FRACTURES

Fracture : a break in rock due to brittle behavior to stress Joint : A fracture with no displacement Joint Sets : multiple joints oriented parallel to one another, in response to regional stress Groundwater flow, hydrothermal ore deposits Fault : A fracture with displacement

FRACTURES AND JOINTS

Rekahan dan Sesar

Rekahan (fractures) adalah suatu bidang diskontinuitas dalam batuan Jenis-jenis fractures : extension fractures dan shear fractures Extension fractures (mode ) Shear fractures (mode II) Shear fractures (mode III) Joint atau kekar (sistematik dan non-sistematik) Kekar kolom Kekar release dan kekar pembebanan (loading) Kekar yang terbentuk akibat perlipatan (cross-joint, longitudinal joint dan stretching joint) Veins (tension gash) Sesar (fault) adalah rekahan yang memperlihatkan adanya bukti pergerakan (shear displacement) atau off-set Sesar (fault) dapat berbentuk satu bidang diskrit yang planar atau membentuk suatu zona (fault zone) yang terdiri dari banyak bidangbidang sesar yang sejajar dan saling berhubungan (net-work)

FRACTURED ROCKS

Rekahan (Fractures)
Rekahan (fractures) adalah suatu bidang diskontinuitas dalam batuan Jenis-jenis fractures : extension fractures dan shear fractures Extension fractures (mode I) Shear fractures (mode II) Shear fractures (mode III)
Fracture Types

FRACTURES FORMATION

A. Extension (Mode I)

B. Shear (Mode II)

C. Shear (Mode III)

Rekahan (Fractures)
Joint atau kekar (sistematik dan nonsistematik) Kekar kolom Kekar release dan kekar pembebanan (loading) Kekar yang terbentuk akibat perlipatan (cross-joint, longitudinal joint dan stretching joint) Veins (tension gash)
SYSTEMATIC JOINT

Nomenclatures (Joint vs. Fault) Shear vs. Extension Fractures Hybrid Fractures

FRACTURES AND JOINTS

FRACTURES & JOINT SETS

FRACTURED ROCKS

KEKAR PALING SUKAR DIANALISA KARENA :

PEMBENTUKANNYA TIDAK TERBATAS WAKTU Sejak sedimen diendapkan Batuan beku mendingin Mengalami diagenesa Sampai mengalami gangguan oleh gaya Kekar Non Tektonik Kekar Tektonik

TIDAK MEMPERLIHATKAN ADANYA PERGESERAN

PRINCIPAL STRESS

STRESS vs. STRAIN

Stress Tensor Notation

11 12 13 = 21 22 23 31 32 33

Unstable

S
Stable

Formation of Fractures
n n
T0

3
Tension fracture envelope A. Stable states of stress B. Critical states of stress C. Unstable states of stress

1 3

3 = T0
Normal to fracture plane Tension fracture

s
2f = 180

f = 90 f = 0 x1

1 = 0

A. Tension fracture

B. Longitudinal splitting

C. Extension fracture

D. Conjugate shear fracture

D. Physical diagram

E.Critical uniaxial tension

Relationship between fracture types and stress from rock experiments

Effect of Anisotropy on Fracture Orientation

Compressive Fractures
The Coulomb Law of Failure

c = o + tan (n)
c = critical shear stress = cohesive strength o tan = coefficient of internal friction n = normal stress

(Modified from Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

COMPRESSIVE

TENSILE

MOHR DIAGRAM FOR BRITTLE DUCTILE TRANSITION

Frictional Sliding Behavior (Byerlees law)

c = tan f (n)
c = critical shear stress f = tan f f = coefficient of sliding friction n = normal stress

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

THE CONCEPT OF EFFECTIVE STRESS EFFECT OF PRE-EXISTING FRACTURE

re lu ve En pe lo

om ul Co

i Fa

N = normal stress = shear stress (s) Pf = pore fluid pressure 1 = maximum principal stress 3 = minimum principal stress

ROLE OF FLUID PRESSURE (Pf)

Slip and Fracture Condition

Effective stress (*) n* = n - Pf c = o + tan (n- Pf) c = o + tan (n*)
If n* = 0

c = o
c = Critical stress o = Tensile strength of rock

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

Relationship between Differential Stress and Shear Displacement (Twiss and Moore, 1992)

Mohr diagram showing variation of fracture condition resulting from the effect of differential stress and prepreexisting fractures

Failure Envelope and Development of Fracture at Different Condition

s
Brittle-ductile transition Yield stress Von Mises ductle failure criterion

The Development of Through Going Fracture (Fault)

Griffith Crack
2 = 4t(t+)

Coulumb fracture criterion

Parabolic fracture envelope

D C B A
n f 1 f 3

t = tensile strength
I. II. III. IV. V. Pre-existing crack Crack closed Crack propagation Crack begin to interact Fault forms

T0

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

Twiss and Moores (1992)

TWO TYPES OF FRACTURE MECHANISM

FRACTURES AND FAULTS

Fracture strongly dependent on: Confining pressure (3) and Fluid Pressure (Pf)

FRACTURES MECHANICS

FRACTURES AND FAULTS

FRACTURES AND FAULTS

Sesar dan Rekahan

Sesar dan Rekahan

Sesar (fault) adalah rekahan yang memperlihatkan adanya bukti pergerakan (shear displacement) atau off-set Sesar dapat berbentuk satu bidang diskrit yang planar atau membentuk suatu zona (fault zone) yang terdiri dari banyak bidang-bidang sesar yang sejajar dan saling berhubungan (net-work)

Andersons Dynamic Fault Classification Anderson

Extensional

Compressional

FAULT GEOMETRIES AND CLASSIFICATION

Andersons Dynamic Fault Classification Anderson Separation Classification Slip Classification
Dip-slip faults Hanging wall block Hanging wall block Dip-slip faults

Foot wall block

Foot wall block

A. Normal
Obliqueslip faults

B. Thrust

C. Right-lateral, or dextral D. Left-lateral, or sinistral

Rotational faults

E. Sinistral-normal

F. Sinistral-reverse

G.

Classification of Fault Rocks

(Sibson, 1977)

Model of a Shear Zone

Brittle Ductile Deformation in The Earth Crust

The strength of brittle rocks increases with confining pressure, but pressure, decreases with temperatures. temperatures. Cataclasis Deformation Lithospheric Strength Profiles

(Scholtz, 1990)

Oceanic

Continental

FAULT ROCKS AND DEFORMATION MECHANISM

FAULT AND FAULT ZONES

Sur face trace of fault

Incohesive cataclasites

1-4 km .

Clay Gouge
0.1 m

ul Fa
Temperature

Cataclastic fault rocks

Cohesive cataclasites 4-10 km.

on tz e

250-350 C Mylonites

Myloniteic fault rocks

1m Fault zone on Pre-Tertiary sandstone, Central Sumatera

FAULT AND FAULT ZONES

FAULT ATTRIBUTES
Strike -s lip

Di psli p

Oblique

-s lip
lt pla Fa u ne

Hor izon tal com

ponent

Throw

Vertical comp onent

Di psl

Obliq ue
ip

-slip
p -s li ik e e nt S tr p on c om

He a

ve

Fault Gouge

Earthquake Focal Mechanism First Motion Study