 into C to solve for x 2 + y 2 − x + 2 y + 1 + 4( x − y − 1) = 0

intersection x 2 + y2 − x + 2 y + 1 + 4 x − 4 y − 4 = 0
∴ x 2 + (3 x − 1)2 − 4 x + 6(3 x − 1) + K = 0 x 2 + y 2 + 3x − 2 y − 3 = 0
x 2 + 9 x 2 − 6 x + 1 − 4 x + 18 x − 6 + K = 0 (b) Let the required equation be of the form
10 x + 8 x − 5 + K = 0 .......................(1)
2
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 4 y − 1 + k (2 x − y) = 0 ......(1)
Substitute the point (4, −3) into (1), Classwork 14 (p.316)

4 + ( −3) + 2( 4) − 4( −3) − 1 + k (8 + 3) = 0
2 2
1. (a) The equation of the radical axis is
44 + 11k = 0
k = −4 x 2 + y2 + 4 x − 2 y + 4
∴ The required equation is − ( x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 8 y − 18) = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 4 y − 1 − 4( 2 x − y ) = 0 6 x − 10 y + 22 = 0
3 x − 5 y + 11 = 0
x 2 + y2 + 2 x − 4 y − 1 − 8x + 4 y = 0
x 2 + y2 − 6 x − 1 = 0 (b) The circle passing through the intersections
of the two given circles is of the form
x 2 + y2 + 4 x − 2 y + 4
2. (a) Let the required circle be of the form
+ k ( x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 8 y − 18) = 0 ..............(1)
x 2 + ( y − 3)2 − 7 + k ( x − 1) = 0 .............(1)
Substitute (3, −5) into (1),
x 2 + y 2 + kx − 6 y + (2 − k ) = 0
32 + ( −5)2 + 4(3) − 2( −5) + 4
For radius = 6
+ k[(3)2 + ( −5)2 − 2(3) + 8( −5) − 18] = 0
1 2
k + 6 2 − 4( 2 − k ) = 6 60 − 30 k = 0
2
k=2
k 2 + 36 − 8 + 4 k = 24 The required equation of the circle is
k 2 + 4k + 4 = 0
x 2 + y2 + 4 x − 2 y + 4
( k + 2)2 = 0
+ 2( x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 8 y − 18) = 0
k = −2
3 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 14 y − 32 = 0
Substitute k = −2 into (1),
The required equation is
x 2 + ( y − 3)2 − 7 − 2( x − 1) = 0 2. (a) The required common chord is
x 2 + y2 − 2 x − 6 y + 4 = 0 ( x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2 y − 18)
− ( x 2 + y 2 − 12 x − 12 y + 38) = 0
(b) Let the required circle be of the form
14 x + 14 y − 56 = 0
x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 4 y + k (2 x − 4 y − 3) = 0 ....(1)
x+y−4=0
x 2 + y 2 + (2 k − 4) x + ( 4 − 4 k ) y − 3k = 0
For radius = 2 (b) Substitute y = 4 − x into C1 .
1 x 2 + ( 4 − x )2 + 2 x + 2( 4 − x ) − 18 = 0
(2 k − 4)2 + ( 4 − 4 k )2 − 4( −3k ) = 2
2 2 x 2 − 8x + 6 = 0
4 k 2 − 16k + 16 + 16 − 32 k + 16k 2 + 12 k = 16 x2 − 4x + 3 = 0
20 k 2 − 36k + 16 = 0 ( x − 1)( x − 3) = 0
5k 2 − 9 k + 4 = 0 x = 1 or x = 3
( k − 1)(5k − 4) = 0 y = 3 or y = 1
4 The two intersections are (1, 3) and (3, 1).
k = 1 or k = The smallest circle is the one with the
5
common chord as diameter.
Substitute k = 1 into (1),
x 2 + y2 − 4 x + 4 y + 2 x − 4 y − 3 = 0 y −3 y− 1
( )( ) = −1
x 2 + y2 − 2 x − 3 = 0 x − 1 x −3
( y − 3)( y − 1) + ( x − 1)( x − 3) = 0
4
Substitute k = into (1), x 2 + y2 − 4 x − 4 y + 6 = 0
5
4
x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 4 y + (2 x − 4 y − 3) = 0
5
5 x 2 + 5 y 2 − 12 x + 4 y − 12 = 0
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AM SLN 12 (E)

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AM SLN 12 (E)

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Chapter 12 Circles 179

CHAPTER 12 2. (a) By comparing the equation with the general

( x − 2)2 + ( y + 2)2 = ( 8 )2 (d) By comparing the equation with the general

3. Let P(x, y) be a point on the circle, ( x 1, x 2 ) be The equation of the circle is

10. Let the equation be

12. Let (h, k) be the centre, then

2 x + y − 2 = 0 ...................(1) (h − 1)2 + ( k − 2)2 = (h + 1)2 + ( k + 2)2

From (1), y = 2 − 2 x ...........(3) h + 2 k = 0 ................(2)

22. Let (h, k) be the centre and r be the radius,

( x + 1)2 + ( y − 4)2 = 32 r 2 = (h + 2)2 + ( k + 1)2

Substitute (0, −1) into the above equation, 23. (a) D = −4 k , E = 2 k , F = 3k 2 − k

From (1), y = 3 x − 3.........................(3) From (1), x = 10 − 2 y ......................(3)

Substitute (1) into (2), 7. Let the equations of the lines be

10. x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 2 y − 20 = 0 Centre = ( −3, 0) , radius = 5

∴ The equation of the required circle is

∴ Centre is (1, −1), radius is 3.

∴ The radius of smaller circle = 3 − 2 = 1.

18. 5 x − y − a = 0 .........................................(1) A (−1, −4)

25. (a) C1 : x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 4 y + 4 = 0 12 x + 5 y − 35 = 0 .....................(1)

27. No solution is provided for the H.K.C.E.E.

Exercise 12C (p.316) Centre = ( −1, − 3) , radius = 10 − F

The required equation of the circle is Substitute x = 1 into (1),

Since the centre lies on the x-axis, 11. ( x 2 + y 2 − 8 x + 2 y − 8)

or x 2 + y2 + 2 y − 4 = 0 For tangency, put D = 0.

(8m 2 − 4 m)2 − 4( m 2 + 1)[16 m( m − 1)] = 0  x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 2 y − 20 = 0.....................(1)

(d) Let A1 = (2, 2), A 2 = (0, 3) . From (1), y = 2

(8 − 2 y − 4)2 + ( y − 2)2 + k (0) = 0

Substitute (1) into (2), x 2 + ( mx + c)2 = 1 a b

2. (a) C0 : x 2 + y 2 = c 2 The centre of C is (1, 0).

(b) The equation of the tangent to C at Q is ∴ The equation of C 2 is

(d) Since Q is a point on C, (c) The equation of the circle is

4. (a) Since L1 touches C1 at (3, 1),

The equation of the circle is The equation of the circle is

3. Let the equation be

D = −4, E = 0 and F = 3. x 2 (1 + m 2 ) + x (12 + 14 m) + 80 = 0

From (1), y = 2 x + 1.........................(3) Classwork 7 (p.301)

By using the formula, the equation of the tangent is

for c = 21 , y = 3 x + 21 + 56 m − 48 − 196 m 4 + 56 m 3 − 48m 2 = 0

∴ The equation of the tangent is (d) The equation of the circle is

(c) Let f ( x, y) = ( x − 3)2 + ( y + 1)2 − 49 (b) ( x − 3 2 )2 + ( y + 4)2 = 1

2. (a) The length of the tangent = (3 2 − 2 )2 + ( −4 + 3)2

(c) The equation of the circle is ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 9

Substitute (1, −2) into C1 , If the line is a tangent to C, the x-coordinates of

(b) Substitute y = 3 x − 1 into C to solve for x 2 + y 2 − x + 2 y + 1 + 4( x − y − 1) = 0

Substitute the point (4, −3) into (1), Classwork 14 (p.316)

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