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The ISO-OSI 7 layer Reference Model (officially known as ISO Standard 7498, 1984, 7498-
1:1994. and CCITT standard X.200) was developed by the Internet Architecture Board and drafted
by the IETF.
“It provides a common basis for the coordination of standards development for the purpose of
systems interconnection, while allowing existing standards to be placed into perspective within the
overall Reference Model. The model identifies areas for developing or improving standards. It does
not intend to serve as an implementation specification.”
Transport • additional connection below the session TCP, ARP, RARP; Gateway
layer
• manages the flow control of data
packets; flow control SPX Advanced Cable
between parties across the network
& error-handling Tester
• divides streams of data into chunks or
packets; the transport layer of the NWLink
receiving computer reassembles the
message from packets NetBIOS /
• "train" is a good analogy => the data is NetBEUI
divided into identical units
• provides error-checking to guarantee
error-free data delivery, with on losses ATP
or duplications
• provides acknowledgment of successful
transmissions; requests retransmission
if some packets don’t arrive error-free
• provides flow control and error-
handling
DECnet
Data Link • turns packets into raw bits 100101 and Logical Link Bridge
at the receiving end turns bits into Control
packets.
data frames to bits Switch
• handles data frames between the
• error
Network and Physical layers
correction and ISDN Router
• the receiving end packages raw data
flow control
from the Physical layer into data frames
• manages link
for delivery to the Network layer
control and Intelligent Hub
• responsible for error-free transfer of
defines SAPs
frames to other computer via the
Physical Layer NIC
• this layer defines the methods used to 802.1 OSI Model
transmit and receive data on the Advanced Cable
network. It consists of the wiring, the 802.2 Logical Link Tester
devices use to connect the NIC to the Control
wiring, the signaling involved to Media Access
transmit / receive data and the ability to Control
detect signaling errors on the network
media
• communicates
with the
adapter card
• controls the
type of media
being used:
802.3 CSMA/CD
(Ethernet)
802.12 Demand
Priority
Physical • transmits raw bit stream over physical IEEE 802 Repeater
cable
• defines cables, cards, and physical IEEE 802.2
hardware; raw bit Multiplexer
aspects
stream
• defines NIC attachments to hardware, ISO 2110
how cable is attached to NIC Hubs
• defines techniques to transfer bit stream ISDN
to cable TDR
Oscilloscope
Amplifier
ISO/OSI
Layer 7: Application
Written by and for users. This is what pays for the other 6 layers!
Layer 6: Presentation
Usually based on some kind of standard,
such as HTML.
Layer 5: Session
Deals usually with opening and closing a connection of some sort, or with an organized exchange
of individual messages. This is the obvious place for
• login
• usage charges
• checkpointing and restarting in case of failure
Layer 4: Transport
Deals with carrying data from one computer to another. We will consider primarily the two
protocols
TCP
Used to operate a pair of byte streams between the computers.
UDP
Used to send individual messages between the computers.
Layer 3: Network
This layer concentrates on getting data across a catenated network, using network layer addresses
to determine the LANs that should be traversed, and the gateways to be used. We will focus
exclusively on IP.
Layer 2: Link
This is the "layer of the LAN". There is a wide range of link technology, with protocols to match.
Here we have addresses that reflect a particular LAN, and the job of this layer as a provider is to
format/parse data from/to the network layer in order to get it across the LAN, from network source
to gateway to gateway ... until it reaches the network destination.
ethernet
serial
FDDI
ATM
wireless
Layer 1: Hardware
This layer basically transfers on getting bits on to and off from a transmission medium,
synchronized with some kind of clock so that the bits may be framed into bytes, and the butes may
be framed in various ways.