IP Telephony

C s thoi Internet
Mc lc
Li ni u ....................................................................................................................... i Chng 1 S ha hn ca in thoi IP............................................................... 1
Cc ph ca dch v in thoi ........................................................................ 2

Gim cc ph dch v thoi ng di...................................................................... 4 Nhiu cuc gi hn vi bng tn thp hn ................................................................ 5 H tr tt cc dch v b sung ................................................................................... 7 S dng IP mt cch c hiu qu nht.................................................................... 12
Cc lnh vc c lin quan ................................................................................ 15

Cuc gi quc t...................................................................................................... 15 Tip th t xa ............................................................................................................ 17 Trung tm cuc gi .................................................................................................. 18 Fax qua IP ............................................................................................................... 20
S hp dn ca in thoi IP .......................................................................... 22
Nn kinh t ton cu v mng Internet ton cu..................................................... 23 S pht trin ca PC................................................................................................ 24 S pht trin ca WWW .......................................................................................... 27 Nhng c gng tch hp u tin: ISDN v B-ISDN ................................................ 30
M hnh in thoi IP ...................................................................................... 33 Cng ngh, kinh t v cc yu t x hi ......................................................... 36 Cc chnh sch................................................................................................ 38

Chng 2 Cc nguyn tc c bn ca thoi s........................................... 41
Tn hiu thoi tng t v d liu s ............................................................... 42

Mng in thoi tng t ......................................................................................... 45 Cc mng my tnh s ............................................................................................. 48
Cc knh tng t v knh s......................................................................... 51

Modem..................................................................................................................... 52 M ho..................................................................................................................... 53 CSU/DSU................................................................................................................. 53
Kt hp cc thit b.......................................................................................... 55 Ti sao li s ho ting ni ............................................................................. 55

u im - Vic ghp knh tr nn d dng hn...................................................... 56 u im - Bo hiu tr nn d dng hn................................................................. 57 u im - C th s dng PC v cc my tnh khc............................................... 57 u im - Tng i chuyn mch thoi tr thnh mt chic my tnh ln v tt c cc ng truyn u c s ho ......................................................................... 58 u im - Cc ng truyn s t nhiu hn ........................................................... 58 u im - C th gim st cht lng ng truyn mt cch cht ch hn.......... 59 u im - C th cung cp nhng dch v mi ....................................................... 59 u im - ng truyn c kh nng chu nhiu cao hn ...................................... 60 u im - C th m ho ........................................................................................ 60
B x l tn hiu s .......................................................................................... 61 Ba bc s ho thoi: Ly mu, lng t ho v m ho ............................... 62

Ly mu ................................................................................................................... 62 Lng t ho............................................................................................................ 64 M ho..................................................................................................................... 68
H thng thoi PCM 64kpbs c bn ............................................................... 69
Ph v hng ro tc 64kbps ...................................................................... 70

Loi b d tha ........................................................................................................ 71 D on ting ni..................................................................................................... 73
Xem xt v cht lng thoi............................................................................ 77 Cc phng php s ho v cc tiu chun ................................................... 79

Chng 3 in thoi cho ngi s dng Internet....................................... 83
Mng in thoi ton cu................................................................................ 84

ng dy thu bao, trung k v h thng chuyn mch....................................... 85 Chuyn mch knh vi rng bng tn m bo v tr n nh.......................... 92 Ghp knh tng t ................................................................................................. 95 Ghp knh s .......................................................................................................... 99 Mch vng v cc trung k, 2 dy v 4 dy .......................................................... 106 Thc hin cc kt ni in thoi ............................................................................ 110 Cc s in thoi - a ch mng PSTN................................................................. 113 Chuyn mch v nh tuyn in t ...................................................................... 114 Bo hiu - PSTN phi kt ni .................................................................................. 116
Bell System ................................................................................................... 117

Cc cng ty c lp ............................................................................................... 119 AT&T - cng ty in thoi quc gia ....................................................................... 119
Vic gii tn Bell System............................................................................... 121

Cc hng hng khng lm nhng g................................................................. 121 Cc LATA v cc truy nhp................................................................................. 123 PSTN sau khi thay i ........................................................................................... 124 TA96 ...................................................................................................................... 125 Cc ILEC, CLEC v ISP ........................................................................................ 126 Chng 4 C s thoi gi..................................................................................... 127
Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi ...................................................... 128

Chuyn mch knh................................................................................................ 129 Chuyn mch gi................................................................................................... 131 Chuyn mch gi X.25 .......................................................................................... 134
Mng bo hiu s 7....................................................................................... 136 Internet: mng chuyn mch gi phi kt ni ................................................. 139 Gi ho thoi................................................................................................. 141
S dng cc gi c kch thc b.......................................................................... 142 S dng gi c cc cp u tin khc nhau............................................................ 142 B m jitter........................................................................................................... 142 Nn thoi ............................................................................................................... 143 K thut loi b cc mu tng ng vi khong lng............................................ 143 n nn .............................................................................................................. 143 RTP........................................................................................................................ 144
ISDN.............................................................................................................. 144 G.729B .......................................................................................................... 145

Chng 5 Cc gi d liu dnh cho ngi s dng dch v thoi ...... 146
Kt ni v knh ............................................................................................. 149

Knh o ................................................................................................................. 150 Thit lp cc knh o............................................................................................. 152
Mng phi kt ni............................................................................................ 153 Chuyn mch v nh tuyn.......................................................................... 155 Dch v mng X.25........................................................................................ 157 Lnh vc Internet............................................................................................ 162 Kin trc b giao thc Internet (TCP/IP) ....................................................... 164 World Wide Web ........................................................................................... 168
ho trn Web.................................................................................................... 169 Hnh nh ng trn Web........................................................................................ 169 Tng tc vi ngi s dng ................................................................................. 170
m thanh v hnh nh............................................................................................ 171
Mt mng Internet dnh cho thoi? .............................................................. 173

Chng 6 Cc Web site h tr dch v thoi............................................... 175
Ti sao xut hin trang web kt hp ting ni?............................................. 176

Bn hy gi cho chng ti ..................................................................................... 179 Chng ti gi cho bn............................................................................................ 180 Chng ti c VoIP.................................................................................................. 182
Cuc gi yu cu h tr k thut................................................................... 183 Liu ti c th c th mua bt k th g?....................................................... 186 Cc trung tm thoi v trang Web ................................................................ 189
Cc mc kt hp trung tm thoi........................................................................... 189 Trung tm thoi gi n......................................................................................... 194 Trung tm thoi gi i: Tip th t xa ..................................................................... 196
Trung tm thoi VoIP phn tn ..................................................................... 197 Cng ty qun l dch v Internet.................................................................... 199 Cc vn lin quan n trang Web h tr thoi......................................... 200
Chng 7 Tiu chun cho thoi IP .................................................................... 202
Mt cuc gi thoi IP..................................................................................... 204 Khung H.323 ................................................................................................. 206

Cu trc H.323....................................................................................................... 207 H.323 cho IP Telephony ........................................................................................ 208
Cc lp ng dng .......................................................................................... 212

Gatekeeper ............................................................................................................ 212 H.225 v H.245...................................................................................................... 214 B iu khin v x l a im.............................................................................. 216
Giao thc iu khin phin SIP..................................................................... 217

nh a ch v tn ................................................................................................ 218 Dch v ch dn ...................................................................................................... 219 Cc yu cu mng................................................................................................. 220 RTP v RTCP ........................................................................................................ 220
Cht lng dch v ........................................................................................ 221

Intserv v RSVP .................................................................................................... 222 Diffserv v ToS ...................................................................................................... 225 QoS trong IPv6 ...................................................................................................... 226 Chng 8 Gateway thoi IP ................................................................................. 228
Gateway v cc chc nng ca n ............................................................... 229

Truy tm ch (Destination Lookup)........................................................................ 230 Qun l kt ni IP .................................................................................................. 232 Nn / S ho.......................................................................................................... 233 Gi ho IP v vn chuyn ..................................................................................... 234 Bo hiu IP/PSTN tin tin.................................................................................... 235 ng k, truy nhp v tnh cc ............................................................................ 236
Cc tnh nng cn thit ................................................................................. 238

S cn thit ca Gateway...................................................................................... 238
Cc kiu kin trc Gateway .......................................................................... 240

Cc Gateway trn nn tng PC (PC platform Gateways) ..................................... 240 Cc B nh tuyn Gateway .................................................................................. 242 Cc Gateway server truy cp t xa ....................................................................... 243 PBX VoIP Card ...................................................................................................... 243 Chuyn mch in thoi IP ................................................................................... 245
Cc b phn ca Gateway v c tnh ......................................................... 246

B x l tn hiu s................................................................................................. 246 Cc cng vt l ...................................................................................................... 247 Giao din v cc khe phn cng ........................................................................... 247 Cc cch thit lp cu hnh ................................................................................... 247
H thng ghi bn tin............................................................................................... 248 H iu hnh ......................................................................................................... 249 H tr giao thc chun........................................................................................... 249 H tr QoS............................................................................................................. 250 Bo mt ................................................................................................................. 250
Thit b Gatekeeper....................................................................................... 251

Chng 9 in thoi LAN ....................................................................................... 252
Xu hng hi t d liu v thoi trong mng cc b ..................................... 254 Cc mi trng in thoi c quan ............................................................... 255 Cc thnh phn ca h thng in thoi LAN .............................................. 258
Mng cc b (LAN)................................................................................................ 259 My in thoi LAN ............................................................................................... 264 Gatekeeper hay b qun l cuc gi (call manager)............................................. 267 Cc thit b truy nhp PSTN .................................................................................. 268
Li ch ca in thoi LAN ............................................................................ 270

D thay i v b sung .......................................................................................... 270 Kh nng ca thit b u cui a phng tin ..................................................... 271 Tch hp my tnh-in thoi ................................................................................. 272
Nhng thch thc v tng lai ca in thoi LAN ....................................... 274

Chng 10 Dch v Fax qua Internet ............................................................... 276
Ti sao vn cn tn ti xu hng s dng my Fax...................................... 278 Ti sao cn phi c s thay i trong dch v Fax ........................................ 279 Nguyn l hot ng ca mt qu trnh trao i thng tin qua Fax............... 281
Pha A: thit lp cuc gi ........................................................................................ 281 Pha B: Th tc trao i bn tin trc khi truyn ti liu......................................... 282 Pha C: Truyn ti liu ............................................................................................ 282 Pha D: Th tc trao i bn tin sau khi truyn ti liu........................................... 282 Pha E: Gii phng cuc gi ................................................................................... 283
Cc tiu chun i vi dch v Fax qua Internet ........................................... 283 Quan im ca IETF v dch v Fax............................................................. 285 VoIP v FoIP ................................................................................................. 286 Cu trc ca h thng Fax qua Internet........................................................ 288
Giao din PSTN..................................................................................................... 289 Fax modem............................................................................................................ 289 iu khin giao thc Fax ....................................................................................... 289 iu khin mng Fax............................................................................................. 289 Giao thc mng gi (IP)......................................................................................... 289
Cc chng loi sn phm Fax s dng Internet............................................ 290

Cc trm ch Fax .................................................................................................. 290 Cc my Fax cho php s dng cng ngh IP ..................................................... 291 Cc cng vo ra chuyn dng (gateway) cho h thng Fax qua IP ..................... 292 Cc gateway kt hp VoIP/FoIP............................................................................ 293 Cc nh cung cp dch v Fax qua IP................................................................... 293
Tng lai ca cng ngh Fax qua IP ............................................................ 294

Chng 11 International Internet Bypass.................................................. 296 Chng 12 Cht lng dch v trong VoIP .................................................. 298
Cht lng dch v l g?............................................................................... 300

Phn cp cht lng .............................................................................................. 301 m bo cht lng............................................................................................... 302 Tho thun mc dch v ........................................................................................ 303
Cc thng s QoS......................................................................................... 304

Bng thng ............................................................................................................ 305 Tr.......................................................................................................................... 306 Jitter (Bin ng tr) .............................................................................................. 307
Mt thng tin (Cc tc ng ca li)...................................................................... 307 kh dng (ng tin cy) ................................................................................... 308 Bo mt ................................................................................................................. 309 Vai tr quan trng ca bng thng ........................................................................ 310
B sung QoS vo mng ................................................................................ 311

Tch hp hay b sung QoS vo mng? ................................................................. 312
Cc vn lin quan ti b nh tuyn VoIP ................................................ 314 Thm QoS vo IP.......................................................................................... 316
Chng 13 V d v trin khai thoi IP ............................................................ 321
T chc Gaba &Sweeney Engineering ......................................................... 322 T chc Helena Fabrics ................................................................................ 327 T chc qun l mng CCK (CCK Networks) ............................................... 331
Chng 14 Tng lai ca thoi qua IP v in thoi Internet............. 334
Tng lai ca ngi s dng ......................................................................... 336

Cc thit b in hnh ............................................................................................. 336 Thoi gi tc 1-kb/s .......................................................................................... 338 TelePC v in thoi Ethernet............................................................................... 339 Nghe, ni, nhn v s dng.................................................................................... 340
Tng lai ca nh cung cp dch v.............................................................. 341

Cc kh nng trong tng lai................................................................................. 342 Vin cnh v dch v.............................................................................................. 344 Vin cnh v cng ngh ........................................................................................ 346 S khc nhau gia IP Photons v IP v tuyn ...................................................... 349
Liu PSTN s b loi b?............................................................................... 350

Ch dn v t vit tt ............................................................................................ 352
Li ni u
C rt nhiu ngi quen thuc vi cc h thng ca Cisco (Cisco Systems), cng ty ny gn y tuyn b rng hu ht lu lng Internet u thng qua cc b nh tuyn (router) ca Cisco. C th li qung co trn l qu mc, nhng gn y Cisco dnh rt nhiu c gng u t cho mng thoi cng ging nh mng d liu. Cisco Systems, c tr s t ti hai a im l San Jose v California, ang trong qu trnh thay th h thng thoi truyn thng c s dng bi cc doanh nghip khp ni bng h thng in thoi IP, thm ch ngay c i vi cc h thng my tnh bn. H thng in thoi IP (VoIP) s ni 40 to nh hai khu vc v c khong 30.000 ng in thoi. Cng ging nh hu ht cc cng ty ln khc, Cisco da vo cc thit b tng i c nhn PBX (gn 100 ci) v h thng hp th thoi (voice mail) cho nhu cu in thoi. Cc thit b ch dnh ring cho thoi ny dn dn s c loi b khi hn cc d n VoIP. Cc to nh mi trong khu vc ny c xy dng vi nhu cu cho VoIP v trong tng lai gn cc to nh ny c th s khng cn n cc ng dy thoi c bit c s dng dnh ring cho dch v thoi (cng nh cc dch v cho tn hiu tng t) na. Cui cng, VoIP s c m rng cho mng din rng (WAN) a giao thc trn ton th gii ca Cisco kt ni 225 vng 77 quc gia bao gm c cc mng ng trc truyn dn ch khng ng b (ATM) ang tn ti ca cc cng ty. Ti sao mt cng ty nh Cisco phi dnh thi gian, n lc, ph tn chuyn cc dch v thoi sang mt mng d liu? Quyn sch ny s ni ln iu . Hin ti, mng Internet ton cu c s dng vi mc ch chnh l truyn d liu, cn mng in thoi ton cu c s dng chnh cho truyn thoi. Nhng iu s khng cn ng trong tng lai na. Cc mng thoi truyn thng c s dng cho mc ch truyn d liu ngy cng c pht trin. Quyn sch ny s gii thch ti sao. Ngi s dng phi nhc my in thoi ln kt ni vi mt mng thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN) khi h mun ni chuyn vi bt c mt ngi no , v ngi xung my tnh kt ni vo Internet khi h mun gi e-mail cho mt ngi khc. Mt s ngi tng tng ra vic s dng Internet thc hin mt cuc gi in thoi. Xt cho cng, l hai mng khc nhau? V hnh thc th hai mng ny khng ch khc nhau v mt vt l m chng cn c s dng tng ng truyn thoi v s liu. Cc tuyn thoi PSTN trn ton th gii c bit n nh cc dch v thoi c phn knh vt l (phn chia theo thi gian) v chuyn mch knh. Internet lin kt cc my tnh trn th gii cho cc dch v s dng mch logic (khng phn knh) v chuyn mch gi. Ngi c khng cn phi quen thuc vi cc thut ng trn. Tt c s c lm sng t, c bit l do ti sao ngi
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Li ni u
ta c th thc hin mt cuc gi trn Internet cho bn cng d dng nh khi ngi ta gi trn mng thoi hin nay. Thc t c rt nhiu s tng t, chng cho gia c s h tng cc dch v thoi PSTN v c s h tng cc dch v Internet da trn giao thc IP. Rt nhiu ngi, c bit l ti nh, s s dng mt mch thoi quay s truy cp vo mt mt nt mng gn nht lin kt vi mng ng trc Internet, c bit n nh l mt im truy nhp Internet (POP) ca nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP). Thm ch nhng iu trn hon ton khng quen thuc trong cc khi nim mng, ch bit rng l nhng g m modem ca h c dng: cho php truyn cc bit 0 v cc bt 1 c to ra bi my tnh c th di chuyn trn cc ng truy cp ni ht vo Internet. Bn thn mng ng trc Internet in hnh c cu thnh t cc tuyn trung k s tc cao ca cc nh cung cp in thoi (m ngy nay cng l cc ISP). Bi vic s dng cc mng cc b v ng trc c tha nhn do ranh gii gia PSTN v Internet khng hon ton r rng nh trc kia. Vy ti sao khng s dng IP cho cc cuc gi in thoi thng qua mng Internet hay cc mng da trn IP khc? Nu nh Internet c s dng truyn hnh nh (video) v m thanh (audio) gia mt my ch v mt my tnh khch th ti sao li khng phi l thoi? Trong trng hp ny thoi ch c xem nh l m thanh (audio) tng tc. V k thut s ho thoi hin i thc s lm cho ta kh phn bit c dng gi cc bit thoi vi dng gi cc bit d liu. Quyn sch ny s cp n thoi qua IP. Mng da trn IP c th l mng Internet cng cng, hay cng c th l mt vi dng dch v mng da trn IP c qun l. Mt dch v IP c qun l l mt dch v in hnh, trong nh cung cp dch v khng ch cung cp cc ng thu bao ti mng Internet ton cu m cn cung cp cc tuyn (thc hoc o) c bng thng dnh ring cho cc khch hng c bit. Mng IP c th l mt mng cc b (LAN) trong phm vi gii hn ca mt t chc no hay ca mt khu lin hp vn phng. Thoi qua IP vn c l VoIP cho d IP chy trn mt mng LAN, thng qua cc mng LAN c lin kt bi cc ng thu ring im-im, mt dch v Internet c qun l hay mng Internet cng cng ton cu. C mt s im khc bit quan trng trong cht lng dch v thoi (QoS) ch i c ci thin bao gm cc vn lin quan n s tit kim v yu cu thit b....Nhng vn ny s c trao i trong phn tip theo. Ngay c mt s phn trong quyn sch ny, c nhiu thut ng v khi nim c s dng vi gi thit chng quen thuc vi ngi c.Cc thut ng nh: phn knh (channelized), khng phn knh (unchannelized), mch, knh (circuit), ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (time division multiplexing), ISP, POP, v QoS, ch l v d cho nhng thut ng quan trng nht.
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Li ni u
S quen thuc ny c bit khng phi ng nh th, bi v cc thut ng v khi nim trong VoIP c t hp t cc khi nim trong mi trng thoi ca PSTN v s liu ca Internet, trong cc mi trng ngn ng truyn thng c s dng ring bit. Do cun sch ny s c gng lm sng t v soi r cc thut ng cng nh khi nim c s dng trong VoIP, bt u t cc khi nim ht sc c bn. y l l do ti sao quyn sch c bit v VoIP ny c vit ra. C rt nhiu sch v VoIP cho nhng ngi dng IP v mt s sch v VoIP cho nhng ngi dng PSTN nhng khng c quyn sch no v VoIP cho nhng ngi bnh thng. Bt c ai tng gi in thoi hay ng nhp vo Internet u c th c quyn sch ny. Ai c kin thc k thut tt th cng tt, tt nhin. Nhng khng nht thit ngi c c nn tng hay c o to t trc. Quyn sch ny c cu trc c xy dng t cc ch n gin n phc tp hn v t ri rc trong cc chng cho ngi c quen thuc vi mng thoi cng nh ngi c quen thuc vi mng s liu. Cc chng ca quyn sch ny c t chc nh sau: Chng 1: S ha hn ca in thoi IP. Chng ny xem xt s hp dn ca VoIP vi mt lot cc vin cnh khc nhau. Chng ny bt u bng vic iu tra nghin cu cc gi tr ca dch v thoi t mt vin cnh th gii, vi s ch n vic tip th t xa (telemarketing) (c l cn kh nghe hn c li qung co tit kim mt khon tin ln trn khong cch xa), c ch n cc trung tm cuc gi (call center), ng thi xem xt n cch s dng cc dch v fax. Chng 1 s dn khm ph ra nhng iu li cun ca VoIP v in thoi Internet. Bn kha cnh ca VoIP c tho lun chi tit. Trn thc t th gii ngy nay to nn mt nn kinh t ton cu, lin kt ln nhau, v song song vi hin tng ny l mng Internet ton cu cng ang ln mnh dn ln. S lng my tnh c nhn (PC) tng ln cng gp phn cho s pht trin v ng thi l s bng n cng vi s tin ti WWW (World Wide Web). C hai lnh vc PC v WWW c nghin cu y , v gn y n c hon thin, nhng trc ngi ta n lc kt hp cc mng thoi v s liu (thm ch c hnh nh) thnh mt mng hp nht. Tip theo ni dung ca chng s a ra mt m hnh cho VoIP, cch b tr khu vc cho thng mi v dn c, thu nhp v chi ph cng vi cc kha cnh ca VoIP thnh mt c cu t chc thng nht. Cc kha cnh khc ca c cu ny s c bn n chi tit hn nhng chng khc. Cui chng 1 s lt qua v nhng vn k thut, kinh t v cc nhn t x hi, nhng vn lm cho VoIP tr thnh mt trong nhng ch nng hi nht hin nay. Vic a ra cc quy tc v bi b cc quy tc ng vai tr mu cht trong qu trnh tho lun y. Chng 2: Cc nguyn tc c bn ca thoi s. Chng ny nghin cu xem thoi tng t c s ho nh th no. N c bt u bng vic so
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Li ni u
snh gia mng in thoi tng t v mng in thoi s ng thi cng trnh by cc tng cho php ngi c c th nm c s khc nhau c bn gia cc thit b mng nh cc modem v cc DSU/CSU. Chng ny cng ch ra l do ca vic s ho v gii thiu cc b chip x l tn hiu s (DSP) c xem l ch da ca vic pht trin VoIP. Tip chng ny trnh by thc t cc DSP s ho thoi ra sao. ng thi cng trnh by y v qu trnh ly mu, lng t ho v m ho, a ra nhn xt v kt lun rng thoi 64kb/s PCM vn l tiu chun thoi s ph bin nht. Chng ny khp li bng vic trnh by cc cng ngh DSP mi hn c thit k s ho thoi tc thp hn 64kb/s. Cht lng thoi c nghin cu v a ra mt cuc kho st v cc k thut hin ti c lin quan n ni dung ca chng. Chng 3: in thoi cho ngi s dng Internet. Thc t c rt nhiu m t v chc nng v lch s ca mng in thoi. Chng ny c gng to ra mt s khc bit nh bng cch tha nhn cc kin thc c bn v Internet v cc b nh tuyn, c gng nhn mnh cc c im ging v khc nhau gia PSTN v Internet. Chng ny bt u bng vic xem xt cu trc ca PSTN vi vic trnh by chi tit vo mch vng thu bao, cc trung k v cc chuyn mch. Tt c s khc nhau gia trung k thoi s v trung k thoi tng t c phn tch chng ny, ngoi ra cng ngh truyn dn SONET/SDH cng c gii thiu y. Tip theo s nghin cu v dng v chc nng ca s in thoi Bc M hiu c iu g s xy ra khi hnh thnh mt cuc gi (v so snh vi vic gi cc gi Internet). N dn ti vic tho lun v cc mng bo hiu trong PSTN. y cng trnh by ngn gn v lch s ca h thng in thoi Bell nhm to iu kin thun li hn trong vic tm hiu v cu trc PSTN. Mt s vn v cc LEC, CLEC v cc ISP c phn tch cng vi cc LATA, ph truy cp v cc khi nim khc to nn th gii PSTN ngy nay. Chng 4: C s thoi gi. Vic s ho thoi khc nhiu so vi vic gi ho thoi (packetizing). Chng ny gii thch v vic ti sao vic xy dng v iu khin cc mng thoi gi li gp kh khn hn nhiu so vi cc mng cung cp cc knh thoi s. M u ca chng l vic phn tch s khc nhau gia chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi ng thi gii thiu X.25 nh mt tiu chun quc t cho cc mng chuyn mch gi cng cng. Phn tip theo trong chng ny s gii thiu hai mng chuyn mch gi phi kt ni l mng bo hiu SS7 cho PSTN v Internet. Vic s dng SS7 thit lp v duy tr cc kt ni thoi trong PSTN c gii thiu trc
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Li ni u
v sau s trnh by lch s kh ngn gn ca Internet. Hai mng c v ht sc khc nhau nhng li c nhiu c im v tnh cht chung. y l c im quan trng v cc cuc gi VoIP thng s lin quan n c mng bo hiu SS7 v mng Internet. Phn chnh ca chng ny l xem xt cc vn cn c gii quyt vic gi ho thoi c hiu qu. By kha cnh khc nhau ca thoi s c a ra xem xt v mi kha cnh s c mt gii php cho php thoi c th c truyn trong cc mng gi. Chng ny khp li bng gii thiu v chun G.729B, mt tiu chun quc t cung cp mt s tnh nng cn thit trong mng thoi gi. Chng 5: Cc gi d liu dnh cho ngi s dng dch v thoi. y l mt chng c lin quan n chng 3 (gii thiu PSTN vi nhng ngi quen thuc vi Internet v cc giao thc ca n). Nu trong chng 3 trnh by vn v bo hiu vi nhng ngi quen thuc vi vic nh tuyn th chng ny gii thch khi nim mng phi kt ni vi nhng ngi quen thuc vi cc cuc gi in thoi thng thng. Chng ny bt u vi cc trnh by chi tit hn v cc knh v cc kt ni cng nh cc tng thit lp vic s dng cc knh o i vi cc mng gi. Phn ny gii thiu cc khi nim ca cc nt mng trong mt mng phi kt ni v bn n cc c trng ca cc b chuyn mch cng nh cc b nh tuyn. Cc tng chun quan trng v gi v datagram cng c xem xt. Ngoi ra trong chng ny cng cp n mt s so snh gia cc mng c cc b chuyn mch c xem nh l cc nt mng (nh X.25) v cc mng c cc b nh tuyn c xem nh l cc nt mng (nh Interrnet). Phn ny cng trnh by v b giao thc Internet TCP/IP, bao gm c du hiu nhn bit v hot ng ca cc giao thc TCP/IP chung. Chng ny khp li bng vic gii thiu chi tit v Word Wide Web bao gm ho, hnh nh ng v m thanh trn Web. Chng 6: Cc Web site h tr dch v thoi. Chng ny trnh by vic s dng VoIP b sung kh nng thoi cho mt Web site. iu ny cng tng t vi vic b sung Web vo mt trung tm iu khin cc cuc gi n phc v cho cc nhu cu v h tr k thut hoc mt trung tm cuc gi i s dng cho vic tip th t xa, c hai vn ny u c xem xt y. Sau khi xem xt l do cho php thoi trn Web, ba phng php thc hin vic c nu ra v kt qu l kh nng Web VoIP y . C hai trng hp nghin cu ng dng VoIP cho trung tm cuc gi nh sau, nghin cu th nht kho st v cc trung tm h tr cng ngh v th hai l kho st v nhu cu thoi tng tc. iu ny to gip cho ngi c hiu mt cch thu o hn v vic tch hp VoIP vi Web cng nh vic iu khin cc trung tm cuc gi n v vng ngoi v vic tch hp VoIP ng vai tr nh th no trong mt trung tm iu khin cuc gi/Web site c t hp thoi/Web hin i.
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Chng ny kt thc bng vic xem xt v cc trung tm cuc gi phn tn s dng VoIP v nghin cu s qua v vic liu cc Web site v trung tm iu khin cuc gi c th t li gn nhau hn khng so vi trc khi s dng VoIP. Cui cng l phn trnh by chi tit v mt s vn c lin quan n cc Web site h tr thoi v cc trung tm iu khin cuc gi. Chng 7: Tiu chun cho thoi IP. Chng ny i vo chi tit hai h tiu chun quan trng cho VoIP v in thoi IP l H.323 v giao thc khi to phin (SIP-Sesion Initialization Protocol). Chng ny bt u bng vic ch ra nhng g s xy ra khi mt cuc gi IP c to ra v sau gii thiu h giao thc H.323 ca ITU-T. H.323 l nn tng ph bin nht cho vic thc hin h thng in thoi IP v tt c cc kha cnh ca H.323 c trnh by, t cc loi u cui, n cc gateway, n vic iu khin bo hiu, v n vic thit lp cc kt ni. Chng ny tip tc vi vic trnh by SIP nh mt phng n khc thay th H.323. Tt c cc vn chi tit ca kin trc SIP c xem xt nh t tn v nh a ch, vn v nh tuyn, v cc yu cu v mng. Giao thc giao vn thi gian thc (RTP-Real-Time Transport Protocol) v giao thc iu khin thi gian thc (RTCP-Real-Time Control Protocol), c hai giao thc ny c s dng cng vi H.323 thc hin in thoi IP cng c xem xt trong phn ny. Chng ny c khp li vi mt s tm tt v cht lng dch v (QoS) trong cc mng IP bao gm nhng xem xt v cc dch v thuc loi DiffSer v cht lng dch v (QoS) c h tr trong IPv4 v IPv6. Chng 8: Gateway thoi IP. Chng ny xem xt cc thnh phn chc nng, thit k bn trong v hot ng ca cc thnh phn quan trng nht ca hu ht cc mng VoIP. Chng ny tip tc trnh by cch bo hiu m cc Gateway s dng truyn thng vi PSTN v mng SS7 v trnh by hot ng ca MGCP nh mt gii php cho cc Gateway VoIP xut hin ging nh cc chuyn mch in thoi tiu chun i vi PSTN. Cc m hnh thit k Gateway kiu khc nhau c xem xt sau , t cc gii php n gin nht ch dng phn mm cho n cc card VoIP dng cho vic tch hp thoi gi vo cc chuyn mch PBX c sn. Kt thc chng l mt m t ngn gn v vai tr ca cc gatekeeper v mi lin quan ca chng vi cc thit b Gateway. Chng 9: in thoi LAN. Chng ny tho lun v cch s dng in thoi IP nh mt cch quay s ti cc tng i c nhn (PBX) cho cc vn phng hay trng i hc. Bt u bng vic xem xt cc c im ring bit ca mi trng PBX, bao gm c vic tho lun v vai tr truyn thng ca PBX trong mt t chc. Tip sau l trnh by v mi trng ca mt mng LAN in hnh, t xem xt s thch hp v nhng thiu st ca mi trng mng LAN cho dch v thoi. Chng ny cng bn n cc tr ngi ring i vi dch v thoi qua mng LAN, nh vic thiu ht cc thit b chnh, ng thi a ra cc gii php gii quyt cc vn .
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Phn cui ca chng c kt thc cng nghin cu cc li ch m cc nh pht trin dch v thoi qua LAN c th hy vng, v xem xt n cc kh nng h thng in thoi ang c trin khai ny ha hn to ra mt cuc cch mng trong tng lai. Chng 10: Dch v Fax qua Internet. Chng ny c bt u vi mt lch s ng ngc nhin ca vic truyn fax, v tip tc gii thch l do ti sao trong mi trng thng mi ngy nay ngi ta vn chp nhn dch v fax. Sau khi xem xt chi tit li ch v vai tr ca dch v fax, chng ta chuyn sang bn v c s cc giao thc T.30 v T.4 trong k thut fax. Tip theo l phn trnh by v cc kt qu ca ITU-T v IETF trong vic to ra cc chun c th dng cho vic truyn Fax qua IP, gii thch vic ti sao trong h thng VoIP lu lng fax khng c i x nh lu lng thoi. Cc chun T.38 v IETF IFax khng nm trong ni dung ca chng ny. Chng ny cng quan tm n vic xem xt cc loi sn phm kt ni fax c sn trn th trng, ng thi nhn nhn v vai tr ca cc nh cung cp dch v fax da trn giao thc IP. Chng 11: International Internet Bypass. Chng ny bt u bng mt ci nhn s lc v h thng in thoi ton cu s dng PSTN v s hp dn trong vic s dng VoIP trn Internet ton cu s bt lu lng cho cc cuc gi quc t. Khi nim mt cuc gi VoIP trn Internet l min ph cn c xem xt, n dn ti vic cn phi bn xem liu cc khch hng s dng dch v in thoi Internet phi tr cc nh th no. S khc bit gia cu trc ca mng ton cu PSTN v cc nh cung cp Internet (ISP) s c lm sng t vi mc ch nghin cu gi tr ca thoi qua Internet v thoi PSTN. Ch ny dn ti xem xt k lng n vic phn chia, quyn hn truy cp v s tho thun quc t. Cu trc LATA M c th nghim v tri ngc vi nhng g cc nc khc. Vic a ra cc vn c tnh khng quy tc v ring t trn phm vi ton cu cng c cp ti. Nhiu phng n a ra gii quyt s tng ng trong vic thanh ton ton cu cho dch v thoi Internet cng c bn n chi tit. Kt thc chng l nhng xem xt vic chuyn ti thoi qua Internet nh mt loi hnh thoi IP v nghin cu cch thoi i qua Internet nh mt phng n c gi cc thp hn. Chng 12: Cht lng dch v trong VoIP. Chng ny bt u bng vic xem xt k lng nhng cn thit khi nim cht lng dch v (QoS) khi khi nim ny c p dng vo mt mng c th. D phng QoS c nh ngha nh kh nng ca nhng ngi s dng nh r gi tr ca cc thng s c th, c bit l bng thng, trn mt c s c tnh cht ring l i vi tng ng dng. Cc khi nim c lin quan quan trng nh mn, m bo cht lng v cc tho thun v cp dch v cng c bn ti. Su thng s QoS c gii thiu v gii thch l bng thng, tr, jitter, mt mt thng tin, kh dng, v bo mt. Vai tr ca bng thng l mt thng s QoS c bn s c lm r v cc thng s QoS ca mng
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quan trng khc cng c nghin cu. Ngoi ra chng ny cng xem xt ti nhiu cch nhm lm tng QoS ca mt mng IP v kho st y cc tr ngi m mi trng nh tuyn Internet gy ra i vi in thoi IP. Chng 13: V d v trin khai thoi IP. Chng ny gii thiu 3 nghin cu n gin v s mng, ch tiu k thut sn phm thoi IP. Ba nghin cu ny l kt qu ca mt hng k thut a ra nhm lm gim chi ph khi truyn khong cch xa, c ngh cho mt nh my dt cn mt tng i ni b PBX mi v mt nh cung cp dch v Internet ISP mong mun kt hp thm c kh nng thoi v fax vo mng nm di quyn qun l ca h. Chng 14: Tng lai ca thoi qua IP v in thoi Internet. Chng ny s xem xt v tng lai ca thoi qua IP v s t hp gia lu lng thoi v s liu theo mt s quan im: ca ngi s dng, h l nhng ngi kh tnh vi nhng thay i v cht lng thoi; cc nh cung cp dch v, h c l phi c gng t c kt qu cao nht t cc xu hng hi t; v cui cng l cc nh k thut, h u tranh pht trin k thut mi tip theo m nhng k thut s lm nn mt cuc cch mng cc h thng thoi. Chng ny cng bao gm c nhng suy xt v tng lai ca bn thn mng PSTN, liu cui cng n c tr thnh mt mng chuyn mch gi, mt mng a dch v cung cp rt nhiu dch v hn hin ti hay khng.
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Chng 1 S ha hn ca in thoi IP
Chng 1. S ha hn ca in thoi IP
Cc ph ca dch v in thoi
Chi ph cho dch v in thoi khng phi lc no cng l r khi so snh vi cc chi ph sinh hot thng thng trong gia nh v cho ph kinh doanh. Trc y in thoi l mt ci g rt xa x v chi ph cho n l rt ln. Alexander Graham Bell, ngi pht minh ra in thoi nh l mt cng c kinh doanh cc nh sn xut gi nh cung cp hoc cc bnh vin gi bc s. ng ta rt ngc nhin rng nhng ngi bnh thng li mun c mt ci in thoi trong nh ca h. Nhng ngi ny trao i thng tin bng cch vit th. Thc t cho n tn khi cht, Bell vn khng c in thoi trong nh cng nh vn phng lm vic ca mnh ch yu l v ng ta rt s b quy ry bi chung in thoi. Tuy nhin kh nng c th trao i trc tip vi ngi khng ngay cnh mnh lm m hoc hu ht nhng ngi s dng in thoi. Mark Twain l mt trong nhng ngi u tin lp t in thoi nh ca ng ti Hartford bang Connecticut, l ni m ngy nay chng ta vn c th n tham quan. ng cng l mt trong nhng ngi u tin phn nn v cht lng dch v km. Cc nh doanh nghip cng s dng in thoi, nhng ch yu vn l nhng ng ch v nhng nh qun l c vn phng ring cn trao i thng tin. M vo khong nhng nm 1930, chi ph cho dch v in thoi vo khong 18 n 24 USD mt nm tu theo tng vng. Cc ph cc thnh ph min ng r hn so vi cc thnh ph min ty. Cc ph ny nghe c v khng nhiu lm, tuy nhin vo thi im th chi ph khng phi l nh. Chng ta th hnh dung mt nng dn trung bnh nm 1930 c thu nhp nh hn 200 USD/1thng ng vi mc lng 2400 USD/nm. Vo thi im mt na gallon (1gallon=3,78 lit) sa c gi khong 28 cent, mt pound (1pound=0,373 kg) tht ln mui xng khi c gi l 40 cent. Vi gi c ny, chi ph 20 USD/nm cho in thoi l khon tin cho t nht 160 ba n hoc mua thc n sng trong 3 thng. chnh l mt trong cc l do m trc khi nc M bc vo cuc chin tranh th gii ln th hai nm 1941, ch khong 40% ngi dn M cho rng h c th trang tri cho dch v in thoi nh. V kt qu cng l do nhng n lc phi thng ca cc cng ty in thoi trong vic duy tr cc thu bao in thoi trong thi im kinh t suy thoi vo nhng nm u nhng nm 1930. Nhng n lc ny bao gm trin khai din rng cc ng dy hi ngh (ng truy nhp h tr nhiu thu bao) v p dng cc khng i i vi dch v ni ht ngi s dng c th xc nh trc mc chi ph cho dch v in thoi trong ngn sch eo hp hng thng. Cc ph cho cuc gi ni ht cao ri, nhng cuc gi ng di c cc ph cn cao hn v c bit l cuc gi quc t. V d nh nm 1927, mt cuc gi t New York i London thi gian 5 pht s c cc ph l 75 USD. Khon tin ny tng ng vi 700 USD nm 2000, v vy in thoi quc t l mt lnh vc kinh doanh t . Thm ch ngay n gia nm 1960, cuc gi ng di trong nc c chi ph cao v rt bt tin cho ngi
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s dng. Mt cuc gi ng di thng c kt ni nhn cng gia cc nh vn hnh mng (ngi gi s c thng bo ti s gi li anh khi c th kt ni c vi u kia) v qu trnh s ko di khong 7 n 12 pht c th gi t u ny n u kia nc M. Nm 1961 cc ph cho cuc gi t u ny n u kia nc M ca hng AT&T gim xung cn 12 USD/pht, vo thi im m lng ti thiu l 1 USD/1gi. Ch dn khi kt thc chin tranh th gii ln th hai, s lng cc nh doanh nghip s dng in thoi mi tng mnh. Nn kinh t nc M sut nhng nm 1950 pht trin nhy vt v vn chnh ca cc nh doanh nghip l tm nhng ngi c trnh m cc vn phng bn hng mi. Nhng ngi cao tui khng h ngn ngi khi coi nhng nm 1950 l nhng nm thng vng son ca nc M. T nm 1945 n nm 1960, sn phm quc ni tng gp i v n to iu kin cho cng ngh pht trin. Cc nh qun l s dng in thoi v lm vic mt cch c hiu qu hn h trang b in thoi cho tt c cc cng nhn ca mnh. S tc ng qua li ln nhau gia cng ngh, kinh t v cc yu t x hi nhanh chng th hin trong thi gian ny. Mt bc tranh v cng s nhng nm 1930 v 1940 l cc nhn vin ngi trn cc bn xp thnh cc hng vi my ch v ngi qun l ng ca vn phng. Ch c ngi qun l mi c in thoi v ch c ngi qun l mi c phng ring ni chuyn in thoi m khng lm phin n ngi khc xung quanh. Vo nhng nm 1950 v 1960, in thoi c trang b cho tt c cc bn lm vic ca nhn vin. Ngay lp tc mc n tng ln t ngt v gii php l cp cho mi ngi mt phng nh ring. Khi u in thoi ch yu phc v cho vic kinh doanh, tuy nhin sau n xm nhp vo th trng l cc gia nh. V d nh vo nhng nm 1970 v 1980 cc nh cung cp dch v cuc gi ng di ch yu tp trung vo cc doanh nghip v ch bt u tng bc cung cp cho cc i tng s dng gia nh. V vy cc u im ca VoIP u tin v trc ht ng dng cho cc doanh nghip nhng sau n cng phi nhanh chng hng vo cc i tng s dng gia nh. Cc doanh nghip quyt nh s dng VoIP v h u b hp dn bi u im v cc ph ca dch v ny. Bn u im thng c cp n ca VoIP l: 1. Gim cc ph dch v thoi ng di 2. H tr nhiu cuc gi vi bng tn thp hn 3. Nhiu hn v tt hn cc dch v nng cao 4. S dng c hiu qu nht giao thc IP. Sau y chng ta phn tch tng u im ca VoIP.
Gim cc ph dch v thoi ng di

Cc i tng s dng doanh nghip thng hay thc hin cc cuc gi ng di nhiu hn so vi i tng s dng gia nh, mc d tnh di ng ca cc gia nh M ngy nay yu cu cc dch v thoi ng di nhiu hn rt nhiu so vi 30 nm trc y. V vy gim cc ph dch v thoi ng di bao gi cng l mc tiu xuyn sut. Cc ph ca VoIP bao gi cng ch bng khong 30% cc ph ca cuc gi qua mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN). Chng ta d dng nhn ra y l li ch ln nht ca VoIP i vi cc doanh nghip. Cc doanh nghip thc hin rt nhiu cc cuc gi ng di. Trong thc t do tnh phn tn t nhin ca cc doanh nghip v tnh lin kt gia cc doanh nghip lm cho cc cuc gi ng di (c nh ngha y l cc cuc gi yu cu m vng khc) tr nn rt ph bin hn trc y rt nhiu. Nh trn ni cc ph cuc gi quay s ng di trc tip (DDD direct-distance dialing) (c ngha l khng c s can thip ca cc nh vn hnh) t u ny n u kia nc M l 12 USD/1pht. Cc ph ny nhanh chng gim xung cn 6 USD/1 pht ch v c qu t ngi s dng dch v DDD. Kt qu ca n l hng AT&T khng thu c li nhun nh mong mun. Vi cc ph thp hn, s lng cc cuc gi ng di s tng tuy nhin cng rt chm. Cc cuc gi ng di ch tng mnh cho n cui nhng nm 1970 khi m mi ngi khng cn lo ngh n cc ph ca cc cuc gi ng di. Trong phn tip theo ca chng ny chng ta s xem xt cc nguyn tc cng nh mi lin h ca in thoi truyn thng v in thoi Internet. Cc cng ty in thoi ni ht thng l cc cng ty c quyn, h kinh doanh da trn nguyn tc lm sao cho li nhun l ln nht. Trong mi trng c s cnh tranh gia cc doanh nghip v d nh mi trng cc cng ty in thoi ng di M, h kim tin bng cch gim ti thiu chi ph. Cc ph in thoi s nh hng n vic i tng no s dng dch v . Cc cng ty in thoi ni ht thng l cc cng ty c quyn c xu th c gng duy tr mc cc trnh gim li nhun. Ni mt cch khc l cc cng ty c quyn thch duy tr cc ph mc cao thu c li nhun cao nht. Trong khi cc cng ty in thoi ng di trong mi trng cnh tranh khc lit nh nc M c gng kim tin bng cch gim thiu chi ph to li th cnh tranh vi cc i th. Trong mi trng hp, VoIP t nhiu to ra s cnh tranh gia c cc cng ty in thoi ni ht v cc cng ty in thoi ng di. Li th ny s thc y cc cng ty in thoi cung cp dch v VoIP?. Vn ny hin vn cn ang c tranh ci si ni. Trong chng ny chng ta ch cp n tnh cnh tranh ca VoIP vi dch v thoi truyn thng trn mi kha cnh n c th cung cp cc cuc thoi t ni ht, ng di n cc cuc gi quc t vi chi ph thp nht.
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Nhiu cuc gi hn vi bng tn thp hn

Chng ta bit rng cng ngh thoi s ho truyn thng yu cu tc 64 kb/s. Cc ng truy nhp ca cc doanh nghip thng l cc knh tn hiu s khi n ra khi giao din thit b ca h, tuy nhin i vi cc ng truy nhp gia nh th hu ht l cc knh thoi tng t. Vic s ho tn hiu thoi s c cp n trong cc chng tip theo. Trong trng hp cc knh thoi tng t s dng cc gia nh, th tn hiu thoi tng t cng c s ho ngay khi n ti cc thit b ca mng PSTN (v d nh tng i) v i khi vic ny cn xy ra trc . S ho tn hiu thoi tc 64 kp/s thng c gi l thoi PCM 64 kb/s. PCM l tn hiu iu xung m. Vn y l tn hiu thoi PCM xut hin trong sut thi gian m thoi v chim ton b bng tn. y l bn cht ca vic ghp knh phn chia thi gian (TDM) s dng trong mng chuyn mch knh. Vic chim ton b bng tn trong ton b thi gian xy ra ngay c khi mt ngi im lng khi nghe (nn mt chiu v nhiu vn c s ho v gi i) hoc thm ch ngay c khi c hai ngi t in thoi vo trng thi gi ng (hold). Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn m tn hiu thoi c s ho tc 64 kp/s l m bo cht lng tn hiu thoi. Khi cng ngh s ho tn hiu thoi c a vo s dng trong thc t ln u tin vo u nhng nm 1960 th s ho tn hiu thoi tc 64 kb/s c coi l ph hp vi trnh pht trin ca khoa hc k thut. Ngy nay nh s pht trin ca cng ngh, iu khng hon ton ng. Tn hiu thoi c cht lng rt tt c th t c tc nh hn 64 kb/s nhiu ln bng cch s dng cc phng thc s ho hin i. S ph hp vi trnh pht trin ca khoa hc khng cn c duy tr trong nhiu nm nh trc y v ti thi im hin ti i khi n ch tn ti trong vi thng. Ngy nay cht lng thoi chp nhn c (cht lng m c t ngi phn nn v dch v thoi) c th t c tc 2 kb/s, tuy nhin thng s dng tc 8 kb/s do nhiu nguyn nhn s cp sau. Phng php s ho tn hiu thoi thp hn 64 kb/s thng c gi l thoi nn, tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc phng php s ho tn hiu thoi tc nh hn 64 kb/s u l nn tn hiu thoi PCM 64 kb/s. S ho tn hiu thoi tc 8 kb/s thng ch thc hin khi c mt ai m thoi thc s. Trit khong lng l c ch quyt nh ca nhiu cng ngh nn ny. Cc cng ty in thoi thng chia bng tn ca mng thnh cc knh thoi tc 64 kb/s. Cc knh thoi ny c gi l cc knh tn hiu s lp 0 (DS-0), v hin ti vn l cc knh thu ring ph bin nht. iu ny vn ng khi cc knh thu ring DS-0 c s dng truyn d liu nh kt ni cc Router cc v tr khc nhau. Tt nhin nhiu t chc s dng nhiu ng DS-0 kt ni cc tng i ni b (PBX) ca h. Thng ta ghp 6, 12 hoc 24 knh DS-0 thnh mt mch. Chng ta hy xem xt vic s dng knh thoi DS-0 truyn cc cuc thoi gia cc PBX. Mt DS-0 ch c th mang c mt cuc thoi PCM 64kb/s. Tuy nhin nu thit b pha khch hng (CPE) c kh nng to knh
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thoi s tc 8 kb/s, khi vi cng rng bng tn c th kt ni c 8 cuc thoi trn cng mt DS-0. iu tng ng vi vic khch hng tng kh nng kt ni thoi ln 8 ln. Nu nh gi ca thit b u cui nh hn cc thu thm 7 knh thu ring (phi tr theo hng thng) th doanh nghip c ng c chnh ng s dng cng ngh thoi mi. Vic ti u ho s dng bng tn ca mt DS-0 c th hin trn Hnh 1-1. N khng c tnh thc t tuy nhin y ch l v d n gin minh chng cho khi nim ny. Trn y chng ta cha h cp n giao thc IP. l mt giao thc trong mt b giao thc Internet. B giao thc Internet thng c gi l TCP/IP, tuy nhin TCP v IP ch l mt phn nh ca cc giao thc to nn b giao thc Internet. Vic s ho tn hiu thoi tc 8 kb/s vn s dng ton b bng tn trong ton b khong thi gian. Bng vic a c ch trit khong lng vo s ho tn hiu thoi to ra dng bit "bng n". C ch ny to ra cc bit thoi s ho da trn s xut hin t ngt ca tn hiu thoi, thm ch ngay c khi mt ngi ni lin tc th theo c ch nn tn hiu thoi mi n cng ch c coi l nhiu ln tn hiu thoi xut hin t ngt. Tng t nh vy, s bng n cc bit cng l mt c im ca cc ng dng s liu. IP l giao thc c s dng ph bin nht nh tuyn cc dng bit bng n t im ny n im khc.
Site A PBX Knh thu ring DS-0 64 kb/s (tr cc hng thng theo khong cch) 1 cuc thoi vi tc 64 kb/s 8 cuc thoi vi tc 8 kb/s Hnh 1-1. Nhiu cuc gi hn vi t bng tn hn Site B PBX
Chnh v vy ta gi cc bit bng n tn hiu thoi vo gi IP, cc gi tin c phn bit da trn phn mo u v ni dung ca chng sau gi chng i trn mng. cng chnh l VoIP gm: nn v trit khong lng to ra cc bit bng n tn hiu thoi, gi vo cc gi IP v gi i trn mng IP. Cc gi d liu cng c gi i trong mng, tuy nhin s bng n tn hiu thoi v d liu t khi xut hin ng thi. Nu xy ra s lm tng tr do kch thc hn ch ca b m hoc mt thng tin do hin tng loi b cc gi. V vy c th truyn c thoi ln d liu trn cng mt knh. Hnh 1-2 minh ho vic s dng mt DS-0 truyn khng ch cc cuc thoi gia hai PBX ca cng ty m n cn truyn cc gi IP gia cc b nh tuyn. Trong hnh ny, cc tng i PBX dng chung ng kt ni vi cc b nh tuyn. Cu hnh y rt n gin, tuy nhin trong thc t c vn t ra l: PBX c cc giao din hot ng trong mng chuyn mch knh cn cc b nh tuyn IP c cc giao din hot ng trong mng chuyn mch gi.
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Khi cc tng i thoi PBX phi c cc giao din hot ng trong mi trng mng truyn s liu. iu ny a chng ta n u im th 3 l: to ra nhiu v h tr tt hn cc dch v b sung ch yu l cho cc dch v s liu tuy nhin cng c th p dng cho cc dch v thoi truyn thng.
Site A PBX Knh thu ring DS-0 64 kb/s (tr cc hng thng theo khong cch) Site B PBX
Router
8 cuc thoi vi tc 8 kb/s thm cc gi IP gia hai Router
Router
Hnh 1-2. Kt hp s liu v thoi trong VoIP
H tr tt cc dch v b sung
Ni chuyn trn in thoi ch l dch v c bn ca PSTN. Mng PSTN cng h tr rt nhiu cc dch v b sung, ngy nay nhiu ngi coi cc dch v b sung ny l hin nhin. Cc dch v b sung l cc dch v gia tng b sung vo dch v thoi c s, cc dch v ny thng phi tr cc ph b sung. Sau y s cp n c im v kh nng ca mt s dch v b sung. Ngy nay chng ta kh c th tin rng vic s dng in thoi bm phm tone thay v in thoi quay xung c coi nh l dch v b sung. Cc dch v b sung hu dng hn l: chuyn hng cuc gi, ch cuc gi, cuc gi tay ba, nhn dng thu bao ch gi (CLIP). c im ca cc dch v b sung ny ph thuc vo tng i ca cc cng ty in thoi v loi bo hiu m n s dng. Trc y cc dch v b sung ny thng c ghp thnh nhm v ch c th tr tin trong c thng. Ngy nay cc dch v b sung ny tch ring v c th yu cu cho tng ln s dng v thng bng cch quay cc m c bit trc s thu bao. M c bit thng bt u bng phm * sau l m kch hot dch v b sung. Cc dch v b sung thng c cc bn ghi thm ngoi dch v c bn phc v cho vic tnh cc ca cc nh cung cp dch v in thoi. Ti nhiu vng, cc dch v b sung rt ph bin. Trong khi ti mt s vng khc, cc cng ty in thoi phi qung co trn truyn hnh khuyn khch s dng cc dch v b sung. Trong nhiu trng hp, sau khi pht trin bt pht khi mi trin khai, li nhun thu c t cc dch v b sung v d nh dch v ch cuc gi gim st mt cch nhanh chng.
Cc dch v b sung pht trin rt ph bin trong mi trng cc doanh nghip, tuy nhin c mt nghch l l cc dch v b sung ny khng phi do cc cng ty in thoi cung cp. Hu ht cc doanh nghip s dng cc dch v b sung c sn trong tng i PBX ca h l cc tng i chuyn mch thoi ni b m ngy nay ngay c cc doanh nghip nh cng c th trang b. Mt ngi khng thng xuyn ngh n vic s dng dch v chuyn hng cuc gi nh khi h sang thm hng xm s khng bao gi ngh n vic chuyn hng in thoi ca h ti vn phng khc ni h c cuc hp. Hu ht cc PBX u c xy dng da trn cc my tnh v s dng tn hiu thoi s ho tc chun 64 kb/s. Hin nay vn cn mt s lng t cc tng i PBX tng t, tuy nhin n ang nhanh chng c thay th. V kh nng x l rt ln ca cc my tnh iu khin cc PBX th h mi m hu ht chng c cc c tnh thm ch nhiu ngi s dng khng h hay bit. Nhiu cng ty thu cc nh t vn ni cho ngi s dng bit cc dch v c PBX h tr v cch s dng chng. V d nh rt nhiu tng i PBX c chc nng nh bn thu bao cho php ngi s dng c th t cc in thoi trong vn phng trng thi sao cho tt c cc thu bao ch gi gi ti u c cp m bo bn ngay c khi cc in thoi b gi ny trng thi ri. Khi cc ng dy bn mi nhn vin s tp trung lm vic v khng b quy ry. Cc tng i PBX cung cp hai loi dch v chnh cho cc cng ty l: 1. Loi dch v th nht l mt ngi trc tr li tt c cc cuc in thoi v ni i loi nh Xin knh cho qu khch, y l cng ty XYZ (cu ni ny c th c ghi m v pht li). Ngi ch gi c cho n v hi xem h mun ni chuyn vi ai, c th l c A chng hn. Nu nh ch gi bit s m rng ca c A th h c th quay trc tip, tuy nhin ngi ch gi c th mt cc thng tin v c A v ch tm c s in thoi ca cng ty XYZ trn danh b (hoc qua hi dch v danh b in thoi 116). y l li ch chnh ca PBX. 2. Loi dch v th hai c bit n di tn tr li v cng c hu ht cc cng ty v t chc s dng. Gi s c A i n tra bn ngoi trong khi c mt cuc gi trc tip n s m rng ca c ta. Trong nhiu trng hp, sau mt vi hi chung m khng c tr li, cuc gi s c chuyn li ngi trc bng cch chung tr li bn iu khin trung tm. Khi ngi trc c th tip nhn li nhn, tm mt ngi khc c th gii quyt cng vic lin quan n cuc gi tr li cuc thoi. Thm ch ngay c khi h thng PBX c ni vi hp th thoi, cn phi c chc nng la chn cho php ngi ch gi tr li kt ni vi ngi trc v s l khng tt nu li tin nhn cho mt ngi khng vn phng c ngy nu nh vic l khn cp. Cc dch v b sung c s dng ph bin trong cc tng i PBX ca cc doanh nghip, chng hu nh rt t c s dng gia nh. Chng ta
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hy xem xt cch thc s dng ca cc doanh nghip ngy nay. Hu ht cc doanh nghip u c mng LAN v b nh tuyn kt ni cc PC c lp li vi nhau, thng l mng LAN s dng cng ngh Ethernet c bit di ci tn 10base-T. i vi cc ng dng s liu, b nh tuyn ng vai tr lm giao din kt ni cc trm lm vic li vi nhau. i vi cc ng dng thoi, phn t ng vai tr tng t nh b nh tuyn l tng i PBX. Cc knh kt ni gia cc PBX c gi l cc tie-line, cc knh ny l cc knh thu ring DS-0 tc 64 kb/s cng ging nh cc knh kt ni gia cc b nh tuyn. Hnh 1-2 th hin cch thc chia s bng tn ca mt DS-0 cho c s liu ln thoi, bng cch gi ho tn hiu thoi v nn n c dng nh s liu. y cng chnh l nguyn tc hot ng ca VoIP. Tuy nhin vn y l lm th no chia s knh gia PBX v b nh tuyn IP trong khi PBX c cc giao din v th tc tng ng vi mng chuyn mch knh cn b nh tuyn IP c cc giao din v th tc tng ng vi mng chuyn mch gi. C th gii php l a PBX vo hot ng trong mng LAN tng t nh mt b nh tuyn v khi cc gi tn hiu thoi c coi ging nh cc gi s liu thng thng v c x l nh cc gi s liu. Knh DS-0 s dng truyn c thoi v s liu c m t trn Hnh 1-3. Trong cu hnh ny, PBX ng vai tr nh l mt loi my ch trong mng LAN. My ch trong mng LAN l mt PC c s dng cho chc nng c bit nh lu tr ton b cc th in t hoc cc bn ghi c s d liu cho ton h thng. Ngi dng s dng cc PC ng vai tr nh my trm trong mng LAN, cc PC ny s dng cho cc chc nng chung nh c v gi cc th in t ca ngi dng, truy nhp n cc bn ghi c s d liu m ngi s dng quan tm thng qua mt cht vn c s d liu. My trm v my ch c lin kt vi nhau thng qua mng LAN trong b nh tuyn ng vai tr nh phn t lin kt cc v tr ring bit. B nh tuyn c th kt ni mng LAN gia cc tng khc nhau trong mt to nh hoc kt ni LAN trn ton th gii. Vi bt k cu hnh kt ni mng LAN, bt k my trm no u c th truy nhp n mi my ch ly thng tin cn thit thc hin mt tc v no . Cu hnh ny c bit n di ci tn khch-ch v tt c cc ng dng chy trn cu hnh ny u yu cu mt phin bn phn mm chy trn my khch s dng cng vi phin bn phn mm chy trn my ch. Trong mng c cu trc khch-ch tng ng vi cc giao thc s dng trong n yu cu tt c cc thit b lin kt u l khch hoc ch.
DS-0 (64 kb/s) Thoi v s liu PBX Router Router PBX
Client Server
Client
Server
Hnh 1-3. PBX ng vai tr nh Server trong mng LAN
Vai tr ca PBX Internet trong mng VoIP ca doanh nghip s c trnh by k trong chng 9. Nh trnh by trn, VoIP to ra mi quan h mt thit gia cc thit b thoi truyn thng v cc thit b d liu liu truyn thng. Cc tn hiu thoi nn v trit khong lng khng ch c xem l ging nh d liu liu, m c th thc s c coi l d liu trong nhiu trng hp khc nhau. Thoi VoIP c th c ghi, lu tr, x l, chuyn i.. trn cng phn cng v phn mm m c s dng cho cc ng dng d liu trc kia. C mt im cn lu trn Hnh 1-3 trnh nhm ln vi cc hnh khc c s dng trong cun sch ny l s khc nhau gia mng LAN n gin c v ra v mng LAN trin khai trong thc t. Thut ng mng m mi ngi thng hay s dng thng tng ng vi mng LAN logic v mng LAN vt l, tuy nhin im cn lu l mng LAN Ethernet 10Base-T l mng BUS logic trong khi thc t hot ng n c kt ni thnh mng vt l hnh sao. Mng Ethernet m mng LAN 10Base-T thng c biu din di dng BUS l ng chnh gia cc thit b nh my ch, my khch, b nh tuyn u c ni vo BUS trung tm ny. Tuy nhin cch v ny ch l quy c da trn cc chc nng ca giao thc truy nhp mng Ethernet 10Base-T, y ch l biu din logic ca mng LAN. Trong thc t mng LAN 10Base-T c trin khai hnh sao gm cc dy ni my ch, my trm, b nh tuyn ti b tp trung mng (Hub) trung tm. Mi dy tng ng vi mt cng trn Hub v mi Hub c th c t 4 n hng trm cng. Hub v cu trc hnh sao l biu din lin kt vt l ca mng LAN, tuy nhin chng ta rt t khi gp n trong ti liu. Trong cun sch ny cng vy, mng LAN 10Base-T hnh sao trong thc t s c biu din di dng BUS logic. Chng ta s khng nhn thy Hub tuy nhin Hub him khi khng c trong cu hnh ca mng LAN 10Base-T. Hai kiu biu din mng LAN c th hin trn Hnh 1-4. C hai mng LAN c th hin trn Hnh 1-4 u c cng s lng my khch, my ch, Router. Tuy nhin mt c dng BUS logic cn mt th c dng lin kt vt l hnh sao. Mi ngi s dng dch v thoi khi trin khai VoIP u phi lu s khc bit gia mng thc t v cc hnh v c th hin trong sch.
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B nh tuyn
B nh tuyn Hub (t 4 n 1000 cng)
Client
Client (a)
Server
Client
Client (b)
Server
Hnh 1-4. 10base-T LAN; (a) Bus logic, (b) Mng vt l hnh sao
Thit b my ch VoIP trong mng LAN c th h tr cc dch v b sung m cc thit b PBX truyn thng c th cung cp. Xu th din ra ngy nay l tch hp my tnh v in thoi (CTI), VoIP l mt trong nhng ng dng ca cng ngh CTI. Vi cng ngh CTI thm ch ngay c khi khng phi l VoIP, mt tng i PBX c giao din mng LAN c th chuyn s thu bao ch gi khng ch ti my in thoi ca c A m cn c th ti my tnh ca c ta. Mt my trm PC c th tm kim c s d liu trong my ch ca mng LAN, s dng s thu bao ch gi hin th ln mn hnh ca n khng ch s thu bao m cn c cc thng tin lin quan n thu bao ny v d nh tn, nh, thng tin v ti khon, thng tin th tn dng, tn hu, mn th thao a thch, s thch... Tt c cc thng tin ny xut hin trn mn hnh trc khi in thoi rung chung ln th hai. Tuy nhin vi cng ngh CTI, thit b quan trng l my tnh ch khng phi ch c bn thn PBX. Chng ta hy xem xt dch v b sung khc da trn cng ngh CTI. Thay v nhc ng nghe in thoi v quay s, c A c th m mt ca s danh b trn PC ca mnh v duyt qua c s d liu cc hp ng vi khch hng mt cch d dng nh l duyt qua danh sch a ch e-mail. Tt c m c A phi lm l ch v bm chut vo tn ngi cn lin lc, s in thoi ca ngi c th s khng xut hin nh bnh thng. Mng LAN s chuyn s cn gi n PBX, PBX s thc hin cuc gi v kt qu l c hai in thoi chung cng mt lc. Nu nh thu bao b gi bn th ch c chp trn mn hnh v khng nh hng g n in thoi bn. Cc dch v ch cuc gi, chuyn hng cuc gi v tt c cc dch v b sung c th cung cp bi PBX u c x l mt cch tng t. Mt biu tng s x l tt c cc s kin n v mt biu tng s thc hin tt c cc chc nng hng ra khi ta nhn chut vo. CTI cn c th c s dng nhc nh mt ngi gi in v nh trc khi ri vn phng v thm ch n cn thc hin cuc gi cho bn. Nhng my ch VoIP trong mng LAN h tr nhiu dch v b sung hn PBX thm ch ngay c khi PBX c tch hp cng ngh CTI. S d VoIP t c tnh nng vt tri ny l do tnh ph bin ca cc giao thc lin quan n Internet, Web v cc ng dng trong mi trng kinh doanh ngy nay. S bng n s dng IP s c cp n trong phn tip theo. Khi b giao thc Internet (TCP/IP) c s dng trong mng LAN ni b th n
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thng c gi l mng Intranet. Khi hai cng ty s dng giao thc TCP/IP, mt client PC cng ty ny c th ng k truy nhp thng tin trong my ch ca cng ty kia v c gi l Extranet. Chng ta s t c hiu qu rt cao khi kt hp Internet v Web cung cp cc dch v b sung m cc tng i PBX thng cung cp. Chng ta hy xem xt mt khch hng tim nng l c A lm vic ti cng ty XYZ. Nhiu kh nng l khch hng tim nng ny c trong Web site ca cng ty v tnh ton chnh xc mu sc cn thit ph hp nht vi lp dch v ca cng ty XYZ. Trong nhiu trng hp, sn phm hoc dch v c th c t hng trc tip t Web site, cch thc ny c gi l thng mi in t. Tuy nhin cc khch hng tim nng cm thy rt nn lng vi qu trnh t hng qua Web site. Mt vi ngi th n gin l khng mua bt c mt th g tr khi h c th ni trc tip v mc c vi ngi bn hng v sn phm m h nh mua. Cc thng tin v gi c l rt quan trng. Nhiu khi trang Web hin th l gim 10% gi bn l ch trong tun ny nhng n khng ch ra im bt u v kt thc ca tun. Tht l tr tru rng nhiu khi khch hng c thng tin nh vic truy nhp Web site trong khi cc i din bn hng ca cng ty th khng c. Cc i din bn hng c s dng in thoi v c th l c PC tuy nhin h khng thng xuyn truy nhp n Web site ca cng ty. Mt khch hng ly s in thoi ca i din bn hng t Web site ca cng ty, h s dng ng in thoi th hai gi n i din bn hng hi cc thng tin v gim gi trong khi vn duyt Web site. Ngi i din bn hng thng tin tng vo cc thng tin m khch hng c cho h qua in thoi. Tht l tin li hn nu nh c mt hp thoi trn Web site vi dng ch ni chuyn vi i din bn hng cho php mi ngi s dng VoIP c th nhn chut. Khi my ch Web s thit lp mt kt ni VoIP t trnh duyt Web trn my khch hng vi my ch VoIP, t tn hiu thoi c th c chuyn hng n i din bn hng c la chn. Ton b cuc thoi c th c thc hin thng qua PC v y chnh l dch v b sung rt c hiu qu ca VoIP. Cch thc p dng vo vic kinh doanh cc sn phm v dch v ny cng c th c m rng p dng cho cc t chc ca chnh ph, cc c quan gio dc, cc trung tm y t v bt c mt t chc phi li nhun no c s dng Web site. VoIP khng ch phc v cho cc doanh nghip m cn phc v cho bt c mt m hnh t chc no.
S dng IP mt cch c hiu qu nht

Nh cp n trn, u im th t cng l cui cng ca VoIP s thc y vic trin khai cc thit b VoIP. Tm lc lch s pht trin ca Internet v Web s c cp n trong cc phn tip theo ca chng ny. Trong chng 5 s trnh by chi tit v
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giao thc TCP/IP. S pht trin ca IP gn lin vi s pht trin ca Internet v Web, ta c th coi rng b giao thc Internet l nhm giao thc duy nht c th c s dng trong mng Internet. Cc giao thc mng c b dy lch s pht trin t rt lu. Trong s cc giao thc mng c bit n th mt s c coi l m trong khi mt s giao thc truyn thng khc th li b coi l ng hay c quyn. Cc giao thc c quyn ch c th c cung cp bi cc nh cung cp thit b ca hng trin khai giao thc. V d nh IBM iu khin giao thc mng SNA v Novell iu khin giao thc mng LAN NetWare. Chng ta ch c th mua SNA hoc NetWare t IBM hoc Novell. Cc giao thc mng c dng m bao gm TCP/IP v nhiu giao thc mng LAN chun quc t khc v d nh Ethernet (hay cn c gi l giao thc mng LAN IEEE 802.3) hoc Token Ring. Cc giao thc m c th c cung cp t nhiu ngun khc nhau v chnh s cnh tranh ny lm gim thiu gi ca cc giao thc m. Trc y khng lu, hu ht cc t chc v doanh nghip s dng nhiu giao thc mng kt ni cc my client vi cc my ch. Cn phi c nhiu hn mt giao thc mng v mt giao thc mng khng th thc hin c mi vic. V d nh giao thc SNA ca IBM khng c pht trin cho mi trng mng LAN, NetWare ca Novell hot ng rt km trong mi trng mng WAN. Hn na khng mt giao thc no c th hot ng tt hn giao thc ca chnh hng pht trin v h tr hot ng trn mi trng thit b ca chnh h. cho php tt c cc giao thc c th c s dng chung trong mi trng cc mng LAN lin kt vi nhau bng kt ni WAN, nhiu t chc xy dng m hnh mng doanh nghip. H u t cc my ch, my tnh ln, PC trong mng LAN v tt c chng u c ni mng vi nhau. Cc PC cn c chia thnh nhm PC chy trn nn Windows (c th phc v cc i l bn hng), nhm i tng s dng MAC (cho cc nh xut bn) v nhm trm lm vic chy trn nn UNIX (cho cc nh nghin cu v pht trin). Tt c u c y cc ci h cn khi cc my tnh c ni mng. Nn tng ca mng doanh nghip l cc b nh tuyn a giao thc. Mt b nh tuyn ti cng mt thi im c th hiu v nh tuyn cc gi c cu trc khc nhau tng ng vi cc loi giao thc. B nh tuyn a giao thc khng th kt ni cho mt client s dng NetWare truy nhp vo mt trm ch IBM s dng SNA, tuy nhin t nht n c th lm cho cc gi tin NetWare v SNA c th c gi i trn cng mt thit b cng mt knh kt ni gia hai v tr khc nhau. C 3 iu kin cn xy dng mt mng doanh nghip l: 1. Nhiu Site 2. Nhiu nn tng phn cng 3. S dng nhiu giao thc
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Mt mng c nhiu nn tng bao gi cng cn c b nh tuyn a giao thc h tr tt c cc giao thc cn thit. Tt nhin cn phi c GateWay nu mun kt ni mt client chy trn mt giao thc mng vi mt my ch chy trn mt giao thc mng khc. Trc y cc b nh tuyn thng c gi l GateWay tuy nhin khng phi l thut ng GateWay c s dng trong mi trng mng doanh nghip. IP l mt giao thc m trong mi trng mng Internet v Web. Khong gia nhng nm1990, IP khng ch l gii php tt m n cn l gii php bt buc mi ngi truy nhp Internet v Web thc hin cc cng vic hng ngy. Mng Internet v mt phn ca n c bit n l WWW khng phi l mng a giao thc, n ch s dng mt giao thc l IP. Nu nh bn mun truy nhp n mt Web site th PC ca bn phi s dng giao thc IP, nu khng th trc ht bn phi truy nhp n mt GateWay chuyn dng. Vic th nghim cc GateWay chuyn dng l mt gii php tt c th s dng IP mi ni trong cc my client v my ch ca cc cng ty. V IP l mt giao thc m nn d dng tm c mt nh cung cp thit b s dng cc phin bn ca giao thc IP chy trn hu ht cc nn tng phn cng t cc my MAC n cc Mainframe. Khi chuyn sang s dng giao thc Internet, cc mng doanh nghip tr thnh mng Intranet. Hai iu kin cn u tin ca mng vn tn ti l nhiu im kt ni v nhiu nn tng phn cng cn iu kin th ba l s dng nhiu giao thc b loi b v by gi tt c u s dng giao thc IP. Khi tt c u s dng giao thc IP th ch cn hai iu kin cn xy dng mng Intranet l: 1. Nhiu v tr kt ni 2. Nhiu nn tng phn cng Nh trnh by phn trn, mt PBX c a vo mng LAN s dng VoIP h tr khng ch cc dch v b sung ca dch v thoi truyn thng cho cc my PC client m n cn cung cp tt hn v nhiu hn cc dch v b sung. S d ngi ta s dng IP h tr cc dch v thoi v IP tn ti mi ni. Hu ht cc h iu hnh chy trn PC c bn ngy nay u tch hp IP. Thng thng mi ngi ngh ngay n h iu hnh Windows, tuy nhin iu ny khng phi l lun lun ng v cc h iu hnh UNIX v MAC khng phi l bin mt m tri li n ang c phc hng. Ti sao chng ta li mua v s dng mt giao thc no khc trong khi tt c cc my client v my ch u hiu giao thc IP (iu ny khng phi lun ng. Trc khi Windows 95 tch hp sn giao thc IP ra i, mi ngi s dng PC chy h iu hnh Windows 3.1 u phi b ra 100 USD kt ni trc tip PC ca h vo mng Internet). Khi tt c cc client v my ch trong mng Internet v Web u s dng giao thc IP th cc b nh tuyn a giao thc s tr thnh b nh tuyn n giao thc v giao thc c h tr s l v ch l IP m thi.
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IP chng minh tnh thch ng ca n vi cc i tng s dng phi d liu. Hu ht cc i tng s dng u quen thuc vi cc ni dung m thanh v hnh nh ca Web site cng nh cc d liu dng text ca chng. Cc Web site thng cung cp hnh nh v mi th t hng dn lp t sn phm n cc bc tranh ton cnh. Truyn thng qung b trn cc Web site cng rt ph bin. Mt khch hng truy nhp n Web site ca cng ty c th ni chuyn vi i din bn hng hoc vi chuyn gia h tr k thut ch vi mt ng tc bm chut ln phm c ghi Hy ni chuyn vi ti. N lm cho ngi s dng cm thy thoi mi hn l nhc in thoi cnh PC ca h c gng tm kim s in thoi gi v ni chuyn vi mt nhn vin ca cng ty. V tt nhin nhn vin ny tr li in thoi nhng khng truy nhp n cng trang Web m khch hng ang truy nhp n v kt qu l lm tch ri mng d liu v mng thoi truyn thng. Li ch cui cng ca VoIP l s dng cc giao thc IP c hiu qu hn. Nu nh cc mng u s dng giao thc IP th ti sao chng ta khng s dng lun n truyn tn hiu thoi.
Cc lnh vc c lin quan

Trong phn trc chng ta bn v bn u im chnh ca VoIP n ngy cng tr nn hp dn. Tuy nhin ngoi bn u im chnh l: gim cc ph, gim bng tn cn thit, cung cp tt hn cc dch v b sung, s dng IP c hiu qu hn; cn c nhng lnh vc c lin quan cn trnh by mt cch chi tit hn. Cc lnh vc c lin quan bao gm: 1. Cuc gi quc t 2. Tip th t xa 3. Trung tm cuc gi 4. Fax qua IP Mi lnh vc ny s c xem xt mt cch k cng hn nhm mc ch pht trin cc m hnh VoIP c y cc u im ca VoIP cho cc doanh nghip, thm ch cho c cc i tng s dng gia nh. Sau y chng ta s i vo hot ng ca tng lnh vc trong cc m hnh. Trong cc chng cn li ca cun sch ny s trnh by cc phn chnh ca m hnh VoIP gip ngi c nm bt c cc cng ngh c th c s dng trong cc phn t ca m hnh tng th s c a ra cui ca chng ny.
Cuc gi quc t
Trong phn trc chng ta cp n li ch ca VoIP i vi cc cuc gi ng di. Khi nim cuc gi ng di y c th c m rng ra quy m gia cc quc gia v cuc gi ng di khng ch n thun l cuc gi ni a m n cn l cuc gi quc t. Vi nn kinh t ton cu, cc doanh nghip trc y ch c coi l cc x nghip ni a th ngy nay c th m rng tip th, bn v h tr t
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hng ra ngoi phm vi quc gia c tr s chnh ca n. Tip th a quc gia s hn ch nh hng bi s dao ng ca th trng kinh t trong nc i vi cng ty , ngy nay rt nhiu mt hng v dch v thm ch c tip th ton cu bi cc doanh nghip c quy m rt nh. Trc y cc cng ty mun m rng tm hot ng ra ngoi bin gii quc gia rt lo ngi v cc ph cc cuc gi quc t v n thng gp khong 10 ln cc ph cuc gi trong nc c cng khong thi gian khng k n vic n c cng khong cch hay khng. S l rt c hiu qu nu ta c mt cch thc no s dng mng Internet ton cu khng ch truyn d liu m cho c thoi quc t. Khi s l rt khc nhau gia vic c hay khng m mt vn phng bn hng cho khu vc chu u Paris. V n l tiu ch phn bit mt cng ty n ln lm ra v mt cng ty lm n ln bi trong nn kinh t ton cu. Mc d phn ny qu nhn mnh vai tr cuc gi quc t trong ng cnh cc doanh nghip, chng ta cng khng th b qua mc ch c nhn ca cc cuc gi quc t. Ngy nay khng c g l l i vi mt gia nh sng bn ngoi nc M c mt hay nhiu thnh vin sng v lm vic nc M. V cng c th l mt gia nh ngi chu c cc thnh vin ca gia nh kinh doanh cc nc chu u hoc mt gia nh ngi chu Phi c thnh vin ang hc mt trng i hc nc ngoi... Vn l ch cc thnh vin gia nh cn s dng mt phng thc no lin lc vi nhau. Thng thng ngy nay h hay la chn s dng th in t truyn i trong mng Internet ton cu. Th in t l mt phng thc lin lc rt ph bin tuy nhin n vn c nhng hn ch: 1. N yu cu c hai pha u phi c my tnh truy nhp vo mng Internet. 2. Nhiu khi th in t khng ch gm cc dng text m n cn c nh km cc tp m thanh, hnh nh, thm ch c mt on phim. Cc tp nh km ny khng nhng yu cu ngi s dng c PC truy nhp vo Internet m cn yu cu ngi s dng c kin thc s dng cc chng trnh ng dng m cc tp nh km ny. V vy hu ht cc th in t mi ch dng li dng vn bn. Cc thng tin s c hiu qu hn nu cc tn hiu m thanh c b sung cng vi cc dng vn bn tng ng. Khi cch din t khn kho v cc li ch nho s bc l ra, cng vi cc sc thi nh phin mun, tc gin, chm chc. B li th in t cho php s dng mt cch khn kho cc t kiu nh smileys hoc emoticons din t st hn ngi vit. Tuy nhin dng vn bn kh c th biu din c ht ngi vit mong mun. Trao i thng tin thng qua ni chuyn hiu qu hn nhiu so vi ch trao i thng tin dng vn bn. Khng nghi ng g na, mi ngi thch gi in v nh hn l vit th. V li ch em li ca VoIP c th c p dng trong tnh hung ny d ngi s dng c hay khng c PC.
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Tip th t xa
Bn cc sn phm v dch v bng cch thc hin cuc thoi ni chuyn vi khch hng l mt lnh vc kinh doanh rt ln. Tht l ngc nhin rng ti sao mt ngi li c th lng nghe v mua mt mn hng t mt i l bn hng qua in thoi? Nguyn nhn ch yu l mi ngi bao gi cng ch hn vo cc cuc ni chuyn khng k rng l ni chuyn trc tip hay ni chuyn qua in thoi. V nhim v u tin v trc ht ca ngi bn hng l thu ht s ch ca ngi mua. Hot ng tip th t xa (c gi mt cch chnh xc hn l trung tm cuc gi i) thay i rt khc nhau theo tng loi mt hng. mc thp n c th l mt cuc gi ca mt sinh vin t k tc x da trn s trong danh b vi i thoi dng Xin cho! Sc kho ca bn hm nay th no? Ti tn l Valerie, ti gi in xem liu ng khi nh bn c cn phi thng hay khng.... Hot ng tip th t xa c hn ch l phi tr tin cc cuc thoi v t l thnh cng thp. mt mc cao hn, hot ng tip th t xa s dng cc nhn vin c o to bi bn. Trong trng hp ny, cc nhn vin tip th t xa thng ngi thnh hng trong cc cabin m thoi thng qua mt PC v LAN t ng quay tng s mt. H thng c cc on vn hin th trn mn hnh my tnh c cc chuyn gia chun b trc, thnh thong h li chuyn sang ni chuyn v s thch v thi quen mua hng ca khch hng. Mt vi ngi l chuyn gia v sn phm v h ch tham gia vo cui ca cuc m thoi, h tr li cc cu hi su hn v sn phm v dch v v y l giai on quan trng nht ca tip th t xa. PC v LAN c s dng thc hin tip th t xa thng qua mt phin m thoi. Bng vic m u vi (Xin cho qu khch, ti mong bn c th dnh vi pht gip chng ti hon thnh mt cuc iu tra v ng khi trong nh bn.) s a ra nht nhiu la chn cho vic tip th t xa tu thuc vo cu tr li u tin khi bt u cuc thoi. Cc cu tr li ny c th l khng c ng khi hoc va thng ng khi tun trc bi mt cng ty khc hoc cng c th h cp my ngay lp tc. Cc tnh hung ny s c cp nht vo c s d liu tip th t xa i vi khch hng vi mc ch tip th tt hn trong tng lai. im mu cht y l nm c tm l khch hng khi tin hnh tip th t xa to ra s hp dn nht c th c. Hot ng tip th t xa ngy nay ph thuc rt nhiu vo PC v LAN. Ngy nay vic tch hp cc h thng s liu (cc thng tin c lin quan) vi cc h thng thoi (danh b in thoi v quay s) tr nn rt ph bin. Hot ng tip th t xa cn lm tng hn na hiu qu ca vic s dng kt hp s liu v thoi trong hot ng tip th. Thay v s dng PC xc nh s tip theo m PBX cn quay ti sao li khng s dng PC v LAN cho ton b cng vic ny? Ti sao ta li khng s dng tai nghe (cho php gii phng tay cm ng nghe s dng a vo cc p ng tng ng vi thay i trn trang Web) trong khi PC cho php rt d thc hin vic ny?
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VoIP c s dng c hiu qu cho cc cuc thoi ca hot ng tip th t xa trong kinh doanh. Cu trc mt trung tm tip th t xa ngy nay ca mt cng ty c th hin trn Hnh 1-5 trong mi trung tm u cn c kt ni c thoi v s liu.
Cuc gi ra mng PSTN
Trung tm tip th t xa PBX
PSTN
Trung tm tip th t xa
My ch qun l c s d liu mng LAN
Kt ni s liu ly thng tin

Hnh 1-5. M hnh trung tm tip th t xa
Trung tm cuc gi
Trung tm cuc gi c chc nng ngc vi trung tm tip th t xa trong mi trng thoi ca mt doanh nghip. Trung tm tip th t xa x l mt lng ln cc cuc gi i phc v hot ng cung cp hng v dch v hoc to mi lm n. Trung tm cuc gi x l mt lng ln cc cuc gi n phc v vic bn hng v dch v hoc duy tr mi lm n. Cc trung tm cuc gi thng c bit n di ci tn trung tm cuc gi n, phn bit vi tip th t xa ng vi trung tm cuc gi i. Tuy nhin khi ch c thut ng "trung tm cuc gi" th n thng tng ng vi loi trung tm cuc gi n. Cc doanh nghip bn hng v dch v qua in thoi trin khai s dng trung tm cuc gi t nhiu nm trc y. Cc mt hng c gii thiu thng qua ti liu gii thiu mt hng ca cng ty v da vo s in thoi ghi trong ti liu bn hng. Ti liu gii thiu mt hng ny c th l dng sch in hoc di dng trang Web, tuy nhin phng thc lin lc thng c s dng vn l qua in thoi. Cc cng ty cung cp dch v v d nh cc cng ty du lch, hng khng, khch sn cng thng qua trung tm cuc gi bn cc dch v m h c th cung cp. Hu ht mi ngi u rt quen thuc vi trung tm cuc gi thng gi l s 800. N thng c gi l cuc gi min ph, tt c cc cuc gi thng qua quay s 800 u l min ph i vi thu bao ch gi. Pha nhn cuc gi phi tr cc ph (c gim mt phn so vi cuc gi bnh thng) cho cc cuc gi quay s 800. Tuy nhin cc cuc gi ny thng l cc cuc gi ng di.
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Rt nhiu cc doanh nghip nhn ra rng khch hng s rt hi lng vi sn phm nu nh h c th gi lin lc vi cng ty trc hoc sau khi h mua mt hng . V khch hng s cn hi lng hn na nu nh cc cuc gi lin lc l min ph i vi khch hng. V vy cc cng ty thng in cc s in thoi lin lc thng qua s 800 vo cc ti liu gii thiu v hng dn s dng sn phm. Khi m khch hng c mt cu hi lin quan n chuyn bay ca mt hng hng khng hoc t ch hot ng ca mt my ghi hnh mi hoc lm cch no kt ni mt modem mi, h thng tm s 800 gi v yu cu ch dn. Hu ht cc trung tm cuc gi u c thit lp da trn c im ca PBX l t ng phn phi cuc gi (ACD) chuyn cc cuc gi n ti cc c nhn c lin quan. Nu nh tt c cc i din u bn tr gip cc khch hng khc th ch gi s c nghe mt bn nhc hoc m thng bo thay v im lng (thi gian im lng s b cm tng l di hn so vi cng khong thi gian nghe nhc). qun l tt tt c cc nguyn nhn ti sao khch hng lin lc vi trung tm cuc gi, cc cng ty thng a ra cc hng dn truy nhp ti cc phng hoc b phn c lin quan. V vy khch hng khi kt ni vi trung tm cuc gi c th nghe thy thng bo ban u: nhn phm 1 ng vi cc li phn cng hoc n phm 2 ng vi cc li phn mm. Tuy nhin khng phi l gii php tt nu cc la chn ny l qu su, khch hng thng khng c kin nhn nghe ht 4 mc thng bo ko di trong nhiu pht. cng l nhc im ca cc la chn da vo thng bo m thanh. Cc trung tm cuc gi ngy nay c t chc da trn PC v LAN ging nh cc trung tm tip th t xa. bn hng, cc nhn vin ca trung tm tip th t xa phi truy nhp vo phn gii thiu sn phm, bn ghi c s d liu ng vi khch hng, thng tin ti chnh v rt nhiu thng tin khc thng qua PC v LAN. Trung tm cuc gi h tr khch hng th phi truy nhp n hng dn ci t v s dng, cc bn ghi thng tin ngoi l, h s sn phm v cc thng tin c lin quan tt c cng u thng qua PC v LAN. Cc trung tm cuc gi hin i cn c tch hp c tng i PBX thoi v mng LAN. Vo thi im cc cuc thoi c kt ni ti cc i l, th cc bn ghi v khch hng c th c xem trn mn hnh PC ca i l. Mt vi khch hng c yu cu a vo s t hng hoc m khch hng. Cc hot ng ny s rt c hiu qu nu tt c cc giao tip thoi u c x l trn cc PC v LAN, n c th c thc hin thng qua a ch IP ca ch gi v vi VoIP. Cu trc c bn ca trung tm cuc gi ca cc cng ty ln ngy nay c th hin trn Hnh 1-6, trong tt c cc trung tm u cn c kt ni thoi v s liu.
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Cuc gi n t mng PSTN
PSTN
Trung tm cuc gi PBX
My ch qun l c s d liu mng LAN
Trung tm cuc gi
Kt ni s liu ly thng tin

Hnh 1-6. M hnh trung tm cuc gi
Fax qua IP
S tn ti bn b ca dch v v cc thit b fax trong th gii th in t v Internet lm ngc nhin rt nhiu ngi tuy nhin iu khng c g l l. Fax c nhiu u im hn so vi dch v th in t v truyn tp khi cc dch v ny c gng thc hin cng cng vic. Trc khi phn tch s tn ti lu bn ca dch v fax trong th gii th in t, chng ta hy tm hiu mt s kin thc c bn. Cc dch v fax c tnh tng ng vi dch v thoi cao hn so vi cc dch v s liu. chnh l nguyn nhn bn fax c truyn i trn cng ng dy in thoi ging nh mt cuc thoi tng t ngoi tr mt s khc bit nh. Rt nhiu my fax c tch hp lun c tay nghe in thoi v n c th c s dng thc hin cuc thoi. Cc cng ty in thoi rt kh phn bit u l kt ni m thoi v u l kt ni gi fax. i vi mng PSTN, kt ni gi fax gn ging nh kt ni cuc thoi. Khng th ni rng khng c g khc gia kt ni gi fax v kt ni m thoi. Mt cuc thoi thc hin gia hai ngi v c nhiu khong lng trn c hai hng tu theo khi h ni v nghe. Cn kt ni fax th tn hiu truyn trn mt hng ton ni t pha gi n pha nhn chim u th. Tn hiu thoi c th chp nhn vi t l li truyn dn trong mng PSTN ln v ngi nghe c th suy lun v t sa sai c m khng cn phi hi li bn va ni ci g y?. Trong khi fax ch chp nhn c vi li nh hn v nu khng th bn fax nhn c s rt kh c. V vy nhiu khi ngi ta gi fax l tn hiu thoi nhy cm vi li. Tuy nhin khng cn thay i g c bit trong mng thoi cng cng ton cu n c th truyn c fax. C mt ngoi l nh i vi nguyn tc ny, tuy nhin ngoi l ny ngy nay c tun theo hu khp m khng cn mt iu kin g. Khi tr trn knh thoi vt qu mt gi tr cho
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php no th hin tng ting vng s lm cho ngi nghe rt kh chu, v vy trong mng PSTN s dng mt thit b c bit gi l trit ting vng. C ch trit ting vng trong mng thoi s c trnh by chi tit trong chng 3. im quan trng y l cc my fax gn ging nh modem tng t phi loi b tc dng ca tt c cc b trit ting vng trn knh thoi nu nh n hot ng trn c hai hng cng thi im. My fax nhn rt t khi gi tn hiu tr li my fax truyn, cc tn hiu gi tr li bao gm cc bn tin kt qu nhn v thng bo li, chng c pha nhn gi i bt c lc no trong khi pha truyn vn gi i bn fax. Hot ng song cng ny ch thc hin c nu tt c cc b trit ting vng ny c loi b i vi cc hot ng ca my fax v modem. V khng c phng thc no nhn bit vic cc b trit ting vng c c s dng hay khng trn mt knh c th, v vy tiu chun fax ra mt th tc loi b chng trc khi gi fax. Th tc loi b trit ting vng c thc hin rt n gin. Mt tn hiu hnh sin 200 Hz c gi i trn mi hng t nht trong khong thi gian 1,5 giy trc khi truyn fax. Cc b trit ting vng ca cc cng ty in thoi u c kh nng pht hin tn hiu ny t tt trong khong thi gian fax hoc cuc gi qua modem. Hin tng ny gi l modem rt din ra khi mt ngi s dng quay s Internet t PC hoc quay mt s fax thay v quay s in thoi. Hin tng rt ny dng nhn dng cuc gi fax hoc modem, tuy nhin ngoi tr b trit ting vng ra rt t thit b trong mng in thoi c th nhn bit v x l m ny. V vy i vi mng PSTN, mt cuc gi fax gn ging cuc gi thoi. Mt cuc gi qua modem cng gn ging cuc gi thoi, tuy nhin cuc gi fax thng ngn hn rt nhiu so vi mt phin truy nhp Web. Theo s liu t nhiu ngun, s cuc gi fax chim khong 30% n 40% tng s cuc gi coi l thoi t M sang chu u. Tuy nhin ni dung trnh by khng l gii c ti sao fax li tn ti bn b trong th gii th in t v truyn tp. Ti sao li phi fax mt vn bn sang chu trong khi c th truyn n i dng th in t qua mng Internet? Thm ch ngay c khi vn bn qu phc tp so vi dng text th ti sao khng s dng truyn file qua Internet. C 6 u im l gii my fax vn tn ti v s tip tc tn ti trong th gii Internet l: 1. Cc vn bn dng fax c tnh hp php cao hn so vi dng th in t. Mt bn fax c ch k thng c chp nhn to n, trong khi th in t rt kh k v rt t khi c chp nhn. Nhn ngy gi trn bn fax cng c tn trng hn nhn thi gian trn th in t. 2. Khng phi tt c u c trong my tnh. Tht kh c th tin rng c rt nhiu thng tin cn thit v hu ch li khng c trong my tnh, tuy nhin iu li l s tht. 3. Mt bn fax c nh ngha l bn sao ca vn bn gi i. Mt bn fax c th c coi l mt my sao chp (copy), bt c vn bn
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no c a vo my fax u ny th s c ly ra u kia gn nh l my sao chp t xa vi mng PSTN ng vai tr lm phn t trung gian. Chng ta khng cn phi quan tm n nh dng ca hnh nh trong vn bn, xung dng ch no hoc tt c cc vn lm chng ta khng hi lng vi th in t v truyn tp. 4. Bn Fax l mt ci g hu hnh. Mt bn fax c th c sao chp li, lu li, hoc ph bin m khng cn phi x l g thm. Rt nhiu cc th in t cng c in ra l lu li ging nh mt bn fax trc khi c mt vn g xy ra. V d nh nu mt my tnh b hng cng nh ton b ni dung a ca n, cc vn bn quan trng s mt lun v khng th khi phc li. Hn na ngy nay mt bn fax c th c qut vo my tnh lu gi. 5. Khng phi tt c cc ngn ng trn th gii u c th c s dng trong th in t. Rt nhiu ngn ng trn th gii s dng ch tng hnh, v d nh ch vit trong ting Trung quc v Nht bn s dng hng nghn k hiu c bit biu din cc t. Thm ch ngay c ting Anh v mt s ngn ng c s dng min ty nc M cng s dng cc k t tng hnh ny chnh l cc k t c bit hng trn cng ca bn phm. V d nh % c c l phn trm ch khng phi l vng trn gch cho vng trn. Mt vi ngn ng thay i dng k t tu theo tng t, v d nh ting rp c th khng c tha nhn trong h thng x l t v th in t. V vy trn nhiu quc gia phng thc trao i thng tin c a thch l fax ch khng phi l th in t. 6. Tt c hng triu my fax u ang hot ng. Th in t yu cu s dng my tnh c hai pha truyn v nhn thng tin. My fax cn fax, tuy nhin vic mn my fax fax d dng hn nhiu so vi vic mn mt PC kim tra th in t. Fax c th c gi ti hu nh mi ni trn th gii ngay c ni PC v im truy nhp Internet khng phi bao gi cng c. V tn hiu fax gn ging vi tn hiu thoi hn l vi s liu v dch v fax vn ang duy tr u th ca n, ta c th ngh n vic tit kim cc ph ca dch v fax bng cch s dng VoIP cung cp kt ni cho c fax v thoi. Ngy nay, tt c 4 lnh vc c lin quan gm: cuc gi quc t, tip th t xa, trung tm cuc gi, fax qua IP u rt d thc hin. Nhiu t chc v cng ty trin khai c 4 lnh vc ny mc d tip th t xa rt kh thnh cng. Rt kh c th gim st kt qu v duy tr kim tra cht ch lnh vc ny. V n ph thuc rt nhiu vo sn phm v dch v cng nh khch hng.
S hp dn ca in thoi IP
S hp dn ca in thoi IP khng nhng ch vic tit kim tin m cn cc kh nng ca n. in thoi IP hay VoIP cho php kt hp mt cch cht ch gia mng thoi v mng s liu hn nhiu so vi nhng g
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chng ta hng m c. Mi ngi c th sng v lm vic c hiu qu hn v chnh tnh hiu qu ny cng c th c coi l tit kim tin. T nhng nm 1990, s pht trin trn 3 lnh vc l: ton cu ho nn kinh t, mng Internet ton cu v tc tng trng nhanh chng ca PC v WWW (ngy nay thng c gi l Web) thc y s ra i v pht trin ca VoIP. Ba lnh vc ny khng th tch ri vi cc lnh vc gio dc, ngh ngi gii tr v ngh nghip cng nh rt nhiu lnh vc khc lin quan trong cuc sng hng ngy. V vy xu c xu th l tch hp tt c trong mt mng thng nht cho c thoi, s liu v thm ch c hnh nh. Sau y chng ta s trnh by nh hng ca cc lnh vc ny v vai tr ca chng trong VoIP.
Nn kinh t ton cu v mng Internet ton cu

S khng cn lu na, nn kinh t th gii s pht trin nh l mt nn kinh t thng nht. Ngy nay nn kinh t cc nc trn th gii ph thuc ln nhau, khng hong tin t nam hoc nh bng Nht Bn ph sn ngay lp tc s dn n thay i t gi th trng chng khon M v chu u. Phn ln doanh thu ca cc cng ty ln nh McDonals v CocaCola u c c t cc quc gia khc v mi s thay i t gi trao i tin t ti cc quc gia ny u nh hng mnh m n gi c phiu ca cc cng ty . Bt chp tnh ri ro khi gia nhp th trng kinh t ton cu, cc cng ty vn ht sc c gng gia nhp th trng ny. Do khng nn xy ra tnh trng khng hong ca ton b nn kinh t th gii. Nu cc hot ng kinh doanh chu l kh khn th ngc li c th hot ng kinh doanh chu u li pht t. S l mo him rt ln nu nh doanh nghip ch hot ng duy nht mt th trng m li xy ra cc cuc nh cng... Cc cng ty a quc gia ra i v pht trin trong mt thi gian kh lu v xu hng ny ngy cng tng nh c s lin kt ton cu d dng thng qua mng Internet. M, rt t ngi bit rng cng ty Shell Oil khng phi l mt cng ty ca M m l cng ty ca H Lan, cng ty Nestle l cng ty ca Thy S ch khng phi l cng ty ca M. Cc cng dn M khng th b qua mt cy xng ca Shell ti mt cy xng ca Exxon khi h cn nhin liu hoc khng th tm cc qun Bar ca Hershey trong khi xung quanh h ton cc qun Bar ca Nestle. Cc cng ty nh Shell v Nestle cng nh cc cng ty ton cu khc u to c mt th trng kinh doanh vng chc khi m cc khch hng khng coi h l mt cng ty nc ngoi. Ngy nay cc sn phm c th c sn xut Malaysia, ct vo kho Mexico v bn Ty Ban Nha bi mt cng ty M; cc sn phm ny cng c th c vn chuyn khp th gii. Cng vi s m rng kinh doanh ca cc tp on kinh t ra khp th gii, h cn c mng thng tin kt ni mi vn phng li vi nhau theo di v ch ra cng vic g phi c thc hin. Gn y, vo khong nhng nm 1980, mt cng ty my
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tnh ton cu gim st hot ng ca cc nh my ca h chu bng cch gi in thoi ti ngi qun l, li li nhn v ch cuc gi tr li. Thng cc thng tin u cho ta thy cc hot ng kinh doanh l tt cho n khi cc bn thng k cui mi qu cho thy ton b cc li nhun ca cng ty gim st v h lm n thua l. R rng l cn phi c mt phng thc no gim st tnh trng kinh doanh tng ngy ch khng phi l bo co tng qu. Trong hu ht cc trng hp gi thu cc knh thu ring ni mng trn khp th gii l qu t so vi hiu qu m n mang li. Tt nhin l cng c nhng ngoi l, cc cng ty Shell v Nestle c th s khng bao gi thm nhp th trng th gii m rng th trng. Nhng cc nh lnh o ca cng ty nhanh chng thay i nhm p ng vi s thay i ca cng ngh mng cng c v tr chc chn ca h trong nn kinh t ton cu. V d nh cng ty Shell s dng mng qua v tinh xc nhn tnh hp l ca th tn dng (Credit Card) trc khi bm xng cho khch hng. Vic thu cc knh thu ring mt t (tr tin theo khong cch) trin khai mng ton cu l mt gii php khng kh thi i vi cc tp on kinh t ton cu. Mng Internet lm thay i ton b nn kinh t ca mng li ti chnh ton cu. C th thu vn phng bt c ni no trn th gii v thu bao mt ng truy nhp Internet ni ht l chng ta c th bt u trao i th in t, truyn tp. Cc ph in thoi ni ht c th cao nhng n khng ng k khi so snh vi cc ph knh quc t. S pht trin ca mng Internet lm thay i rt nhiu b mt th gii v chng ta khng cn phi bn li y. Ch cn xt qua mt v d l v y cng l vn xy ra nhiu ni trn th gii. Chu Phi chng hn, h thng xuyn b coi nh khi cp n vn c s h tng vin thng. Thc t l s ng truy nhp in thoi thnh ph New York cn nhiu hn so vi ton b lc a chu Phi. Tuy nhin mng Internet li kh ph bin chu Phi. iu khng hon ton ng, gn y vo khong nm 1996, cc kt ni Internet phn b khng u khp lc a chu Phi, v nhiu quc gia cng ch trin khai dch v n gin l th in t dng text. Ngy nay, ch cn mt nc chu Phi c truy nhp Internet hon ton min ph l Somalia, v hu ht cc quc gia u c ng truy nhp Internet vi y cc dch v bao gm c Web. V vy b mt nn kinh t ton cu thay i do mng Internet ton cu. V cng s dng c hiu qu Internet, h cng lm cho nn kinh t pht trin mnh.
S pht trin ca PC
Mt cng hin to ln ca Jonh von Neumann cho nhn loi l ng pht minh ra cu trc my tnh chy trn chng trnh ghi sn. Sau khi my
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tnh c s dng thnh cng trong cc n ca chnh ph nh tnh ton ng bay ca n pho hay m hnh ho v n bom nguyn t, ngi ta bt u suy tnh xem cng ngh ny c th c s dng trong kinh doanh nh th no? Cho n nm 1951 my tnh thng mi u tin c tn l Spery Univac c a ra gii thiu. Vn t ra l cc my tnh u tin ny c gi thnh rt cao vo khong 4 triu USD v kh nng x l rt thp thm ch cn km hn Card pht nhc chc mng sinh nht ngy nay. Vo nm 1951 gi ca mt chic t l vo khong 1000 USD. iu c ngha l khi cng ty mun mua mt my tnh h phi u t khon tin tng ng gi ca 4 nghn xe t mi. Ngy nay, gi mt t vo khong 20.000 USD, 4 nghn t ngy nay s c gi tr khong 80 triu USD. Hn na kch thc ca my tnh l rt ln, n c th chim din tch nhiu phng v ngun in m hng chc nghn bng in t ca my tnh tiu th cng rt ln. Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh, gi thnh ca my tnh gim rt nhanh trong khi kh nng tnh ton ca chng tng theo cp s nhn. Trong khong thi gian 30 nm u k t khi ra i my tnh thng mi, my tnh thng l cc mainframe ln do IBM sn xut, chng thng c lp t trong phng rt ln vi knh xung quanh, qua mi ngi c th hiu c s tin m cc cng ty u t mua n. Hu ht cc khch hng u tin mua cc my tnh khng l ny u l cc cng ty quy m ln v d nh cc cng ty in lc v in thoi. H s dng my tnh ln ny tnh ton cc ho n cc ph ca hng triu khch hng mi thng. Vic pht minh ra vi mch bn dn tch hp vo khong nhng nm 1960 l mt thnh tu ln cho php gim gi thnh v tng kh nng x l ca my tnh. Mng my tnh cng xut hin vo khong gia nhng nm 1960 cho php mt ngi s dng truy nhp t xa vo my tnh trung tm. Vo khong cui nhng nm 1970, cng ngh my tnh c nhng bc tin vt bc, h c th ch to ra cc minicomputer vi gi khong 100.000 USD v c th thc hin c hu ht cng vic m mainframe c th lm. Bc logic tip theo l cung cp cho mi ngi mt my tnh c nhn. Vic c nhn ho my tnh ny c bt u nhiu vin nghin cu, in hnh nht l Xeroxs Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) California. Vi n lc khng mt mi ca cc nh khoa hc cng nh cc nh sn xut, cui nhng nm 1970 v u nhng nm 1980 ra i my tnh c nhn (PC), ca s trn mn hnh, giao din ho (GUI), con chut, mng LAN v nhng giao thc mng v h iu hnh mng u tin thay v s dng giao thc mng WAN. Tt c cc tng ny u ra i do nhu cu t nhin trong vic s dng PC ca con ngi. Vi gi khong 10.000 USD, cc my tnh PC u tin c kh nng tnh ton mnh nh mt mainframe v chng c th chy c ng thi 16 chng trnh. Tuy nhin ch c mt mn hnh gim st tt c cc chng trnh ang thc hin. V vy cn phi b sung thm mt ca s cho mi chng trnh ng dng. Tuy nhin lm cch no chia mt
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mn hnh thnh nhiu ca s kch thc khc nhau khi chng hin th dng text. Do cn pht trin giao din ho cho cc ca s thay v c nh kch thc hin th cc k t. Tuy nhin c vn na t ra l ch c mt bn phm, lm th no c th chuyn nhanh bn phm tng ng vi ca s ny sang ca s khc? thc hin vic ny ngi ta b sung thm con chut c th c s dng ch vo ca s sau nhn nt chut biu th mun l ti mun bn phm tng ng vi ca s ny. Mi u mi ngi s dng PC l c lp vi nhau, tuy nhin iu ny ch l tm thi. Bng vic pht minh ra mng LAN ngi ta c th kt ni mi ngi s dng PC li vi nhau. Vo khong gia nhng nm 1980, hng IBM a vo cc sn phm ca mnh phin bn phn mm lm cho PC tr thnh mt cng c hu hiu phc v vic kinh doanh. Rt nhiu cng ty khng th mua PC ca hng no khc ngoi PC ca IBM. Vo khong thi gian ny, mt s kin quan trng khc l Ken Olsen sng lp ra cng ty DEC (Digital Equiptment Coporation), l mt cng ty ng vai tr quan trng trong vic pht trin v ph bin giao thc mng LAN Ethernet, h iu hnh UNIX v rt nhiu cng c tnh ton tng ng. Vo gia nhng nm 1980, PC chng t l mt cng c kinh doanh hu hiu. Khng ai c th ph nhn s tht ny ngay c nhng nh cung cp Maniframe v Minicomputer. Tuy nhin vo thi im ny gi thnh ca PC vn rt cao, gi ca mt PC c y cc tnh nng l vo khong 10.000 USD hoc hn th. Vo thng 11 nm 1991, hng DEC cho hng PC c cu hnh: b vi x l 486 tc 66 Mhz, 16 MB RAM, 500 MB cng v mn hnh mu 14 inch vi gi l 11.999 USD. Mt CD-ROM tc x2 v mt b Card m thanh c gi l 1000 USD. Mt Modem ngoi tc 9600 b/s ca hng Hayes c gi l 799 USD. Vi gi cao nh vy, rt t ngi cn nhc n vic trang b PC nh. Mt PC c gi tng ng vi gi ca mt t gia nh. Ngy nay gi thnh PC gim rt nhiu, 20% PC c gi di 500 USD. Hn mt na PC bn cho i tng s dng gia nh l PC th 2 ch khng phi l PC u tin. PC cng ng vai tr rt quan trng trong lnh vc gio dc. Cc k nng c bn s dng PC c dy ngay t cc lp ph thng c s v c th ni rng khng mt hc sinh no c o to bc ph thng trung hc m khng c s h tr ca my tnh v mng Internet. Rt nhiu trng cao ng v i hc yu cu cc sinh vin mi vo trng phi c my tnh Laptop v nhiu trng hc tnh lun c gi my tnh vo hc ph. Bng 1-1 th hin s pht trin ca PC v gi thnh v tc trong cc nm t 1981 n 1999. Qua bng ny chng ta nhn thy trong khi kh
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nng x l ca PC ngy cng tng th gi thnh ca chng ngy cng gim v thi gian s dng hiu qu mt PC trc khi cn mua mt PC mi ngy cng gim. Mt im na chng ta c th nhn thy trong Bng 1-1 l kch thc ca h iu hnh ngy cng tng.
c tnh RAM Tc CPU a cng Kch thc iu hnh Gi thnh h 1981 64 kB 8 MHz 5 MB 360 kB 6000 USD 1988 256kB 16 MHz 40 MB 1,2 MB 5000 USD 1992 1MB 33 MHz 80 MB 7 MB 3000 USD 1996 16MB 133 MHz 1,5 GB 170 MB 2000 USD 1999 128 MB 450 MHz 16 GB 600 MB 1500 USD
Bng 1-1. Tc pht trin ca PC t 1981-1999
S pht trin ca WWW

Trong phn u ca chng chng ta cp n s pht trin ca Internet. Chng ta khng cn i su vo tng bc trong qu trnh pht trin ca Internet k t khi n cn l mt mng nghin cu pht trin ch yu c s dng bi cc trng i hc trong cc n ca chnh ph M cho n ngy nay n tr thnh mng ton cu. Lch s pht trin ny c th xem c trong ngay trong bn thn mng Internet. Thay vo chng ta trnh by mt cch tm tt s pht trin ca Web l mt phn quan trng nht ca mng Internet. Chng ta c th khng nh rng nu nh khng c Web th Internet khng th xm nhp vo mi doanh nghip, mi gia nh v mi lnh vc ca cuc sng hng ngy nh hin ti. Trc y tr con thng hi cha m chng cu hi B M lm ci g trc khi c TV?, cn by gi th cu hi l B M lm ci g trc khi c Web. Web tr thnh mt khi nim mi trong th gii ni mng c trong mi ng ngch ca mng Internet vo khong nm 1993 v 1994. Web yu cu cc PC c kh nng x l ln v mt mng dng chung ( l mng Internet) kt ni tt c cc phn t trong mng di dng siu vn bn (hypertext) (ngy nay thng gi l siu phng tin Hypermedia). Khi nim siu vn bn xut pht t tng ca Ted Nelson vo nm 1981, trong cun sch ca mnh c tn l Literary Machines, ng a ra tng s dng PC khng ch tnh ton cc con s hoc lu tr c s d liu m cn ct gi cc cun sch in t. Cc tng ca Nelson c k tha t t tng ca nh khoa hc v gio dc Vannevar Bush, ngi h tr cc d n my tnh v p dng cc l thuyt khoa hc vo thc t cuc sng. Nm 1941 Bush thit k mt c s d liu c in ton ho v bit n di ci tn memex cho php ngi s dng c th c vn bn v theo di s thay i thng tin t ch ny sang ch khc khi h cn.
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Siu vn bn tr nn ni ting v thng dng nh nhm cc ng dng chy trn my MAC ca hng Apple ra i nm 1987 c gi l HyperCard. Cc HyperCard c th lin kt khng ch gia cc nh dng vn bn khc khau m cn c th vi cc phng tin khc v d nh ho v m thanh to thnh siu phng tin ch khng ch l lin kt siu vn bn. Ta cng c th thy lin kt siu vn bn trong cc tp tr gip ca Windows, trong ta c th nhn vo cc t hoc cm t hin th mu xanh v c gch di lin kt ti cc thng tin c th hn. Bc chuyn t HyperCard v chng trnh tr gip ca Windows sang Web rt n gin, tuy nhin rt ngc nhin l rt lu sau bc chuyn ny mi c thc hin. Tt c vn cn gii quyt chuyn sang Web l khng ch cho php lin kt t tp ti tp trong cng mt my tnh m cn cho php lin kt gia cc my tnh trong mng. Vn y l tt c ngi s dng PC s dng trnh duyt Web truy nhp n cc thng tin trn Web site my ch trong cng mt mng. chnh l iu l gii vai tr ca Internet trong s pht trin ca Web. C mt iu ng ngc nhin l Web khng ch l do s m rng a cc siu vn bn vo cc Web site trong mng m cn l do lin kt cc trang ring bit bng siu vn bn. Vo nm 1989, Timothy Berners-Lee, mt k s phn mm ca CERN l vin Vt l chuyn nghin cu v ht vt cht ca Chu u c tr s Geneva Thu S cm thy rt kh khn trong vic tm kim cc bi bo vt l v cc kt qu thc nghim c cng b chu u. Vo thi im tt nhin l c Internet, tuy nhin vic dng Internet ch dng li ch chy cc ng dng th in t gi th in t cho cc ng nghip, chy cc ng dng Telnet kt ni t xa vo my c cha ti liu cn thit hoc chy chng trnh Ftp ti xung cc tp. Berners-Lee v cc i tng tng t mong mun hai ng dng c h tr trong mng Internet cng vic ca h c th thc hin c d dng hn. Th nht l client a nng (universal client) ngha l c th gi th in t, truyn tp, hin th hnh nh v thc hin nhiu cng vic khc tt c u trn mt chng trnh ng dng. Th hai l nhng cc lin kt siu vn bn c th c p dng mi ni s dng cng mt nh dng a ch v tn gi c bit n di ci tn b nh v ti nguyn ton cu (URL). Yu cu th hai d thc hin hn v c trc yu cu th nht. Client a nng (ngy nay c bit n di tn gi trnh duyt Web) kh thc hin v n yu cu kh nng x l cao i vi mt chng trnh ng dng mng. Vo thng 3 nm 1989, Bernes-Lee xut phng n lin kt cc vn bn s dng lin kt siu vn bn ni mng. Vo thng 11 nm 1990 hn mt nm ri sau , Berners-Lee phi hp cng vi Robert Cailliau a ra mt bn xut c th hn thit k cc vn bn ny. y cng l ln u tin ngi ta bit n thut ng World Wide Web (WWW). Da vo nh dng ca ngn ng nh du chun ho tng
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qut (SGML) nh dng cho cc vn bn in t, Berners-Lee v Cailliau pht trin ngn ng nh du siu vn bn (HTML) nhng cc lin kt. Do khng c nh dng trnh duyt v u tin cc Web site tp trung my ch nn vo thi im ny cc Web site s dng mt phin bn sa i ca Telnet truy nhp n Web site. Hnh 1-7 th hin v d v mt Web site vo nm 1991. Vo thng 12 nm 1991, Berners-Lee cng b nh dng Web ca mnh ti hi ngh siu vn bn 91 San Antonio bang Texas.Vo thng 1 nm 1992 ngha l 3 nm sau khi tng u tin xut hin, ngi ta c th s dng trnh duyt u tin hot ng da vo trnh ng dng Telnet (hay cn c gi l ch dng). Tuy nhin mong mun c mt client a nng vn cn l mt c m. Cc trnh duyt hot ng ch dng rt kh s dng. Vo nm 1992, ra i chng trnh Windows chy trn DOS cho PC v XWindows chy trn UNIX cho cc trm lm vic cho php ngi s dng s dng cc ca s ho v chut mt cch linh hot. Vo thng 7 nm 1992, mt cng tc vin ca trng i hc tng hp California ti Berkeley l Pei Wei pht trin mt trnh duyt Web mi c tn gi l Viola. Vo thng 2 nm 1993, mt sinh vin ca trung tm ng dng siu my tnh quc gia (NCSA) thuc trng i hc tng hp Illinois Urbana/Champaign (UIUC) l Mark Andreesen cng vi Eric Bina cng b mt trnh duyt Web c y cc tnh nng chy trn h iu hnh UNIX c tn l Mosaic. V vo ma thu nm 1993 cc phin bn ca trnh duyt Mosaic chy trn UNIX, Windows, MAC c th ly c trn Internet. Sau ny Andreesen pht trin Mosaic thnh mt trnh duyt mi c tn l Netscape.
Cho mng cc bn n vi WWW Chn cc s tng ng bit thm thng tin: Danh sch cc chng trnh W3 client [1] Cc thng tin v d n W3 [2] Bt u trnh duyt [3] Hi ngh quc t u tin v WWW [4] y l dch v Telnet c cung cp bi nhm WWW ti CERN [5] 1-5, Up, Quit, Help
Hnh 1-7. V d v WWW nm 1991
Vi s ra i v a vo s dng ca Mosaic nm 1993, Web pht trin bng n trong th gii Internet. Nm 1994 cc Web site rt ph bin trong mng Internet t 5000 Web site cui nm 1993 ln ti 50000 vo cui nm 1994. Ngy nay s lng ny tng ln n hng trm ngn Web site phc v hng triu trang Web vi cc lin kt vn bn, hnh nh, m thanh, phim v hu nh l tt c mi ci c th.
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Gn nh tt c cc dng thng tin u c th lin kt trong trang Web ngoi tr tn hiu thoi. Tn hiu thoi khng bao gi tch hp c vo thnh cc thng tin ca Web site. Mi ngi vo Web site tm v ly thng tin tuy nhin h vn s dng in thoi truyn thng thc hin cuc m thoi thc s. S d nh vy l v Internet c mt s hn ch trong vic x l thng tin thoi so vi mng PSTN. Ni dung quyn sch ny tp trung vo phn tch vic tch hp v truyn tn hiu thoi qua cc mng IP v d nh mng Internet v thnh phn Web ca n. Mc d vy, trong thi gian gn y vn c nhng nghin cu theo xu hng c gng tch hp v truyn s liu qua mng PSTN.
Nhng c gng tch hp u tin: ISDN v B-ISDN

Trong phn ny chng ta s khng cp n vic tch hp thoi, hnh nh v s liu trong mng Internet vi cng ngh Web v VoIP. Vic tch hp thoi, hnh nh v s liu ny c th c thc hin trong mng PSTN vi cng ngh ISDN v ATM. Tuy nhin trong thc t vic tch hp ny khng c thc hin v chng ta s gii thch l do ti sao. ISDN l vit tt ca cm t mng s tch hp a dch v (Integrated Serivices Digital Network). ISDN l mt tiu chun quc t ra i vo khong nm 1980 nhm mc ch cung cp cc tnh nng v dch v m mi ngi ngy nay hay s dng trn Web v Internet thng qua mng in thoi ton cu. ISDN c chia lm hai phn l: phn tch hp dch v v phn mng s. V ISDN l mng s nn tt c cc thng tin (hnh nh, s liu v thoi) truyn trong mng u phi c dng s. Ngy nay iu khng phi l mt yu cu khng th thc hin c khi m bn thn s liu c dng s, hnh nh ang chuyn rt nhanh t truyn hnh tng t thng dng sang truyn hnh s HDTV v tn hiu thoi c chuyn thnh dng s giao din kt ni vi mng PSTN. Phn c s h tng hot ng vi tn hiu dng tng t ngoi tr cc TV tng t cn c mch vng ni ht s dng cung cp dch v thoi n cc gia nh. Vi ISDN, ngay c tn hiu truyn trong mch vng ni ht ny cng c chuyn i v truyn di dng tn hiu s i vi tt c cc dch v. V vy phn mng s ca ISDN c th d t c hn so vi phn th nht ca mng ISDN l tch hp dch v. Tch hp dch v c nh ngha cho ISDN bao gm tn hiu thoi s cng nh hnh nh s, cc dch v o lng t xa (thng tin tn hiu s tc thp v d nh cnh bo k trm v o nhit ) v phn quan trng nht l cc dch v s liu c tc cao ng vi mng chuyn mch gi. Ni mt cch khc l tt c cc dch v m ngi s dng c th c thng qua Web ngy nay. Tuy nhin khi nim tc cao vo nm 1984 hon ton khc so vi tc cao ngy nay. Knh ISDN c s c tc 144kb/s gm hai knh B mi knh tc 64kb/s truyn thng tin v mt knh D tc 16 kb/s cho bo hiu v cc dch v s liu tc thp. Ngy nay cu
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trc knh 2B+D c thu bao thng khng phi phc v cho vic s dng cc dch v kt hp ca ISDN m cung cp ng truy nhp Internet tc cao hn so vi truy nhp thng qua modem tng t. Tuy nhin trong thc t khng c s tch hp thc s cc dch v trong ISDN. N ch l s tch hp cc truy nhp ti cc dch v mng khc nhau v cho php nhiu thit b chia s ng truy nhp ny. Hnh 1-8 th hin cu trc mng cc dch v ISDN phc v i tng s dng l gia nh.
Mng thoi PSTN Tng i ISDN ni ht Mng gi 2B + D (128 kb/s) PC ng thu bao s (DSL) Cc thit b ti nh khch hng in thoi
o lng t xa
Cnh bo
Hnh 1-8. Cc dch v ISDN phc v i tng gia nh
Cu hi t ra l th u l s tch hp dch v? trong khi vn cn rt nhiu mng ring bit cung cp cc dch v ISDN. L do c bn l khng c mt thit b gia nh no li c th truy nhp ng thi nhiu hn mt dch v mng. ISDN mang li li nhun cho cc cng ty in thoi nhiu hn so vi ci m n mang li cho cc i tng gia nh. Cc cng ty in thoi c th truyn nhiu lung lu lng trn mt ng truy nhp m khng phi to cc ng ring bit cho mi thit b. Nu nh khng c ISDN, khi mt ngi mun ni chuyn in thoi, truy nhp Internet v truyn nhn fax ti cng mt thi im th h cn phi c ng ring cho mi thit b. Vi ISDN, truy nhp ti tt c cc thit b c th c tch hp li tuy nhin cc mng vn tch ri. Cho n nm 1990, khi nim khng c mt thit b no gia nh c th truy nhp nhiu hn mt mng ti cng mt thi im tr nn khng ng na. Thit b chnh l PC. N c th s dng truy nhp mng s liu nh mng Internet. PC ng thi cng c kt hp vi tai nghe v micro v phn mm thoi. Vi cng mt ng in thoi c th c s dng truy nhp Internet ng thi cng c s dng thc hin v nhn cc cuc thoi. iu lm ngc nhin ngi s dng khi m h s dng mt ng thoi kt ni vo modem v ch c mt biu tng in thoi nh trn mn hnh PC rung chung bo c cuc thoi n. Cuc thoi c th c hon thnh bng mt nhn chut sau ngi s dng ch vic ni vo micro v nghe bn kia qua tai nghe. Mt u im na ca PC l n c th c danh b in thoi quay s nhanh v thm ch PC c th c s dng nh l mt my tr li in
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thoi. Ngay c dch v Fax cng c x l bng phn mm Fax khi n tng t nh mt my Fax thng thng. Ngy nay bt u xut hin cc PC c Card truyn hnh cp, ch cn mt ng cp ng trc kt ni vi Card ny chng ta c th xem c cng mt lc 16 knh truyn hnh tt nhin l ta ch c th nghe c m thanh ng vi mt knh. Cc cng ty in thoi mun tng rng bng tn c th s dng ti cc gia nh. V hn ht l nu PC c th m nhim cc chc nng ca in thoi, trnh duyt Web, my Fax, thm ch l TV; ti sao chng ta khng tch hp thoi s liu v cc dch v hnh nh v truyn chng tt c trn cng mt ng in thoi s dng ISDN? Nguyn nhn ch yu khng th thc hin c l tc ca ISDN khng th truyn ng thi tt c cc dch v c bit l tn hin hnh nh s. ISDN c h tr dch v in thoi thy hnh, tuy nhin cht lng rt km so vi mng truyn hnh cp. ISDN bng hp hot ng tc nh hn 2 Mb/s. V vic tch hp cc dch v mng yu cu c s thay i c bn v cch thc truyn thoi, hnh nh v s liu ti ngi s dng thng qua tng i v cp in thoi. Mng hin ti rt khc bit v cu trc v khng th truyn hnh nh qua mng in thoi hay truyn tn hiu thoi qua mng truyn hnh cp nu khng c s thay i trit c hai mng. Nm 1988 ngi ta a ra gii php mi l s dng ISDN bng rng (B-ISDN). B-ISDN thay i hai im chnh so vi N-ISDN. Th nht l tng ng k tc truy nhp ln n 155 Mb/s v c th m rng ln n 622 Mb/s. Tc ny c th d dng p ng c hu ht cc yu cu ca cc dch v hnh nh. Th hai l B-ISDN thay th tt c cc dch v mng hin c t thoi n hnh nh bng mt cng ngh mi l ATM. Mt mng ATM s ng gi tt c cc tn hiu vo cc n v thng tin gi l t bo, c th truyn hnh nh tuy nhin n khng phi l mng dnh ring cho truyn hnh nh. Hnh 1-9 minh ho cho vic B-ISDN thay i nhng g so vi cu trc mng ISDN c s.
Cc thit b pha khch hng Giao din mng ATM ngi s dng (UNI) 155 Mb/s
Mng ATM tch hp cc dch v thoi, hnh nh v s liu theo B-ISDN
in thoi
Tng i B-ISDN ni ht
PC
Cnh bo
Hnh 1-9. Cc dch v B-ISDN phc v i tng s dng gia nh
Vo nm 1988, ITU l mt t chc tiu chun quc t d on phi mt 20 n 30 nm c th pht trin s dng B-ISDN mi ni
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v B-ISDN l mt chun giao thc ang pht trin. Vn l qu trnh tch hp PC v Web din ra nhanh hn so vi qu trnh trin khai cc dch v B-ISDN v mng ATM cn thit truyn cc dch v ny. Ta cng c th thc hin tch hp cc dch v mng vo cc i tng s dng PC thng qua vic s dng mng Internet. VoIP l mt cch thc tch hp mng thoi vi mng Internet v PC thm ch l mt my in thoi truyn thng. Nh cp trn, cng ngh truyn hnh s mi khng yu cu knh c rng bng tn n mc 155 Mb/s thm ch ngay c 100 Mb/s c th truyn cc hnh nh cht lng cao nh xem trong mt rp chiu phim. Ngy nay chng ta rt t khi thy ni n B-ISDN. Cn ATM ch c s dng cung cp cc truy nhp Internet tc cao v lm kt ni mng ng trc. Tuy nhin nhiu giao thc c pht trin phc v cho vic B-ISDN hot ng kt hp vi VoIP (v d nh H.323 c trnh by trong chng 7). Mc d ATM ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic trin khai VoIP tuy nhin ch l gii php tm thi. Trong chng sau chng ta s cp n vai tr ca ATM trong th gii Internet v Web.
M hnh in thoi IP
Trong phn ny chng ta s cp n vic pht trin m hnh ca VoIP hay cn gi l in thoi IP. M hnh ny kt hp cht ch cc kha cnh c trnh by trong phn trc ca chng ny, t cuc thoi quc t n tip th t xa hay trung tm cuc gi... Mt trong nhng l do chng ta trnh by cc kha cnh ny l lm r thm v m hnh ny v mc ch ca vic xy dng n. M hnh ny tho mn bn vn m cc i tng s dng quan tm, cc doanh nghip v cc i tng s dng gia nh c th s dng m hnh ny nh l mt thit b nhn v thc hin cuc thoi. Chng ta lu rng y ch l m hnh, v vy khng c g ngn cn mt ngi s dng kt ni n bn tr gip hay trung tm cuc gi ca mt doanh nghip. M hnh in thoi IP m ta bn n trong cun sch ny c th hin trn Hnh 1-10. M hnh ny c s dng nh lm c s cho mi ni dung c trnh by c lin quan n: cc thit b ca VoIP, cc ng dng, phn mm... Chng ta phi lu rng y chng ta khng cp n cc tiu chun v ch tiu k thut ca in thoi IP. Hnh 1-10 a ra kh nng s dng cc ng dng VoIP ca mi i tng v cn trin khai ngay dch v no ng vi cc i tng.
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Ngun(1) Doanh nghip Doanh nghip-Doanh nghip
ch(2) Gia nh Doanh nghip-Gia nh
Doanh nghip
S dng: Fax, thay th trung k ring Yu cu: Cht lng cc dch v IP cao, qun l mng IP Nhu cu: trin khai ngay Gia nh-Doanh nghip S dng: trung tm cuc gi, bn hng qua Catalog Yu cu: Thoi qua Web site, ACD c giao din IP Nhu cu: trin khai thn trng
S dng: tip th t xa
Yu cu: PBX c giao din IP, Gateway gia ISP vi PSTN Nhu cu: trin khai thn trng Gia nh-Gia nh S dng: thay th cuc gi ng di Yu cu: nhiu PSTN Gateway, cht lng thoi c bn Nhu cu: trin khai cuc gi ng di ngay, trin khai cuc gi ni ht sau
Gia nh
(1) Ngun l pha khi pht cuc thoi (2) ch l pha nhn cuc thoi
Hnh 1-10. M hnh in thoi IP
Trc ht chng ta bn v vic s dng VoIP trong mi trng kt ni doanh nghip-doanh nghip. VoIP c th c s dng trong mi trng ny truyn fax t doanh nghip ny ti doanh nghip khc v thay th cc trung k ring kt ni gia PBX ca cc doanh nghip (cc trung k ring ny l cc knh 64 kb/s kt ni im-im v phi tr cc theo khong cch). C th c cc dch v khc c s dng trong cc doanh nghip, tuy nhin y l cc dch v c s dng nhiu nht v gip cc doanh nghip tit kim c nhiu tin nht. Mc d vy, nu mun s dng VoIP cho cc mc ch ny th cn gii quyt mt s vn lin quan n VoIP. Th nht l mng VoIP c th l mng Internet s dng kt ni cc doanh nghip phi c cht lng dch v (QoS) truyn tn hiu thoi. Tt nhin mng Internet ch cung cp kt ni ch n khng m bo v rng bng tn, tr hoc cc ch tiu cht lng khc. Vic qun l QoS ca dch v VoIP trong mi trng doanh nghip-doanh nghip s b hn ch. Qun l cc dch v IP t cc doanh nghip vo hon cnh tng t nh cc nh cung cp dch v mng trong vic c gng qun l QoS nhm cung cp rng bng tn cho khch hng mt cch ti a, gim ti thiu cc b nh tuyn (router) gim tr. Trong mng Internet, c th qun l c cc dch v tuy nhin khng th m bo c QoS. Cui cng l kh nng ng dng VoIP trong mi trng doanh nghip-doanh nghip l rt lc quan. Thm ch ngay c vi cc doanh nghip c trung bnh vi ngn sch hn ch cng cn trin khai ngay VoIP cho dch v Fax v thay th cc trung k ring cng nhanh cng tt. Tip theo chng ta xem xt vic s dng VoIP trong mi trng kt ni doanh nghip-gia nh. ng dng chnh s dng y l tip th t
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xa (trung tm cuc gi i). Thit b chnh y l tng i PBX c giao din IP va kt ni vi mng LAN ca cng ty va kt ni vi mng PSTN thng qua nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP). Getaway kt ni ISP vi PSTN l thit b chnh trong ng dng in thoi IP v hu ht cc khch hng s dng gia nh ch c th nhn cuc gi n t mng PSTN v khng nhn c cuc gi n t mng Internet. Cc c im ca Gateway ny s c trnh by trong chng 8. Tuy nhin ng dng VoIP trong mi trng ny cn c cn nhc trin khai thn trng. Ni mt cch khc, s l rt vi vng v mo him cho doanh nghip nu h trin khai mt h thng tip th t xa s dng cng ngh in thoi IP sau h nhn ra rng thi gian m Gateway PSTN dng hot ng nhiu hn thi gian chy. Tip theo chng ta cp n cc i tng s dng gia nh s dng in thoi IP lin lc vi cc doanh nghip v thm ch l vi ngi khc nh. H thng l nhng ngi s dng in thoi IP thc s mc d h s dng in thoi kt ni trc tip vi mng PSTN. i vi hng kt ni gia nh-doanh nghip s dng in thoi IP th ng dng chnh l cc trung tm cuc gi v bn hng qua Catalog. Ngay c khi cc hot ng bn hng thng qua Web rt pht trin, nhng vn c nhng ngi khng quyt nh mua hng nu nh h khng th mc c trc tip vi ngi mua hng v s khng cm thy hi lng nu nh khng c ai m bo vi h rng cc ti liu ny c th gi quyt c mi vn . Dch v cn trin khai ngay trong mi trng kt ni ny l thoi qua Web site vi phm bm Hy ni chuyn vi ti v mt h thng t ng phn phi cuc gi ACD c giao din IP ng vai tr nh l tng i PBX c giao din IP trong ng dng tip th t xa tuy nhin v chc nng th ngc li. Tuy khng ni n y nhng cn phi c Gateway kt ni t PSTN ti ISP ging nh trong trng hp kt ni doanh nghip-gia nh. Cng ging nh ng dng tip th t xa, cn cn nhc thn trng trong vic la chn thit b, phng thc v thi im trin khai VoIP trong hng kt ni ny. V cui cng chng ta xem xt n hng kt ni gia nh-gia nh s dng VoIP. N ging nh ng dng gi in thoi quay s 1010XXX l mt phng thc thay th vic gi qua mng PSTN i vi cc cuc gi ng di. im hp dn nht l VoIP c th thay th cc cuc gi quc t qua mng PSTN v n cng c th thay th mt cch c hiu qu cc cuc gi ng di ng vi cc v tr ca Gateway ISP-PSTN. y l mt vn rt ln v s c rt nhiu Gateway, t nht l 1 cho mi quc gia. V tt nhin mng IP cn phi truyn cc cuc thoi vi QoS c th chp nhn c, yu cu ny khng phi lc no cng c m bo nht l khi c rt nhiu cuc gi khng phi l cc cuc gi qua trung tm cuc gi c thc hin qua mng IP hay mng Internet. Nhu cu i vi cc i tng s dng gia nh l trin khai VoIP i vi cuc gi ng di, c bit l cuc gi quc t. Cc cuc gi ni ht qua mng IP c th trin khai sau, tuy nhin th phn cc dch v VoIP s ngy cng chim u th.
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M hnh pht trin in thoi IP ny s c s dng lm c s i vo m t chi tit ca phn cng v phn mm, thit b v cc nh cung cp thit b, dch v v kh nng ng dng, v rt nhiu kha cnh khc trong phn cn li ca cun sch ny.
Cng ngh, kinh t v cc yu t x hi

M hnh in thoi IP m chng ta trnh by khng nht thit s pht trin tt trong tng lai. Cng ngh, kinh t v s chp nhn ca x hi l ba yu t ng vai tr quyt nh nh hng n s pht trin ca mt sn phm hay mt dch v mi. Khng nm ngoi quy lut ny, VoIP c coi nh mt gh u ba chn vi mi chn i din cho cng ngh, kinh t v cc yu t x hi lin quan n cng ngh mi. Nu nh bt c mt chn no di hn hoc ngn hn cc chn khc th khng mt ai c th ngi chc chn trn chic gh VoIP. Th nht l tnh kh thi ca cng ngh, cn c vo y quyt nh xem cng ngh c th trin khai c hay khng. Cu tr li khng phi lc no cng l c mc d kh nng x l ca my tnh ngy nay cho php con ngi thc hin c rt nhiu vic tng rng khng th. V d nh th trng ngi my thc hin cc cng vic hng ngy gia nh nh ht bi, dn dp ging ng v ra xe t l rt ln. Tuy nhin 30 nm hoc lu hn na nhng ngi my nh vy vn ch l m c. Mt my tnh c kh nng x l mnh c th chin thng ngi trong mn c tuy nhin n khng th hiu c cc mnh lnh n gin m mt cu b 3 tui c th thc hin m khng cn hi g thm v d nh Hy ngi y v Hy theo ti. Vo thi im ny, cng ngh cha cho php ch to mt ngi my nh vy. Tuy nhin ngay c khi c th ch to th gi thnh ca ngi my liu c ph hp vi ti tin ca ngi tiu dng? chnh l tnh kinh t ca mt sn phm hay mt dch v mi. Khng mt ai li di g m mt th trng mi nu nh h khng ngh rng h c th thu c li ch kinh t t . Gi khi u c th cao, tuy nhin gi khng gim mt cch nhanh chng th th trng s vn rt nh v cng ngh s tn li i. TV mu chng hn, khi c gii thiu ln u tin M nm 1950 n c gi l 1500 USD. Ngy nay khng phi l mt con s ln, tuy nhin vo thi im gi mt chic xe Ford Failane cng ch c gi l 1500 USD. C bao nhiu gia nh s la chn mua mt chic TV thay v mt chic t mi? Sau gi thnh ca TV mu ngy cng gim trong khi gi ca t ngy cng tng, iu lm cho TV mu tr thnh dng trong mi nh. iu tng t cng xy ra vi cc TV mu k thut s, gi thnh khi u ca n l t 10.000 USD n 60.000 USD. Nu nh gi thnh ny khng gim xung hu ht cc gia nh trung lu vi mc thu nhp 30.000 USD/nm c th mua c th tin trnh a vo th trng ca TV mu k thut s c th s b chm li.
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Nu nh kh thi v mt cng ngh nhng khng c chp nhn trong th trng th c ngha l gi c khng hp l. Nu nh gi qu thp th khng ai c th thu c li nhun thng qua vic bn sn phm hoc dch v. Nu nh gi qu cao th th trng s rt nh v kh c th duy tr th trng . VoIP kh thi v c mt cng ngh v kinh t i vi cc nh cung cp dch v, mc d vn c nhng tranh ci vic lm th no thu c li nhun t cc dch v VoIP. Tuy nhin ngay c khi kha cnh kinh t c tho mn th vn cn mt vn th ba na l s chp nhn ca x hi. V d nh dch v xem phim theo nhu cu (VOD), vo u nm 1990 cc cng ty in thoi ni ht nh s dng cc chuyn mch truyn hnh s (SDV) phn phi phim c tnh cc trn cng mt i dy ng nh s dng i vi dch v thoi. Cc cng ty in thoi mun s dng VOD v SDV cnh tranh vi cc cng ty truyn hnh cp l i th chnh ca cc cng ty in thoi v cc cng ty truyn hnh cp khi bt u cung cp cc dch v thoi qua cp. chng li s suy gim s lng khch hng v li nhun, cc cng ty in thoi ni ht pht trin SDV v th nghim chng nhiu vng c bit l cng ty Bell Atlantic. Cc thu bao c th xem cc b phim truyn hnh s trong khi vn c th thc hin cc cuc gi thoi m khng cn phi c kt ni ring cho truyn hnh cp. Tuy nhin SDV vn khng c mi ngi u chung ch yu l v nguyn nhn x hi. Ngi s dng khng th ghi li cc phim k thut s nh h c th lm c vi cc phim ca truyn hnh cp (hin nay vn c rt t my ghi phim k thut s). Nhiu ngi mun i n ca hng bn bng video i khi ch l i ra khi nh mt lc. Ngi s dng khng mun xem v tr tin theo phim, v xem v tr tin theo phim ch c s dng trong cc s kin th thao c bit v d nh trn m bc. Hn na, x l tn hiu s cn phi chuyn t cc tn hiu truyn hnh tng t quen thuc thnh tn hiu s v n lm cho truyn hnh qung b khng phi l truyn hnh trc tip (ngay c ngy nay, tr vn l ng k trong truyn hnh s qung b trc tip). Vn thc cht l ch l s dng SDV qu bt tin: iu khin t xa ca SDV khng hot ng nh l mi ngi mong mun. Nhiu ngi c th xem 10 knh truyn hnh (c th cn nhiu hn) cng mt lc. H lin tc chuyn knh trn TV ca truyn hnh cp bng iu khin t xa (vic mt ngi c phi dy i ra khi ging chuyn knh l khng th chp nhn c). Vic i knh ny rt d v tt c cc knh lun lun sn sng v iu khin t xa ch c mi mt nhim v l bt TV sang knh m bn quan tm. Tuy nhin iu khin t xa ca SDV li hot ng rt khc. Ch c mt knh trn my thu hnh SDV. V khng c rng bng tn trong mch vng ni ht c th phn phi nhiu hn 100 knh truyn
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hnh nh l truyn hnh cp c th thc hin. V vy vic nhn vo mt phm trn iu khin t xa c th thay i knh, tuy nhin ch sau giy yu cu mi n c b chuyn mch SDV v mt knh mi bt u c truyn xung pha thu bao. Mt cch t nhin, ngi s dng thng nhn nt chuyn knh ba n bn ln v khng c g p ng li yu cu trong khong thi gian m h mong ch v h tng knh khng c g. V kt qu l h thng SDV chuyn knh ba n bn ln thay v mt ln. iu c ngha l li mt cng chuyn knh ngc tr li v thng l khng ng knh mnh mong mun. N s lm nn lng ngi s dng v h s khng s dng SDV v quay tr li s dng truyn hnh cp. Liu VoIP c p ng c ba yu t l cng ngh, kinh t v x hi? V mt cng ngh th y vn l mt cu hi. Kha cnh kinh t s c tho mn ng vi cc dch v cuc gi quc t, Fax v cc ng dng c lin quan. Kha cnh x hi c th c gii quyt vi thc t l in thoi IP da rt nhiu vo mng Internet. Mi ngi quen s dng Internet v VoIP cng lin kt cht ch vi Internet th x hi cng d chp nhn n.
Cc chnh sch
Mt dch v v sn phm mi c th pht trin da trn ba chn ca chic gh u l cng ngh, kinh t v x hi chp nhn. Tuy nhin cc chnh sch ca chnh ph c th v nh mt ci ca, n c th ct bt vi inch ca chn ny hay chn kia. V kt qu l ci gh c th ng cn bng hoc n s nghing i v s khng c ng h g c. V vy chnh sch c th s khuyn khch hoc hn ch tu thuc vo nn kinh t hoc chiu hng ca cc chnh sch (h tr hay khng h tr). Chng ta khng cn thit phi i su vo cc chnh sch khi n p dng cho in thoi IP v s tn rt nhiu giy mc. Thay vo chng ta cp n vai tr ca cc chnh sch khi n p dng cho VoIP. trnh trnh by qu chung chung, trong phn ny chng ta s chia th gii lm 2 phn: nc M v phn cn li ca th gii. Mc d c kin cho rng vai tr ca chnh sch ca cc chnh ph trn khp th gii rt khc nhau v phm vi p dng v mc ch, tuy nhin vn c cc im chung ng vi cc chnh sch p dng cho in thoi IP. Ti nc M, cc chnh sch ca chnh ph v lin bang bo h li ch cho cc nh cung cp dch v khi m h phi u t vn rt ln trc khi h c th thu c li nhun t dch v. Rt nhiu doanh nghip thuc vo loi ny nh cc cng ty xe la, hng khng, truyn hnh cp v cc cng ty in thoi. Trong qu kh, cc chnh sch ny to ra mt mi trng c quyn cho cc nh cung cp dch v trong nhng vng nht nh. Gn y xu th ca cc chnh sch ny chuyn dn sang vic cp chng ch kinh doanh cho cc hng cnh tranh nhau trn th trng,
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mc d cn rt nhiu cc cuc tranh ci v tc dng ca cc chnh sch ny. Rt nhiu cng ngh c hi ng lin bang h tr ban u v gim hoc min cc. in tn l mt dch v ra i da vo s h tr ny. Samuel Morse, ngi pht minh ra in tn. ng khng phi l mt nh doanh nghip m l mt gio s dy ngh thut trng i hc tng hp. Nu khng c s h tr tin ca lin bang, th kt ni in tn u tin s khng th thc hin c. Mi ngi c khuyn khch s dng m khng phi tr ph cho n khi in tn c th t tn ti v trang tri c chi ph. Khong 20 nm trc y, Internet cng lin tc c lin bang h tr tin trc khi cc ISP c th ng vng v thu c li nhun khi c nhiu ngi dn s dng truy nhp Internet v cc ISP bt u bn cc Web site. Tuy nhin, cc ISP thng qua cc tho thun vn min cc cho mt s kiu truy nhp. V d nh cc cng ty truyn thng thng tr tin cho nhau i vi cc cuc gi thnh cng c khi pht t mt nh cung cp dch v (ni s tnh cc cho thu bao) v kt cui ti mt nh cung cp dch v khc (ni khng thu c cc ph). iu ny s c thay i dn dn v im mu cht l cc ISP chp nhn hay khng chp nhn phng thc ny. V liu cc chnh sch ca chnh ph M l c khuyn khch hay khng khuyn khch vic s dng VoIP. Cc ISP c mt quy nh ring cho vic truyn s liu qua ng dy in thoi. Tuy nhiu cu hi t ra l VoIP c coi l thoi hay s liu. VoIP c truyn trong cc gi IP qua cng mt Router Internet v cc kt ni nh l i vi s liu. N khng khc g cc lung bit khc trong mng. Vy liu c quy nh g khc gia s liu v VoIP? V lm th no phn bit cc gi IP thoi vi cc gi IP s liu? Tuy nhin chng ta lun nh rng cc chnh sch c th thay i bt c lc no. S ln mnh ca cc nh pht trin in thoi IP, cc nh cung cp sn phm v cc nh cung cp dch v c th nh l ang trt trn mt lp bng mng di s bo tr ca cc chnh sch ca lin bang. Nhng t nhin c th c cnh bo bng tan v mi vic s phi dng li. Bn ngoi nc M, mi vic cn phc tp hn nhiu. Chnh sch rt nhiu quc gia quy nh li nhun thu c t cc dch v vin thng thuc v chnh ph. Cc cng ty in thoi nhiu quc gia c iu hnh bi vn phng chnh ph. Thc t ny xy ra khi in thoi c coi nh mt phng thc thng tin thay th cho th t v in tn. Thng thng cc cc cuc gi c duy tr mc rt cao thu c li nhun ln nht to ra mt khon ln cho ngn sch quc gia. s khng c s cnh tranh v dch v cng nh thit b. Khi m Internet v sau l Web tr nn ph bin trn ton th gii, nhiu chnh ph coi n l mt du hiu tin ti nng cao i sng ca
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ngi dn. Tuy nhin cng c nhng ngoi l, v d nh Trung Quc chng hn h trnh xa Internet v h khng th kim sot c. Cn Php c t l Web site trn u ngi nh nht trong s cc quc gia pht trin. Ti mt s quc gia li khuyn khch pht trin Internet bng cch min thu i vi cc cng ty khai thc Internet nhng vic tnh cc ca cc cng ty ny li c p dng bnh thng nh cc cng ty vin thng khc trong phm vi bin gii ca quc gia . Cu hi t ra l liu ci g s xy ra khi VoIP c a vo khai thc? Khi c s dng cho cc cuc gi quc t, in thoi IP s r hn rt nhiu so vi cuc gi qua mng PSTN. V d nh cuc gi quc t t Nam Triu Tin n M c cc ph l 1 USD/pht trc khi c th thc hin c cuc gi tng t qua VoIP. u nm 1998, vi vic trin khai VoIP, cc ph cuc gi ny gim xung cn 0.31 USD/pht. Vo thng 4 nm 1998 cc ph mt cuc gi thoi truyn thng ko di 10 pht t M i c l 10,9 USD vi hng AT&T v 10,89 USD vi hng MCI tuy nhin ch l 1,8 USD vi IDT l nh cung cp VoIP. Vo thng 7 nm 1997, cc ph mt cuc gi thoi truyn thng t Nht bn n M l 1,71 USD/pht tuy nhin n ch l 0,1 USD i vi cuc gi VoIP. Cu trc tng th ca mng VoIP ng vi cuc gi quc t c th hin trn Hnh 1-11.
Quc gia A (Ch gi) Quc gia B (B gi)
Gaway in thoi IP
Internet
Gaway in thoi IP
Telephone
Cuc gi vi gi cc ni ht ti Gateway
Cuc gi ni ht t Gateway n thu bao b gi
Telephone
Hnh 1-11. Cu hnh cuc gi VoIP quc t
Trong nhiu trng hp, cc ph thp ca VoIP khng nhng ch lm gim li nhun ca cc nh cung cp dch v (12% i vi Nht) m cn ca quc gia . Tuy nhin VoIP s nhanh chng c trin khai trn ton th gii trong mt vi nm ti. Tin trnh trin khai nhanh (nh l cc nc phng Ty) hay chm (nh cc nc cn li) tu thuc vo cuc u tranh quc gia trong vic thay th ngun thu nhp n nh t cc dch v vin thng truyn thng bng mt la chn mi l VoIP.
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Chng 2 Cc nguyn tc c bn ca thoi s
Chng 2. Cc nguyn tc c bn ca thoi s
VoIP ly tn hiu thoi, s ho n v t vo trong cc gi tin IP sau gi chng qua mng IP. Mng IP c th l mng cc b (LAN) nh Intranet, mng c nhn din rng (WAN) s dng IP, mng pha trn gia mng Internet cng cng v cc mng Extranet logic c nhn (nh mng ring o VPN) qun l bng IP, mng Frame Relay hay mng ATM, hoc mng Internet. iu ny dn n s ng nht ca cm t IP trong VoIP, IP y chnh l IP thng thng. y chnh l mt trong nhng c tnh hp dn ca IP cho nh cung cp dch v mng. Hon ton khng c s gii hn v loi mng m IP chy trn . IP c th chy trn bt c th g m khng cn nhng thay i ln vi cu trc gi tin IP v cc hot ng. IP l mt giao thc mng chung, n c th ph hp vi bt c loi mng no m khng i hi cc phin bn c bit thc hin chc nng mt cch ph hp t LAN sang WAN v ngc li. Thoi s ch l mt dng khc trong ni dung gi tin IP, cng ging nh l bn tin truyn tp hay bn tin email. Tuy nhin, cc con s 0 v 1 trong gi tin VoIP i din cho ging ni. Chng ny s xem xt tt c cc chi tit lin quan n vic thu ging ni v chuyn i tn hiu thoi tng t thnh cc chui bit. Theo cch ny, tt c cc cng ngh s ho m thanh gn y nht s c xem xt mt cch t m, t cng ngh nn ti trit khong lng v cc vn khc. Bt u ton b qu trnh tip cn bng vic hiu mt cch r rng v nhng khc bit gia thng tin tng t v thng tin s, gia cc lin kt tng t v cc lin kt s ti cc thng tin ny.
Tn hiu thoi tng t v d liu s

Hu ht cc nh khoa hc u cng nhn rng vic chng ta c th ni chuyn vi nhng ngi khc chnh l yu t lm cho con ngi v c bn l khc vi cc loi ng vt khc. Khng c khong thi gian tin ho bin b no con ngi khc bit nhiu so vi loi kh tuy nhin nhng nghin cu v DNA chng t iu . Mc d vy, ging ni, c hc mt cch nhanh chng sau khi sinh ra, xut hin iu khin rt nhiu nhng b phn khc nhau trong b no cho php a tr c th ni chuyn vi cha m ch khng phi ni chuyn vi nhng con vt. iu ny mang li s ngc nhin cho cc nh nghin cu, bi v nhng hiu bit trc y coi ting ni l do t chc ca b no loi ngi ch khng phi l mt cch no khc. B no con ngi ngy cng ln hn v tt hn v h cn phi th hin nhng suy ngh ca mnh bng ting ni tt hn. Trong khong t 5 n 11 tui, mt ngi hc trung bnh 2 hoc 3 t mi mt ngy bi v iu ny thc s cn thit. Chnh v th m c th ch loi ngi l s dng ting ni nh nhng phng tin c s cho cc tng tc x hi. V khi x hi loi ngi m rng ra ton th gii, nhu cu lin lc bng ging ni dn ti s pht trin ca h thng in thoi ton cu v hin nay n dn ti nhu cu a thoi vo mng Internet.
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m thanh hay ging ni c to do khng kh t cc l phi lm rung cc dy thanh qun trong c hng kt hp vi cc chc nng ca li v mi to ra m thanh v theo thut ng khoa hc l cc m v. S rung ng xy ra mt di tn (s ln rung trong mt giy) v n khng bin i nhiu t nn vn minh ny sang nn vn minh khc. Tuy nhin dy cc m thanh li gy ra s bin i rt nhiu v c nghin cu chng t rng nu mt m tit c th khng c hc mt cch chnh xc cho n nm 7 tui hoc khong th s khng c kh nng pht ra m mt cch chnh xc. y chnh l mt l do ti sao khi ngi ta cng hc ngoi ng mun th h dng nh lun ni vi mt trng m. Cc m c xp xp li thnh mt n v m thanh gi l t, cc t c t chc thnh cc cm t, cc cm t to nn cc cu... Khong cch m con ngi c th nghe thy cng bin i. Khong cch ny ph thuc vo cc yu t thi tit cng nh cng sut ca m thanh. Mt s m c cng sut ln hn cc m khc, y chnh l mt c tnh quan trng ca m thanh. m thanh chnh l sng c hc c pht trong khng kh truyn t ming ti tai. Sng c hc to ra m thanh l sng m, sng m l m thanh c to bi cc dng c m nhc, ting gm ca cc con vt, ting chim ht... Sng c hc v c bn l khc so vi sng in t l loi sng hot ng trong cc h thng ngun, cc mng thoi t bo khng dy, cc h thng TV, cc mng d liu. Sng m nh khng kh truyn i. Khng kh cng long nng lng m cng yu. Nc mang sng m kh tt n mc tai mc d c kh nng xc nh c hng ca ngun m kh d cng khng th phn bit c m thanh n t u, chng dng nh n t mi hng cng mt lc khi di nc. m thanh c mang trong sng m l mt dng thng tin tng t. iu ny c ngha l bin ca tn hiu c th bin i t gi tr ln nht cho ti gi tr nh nht v c th ly bt c gi tr no trong khong . Cc tn hiu m c th m t theo mt vi phng thc. Tuy nhin hiu v cc cng ngh s ho m thanh, c th m t m thanh mt cch n gin l s pha trn ca cc m c bin ln c gi l m ting v cc m c bin thp c gi l m cm. Cc m ting bao gm cc nguyn m nh a, e, i, o v u. Cc m ting c hnh thnh trong c hng v c quyt nh trc tip bng v tr ca dy thanh m. Cc m cm l cc ph m nh b, t, v... Cc m cm c hnh thnh t li v mi khi khng kh i qua cc dy thanh m. Cc m ting c bin gp khong 20 ln so vi cc m cm v mang hu ht nng lng ca ging ni. Tuy nhin, tai da vo cc m cm phn bit gia cc t c cng nguyn m, nh phn bit gia b, f v m. Hnh 2-1 biu din bin tng quan gia m ting v m cm trong sng m. Hnh v minh ho sng c hc theo thi gian. Cc ngn ng khc nhau s dng cc m khc nhau, nhng tt c u c hnh thnh t c hng hoc ming v vai tr rt quan trng. Di gii hn ca cc m l mt c tnh quan trng ca thoi tng t s c p dng trong cc cng ngh s ho m thanh hin i. Tuy nhin, khng bao gi c ln ln mt m
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vi mt ch ci hoc bt c mt ch no khc trong bng ch ci i din cho m . Bt hi ch k trong t ting anh skate rt khc so vi ch k trong t kite. m ting, nh minh ho trong Hnh 2-1, c dng sng kh u khi cc rung ng trong c hng n nh. Mt khc, cc m cm c dng sng ngu nhin khng xc nh trc bi v v tr ca ming c th thay i trong qu trnh pht m. Nhng quan st ny cng s rt quan trng trong cc cng ngh s ho thoi.
Bin
Thi gian
lt
Hnh 2-1. T ting Anh salt di dng sng m
Cc dng sng m c xu hng lp li theo cch c gi l chu k m lng. di ca chu k m lng c th thay i c bit l gia nam v n. Khi ngi n ng ni, chu k m lng ko di trong khong 5 ti 20ms v khi ngi n b ni, chu k m lng ko di trong khong 2.5 ti 10ms. Cc m ting ko di t 100 ti 125ms. Do mt m ting n c th c t 5 ti 50 chu k m lng lp li. C iu c bit l khng phi tt c cc chu k m lng l cn thit cho nhn dng ging ni. Con ngi c th hiu ging ni nhanh hn l h pht m. Mt vi chng trnh thng mi trn ti vi, c th pht 20 bn tin, thng thng h b mt vi chu k m lng lp li trong m ting tng tc m thanh m khng lm mo n. Kt qu m thanh c th gy ngc nhin cho ngi xem nhng rt t ngi c th ni mt cch chnh xc s khc nhau l g. Trc khi chuyn sang phn s pht minh ca in thoi, c th tho lun mt kha cnh khc ca ging ni. Trn thc t khong lng ng vai tr rt ln trong lin lc bng ging ni. Ti mt thi im ngi nghe hu nh hon ton im lng trong cuc hi thoi, ch c nhng m ngn c pht ra cho ngi ni bit rng h ang tp trung (nh hu, huh) hoc h vn hiu ngi ni (tip tc i). Nhng m phn hi thng lp li khi hai ngi hi thoi v hon ton khng c nhng m ny khi ngi c ch nh nm trong nhm ngi nghe. Hn na, khong lng thng din ra trong trng hp ngi ni cn ly hi ti cui mt cu hoc mt cm t di. Cc khong lng c khong thi
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gian ngn thng din ra trong cc cm t, gia cc t v thm ch l trong chnh cc t , thng l vi cc t c nhiu m tit. (mt m tit l s kt hp gia mt ph m v nguyn m - c xem nh mt n v m thanh). Trong sut khong thi gian hi thoi gia hai ngi, cc m cn thit c pht ra t mt ngi hoc ngi kia chim khong 40% khong thi gian. Mt na thi gian t ngi nghe v 10% l t cc khong dng gia cc cu, cc t v cc m tit. Trong mt cuc gi in thoi, ngi nghe cng tp trung vo cc nhiu nn, khng ch l cc ngun nhiu nh TV, i m cn l cc ting r mc thp lin tc. Nhiu nn ny c gi l m ngoi. S c mt ca nhiu nn trong khong lng cho php ngi nghe nhn ra l ng thoi vn tt. Do vy ging ni c c tnh ho theo 3 c im sau: 1. S pha trn gia cc m bin cao v cc m bin thp. 2. S pha trn ca cc dng sng khng i c th xc nh trc ca m ting v cc dng sng ngu nhin ca m cm. 3. 60% khong thi gian hi thoi hai chiu l khong lng. Bt c cng ngh s ho m thanh no cng xem xt cc c tnh m thanh ny. V nu mt cng ngh s ho m thanh ch xem xt ti mt t tnh cn cng ngh khc xem xt ng thi c ba c tnh, th ta c th ni rng phng php s ho m thanh sau tt hn phng php u.
Mng in thoi tng t

Lin lc thoi trc tip ch c th thc hin c khi khong cch gn. Ht ln t mt nh ni s lm tng khong cch nhng thng s lm gim kh nng hiu v khng mt ai c th ht qua bin i Ty Dng. Phng php truyn thng thoi nhm duy tr mc ch lin lc c thc hin vo nm 1875 nh s pht minh ra my in thoi. Tt nhin c nhiu dng khc ca lin lc tn ti trc c in thoi. Cc tn hiu t la, gng thm ch l in bo cho php nhng ngi cch xa nhau c th lin lc vi nhau. Nhng khng c phng php no trong s cho php ni chuyn vi nhau mt cch thoi mi. in thoi khng nhng l cch thc lin lc bng m thanh m cn l cch thc lin lc theo thi gian thc. Hu ht mi ngi u quen vi cu chuyn v Alexander Graham Bell, mt gio vin ic Boston Massachusetts, v cng bit m thanh v thnh gic lm vic nh th no pht minh ra in bo m thanh (mang m thanh trn dy dn s dng tn hiu in). Nhng rt t ngi bit rng Bell khi xng cho vic pht minh ra phng thc kt hp nhiu bn tin in bo vi nhau ti cng mt thi im trn mt ng in bo nh l cch kim tin ci c gi trong mng ca ng, mt c gi xut thn t mt gia nh tng i kh gi. in thoi xut hin ch l do s tnh c th v, v ch c i tai c rn luyn ca Bell mi c th nhn ra ci g ln trong nhng ting r rt ca thit b in bo l cc thnh phn ca m thanh.
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Phi mt vi nm tnh ton tt c cc chi tit, nhng ci m Bell thu c ch phn nh qu trnh bin i ca sng m thanh thnh sng in. Bell chuyn thng tin tng t (sng m thanh) thnh cc tn hiu tng t (sng in). Tt c bin ln xung ca m thanh c bt chc bi sng in. Tn hiu in c cung cp bi mt chic pin n gin c th truyn xa n hng dm. Ti mi u c mt thit b chuyn tn hiu thoi thnh tn hiu sng in (b truyn) v mt thit b khc chuyn tn hiu sng in thnh tn hiu thoi ti tai ngi nghe (b nhn). Kt hp li, thit b truyn pht thoi hnh thnh nn giao din gia ngi v mng. Bell pht hin ra rng lm cho ting ni c th nghe c trn in thoi th di tn ca ting ni t 100Hz ti 10000Hz l khng thc s cn thit. Trn thc t, ch cn mt phn nh ca di 10KHz. Cng sut c pht ra di tn trn 4000Hz l rt nh, thnh ra 80% ton b nng lng ting ni nm trong di t 300-3000Hz. Hnh 2-2 biu din mt ph cng sut ca m thanh. y ch l cch nhn khc v sng m. Tuy nhin by gi trc honh biu din tn s ch khng phi l thi gian v trc tung biu din cng sut ch khng phi l bin . V mt k thut, cc con s biu din mt ph cng sut c ngha trong khong thi gian di bi v trong mt khong thi gian ngn, cng sut ting ni c th l khng cn phi biu din di dng s. Cc n v cng sut l decibels (dB - l n v chun ca cng sut thu c v mt i trong h thng lin lc).
-10
-20
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Hnh 2-2. Mt ph cng sut ca thoi
Bi vy khng cn thit phi xy dng mt mng tng t mang ti 10kHz hoc thm ch l 4kHz. iu ny rt c ch bi v mt mng c thit k sao cho mt mt cng sut nh vi bng thng cng thp th s cng r. V iu ny gip hp nhiu knh thoi ring r hn vo mt ng lin kt xng sng vi bng thng cho trc. Cch x l ny c th i xa n u? Trong Hnh 2-2, cc nh cng sut thoi nm xung quanh 500Hz. Nh vy ti sao khng ch xy dng mt mng ch mang tt c nhng th nm trong khong t 100 ti 1000Hz v thm ch c th tit kim c hn na hay khng? Bi v cht lng m thanh s b tn tht khi bng thng b gii hn trong khong trn 300Hz v di 3300Hz. Cht lng m thanh s khng b
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gim gi tr cng mt lc, v kt qu c th thy mt cch r rng vi cc thnh phn tn s cao b ct khi di thng (di tn s m mng s ti i). V d, khi hn trn ca di thng b gim xung, m thanh c xu hng nghe c v my mc v thm ch l khng th phn bit c na. Xem xt ti h thng lin lc cc nh hng n nhanh, ni chung l c di thng nh hn nhiu so vi di thng trong mng in thoi. Hu ht mi ngi u c th nhn ra ging bn b qua in thoi. Nhng iu ny c th khng cn ng na vi di thng ch cn t 300 ti 2700Hz m di thng ny vn cn tn ti trong mt vi mng thoi nh v c. Thm ch vi mt di thng thoi t 300 ti 3300Hz, theo tiu chun ca Bell System, nu mt TV (pht thoi hoc m thanh ni) c nghe trn nn m, tn hiu thoi s b mo. Nhng ngi c kin thc m nhc u bit rng nghe nhc trn in thoi tr thnh cc cch. Khng c m bass(tn s di 300Hz) v khng c cc thnh phn tn s cao trn 3300Hz. V vic m rng di thng ci thin cht lng ting ni, m nhc v tng di thng cho khch hng th sao? iu ny khng c ngha l g vi ting ni c, bi v s khng nhn c g c li vi tn s ln hn 3300Hz v cng khng c g hn trong khong 0-300Hz. Hn na, di thng 3003300Hz gn cht trong mng chuyn mch thoi cng cng PSTN US ( nhiu nc khc di thng l 300 ti 3400Hz) v rt kh c th thay i n. Bi vy bt c tn hiu tng t no nm trong khong 300-3300Hz u c th i vo mng thoi v khng c tn hiu no ngoi khong ny c th lm c. iu thoi hot ng theo phng thc song cng, c ngha l mi ngi c th ni chuyn ti cng mt thi im. Khng c vn g vi tn hiu in khi truyn theo c hai hng ti cng mt thi im trong nhng h thng tng t gn y, v cc sng in ch thay i khi hai ngi ang ni chuyn. Ngi ni nghe thy chnh ging ca mnh trn in thoi theo kiu hi m, nhng iu ny thnh ra l rt tt. Khi ngi nghe t in thoi trn mt tai v kh nng nghe ca ngi b gim ch cn mt na, ngi phn ng li bng cch ni to ln b li, v cuc hi thoi s nhanh chng tr thnh mt trn h ht. Phng thc hi m tn hiu ngi ni trong cc h thng in thoi gn y gii quyt vn mt m, min l ting di khng b tr qu nhiu so vi m ngi ni (iu ny c th lm phin ngi ni) th mi th u n. Cc h thng sau ny thm cc mch trit hi m (b trit hi m tng t v b hu hi m s sau ny) v thm cc b phn cho cc tay cm in thoi dn m i trc tip t b pht ti b nhn. Tht l k l, c nhng li n xung quanh s pht minh ca in thoi trc khi n thc s c pht minh. Cc t bo phi cng b nhng li bc b ca mt nh pht minh hay mt ai rng Khng, ti khng h pht minh ra my in thoi. Con ngi rt mun v cn in thoi. Cc nh pht minh th mt vi th nghim nh t cc dy in bo v cc tm kim loi trc tip vo ming ca nhng ngi tnh nguyn v yu cu h ni, tht may mn l khng c vt thng no nghim trng c. Khng c g tin trin c cho ti khi Bell t nhin lm trn axit sunfuric t mt my
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pht ln o ca ng v ht to ln Watson, li y, ti cn anh. Tht may mn Bell l mt ngi kn o, hoc nhng t u tin ca in thoi khng c ng ti. Bi vy, mt khi in thoi thc s c pht minh, nhng li n hon ton c xo b. Mi ngi dng nh mun ni rt nhiu v iu . Bell, ngi tng tng rng in thoi s l cng c hu ch cho mc ch thng mi gi in ti nhng nh cung cp hoc ti cc bnh vin yu cu thuc nhng khng h ngh rng mi ngi u mun c mt ci in thoi nh c th gi cho bn b, ngi thn thay v vit th cho h. Bell lm tng v iu nhng d sao ng ta tr thnh ngi giu c v ci c ngi con gi trong mng ca mnh. Cng ty in thoi m Bell thnh lp cui cng tr thnh cng ty AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph). Cho ti tn nm 1984, khi xy ra mt cuc ci t, AT&T l mt tp on ln bao gm rt nhiu cng ty in thoi ni ht c lin kt qua cc ng truyn dn di gi l AT&T Long Line. Nhng hu ht mi ngi u ngh AT&T Long Line l AT&T. iu ny bi v mi trong s hn 20 cng ty thoi ni ht (l mt phn ca ca AT&T) u c tn ring v hu ht gn vi tn ca cc bang nh Cng ty in thoi NewYork hay cng ty Illinois Bell. Do c t tn theo qui c, thut ng h thng Bell (Bell System) c p dng cho tt c cc cng ty thoi ni ht bao gm c AT&T. Chi tit hn v s tng trm ca h thng Bell trong nm 1984 v bn cht ca VoIP s c cp trong chng 3. y ch mun ch ra rng khng phi tt c h thng thoi M l thuc AT&T. C rt nhiu cc cng ty thoi c lp cung cp phn ln cc dch v nng thn v cc khu vc t dn c khc k t khi h thng Bell c trin khai u tin ti cc khu vc thnh th ln min ng bc nc M. ng u trong cc cng ty c lp l GTE v sau l Sprint. Sprint ngun gc l mt cng ty thoi ni ht ng ng sau cng ty thoi Brown Kansas nm 1899. Ging nh AT&T, GTE v Sprint c nhng mng ng di ring ca mnh c lp vi AT&T Longline. Nhng c rt nhiu cng ty c lp khc tip tc hot ng m ch c 200 hay 300 thu bao. Tt c cc cng ty c lp, ln cng nh nh, ang c kt ni vi nhau hnh thnh nn mt h thng mng quc gia khng l v nu nh chng khng kt ni trc tip th thng qua cc mng ng di nh AT&T, MCI v Sprint. Trong thc t, cng ty c lp cui cng khng kt ni vi AT&T ngng hot ng vng nng thn New Jersey vo nm 1945.
Cc mng my tnh s
Tc pht trin ca mng thoi tng t M rt nhanh chng tnh theo tng ngy. Vo nm 1941, sau nhng thi im kh khn ca thi k suy thoi nhng nm 30, hn 40% cc gia nh M c in thoi. Hu ht nhng ngi mun c in thoi u c th c c, mc du dch v ni ht c th kh t trong mt vi trng hp. C l kh ngc nhin khi s dng in thoi cho mc ch thng mi hng ngy li bt nhp kh chm.
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Cc doanh nghip ni chung u c in thoi cng s nhng thng th ch trong vn phng ca gim c. Cho n tn nhng nm 1950 xu th mi nhn vin bt c l chc v g u c mt chic in thoi ring c quan mi tr nn thng dng. Cho ti tn nm 1962 hoc hn na, mi cng dn M u c cc my in thoi tng t kt ni vi cc ng lin kt tng t v cc tng i PSTN. Mng thoi tng t kt ni tt c cc thit b tng t (my in thoi). Tuy nhin, vo gia v cui nhng nm 1960, mt loi thit b mi khng phi l mt chic in thoi tng t bt u c kt ni vi PSTN. y chnh l chic my tnh c nhn s. Ngy nay thut ng my tnh s dng nh l qu rm r, nhng n thc s c gi tr khi ch ra rng c c cc my tnh tng t cng nh l cc my tnh s. Cc my tnh tng t ngy nay phn ln l cc thit b c bit, nhng my mc vi cc bnh rng v cc a s c dng o c chu k ca mt trng hay cao ca thu triu. Khi c s dng mt mnh, thut ng my tnh c ngha l my tnh s tr khi c cc thng tin b sung c a ra. Cc my tnh s c th ch x l cc con s 0 v 1 theo cc s nh phn hoc cc bit. Ngc vi thng tin tng t, vi bt k cc gi tr hp l nm trong khong gia s ln nht v s b nht, thng tin s ch mang mt trong hai gi tr 0 hoc 1. Kh nng ca thng tin s da vo kh nng chui s 0 v 1 c th i din cho bt c th g v nhng ngi s dng my tnh xem phim hay nghe a CD nhc c th chng thc iu ny. Nhng chic my tnh s th nghim u tin c pht trin bt ngun t c gng trong chin tranh ca M vo nhng nm 1940. Nhng chic my tnh s thng mi u tin bt u c gi tr vo nm 1951 v tr nn ph bin khi m cc cng ty phi x l mt s lng ln cc ti khon, ho n khch hng... Rt nhiu cng ty thc s qu quen thuc vi cc my mc thng mi ca IBM c thit k qun l cc bn ghi, do khi IBM gii thiu dng sn phm my tnh vo nhng nm 1950 th trn thc t th trng c sn. Tuy nhin tng s dng mng kt ni cc my tnh vn cn mt mt khong thi gian di. Cc my tnh ca chnh ph khng thc s cn thit phi lin lc vi cc my tnh khc mc d cc my tnh c s dng cho mc ch qun s li rt cn. Nhng cho mc ch to ra cc my tnh thng mi trong cng mt cng ty c th lin lc vi nhau th l mt vn hon ton khc. Cng ty hng khng M dn u trong vic xy dng mng cc my tnh s u tin: mng SABRE. Chin tranh mang li s thnh vng cho nc M, lc ny trong s cc quc gia cng nghip nng ch c duy nht M l khng b tn tht do chin tranh th gii kt thc vo nm 1945. Khng ch c ngnh sn xut cng nghip tng tc cho mc ch chin tranh m con ngi nhng nc khc c qu t c s sn xut hng ho cn thit xy dng li nn kinh t
49
v. Do cc ngnh kinh t M pht trin tng vt v cc thit b cng nghip, xn sut ni chung, cung cp nh cho cc cng nhn mi, v nhng th quan trng nht cho mng my tnh. Tc pht trin nhanh chng ca kinh t v i sng i hi phi c nhng phng tin vn chuyn nhanh hn l tu ho. Tu ha chy bng hi nc, thng dng vo nhng nm 1950, i hi phi dng li sau 50 dm tip nc v 100 dm tip than. Cc chuyn t NewYord ti Chicago phi i qua m v mt 3 ngy ti San Francisco l qu chm so vi nhu cu v thi gian. Khi tu ho suy thoi dn, cng nghip hng khng dn dng bt u nhy vo. Vo nm 1926, cng nghip ng st phc v 1 t hnh khch, v cng nghip hng khng thng mi vi 20 my bay v 300 ch ngi ch phc v c 5800 hnh khch. Tuy nhin ti nm 1956, xe t thay th tu ho v cc hng hng khng (hin ang phc v 40 triu hnh khch), thay v tranh ginh th trng vi ngnh cng nghip ng st, phi phc v nhiu hnh khch hn. Hu ht mi ngi u thy c iu . Thm ch vo nm 1946, chy bng tu ho t NewYork n Chicago phi mt 16h trong khi ch mt 4h bng my bay. C mt vn ny sinh l phi x l nhng hn ch do s pht trin dn dp s lng hnh khch trn ngp cc hng hng khng vo cui nhng nm 1950. S lng v t qu ln khng lm hi lng khch hng v gn nh khng c cch no khuyn khch ngnh cng nghip ny (vo cui nm 1971, gn 50% dn s M tng bay). Cc my tnh c v nh l mt cu tr li cho vn ny. Vo nm 1952, hng hng khng M s dng mt chic my tnh gi l Magnetronic Reservisor gip sp xp cc ti liu bo lu. Vo nm 1953, C.R.Smith, gim c hng hng khng M, v R.Blaire Smith, i din bn hng cp cao ca IBM, gp mt trong mt chuyn bay t Los Angeles ti NewYork. Mt thi gian sau, ti nm 1959, Hng hng khng M v IBM tho thun pht trin h thng SABRE (SemiAutomated Business Research Environment) mang ti sc mnh my tnh cho h thng lu tr hng khng. My tnh SABRE u tin, c ci t Briarcliff, NewYork, gn tr s IBM vo nm 1963 x l 84000 cuc gi in thoi trong mt ngy. K hoch a cc my tnh SABRE ra ton nc M v kt ni chng vi nhau c thc hin trong nm 1964. Mt khi c ni mng vi nhau, cc my tnh SABRE c th x l cc chuyn bay xut pht t NewYork v dng li Chicago v Kansas trc khi ti Los Angeles theo cch ca Phoenix. Hnh khch c th ln hay xung my bay ti mi im dng, v cn thit phi c h thng ni mng phi hp chng vi nhau nhng vn cho php cc v c bn mt cch cc b. Khi SABRE c th lm c nhiu cng vic hn l ch hin th thng tin v cc chuyn bay ca hng hng khng M v khi cc hng du lch c ho vo h thng trong thng 5 nm 1976, mng my tnh tr nn ph bin v c chp nhn... Hu ht cc giao dch u tin vi mng my tnh u thc hin ti cc hng du lch.
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Cc knh tng t v knh s

H thng SABRE s dng cc ng thoi tng t truyn cc thng tin s gia cc my tnh. Ban u cc ng thoi c dng ti cc thng tin tng t (ting ni), cc cng ngh mi c pht trin cho php cc thng tin s i qua cc ng lin kt tng t. V ch c cc tn hiu tng t gia 300 v 3300 Hz (bng thng thoi) c th i vo mng thoi tng t nn mt vi thng tin i hi phi to d liu ging nh m thanh. Ni cch khc, cch duy nht m cc s 0 v 1 c th qua mng thoi l ging m thanh.
00 11 01
(a) (b)
Hnh 2-3. (a) ng lin kt tng t - y bt c mt gi tr no u nm trong khong hp l (b) ng lin kt s - y cc gi tr tn hiu i din cho 0 v 1
Tht k l, cng thi im m h thng SABRE s dng cc ng tng t cho thng tin s, cc cng ty in thoi cng bt u a cc ng lin kt s vo PSTN. Cc ng lin kt s, khng ging nh cc ng lin kt tng t cho php mt tn hiu mang mt gi tr bt k nm gia gi tr ln nht v nh nht, ch cho mt s gii hn cc gi tr tn hiu. Cc gi tr tn hiu ri rc trn ng lin kt i din cho cc gi tr s. Theo m hnh n gin nht, mt ng lin kt s s dng ch mt gi tr n (trng thi ng dy) i din cho mt bit 0 v mt gi tr tn hiu khc i din cho bit 1. Cc cng ngh tin tin hn c th i din ton b mt chui cc s 0 v 1, c th l 8 s hoc hn, vi ch mt gi tr tn hiu hoc mt trng thi ng dy. S khc nhau gia ng lin kt tng t v ng lin kt s, s dng bin phn bit cc tn hiu s, c minh ho trn Hnh 2-3. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh pht trin SABRE, phn mng thoi c khch hng s dng truy nhp ti cc ng lin kt s vn cn l tng t. Do , thay v s xut hin cc ng lin kt s trong mng thoi, truy nhp vn s dng cc ng lin kt tng t. Tr tru thay thit b giao din cho cc mng my tnh cho php thng tin s tr thnh thoi tng t v ngc li xut hin v c gi l b iu ch/gii iu ch (modulator/demodulator), hay modem.
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Modem
Trong nhng ngy u ca chin tranh th gii ln II, vo nm 1941, phng th nghim Bell, sau ny l cnh tay phi v nghin cu v pht trin ca h thng Bell AT&T, mun gii thiu cng ngh my tnh s mi nht ca mnh trong hi ngh ti trng i hc Dartmouth New Hampshire. Tuy nhin, qu trnh chuyn ch bng xe ti t New Jersey gy ra mt vi vn . Ci my qu to v s ng thi xut hin cc ri ro lin quan n nhng k ph hoi v nhng gin ip dc theo tuyn ng vn chuyn trong k hoch. Cui cng thit b m phng th nghim Bell mang ti gii thiu ti hi ngh ch l mt thit b u cui nh my t xa vi mt bn phm nhp vo v mt cun giy in ra. Qua mt ng thoi AT&T tng t, thit b u cui c th s dng mt thit b m phng th nghim Bell gi l modem iu ch thng tin s thnh cc tn hiu tng t truyn qua ng lin kt tng t v gii iu ch tn hiu tng t nhn c tr v tn hiu s s dng trong thit b u cui. Cc tn hiu modem l bn tng t, theo mt ngha no th cc tn hiu modem l cc m tng t nhng c s khc bit so vi ting ni v chng i din cho cc thng tin s ch khng phi l cc thng tin tng t (ting ni). Bt k ai nhc my trong khi c ai ang vo mng u c th nghe thy cc tn hiu bn tng t ny. Tuy nhin, tin t bn- trong thut ng bn tng t c loi b sau mt vi nm. Cc modem ti mi u cui ca ng lin kt tng t l cn thit. Theo cch ny, my tnh vn duy tr c an ton trong khi cho php truy nhp t xa. S ln trong mt giy m ng lin kt tng t c th thay i trng thi ng dy gi l tc baud, ly theo tn Baudot-mt nh tin phong v lnh vc vin thng. Emile Baudot, ngi Php, pht minh ra c ch m ho Baudot 5 bit cho cc my teletype vo nm 1875. Ti Anh, n cn c gi l m ho Murray. Cc trng thi ng y c th thay i i din cho cc trng thi ng lin kt s ch c 3 loi. l bin , pha, v tn s ca sng in t truyn trn dy. Trong thc t, mt trong nhng trng thi ng dy ny c gi khng i, trong khi hai trong s chng bin i i din cho cc con s 0 v 1. V d, ngy nay thng th ngi ta pht mt sng mang ti mt tn s xc nh v bin i c bin v pha i din cho cc s 0 v 1. Hin nay hu ht cc modem u hot ng theo cch ny. Ngi ta vn khng quan tm ti Modem cho n khi cc mng my tnh tr nn ph bin. Ngy nay, khng ai mua my tnh PC m khng xem xt xem PC c c trang b cng ngh modem mi nht v tt nht hay khng. Cc modem vo nm 1960 c kch c ca mt l vi sng v ch hot ng tc 110 bps. Vo nm 1991, tc modem l 9600bps v tc 56kbps l tc bnh thng hin nay.
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M ho
S tng trng ca cc mng my tnh trong nhng nm 1960 bin modem tr thnh thit b ph bin cho kt ni cc my tnh. Tuy nhin, nhng nm 1960 cng chng kin nhng c gng u tin i vi vic s ho ting ni gi qua ng lin kt s. Cc ng lin kt s s dng cc tn hiu s thay cho cc tn hiu tng t. Nhng nhng thng tin no c gi qua ng lin kt s? Cc thng tin c th l tng t hoc s. Nh vy ting ni tng t c gi qua ng lin kt s nh th no? Phng th nghim ca Bell chnh l nh pht minh ra modem. Cc nh khoa hc v cc k s nghin cu v mt thit b m ho/gii m, hay codec, l mt loi thit b ngc vi modem. Ngha l thay v chuyn thng tin s ti hay xut pht t mt ng lin kt tng t, codec chuyn thng tin tng t ti hay xut pht t mt ng lin kt s. Cc codec c s dng s ho rt nhiu cc cuc gi thoi v gi chng trn i dy thoi, to thnh mt ng lin kt s sau ghp knh chng vo b trn. Mt thit b bao gm c codec v b ghp knh c gi l channel bank (trc kia cc b ghp knh cng lm nhim v phn knh nhng tht ngc nhin l n khng c gi l muxdemuxes). y l ng dng u tin ca ting ni c s ho trong PSTN. Nhiu chi tit trong phn m rng cc ng lin kt s cho mng PSTN s c xem xt trong chng 3. Tuy nhin, mt trong nhng nhu cu kt hp khc cn c cp y l ci g thc s cn thit khi mt my tnh s pht i thng tin s c lin kt vi mt my tnh s khc qua ng lin kt thoi s? y l v tr m cc khi dch v knh CSU/khi dch v d liu DSU c t vo.
CSU/DSU
Cc ng lin kt s cho php ch mt s gii hn cc trng thi ng truyn, hay tn hiu, i din cho thng tin truyn trn ng lin kt. Nu thng tin tng t c gi trn mt ng lin kt s, khi codec chuyn i n t tng t sang s v ngc li. Nhng s nh th no khi thng tin s t cng ni tip trong PC cn c gi khng phi l trn ng lin kt tng t m trn ng lin kt s nh ng ISDN chng hn? Xem xt qua th c v nh l khng cn mt thit b giao din no c? Nhng vn khng phi nh vy. Chng ta s khng i su vo cc chi tit v cng ngh m c cp n rt nhiu trong cc quyn sch vin thng d liu c s v cc hng dn trn Web, m ch cn lu rng cch m cc con s 0 v 1 xut hin khi chng i t cng ni tip trong PC khc nhiu so vi cch m cc con s 0 v 1 c th hin trn ng ISDN. Hin ti c mt vi phng php biu din cc bit ti cng ni tip v mt vi phng php biu din cc bit trn ng lin kt. Nhng tt cc cc cch khc nhau u nhn thc c mt s nguyn tc c bn. Th nht, cc bt cng ni tip khng c thit kt gi i xa m ch trong khong nh hn 100 ft hoc t hn. Th hai, cc bit
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cng ni tip khng phi quan tm v vn mt tn hiu trn mt khong cch truyn ngn nh vy. Th ba, khng c nhiu nhiu trn cc bit cng ni tip. Cng c mt vi s khc bit khc nhng nhng vn trn l nhng vn ln nht. Khi tt c nhng vn c xem xt, vic s dng mt loi m ho s cho cc bit cng ni tip v mt loi khc cho cc bit trn cc ng dy mng WAN l rt c ngha. C hai chui bit u l tun t nhng chng c m ho khc nhau. Thit b no chuyn i t s sang s v ngc li? Thit b c gi l CSU/DSU. Cc thut ng c s dng ban u khi hai thit b l hai khi ring r v tip tc c s dng v sau ny. Thng CSU/DSU l mt thit b duy nht. Trong qu trnh ng gi ban u ti AT&T, DSU x l vic chuyn i cc knh thoi tng t sang thoi s v cng x l vic chuyn i cc s 0 v 1 theo dng ph hp vi ng lin kt s. CSU l mt thit b tng in p ca tn hiu, a tn hiu tr v mng v cung cp cc chc nng house keeping lin quan. Ngy nay, CSU/DSU l mt thit b tng thch vi thit b giao din mng NID hnh thnh nn im ranh gii gia mng v thit b ngi s dng. Do CSU/DSU l mt thit b ngi s dng CPE. Hu ht cc thit b hp nht gi tin CSU/DSU l b ghp knh T-1 c s dng gi v nhn thng tin s ti tc 1.5Mbps. CSU/DSU kt ni vi cng ni tip hoc cc dng khc ca thit b u cui d liu DTE. Ngi s dng Internet cng kh thn thuc vi ISDN modem, n l mt CSU/DSU c thit k cho vic s dng ng dy thu bao s c nhn ISDN (ISDN BRI). Cc chc nng in hnh ca CSU/DSU c biu din trn Hnh 2-4. CSU/DSU kt hp
Cc chc nng CSU Cc chc nng DSU
N I D
Bo v Gi v nhn Keep alive Ghi li Loopback
Chuyn i nh thi iu khin Loopback
D T E
Hnh 2-4. CSU/DSU
Ch rng CSU loopback l c tnh in hnh pha kt ni vi mng ca thit b, thng qua NID. DSU loopback thng ni vi DTE (cng ni tip PC). Tuy nhin cng c mt vi ngoi l.
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Kt hp cc thit b
Khi no th s dng modem, codec, hay CSU/DSU? Hnh 2-5 biu din cch thc chng kt hp vi nhau nh th no. y ch c thng tin s v tng t (thoi v d liu). Ngy nay, hu ht cc ng lin kt tng t l cc ng truy nhp s dng trong cc dch v thoi c nhn, ngoi tr cc h thng TV cp thng truyn d liu theo mt chiu. Bi hc thc t ny kh quan trng hiu v VoIP bi v hu ht mi ngi s dng cc ng lin kt tng t khng ch ni chuyn m cn lin kt cc PC vi Internet thng qua modem. Tuy nhin, nu gn in thoi vo PC v sau vo Internet th sao? Khi modem phi s dng mt loi m ho ng sau modem trn PC m ho tn hiu thoi thnh cc bit, ngoi tr khi ng truy nhp l s nh ISDN BRI. Sau b codec cung cp mt CSU/DSU.
ng truyn Tng t Mng : Tng t PSTN Thit b giao din: Transceiver Mng: S Thoi T-1 Thit b giao din: Codec Mng: Truy nhp Internet qua PC Thit b giao din: Modem Mng: T-1 d liu, ISDN Thit b giao din: CSU/DSU Thng tin S
Hnh 2-5. Cc thit b giao din
Ti sao li s ho ting ni
Ting ni gi qua PSTN bt u c s ho vo nhng nm 1960, mc du cc cng ngh lin quan c t cui nhng nm 1930. Hiu qu thu c khi thc hin s ho mang li gi tr cho kh nng x l ca my tnh mt cch ng k. Ngy nay, ngi ta quen vi cc b vi x l vi kch thc ch nh bng lng bn tay c kh nng x l bt c th g. Nhng con chip ny hnh thnh nn c s cho tt c cc cng ngh mng ngy nay. Trc y khng c nhng chip vi x l (microprocessor) thc s ch n gin bi v nn tng ca ton b ngnh cng nghip ny l cng ngh VLSI (tch hp mt cc ln) mi xut hin t nm 1967 hoc sau . Tuy nhin cng c cc b miniprocessors v macroprocessors. Nhng b x l ny vi chiu cao khong 7ft, di v rng khong 2ft, cho php s ho ging ni ln u tin. Ngy nay, m thanh s ho c xem l hin nhin. Trc y quyt nh s ho ging ni khng c a ra v cc tho thun c gi tr c xp t thuyt phc tt c mi ngi u t tin vo vic s ho ting ni. Phng th nghim Bell a ra mt bn lit k 9 li ch ca vic s ho
55
ting ni. y l tng tt xem xt li nhng li ch ny khng nhng bi v chng vn c p dng cho VoIP m cn v m thanh s tr nn qu ph bin n ni khng c ai bn tm n nhng l do m v th n c thc hin ln u tin. y l danh sch nhng u im ca vic s ho ting ni. Khi m thanh c s ho th: 1. Vic ghp knh tr nn d dng hn 2. Bo hiu tr nn d dng hn 3. C th s dng PC v cc my tnh khc 4. Chuyn mch thoi tr thnh mt chic my tnh ln, v cc ng truyn u c s ho. 5. Cc ng truyn s t nhiu hn 6. C th gim st cht lng ng truyn mt cch cht ch 7. C th cung cp cc dch v mi 8. Cc ng truyn c th chu c nhiu tt hn 9. C kh nng m ho Cn phi gii thch chi tit hn cho mi u im c lit k trn. Mt vi v thm ch l tt c cc im ny c th xut hin trong rt nhiu cc quyn sch v cc bi bo khc v in thoi s nhng thng di gc thut ng k thut. Trong phn ny chng ti s i su hn vo chi tit v cc v d m t xut hin trong nhng bi bo khc.
u im - Vic ghp knh tr nn d dng hn

i vi cng vic s ho ting ni y l l do u tin v l l do c gi tr nht. Ghp knh l k thut gi nhiu tn hiu trn cng mt ng truyn vt l. in thoi bt u vi vic tp hp cc tn hiu in bo trn cng mt ng truyn. R rng c mt ng c thc y v ti chnh cho vic kt hp cc tn hiu, min l thit b ti mi u cui tp hp cc tn hiu c gi thnh thp hn l ci t thm mt ng lin kt mi. iu ny hon ton ng k t khi chi ph xy dng lun tng cao hoc c th l khng i, trong khi chi ph cho thit b in t s u cui gim mt cch nhanh chng. Gn y, gi ci t mt thit b vt l mi trong PSTN (thng l cp quang) c khong 40,000$ trn mt dm, hoc khong 7.5$ trn mt foot. Cc tn hiu thoi tng t c ghp ln cc knh tng t v cc si cp trong khong vi nm. Nhng khi m thanh c s ho, thc hin ghp knh tr nn n gin hn. Ti sao? Ngc vi cc thit b in t s, gi ca cc thit b in t tng t (hin ti khng cn ph bin) thng khng i v gim rt chm. Cc thit b ghp knh s r hn cc thit b ghp
56
knh tng t v c th c s dng min l m thanh cn ghp knh phi dng s ho.
u im - Bo hiu tr nn d dng hn
Trong phn ny thut ng bo hiu ngm hiu l cc bn tin iu khin cuc gi. Cc bn tin iu khin cuc gi thit lp cc cuc gi thoi, xc nh cc s c quay v nh tuyn cuc gi qua PSTN nhm thit lp kt ni. Tt c cc cuc gi trn PSTN u l hng kt ni. Mt tuyn tnh phi c thit lp qua mng t im xut pht ti ch trc khi lin lc c tin hnh. Do bo hiu c th l bn tin bo hiu nhc my pht ra khi tin hnh nhc my v quay s in thoi. Mt bn tin khc l bn tin h my thng bo hu b cuc gi. Mi s quay cng cn mt bn tin bo hiu. Thut ng bn tin khng hon ton chnh xc bi v trong mi v d, khi s dng ng dy in thoi tng t, bn tin bo hiu y khng hon ton chnh xc l mt bn tin theo ng ngha ca n m l mt gi d liu. Bo hiu tng t c thc hin bng dng in (nhc h my) hoc m thanh (quay s tone). Thm ch vi kiu quay s pulse th ch l dng in b ngt qung. Ton b cc thit b trong cng ty thoi c s dng xc nh nhng tn hiu tng t ny nhm mc ch hon thnh cuc gi v tnh cc cho khc hng mt cch chnh xc. Tuy nhin, khi m thanh c s ho th bo hiu nh nhc my, h my... u l cc chui s 0 v 1. Trn thc t, bo hiu trn cc ng lin kt s thng c t vo cc gi tin ging nh d liu Internet. Cho d bo hiu s c ng gi th vn d dng gii quyt cc bn tin bo hiu di dng s bi v tt c cc tng i v cc thit b khc trong cng ty thoi lc ny ch l nhng chic my tnh ln, n c th x l bo hiu s mt cch hiu qu hn nhiu so vi tng t.
u im - C th s dng PC v cc my tnh khc

Vic s ho ging ni to ra mt chui bt 0 v 1 i din cho ging ni ging nh d liu my tnh. Do vy khng cn thit phi c cc thit b c bit x l ging ni. Bt c mt my tnh PC ni chung cng nh l cc my trm UNIX/LINUX u c th lm c iu min l nng lc ca n c th x l c lu lng thoi. Khng cn cc cng ngh s ho ting ni, ngy nay cc my tnh PC thng thng c th c s dng nh my Fax, my tr li hay h thng quay s nhanh mt cch d dng. Ngy nay, m thanh s cho php PC ng vai tr nh mt chic my in thoi. Thay v b sung kh nng v d liu v hnh nh cho mt chic my in thoi khi ISDN v cc cng ngh khc c trin khai, vic b sung kh nng thoi cho PC s d dng hn nhiu. Tuy nhin vn cn mt s vn kh khn phi gii quyt. V d, PC c th c s dng d dng i vi nhng ngi khng c kin thc v cng ngh, tuy nhin ngi ta
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ang c gng lm cho PC tr nn gn gi hn i vi nhng ngi s dng PC cho mc ch thoi.
u im - Tng i chuyn mch thoi tr thnh mt chic my tnh ln v tt c cc ng truyn u c s ho

ISDN l s khi u cho k nguyn v s ho trong nhng trung tm chuyn mch s tr thnh nhng chic my tnh ln. Vo cui nhng nm 1980, trung tm chuyn mch ISDN c th ci t trn nn tng chic my tnh PC. Rt nhiu cc ng dy trong tng i ISDN PC l cc ng lin kt s s dng cc giao din ni tip v cc cng ty thoi nh m nhim vai tr gi ho. Vo nhng nm 1980, h thng chuyn mch thoi ISDN ca AT&T da trn b x trung tm 3B20. C th gi n l mt chic my tnh thoi s digital voice computer nhng AT&T khng bn chic my tnh ny v mt s qui tc hn ch. 3B20 l mt chic my tnh mini kh mnh. 3B20 chy h iu hnh UNIX, mt sn phm pht minh ca AT&T, v s dng ngn ng C (khng phi l C++) thi hnh tt c cc chc nng thoi, t nh tuyn cuc gi ti giao din vi cc h thng tnh cc ghp knh. Tuy nhin khi a ting ni vo th n tr thnh mt h thng chuyn mch in. Ci t phn mm qun l mng trung tm ln mt chic PC hay minicomputer hin nhin s c chi ph hiu qu hn rt nhiu so vi vic tiu tn hng triu vo phn cng m cng ch p ng cng mt mc ch tng t. Mt khi ting ni c s ho, nhng tin b trong vic tnh ton s c ng dng thng sang h thng in thoi.
u im - Cc ng truyn s t nhiu hn
Ban u thoi s c pht minh gii quyt vn nhiu trn cc ng truyn thoi tng t. Khng ch ring ting ni m tt c cc loi tn hiu tng t u b nh hng bi nhiu nhiu hn nhiu so vi tn hiu s. iu ny l do cc gi tr tn hiu tng t l hp l trong khong t gi tr nh nht n gi tr ln nht. Nu c nhiu, ch l mt tn hiu khng mong mun khng phi do thit b pht gi i, cng vo tn hiu tng t, khi thit b nhn, hay thit b khuch i trn ng truyn khng c cch no phn bit c dng sng ban u vi dng sng c nhiu m n nhn c. Do tn hiu nhiu cng c nhn v khuch i cng vi tn hiu mang thng tin. Bi vy nhiu trn ng truyn tng t s b tch lu. Cc ng lin kt s hot ng hon ton khc. Ch mt s gii hn cc trng thi ng truyn l c chp nhn v nhng trng thi ny c th hin bng cc ch s 0 v 1. Tt nhin l nhiu s vn cn trn ng truyn s nhng nhng nh hng ca n c th c ti thiu ho bi v nhiu ch gii hn mc t hn mt na sai khc gia hai trng thi ng lin kt. V d nu mt bin +1.5V tng ng vi cp bt 11, khi xung nhiu nh
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hn 0.75V vn cho php b nhn pht hin ra c mt s thng tin nh: tn hiu nhn c l 2V nhng n gn vi 1.5V nht nn ta coi l cp bit 11. Cc ng lin kt s khng hn l c cc b khuch i nhng n c cc b lp (repeater) cho php loi b nhiu trong cc tn hiu s trc khi gi n i tip. Trong v d trn, b lp s gi tn hiu s i l 1.5V, do n s trit c n nu khng n s b tch lu dn trn ng truyn cho n khi tng n ln hn tn hiu ban u.
u im - C th gim st cht lng ng truyn mt cch cht ch hn

c tnh ny ca thoi s l h qu ca c tnh pha trc. Cht lng thoi tng t trn mng thoi l mt php o hon ton ch quan. M rng ra iu ny vn l ng i vi in thoi s: m thanh pht ti tai nh th no? C mt vi cch tiu chun gim st, nh gi cht lng thoi, tt c cui cng u gii quyt bng phng php cho nhng ngi tnh nguyn vo trong mt chic phng nghe cc cuc gi in thoi v nh gi cht lng. Theo kha cnh nh gi cht lng ng truyn kiu ny, u im ca thoi s l nhiu vt qu gii hn trng thi ng truyn s gy ra cc li bit. V li bit c th o c, gim st nh cc thnh phn ca mng. Do cc ng lin kt cha n c th c c lp, thay th hoc sa cha mt cch d dng. Mt h thng c cht lng 99% cc bit thoi s chnh xc ti u nhn tt hn so vi h thng ch c 97% bit chnh xc (y ch l v d, trn thc t c hai h thng ny u km). y chnh l im m thng tin li c th c s dng mt cch c lp vi cc phng php ch quan quyt nh cht lng h thng thoi. tng ny cng c th s dng nh mt cng c thit k (thit k h thng sao cho m bo c chnh xc 99.99%%), cng c qun l (s dng ng truyn tt nht cho kt ni), cng c sa cha cng nh h thng gim st.
u im - C th cung cp nhng dch v mi

Rt nhiu loi dch v m cc h thng thoi s cung cp (nu c th) li trin khai mt cch kh khn trong cc h thng thoi tng t. V d, chuyn mch thoi s c th cung cp hp th thoi cho cc thu bao. Cc h thng thoi tng t khng th, tr khi c ai xem xt n vic cung cp mt my thu m ging nh trong cc my tr li ti nh thu cc bn tin cho khch hng. Mt khi c s ho, thoi ch cn l mt chui cc bit c th lu tr trong cng my tnh ging nh cc tp d liu khc. Nu chuyn mch thoi l mt chic my tnh thoi s, vic cung cp dch v ny s ch l vn b sung dung lng lu tr cho cc hp th. Tuy nhin c mt nguyn tc lm cn tr n vic trin khai cc dch v thoi s. n gin ho, cc cng ty thoi thng truyn thng tin gi t
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im A ti im B m khng x l hay thay i thng tin. iu ny chnh l l do m cc cng ty thoi c gi l cng ty truyn thng (carrier). Tuy nhin cc dch v c cung cp trn cc ng lin kt s c th phc v thng tin s ni chung, ch khng ch ring thoi s. Theo mt ngha no , truy nhp Internet ti cc nh cung cp dch v Internet ISP qua kt ni ISDN l mt v d v mt loi dch v mi m n c th cung cp mt cch d dng nh cc ng lin kt s c thit k cho thoi s. Dch v fax c mu, thoi hnh v cc dch v lin quan l nhng v d v cc loi dch v mi c th c trin khai cho cc h thng thoi s.
u im - ng truyn c kh nng chu nhiu cao hn

y ch l mt kha cnh khc ca c tnh gim st ng truyn thoi s cp trn. Cc mc nhiu lm cho tn hiu tng t sai lch c th chp nhn c vi cc lin kt s. Nhiu trong mt h thng tng t c th nhn thy r trong khong lng bi v tn hiu lng c truyn mc cng sut thp hn nhiu so vi ting ni. Do vy cc mc nhiu trong cc h thng tng t phi c gi mc cc thp. Tuy nhin trong cc ng lin kt s, khong lng s c m ho v gi i di dng chui bit 0 v 1 ging nh ting ni. Do vy mc cng sut trong khong lng ging vi mc cng sut ting khi thoi s c s dng. iu ny ngha l nhiu t c c hi lm hng cuc hi thoi, thm ch vi nhng mc nhiu cao. Nhiu chi tit v phng php trit khong lng s c cp sau v y l cc phng php cho php trit ton b khong lng trong chui bit. K t by gi chng ta s gi s rng tt c cc cuc hi thoi c biu din di dng mt chui bit thm ch khi khong lng xut hin c hai u hi thoi.
u im - C th m ho
Bo mt ngy cng c cp n nhiu trong cc kt ni mng. Hu nh cc h thng thoi tng t u da trn b trn m t bit xo trn m thanh u gi do s rt kh nghe trm gia u pht v thu. Nhng vic trn c th ch c thc hin vi nhng tham s gii hn, hoc b nhn khng th gii m tn hiu thoi tng t ngi nghe c th hiu c. Nhng gii hn v thoi tng t cng nh hng ti cc cng ngh trn ting ni. Do hu ht vic trn m thanh c th vn b nghe trm. Tuy nhin vic m ho ting ni tr nn kh thi mt khi ting ni c s ho. Tt c cc bit 0 v 1 c th c xo trn nhiu min l ngi gi c kh nng x l thc hin cng ngh m ho v ngi nhn bit c phng thc s dng (v cng kh nng x l). Nhng phng thc tin tin bo v thng mi in t trn Internet by gi cng c th p dng cho thoi.
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B x l tn hiu s
Tt c nhng u im ca thoi s trn thoi tng t c m t chi tit phn trn ngy nay c thc hin nh mt b x l tn hiu s DSP (digital signal processor). Nhng con chip ny (mt nhm cc b vi x l c lin kt vi nhau trn mt bng mch) cho php x l tn hiu mt cch tin tin nhm chi ph u t mt cch hiu qu hn so vi trc kia. X l tn hiu thay i hay khuch i tn hiu, cc DSP lm vic trn cc tn hiu s nhng x l tn hiu ni chung c th c s dng trong rt nhiu cc ng dng tng t chng hn nh modem. Cc b x l tn hiu c th c s dng iu ch mt tn hiu dng tng t sang dng s v cng khuch i, lc hay lng t ho. Cc DSP s dng thut ton logic hot ng trn chui s. Trong mt vi trng hp, mt tn hiu tng t c s ho ch DSP c th x l n v sau li c chuyn v dng tng t. Trc y, DSP v mt no ging nh mt chic my tnh, n c b nh ca mnh, cc n v x l v chy cc chng trnh DSP thc hin nhim v yu cu. Kh nng lp trnh ny l mt yu t hp dn ln cho cc ng dng DSP. M chng trnh DSP c ti vo chp DSP ging nh ti mt chng trnh vo PC. Vi chng trnh (cc chng trnh cho chp vi x l) c th c np vo trong chip khi thit k v t khi thay i. iu ny lm cho DSP linh hot v thch ng vi nhiu ng dng chng hn nh VoIP. ng dng chnh ca DSP ngy nay tp trung vo bn lnh vc ln, mt trong s lin quan trc tip ti VoIP. Trc ht, cc DSP ngy nay c s dng trong thit b trit ting vng, l mt thit b in t t bit cho php trit cc phn hi in m cc knh thu c do s khc bit trong tr khng in t mt phn ca ng truyn ny ti ng khc (v d trong phn giao tip gia ng truy nhp i vo tng i chuyn mch thoi). Tip theo DSP c s dng nhn bit m quay a tn DTMF c pht ra khi my in thoi quay s. Nhng DSP ny thc hin vic chuyn i m DTMF thnh cc s m my in thoi quay. Th ba, ngy nay cc DSP c s dng trong cc modem tc cao. Tt c cc modem hin i u thc hin qu trnh lng t ho v kim tra tn hiu (nhm ti thiu ho nhng nh hng ca cc c tnh ng truyn). Trc ht ng truyn phi iu kin cho php hot ng tc cao mt cch tin cy. Cui cng, cc DSP c s dng thc hin m ho ting ni tc bit thp, l c trng ca VoIP. Trong rt nhiu trng hp, cc DSP hot ng vi thoi PCM 64kbps li vo v a ra tn hiu thoi 8kbps hoc thm ch vi tc thp hn m khng c khong lng a vo trong cc gi tin IP. Do rt nhiu cc tn hiu thoi 8kbps bt ngun t cc tn hiu thoi PCM 64kbps. hiu r hn bng cch no m VoIP DSP chuyn tn hiu thoi PCM 64kbps thnh tn hiu nn 8kpbs hoc thp hn, cn phi xem xt s qua v cch thc hnh thnh tn hiu thoi PCM 64kpbs nh th no.
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Ba bc s ho thoi: Ly mu, lng t ho v m ho

Qu trnh s ho ting ni sinh ra tn hiu thoi PCM 64kbps c chia lm 3 bc c bn. l cc bc: ly mu sng m li vo vi tn s ti to tn hiu, lng t ho cc mu thnh chui cc bit 0 v 1 th hin sng m, v cui cng l m ho cc bit lng t thnh dng ph hp truyn qua ng lin kt c th ko di ti hng dm. Trn thc t, c hai cch to ra thoi s. Cc th nht, tng l cch duy nht trong mt thi gian di, to ra thoi s l m hnh ho dng sng tng t bng cc chui bit 0 v 1. y l cch tip cn PCM 64kbps. Nhng y khng phi l cch duy nht to ra thoi s. C th xem xt dng sng tng t mt cch tng th v m ho khng phi l nhng dng sng tu m ch l nhng dng sng t nhin trong khi ni. Cc thit b m hnh ho ging ni c gi l cc b voice coder hay vocoder. Phn ny tp trung vo m hnh ho ging ni, v phn sau trong chng ny s gii quyt cc phng php m ho ging ni. l nhng phng php ch yu c s dng trong VoIP. Tt nhin c ba bc to ra tn hiu thoi PCM 64kbps t tn hiu thoi tng t u ti ni gi. Nhng vic chuyn i t tng t sang s (A/D) ch l mt na ca cng vic s ho ting ni. Ti thit b nhn, tin trnh chuyn i t tnh hiu s sang tn hiu tng t (D/A) c nhim v bin i chui bit ti thnh tn hiu m thanh. Tuy nhin, s phc tp ca thoi s nm tin trnh A/D ti b gi. Tng i d dng i vi thit b nhn khi nhn nhng chui bit ti v to ra m thanh tng ng vi chui bit. Cc chi tit v ba bc s ho c cc nh ton hc v cc k s in biu din bng mt lot cc cng thc phc tp theo ngn ng ton hc v ngn ng k thut. K t y tr i, c rt nhiu on bao gm cc th, bng biu v cc cng thc biu din nhm mc ch hiu r hn v qu trnh thc hin vic ti thiu ho s mo ting ca tn hiu thoi. Cch tip cn y l lm sng t cc khi nim k thut. Vi mc ch ca quyn sch ny chng ta c th hy sinh tnh chnh xc ca cc thut ng t tn.
Ly mu
m hnh ho mt dng sng bt k, vic u tin cn phi thc hin l thit lp mt tp cc thi im m dng sng tng t li vo c ly mu. Cc khong thi gian ly mu c t mt cch c trt t mc d khng c l do no i hi thi gian ly mu khng i. Mt nh l ton hc c chng minh pht biu rng nu ly mu dng sng tng t vi tc ln th dng sng tng t li vo c th khi phc li hon ton ti u kia ca ng truyn. Tt c nhng vic cn phi lm l s dng mt mch in c tn gi l b lc tn thp (low-pass filter) lm mm cc mu tn hiu sinh ra trong qu trnh ly mu.
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Qu trnh ly mu sinh ra cc mu gi l mu iu ch bin xung (PAM). Mc du cn nhiu yu cu phi thc hin gi cc mu PAM qua cc ng lin kt WAN, cc mu PAM chnh l nhng th m chng ta cn khi phc li dng sng li vo, min l c s PAM cn thit ti b nhn. tng c bn c biu din trong Hnh 2-6. Thut ng PAM ngha l mt dy xung mu bin khng i c iu ch m hnh ho dng sng tng t. Bi vy, n l iu ch bin xung.
Dng sng li vo Cc mu PAM Dng sng li ra
Ly mu
Xung ly mu Mt s vic khc
Lc thng thp
Hnh 2-6. Ly mu PAM
Vo nm 1933, Harry Nyquist thit lp tn s ly mu cn thit khi phc dng sng tng t. Tc ly mu Nyquist t gp i tn s ln nht ca dng sng tng t li vo, i khi c biu din l gp i bng thng, y bng thng c tnh l gii tn ca tn hiu li vo. Do , nu mt tn hiu thoi li vo 3400Hz c ly mu tc Nyquist, tn s ly mu phi t nht gp i tc l 6800Hz. Khng nht thit phi thc hin vic ly mu tc Nyquist. Tc Nyquist l i hi ti thiu khi phc li dng sng li vo, nhng ly mu c th thc hin tc cao hn hoc thp hn tc Nyquist. Nu ly mu c thc hin tc thp hn tc Nyquist, kt qu l mo dng sng hay aliasing. Aliasing ngha l c hn mt dng sng li ra ph hp vi dng mu. S khng c aliasing ti tc ly mu Nyquist v tc ln hn. Ti sao li ly mu tc ln hn tc Nyquist? Bi v s c nhiu thng tin cn thit b nhn ti to dng sng li vo. Do , nu c mt vi mu sai hng, cc mu c th b loi b nu pht hin c v dng sng li vo vn ti to li c. S ho dng sng tng t, ging ni hay m nhc, tc ln hn tc Nyquist gi l oversampled. Vi thoi tng t, tc ly mu c t tn s 8000Hz (hay 8000 mu trn mt giy). iu ny t bng thng thoi 4kHz, ln hn gi tr yu cu. Tuy nhin, bng thng 4kHz cho s ho thoi em li vi u im, mt trong s l s 4 l lu tha ca s 2, v hu ht cc b x l s u
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da trn h thng s nh phn. Do tn hiu thoi PCM 64kpbs pht ra 8000 mu trn mt giy hay mt mu trong 125s. Cc mu PAM c th c a thng ln ng truyn v gi ti b nhn. Trn thc t him khi lm nh vy, ngoi tr vi nhng khong cch ngn. Cc mu PAM khng th di chuyn khong cch xa m khng mo mt cch ng k. Tuy nhin vn c mt vi h thng PBX s dng cc mu PAM trc tip. Ch rng cc mu PAM khng hon ton l s. Cc mu PAM, ging nh cc dng sng tng t, c th mang mt gi tr hp l gia gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht. Mt mu PAM c th t gi tr chnh xc l +6.5473 cng nh +6.5472 hay cc gi tr nm trong khong . Do qu trnh s ho trn thc t mi ch bt u vi cc mu PAM. Vn thc s cn thit phi to ra chui cc s 0 v 1 th hin cho cc mu PAM. Trong tn hiu thoi PCM, chnh l nhim v ca bc lng t ho - bc tip theo ca ly mu.
Lng t ho
Trong thc t cc tn hiu tng t to ra tn hiu thoi tng t 64kbps c s ho hai ln. Cc mu PAM u tin c chuyn thnh chui bit 0 v 1 thng qua qu trnh lng t v sau c chuyn i mt ln na v dng ph hp cho vic truyn i xa trn cc ng kt ni s. C th lng t ho ri sau s dng modem gi thoi s trn ng truyn tng t, nhng kh nng ny khng c cp y. Khng ch v ngy nay iu ny t khi c thc hin m cn v tn hiu thoi PCM 64kbps c pht trin cho cc ng lin kt s gi l cc ng lin kt DS-0. DS-0 th hin tn hiu s mc 0 v hnh thnh c s xy dng tt c cc h thng dn knh thoi s. Phn ny gii quyt bc lng t ho. Bc lng t ho trn thc t thc hin vic iu ch xung m PCM, lng t ho biu din cc mu PAM thnh cc tp bit 0 v 1 PCM. Bc lng t ho m ho cc mu PAM v do to thnh bc chuyn i A/D ca ton b qu trnh. Mi mu PAM c s dng to ra mt chui bit 0 v 1. Tuy nhin s bit 0 v 1 s dng i din cho mt mu PAM c gii hn. Nu cc mu PAM c pht 8000 ln trong mt giy, th s bit s dng i din cho mt mu PAM phi c gi trong 125s hay 1/8000 ca giy. iu ny ngha l nu mi mu PAM c i din bng chui 16 bit, ng lin kt s s phi hot ng tc 128kbps (8000x16) truyn ht cc bit. R rng trc y tn hiu thoi PCM 64kbps hot ng tc 64kbps, mi mu PAM i din bng chui 8bit. iu ny kh l th v bi v 8 l lu tha ca 2, 8 bit hnh thnh nn 1 byte hay octet, v cc DSP ban u s dng s ho thoi l cc b x l 8bit, c ngha l cc bit lun nhm thnh b 8 bit vi nhau.
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Cn nhc ti vic s dng 3 bit i din cho cc mu PAM nh biu din trn Hnh 2-7 th dng nh c mt vi im bt thng. Th nht ch rng cc bc m ho cc mu PAM phi bao trm ton b gii cc gi tr tng t, t gi tr ln nht ti gi tr nh nht. Trc y ch c 3 bit trn mt mu, by gi ch c 8 mc cho ton b gii PAM. Trong hnh, chng ta khng biu din cc mu PAM m biu din dng sng tng t li vo nhm lm r hn. Ch rng cc gi tr trc honh khng theo trt t s. iu ny l hon ton c ch . Sp xp cc mc ch c mt v tr bit khc nhau v gi tr gia hai bc st nhau l tt nht. iu ny gip li bit n trn ng truyn s ch gy ra mt li trn mt bc ti b nhn v y khng phi l iu ti t lm v mi t PCM ch i din cho 1/8000 ca mt giy. Bi vy, khng c nhiu mi quan h gia mu PAM v t m PCM ngoi mt mu PAM c th s sinh ra mt t m PCM c th.
111 110 101 100 000 001 010 011 n lng t
Hnh 2-7. Lng t ho cc mu PAM
Tuy nhin, im chnh ca hnh v khng phi l cc bc lng t c xp xp nh th no. im chnh ca hnh v m ch li vo tng t bin i hay cc mu PAM i din cho n bin i nhng li to ra mt lot cc t m PCM c cng mt gi tr. Ni cch khc, rt nhiu cc mu PAM s to ra cng mt t m PCM, d l cc mu PAM c cc gi tr khc nhau. y l h qu t nhin ca s bc lng t b gii hn, n c quyt nh bng s bit c s dng trong t m PCM. Tt c cc gi tr mu ri vo trong mt khong lng t s c i din bng mt gi tr PCM gia ca bc lng t , nh biu din trong hnh v. Do bc lng t s gy ra mo v li cho cc mu PAM. Li ny c gi l n lng t. C th ti thiu ho n lng t bng cch tng s bc lng t nhng iu ny s lm tng s bit i hi cho mi mu PAM dn n lm tng s bit trn giy m ng truyn phi duy tr. Tuy nhin, min l n lng t c gi mc gii hn, cht lng thoi s vn c th chp nhn c. Vi tn hiu thoi PCM 64kbps, ch c 8bit c dng biu din cc mu PAM.
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i khi nhng vn ca vic ly mu tc Nyquist ti to dng sng tng t mt cch chnh xc ch gii thiu v n lng t trong bc chuyn i A/D (n ny ngn cn vic ti to dng sng tng t ti u nhn ca ng truyn chnh xc). Li ny l h qu ca vic chuyn i t dng tng t sang dng s (ch c mt gi tr hp l). C th ti thiu ho n lng t nhng khng th trnh c n. Trc khi sang bc cui cng ca qu trnh s ho thoi PCM chng ta phi lm sng t mt im cui cng trong vn lng t. im ny xoay quanh mt vn quan st c trong qu trnh s ho thoi, n khng lin quan n bt k dng sng no ngoi tr dng sng tng t i din cho ting ni. Ti thiu ho li lng t cho ting ni i hi phi cng nhn ting ni con ngi bao gm s pha trn ca cc m cm bin thp v cc m ting bin cao v khng c g nhiu khong gia. Do , cc h thng s ho ting ni PCM s dng mt th tc gi l companding xem xt ting ni c bin thp v cao. Companding ng ch vic lm th no nn mt phn gii bin m v gin chng ti b nhn. Mt vn trong khi thit lp cc khong chia cn bng lng t ho cc mu PAM (c gi l lng t ho u v c minh ho trong Hnh 2-7) l khi p dng cho ting ni, c qu t mc lng t cho cc m cm bin thp v c nhiu hn mc cn thit cho cc m ting bin cao. Cc mc lng t bin cao khng i hi dy c nh cc bin thp yu cu, do mt vi mc lng t cho cc m bin cao c th chp nhn c. Companding gii quyt vn ny bng cch thit lp t mc lng t hn cho cc bin cao v to ra nhiu mc lng t hn cho cc bin thp.
101 101 100 011 010 001 000

(a)
100 011 001 010 000

(b)
Hnh 2-8. (a) Khng companding, cc mc bin thp v cao nh nhau. (b) Companding, c nhiu mc bin thp hn
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Nguyn tc companding c th c minh ho bng mt nguyn tc kh n gin. Thay v chia gii bin thnh cc gii con c khong cch bng nhau, companding chia gii bin thnh cc gii con to nh khc nhau. Nguyn tc ny c minh ho trong Hnh 2-8. Cc mc m ho c xp xp theo trt t. Phn pha tri ca hnh v biu din mi quan h tuyn tnh gia bin v m lng t. Phn pha phi ca hnh v biu din vic companding (nn, gin) cc khong cn bng lm vic nh th no. C su khong companding v cc mc m ho nhiu hn vi cc bin thp v t hn vi cc bin cao hn, y chnh l kt qu cn t c. Ch rng mi quan h gia cc khong companding trong Hnh 2-8 ch l phn chia phn bin lm i, sau li chia i tip phn cn li v.v... Trn thc t cc phng php companding phc tp hn so vi lut chia i ny nhng khng phi l qu phc tp. C hai phng php companding chnh l lut A v lut . M ho lut A c s dng chung cho quc t v trong nhiu nc trn th gii. Lut hay cn gi l companding =256 c s dng chnh Bc M v Hoa K. Ni cch khc lut A c s dng trong E-carrier v lut c s dng trong T-carrier, ch nu tn hai phng php ghp knh thoi ph bin nht trong mi mi trng. Trong cc phng thc companding thoi ph bin nht, 8 khong c thit lp trn mi mt ca trc tung. Do c 8 khong cho c bin dng v m. Mi trong s 8 khong ny c biu din bng 3 bit. V bit th 4 s dng ch nh du, nh vy dng 4 bit tt c. Bn bt ny lun quyt nh mu PAM ri vo khong no trong 16 khong companding. T m PCM 8bit 0 011 1011
1 bit du
3 bit cho vng companding
4 bit cho cc mc trong 1 vng companding
Hnh 2-9. T m PCM 8bit
Tuy nhin tn hiu thoi PCM 64kbps s dng 8 bit biu din mi mu PAM ch khng phi l 4 bit. Bn bit cn li c dng phn chia mi khong companding thnh 16 bc bng nhau cho vic lng t ho cc mu PAM. Bn bit yu cu biu din 16 mc trong mi khong companding, ghp 8 bit vi nhau ta c t m PCM 8 bit. Cu trc ca t m PCM 8bit c biu din trong Hnh 2-9. C lut A v lut u to ra cc t m PCM 8 bit, nhng tt nhin l chng khng th hot ng chung c. Do b m ho lut A khng th s dng m ho theo lut . Tt c cc codec u hoc l theo lut A hoc l theo lut , nhng chng khng th m ho hai lut ng thi. Tht may l chuyn i t mt kiu companding sang mt kiu khc kh nhanh v n gin, nhanh hn l vic tm kim bng biu. Trc y, nu nh ta chuyn thoi s v dng tng t ri m ho li n s dng phng thc ny
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hay phng thc khc th s nhanh hn so vi vic c gng chuyn i trc tip gia lut A v lut . i khi ngi ta vn tho lun liu companding theo lut A hay lut th tt hn. Ting ni con ngi bin i trong khong gii hn t bin cao ti bin thp v cc c tnh khc ph thuc vo liu ngi ni l nam hay n. Mt vi ngn ng da trn s khc bit trong cao cng nh m lng quyt nh ngha ca t. Liu phng php no gii quyt tt nht mi vn ring vn l ch ca nhiu cuc tranh lun. Nhng c hai phng php u lm vic tt v tn hiu thoi PCM 64kbps s vn tip tc s dng lut Bc M v lut A cc khu vc cn li.
M ho
Bc cui cng to ra tn hiu thoi s c th truyn qua ng lin kt WAN l bc m ho. Bc m ho to ra m ho ng hay chui cc bit 0 v 1 ph hp truyn qua mt khong cch di. iu ny nghe c v k cc v li ra ca bc lng t l t m PCM 8 bit c s ho dng cc bit 0 v 1. Tuy nhin, vic gi cc mu PAM c s ho di dng cc t m PCM gn nh khng bao gi c thc hin ngoi tr vi khong cch ngn. Hin nay c rt nhiu kiu m ho ng, n c hiu qu hn nhiu so vi vic c gng gi cc t m PCM trc tip ln ng truyn. Loi m ho ng thng c s dng M gi cc t m PCM gi l bipolar alternate mark inversion (bipolar AMI), hay ch n gin l AMI khi tt c cc loi m ho AMI l lng cc. AMI c p dng cho in thoi s ln u tin trong cc h thng mang T ca nhng nm 1960 ti mc phn cp u tin T-1. Mc du vn cn c s dng, nhng hu ht cc lin kt T-1 khng cn s dng AMI m l phng thc m ho da trn AMI gi l B8ZS. Nhng cch thc m B8ZS ci thin so vi AMI khng c cp y. Vn y l AMI c s dng gi cc t m PCM 8bit qua ng lin kt T-1.
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
Hnh 2-10. M ho ng AMI lng cc
V mt cng ngh AMI l phng thc m ho lng cc, nhng s dng thut ng AMI hon ton nm ngoi phm vi ti liu v s ho ting ni. M ho lng cc s dng cch o cc xung lun phin biu din cc bit 1 trn ng truyn. Xung ch l mt thut ng ly t h thng in bo v s dng m ch mt xung in trn ng truyn. Cc xung in c th l dng hoc m ( dng mt chiu), hoc thay i t dng sang
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m hoc ngc li (dng xoay chiu). Cc bit 1 k tip c biu din bng cc xung thay i lun phin gia dng v m, y l bn cht ct li ca AMI. Bt c cc bit 0 no u c biu din bng mc in th 0V trn ng truyn trong khong bit. M ho lng cc cho mt chui 0 v 1 bt k c biu din trong Hnh 2-10. M ho lng cc gii quyt vi vn trn cc ng lin kt s. Nu cc xung dc tch trn ng truyn th n s ngng hot ng. S dng cc xung AC s loi b c vn ny, cc xung ac cng di chuyn nhanh hn cc xung DC cng mt mc cng sut. Khng c thnh phn DC s gip cc h thng vin thng bi v cng sut DC phi c cung cp trc tip trn ng truyn. Cng sut t mch AC khng yu cu gi trc tip ln cc kt ni in v vy cc mch lin kt AC d cch ly v bo v. M ho lng cc khng phi l loi m ho ng duy nht c s dng. B8ZS l mt phng php kh ph bin, mc du cc kin khc nhau liu B8ZS vn ch l mt loi AMI hay n xng ng c tch ra mt loi ring. B8ZS c s dng gii quyt vn vi m ho ng AMI gc (chui di cc bit 0 to ra on tnh trn ng truyn khng c mt xung no). iu ny c th gy ra vn mt ng b gia b gi v b nhn (khi c khong 14 hoc 15 bit 0 lin tip gia cc xung). B8ZS thm cc bipolar violation trn ng truyn ch ra c 8 bit 0 lin tip nhau. Cc bipolar violation biu din cc bit 1 lin tip bng cc xung (nh du) trong cng mt hng, dng hoc m lun phin nhau. Cc phng php m ho ng khc bn cnh AMI/B8ZS cng c s dng M nhng iu vt qu phm vi ca vn tho lun y. C AMI v B8ZS u khng c s dng nhiu ngoi nc M. Nhng quc gia cn li thng s dng HDB3 m ho ng mc E1(2.048Mbps), E-2 (8.448 Mbps) v E-3 (34.368 Mbps) v s dng CMI cho lung E-4 (139.264Mbps). HDB3 (cn c gi l B4ZS) l m ho lng cc vi qui tc p dng cho 3 bit 0 lin tip. CMI khng phi l m ho lng cc, tng t vi loi bit trong cc cng ni tip, nhng thch ng vi nhu cu truyn dn WAN. Tt cc mc mang E ny c th hp rt nhiu cc knh thoi s vi nhau truyn dn c hiu qu hn. Trong mi trng hp, tc thoi s c bn vn l 64kbps. Mt khi thoi tng t c ly mu, lng t v m ho, thoi s c th c gi qua cc ng lin kt WAN v c chuyn i v dng tng t mt cch n gin bng cch bin dch cc t m PCM tr v dng xp x vi dng sng tng t ban u. Tuy nhin n lng t cn tr vic ti to dng sng chnh xc.
H thng thoi PCM 64kpbs c bn

Ba bc s ho dng sng l ly mu, lng t ho v m ho to ra tn hiu thoi PCM 64kbps c s dng M trong phn cp s T v ngoi Bc M trong h thng phn cp s E (Ring Nht s dng mt h thng phn cp J kh khc so vi hai h thng trn). C T-carrier v E-carrier thit
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lp t chc ghp knh nhm kt hp cc knh thoi s 64kbps DS-0 cho mc ch truyn trn mt mi trng vt l chung. Mi trng vt l chung c th l dy ng cp xon kp hoc l hai si cp quang... Vn l rt nhiu knh thoi DS0 c th kt hp vo mt ng truyn dn tc cao hn s dng phn knh theo thi gian TDM. Mc u tin ca h thng ghp knh l T-1 hay E-1. M, thut ng DS-1 ng ra l ch chui bit gi trn cc ng lin kt vt l T-1, nhng mi ngi u gi T-1 khi h mun ni n DS-1. a cc tn hiu DS-0 vo T-1 hay E-1, cn mt n v ghp knh ly 8 bit t mi knh li vo ri kt hp chng thnh mt khung truyn dn T-1 hay E-1. y chnh l b ghp knh T-1 hay E-1. Nu lung li vo l thoi th thoi phi c s ho trc khi ghp knh. u ny c thc hin hoc l bng mt b codec tch hp hoc l a tn hiu thoi c s ho vo thng b ghp knh (c th yu cu chuyn i m). Cc bit t mt PC hoc mt loi my tnh khc c th c gi trc tip ln mt knh truyn ca b ghp knh min l phi thc hin mt vi thao tc. Trc ht, b ghp knh phi hiu c cch thc m ho s dng cng my in v n phi ph hp vi cng li ra. Th hai, bi v y ch n gin l TDM, tc bit khng th vt qu 64kbps (56kbps trong mt vi trng hp). Trong thc t, tc bit t my tnh ti DS-0 phi chnh xc l 64kbps(56kbps). Nu khng c d liu th cng ni tip phi pht ra s bit lp y tc ng truyn. Qu trnh ghp knh cho T-1 v E-1 c biu din trong Hnh 2-11. Ch l T-1 gm 24 DS-0 v E-1 gm 30 DS-0. T1 s dng phng thc companding lut v E-1 s dng phng thc companding lut A cho thoi s. T-1 l chun Bc M v E-1 l chun quc t do khi DS-0 i qua bin gii ra ngoi Bc M, nh dng E-1 c s dng trn ng truyn. Cng c mt vo khc bit khc, iu ny phi quan tm hn n giao din gia E-1 v T-1. DS-0, T-1 v E-1 to thnh cc khi c s cho mng PSTN ton cu. Chi tit hn v cu trc ca PSTN c kho st trong chng 3.
Ph v hng ro tc 64kbps
Qu trnh s ho thoi PCM l mt qu trnh x l dng sng, n tm kim phng thc ti to mt dng sng tng t bt k. PCM to ra thoi s 64kbps bng vic to ra cc t m PCM 8bit 8000 ln trong mt giy. Nu nhiu knh thoi c ghp knh vo mt ng truyn dn hn, iu ny s hiu qu hn cho vic chuyn ch thoi theo kha cnh h tr ngi s dng, iu ny lun l ng lc c gi tr. C hai phng php chnh tng kh nng ti lu lng: tng bng thng ca ng truyn hoc l gim nhu cu v bng thng ca thoi s. Phn ny s i chi tit vo phng php tip cn th hai.
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Thoi tng t Modem tng t Thoi s Bit my tnh
Hp knh T-1 DSU/CSU, codec

24 DS-0
Thoi tng t Modem tng t Thoi s Bit my tnh
Ghp knh E-1 DSU/CSU, codec

30 DS-0
(a)
(b)
Hnh 2-11. Ghp knh T-1 v E-1 (a) Kt hp 24 cng li vo (b) Kt hp 30 cng li vo
C mt ng c thc y gim i hi bng thng thoi s. Vo nhng nm 1980, cc h thng thoi t bo v cc h thng khng dy s tr nn ph bin. Nhm mc ch iu tit, tng bng thng cho h thng khng dy l rt kh thc hin so vi cc h thng dy dn. Cc thit b truyn khng th ch tng bng thng s dng trong ng lin kt khng dy bi c mt s vn lin quan. Hu ht cc gii tn s dng cho h thng thoi khng dy c qun l v qui nh rt cht ch, trong mt vi trng hp n c bn u gi cho ngi tr gi cao nht. Vi cc h thng khng dy, gim bng thng thoi xung di 64kbps l cch tt nht tng kh nng mang. Cu hi y l lm th no ph v hng ro 64kbps ng thi duy tr cht lng thoi (cht lng thoi cng c qun l v qui nh rt cht ch). C ba phng php tip cn ph v hng ro ny. Th nht l pht hin vic m ho dng sng hiu qu hn. Th hai l s dng phng php lng t ho thoi khc gi l m ho ngun. Phng php m ho ngun xem ngun tn hiu tng t l ging ni ca con ngi ch khng phi l mt dng sng bt k. Tuy nhin, phng php m ho ngun khng ph hp vi vic m ho cc m modem tng t hay lu lng fax. Do vy phng php tip cn th ba l kt hp cc kha cnh tt nht ca m ho dng sng v m ho ngun thnh phng php m ho lai ghp. Hoc l m ho dng sng c s dng c hiu qu hn hoc l s dng phng thc m ho ngun hay m ho lai ghp, c ba cch trn u tm kim mt cch gii quyt c hiu qu hn vi nhng d tha lun hin din trong lin lc thoi.
Loi b d tha
Cch tt nht hnh dung nhng d tha hin din trong thoi l kim tra hai mu PAM lin tip nhau trc khi lng t ho chng. Gi s rng gi tr ca mu PAM th nht vi t xch bt k l +6.334 v gi tr ca mu PAM th hai l +7.769. Nu ngi gi lng t ho v gi +6.334 sau
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ngi nhn bit c gi tr ny khi mu th hai ti. Ni cch khc ch c +1.435 l thng tin mi. Tt c nhng th ngi nhn phi bit l dng sng tng thm 1.435 so vi gi tr gn nht. Gi tr 1.345 nh hn nhiu so vi gi tr +7.769 v do s cn t bit biu din hn, bi v dng sng ting ni khng th tng v gim qu nhanh. C hai cch thc hin loi b thng tin d tha m vn s dng m ho dng sng. Phng php th nht gi l phng php iu ch m ho xung khc bit DPCM v phng php th hai l phng php iu ch delta DM. DPCM ch m ho s khc bit gia hai t m PCM sau khi chng c lng t ho. iu ch delta to ra cc bit 1 cho mt n v tng v bit 0 cho mt n v gim. Nhng nguyn tc c bn ny c biu din trongHnh 212.
Mi bit #1 #2
(a)
M ho Khng cn thit #1 #2
(b)
Tng 1
#1 #2
(c)
Hnh 2-12. (a) D tha (b) Cch tip cn DPCM (c) Cch tip cn DM
Cc h thng s ho thoi DPCM v DM ban u phi chu tn tht do mt hin tng gi l qu ti dc gy ra gim cht lng thoi s do p dng nhng phng php ny. Qu ti dc xy ra khi khi mt dng sng thay i qu nhanh sinh ra nhiu qu mc. Nhiu ny c cng dn bi v s gia c thit lp trong DPCM (ch c th m ho 1.7), v DM khng th phn nh mt cch chnh xc dng sng thay i qu nhanh. gii quyt vn qu ti dc, c DPCM v DM c thay i thng xuyn hay thay i ln bc nhy nu dng sng tng hoc gim qu nhanh. Ni cch khc, sau 3 bc m ho bng cc s gia ln nht hin thi, DPCM c th tng gi tr hin thi ca s gia ln nht ln gp i bng chui bit 1101. Khng bao gi c xy ra tnh trng nhn ln ti pha gii m ca thit b codec min l thit b nhn DPCM hiu c qui lut ny. Hot ng thch ng ny b li nhng nh hng ca qu ti dc hnh thnh nn hai phng thc iu ch ADPCM (iu ch m ho xung khc bit thch ng) v ADM (iu ch delta thch ng) - l phng thc hot ng tt hn cho nhng cng ngh ny. ADPCM c chun ho quc t
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hot ng tc 32kbps bng mt na tc PCM bnh thng. ADM cng hot ng tc 32kbps mc du c mt s ADPCM v ADM hot ng tc hon ton khc. V d, mt s h thng ADPCM hot ng tc d 16kbps cho thoi. M ho dng sng khng gim c tc bit xung di 16kbps (thm ch l 32kbps trong mt s trng hp) v vn hu ch cho cc dch v m cc cng ty thoi cung cp. gim bng thng phi hy sinh mt s th nh cht lng thoi do nh hng ca n lng t. Lng t ho khng ch vn ca thoi tng t, cc tn hiu modem tng t cng cn phi lng t ho cho cc ng lin kt T-1 v E-1 cng nh gi tn hiu cng ni tip t cc my tnh. R rng nu mt knh thoi hot ng tc 16kbps ch khng phi tc 64kbps, khi cc li vo cng ni tip c gii hn tc 16kbps. Do u im ca thoi khng c chuyn i trc tip sang d liu m thc cht l kh i lp. Cc dng sng modem tng t (v cc dng sng my fax) khc rt nhiu vi ting ni, v tc di 64kbps thng gii hn tc d liu ca nhng modem ny tc 9.6kbps hoc t hn. iu ny khng gy nhiu vn thi im cc tc modem l 9.6kbps hoc thp hn, nhng nhng modem V.90 56kbps hon ton chp nhn cc knh thoi 64kbps v trong thc t s khng hot ng tt di tc 64kbps cc u cui s. Do , vic ph v hng ro 64kbps c thc hin rt cn thn v ngy nay kh ph bin trong cc mng thoi ring hay cc mng khng dy. Khng may l cc cng ngh gim tc bit thoi trong cc h thng t bo v do vy lm gim gi thoi cng ng gp vai tr gii hn u vo d liu khi h thng khng dy c s dng trong vic truyn cc bit d liu ni tip. Truy nhp Internet dng dy tc 56kbps hoc nhanh hn rt ph bin nhng b gii hn tc 9.6kbps hoc nhiu nht l 19.2kbps trong cc h thng t bo s.
D on ting ni
M ho dng sng l tt nht khi dng sng tng t li vo l tn hiu modem, my fax hay ch l tn hiu thoi n gin. Nhng dng khc cng ngu nhin th cng cn phi biu din dng sng li vo chnh xc ti mc c th trong gii hn ca n lng t. Gi s rng dng sng tng t li vo ch gii hn ting ni. Liu c th c nhiu d tha c th loi b gim tc bit thoi s hn na? C rt nhiu cc c im lp li trong thoi m n c th c s dng lng t ho ting ni tc 2.4kbps. Cc Vocoder. Hu ht cc phng thc ny u c gi l cng ngh m ho ngun bi v chng tha nhn cc c im ngun ca dng sng tng t. V d khng ch ting ni bao gm cc m trm bin thp v cc m buzz bin cao m mi m trm v m buzz c nhng c trng ring. Khng bao gi c qu nhiu m trm v m rt trong mt hng. m buzz ca thoi c lp li theo cc mu gi l chu k m lng.
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Nhng c im ny gip thc hin c vic d on thoi. Ni cch khc, nu mt ngi ang cao ging th chng bao lu na anh ta s bt u h ging. Mt khi tm thy chu k m lng u tin, chc chn d on c 3 hoc 4 khong lp tip theo. Phng php d on ny l ngun gc ca cc phng php m ho ngun ngy nay, n l phng thc c dng ph bin nht trong VoIP. Cc thit b s dng m ho ngun gi l cc b m ho ting ni hay vocoder. Thut ng vocoder c s dng ch ra phng php c s dng s ho ting ni. Trong thc t, phng thc m ho d on biu din dng sng m bng mt vi tham s, thng khong 10 tham s. Cc vocoder ngun v ch u thit lp v chy cng mt thut ton d bo, v cc qui tc biu din dng m ho d bo. Tt c thng tin cn c gi gia b gi v b nhn l s khc bit gia dng sng d on v dng sng thc ti b gi. Thng tin ny c biu din bng cc gi tr ca mt s tham s v c th c gi bng rt it bit min l thit b d on ging vi ting ni ca ngi ni. Nu m ho ngun l rt tt cho vic ti u dung lng mng, ti sao khng s dng n mt vi nm trc? Bi v li ch ca vic tit kim cc bit phi cn cn bng vi chi ph cho nng lc x l. M ho dng sng th n gin v nhanh chng. M ho ngun th khng n gin cng nh khng nhanh chng. Dng sng li vo phi c phn tch v cc tham s li vo phi c iu chnh v gi i. B d bo thit lp cc c s cho hot ng ca b gi v b nhn phi chy lin tc v ng b vi nhau. Tt c iu ny i hi rt nhiu b nh v nng lc x l trong cc chip vocoder v lm cho phn mm vocoder kh phc tp. Cho ti tn nhng nm 1980, cng ngh vocoder vn cn t v th s. m thanh vocoder pht ra l m thanh gi to mc du nghe kh d hiu. Nhng chi tr em trc y c mt b vocoder biu din cc bit lu tr trong b nh thnh m thanh khi bm nt. Nhng khng ai c th xem xt mt cch nghim chnh vic ni chuyn trn in thoi theo cch tr khi h buc phi lm vy. C mt vi dng vododer khc nhau. Tt c u tha nhn ting ni c mt h thng tuyn tnh sinh ra (v d mt h thng m mi li ra c quyt nh bng tng ca cc li vo), gi l b pht m ting. H thng tuyn tnh ny c kch thch nh k bng mt lot cc xung quyt nh bi chu k m lng nu m l m ting. Cc m cm c kch thch bng dy n ngu nhin. Tt c cc h thng tuyn tnh m hnh ho b pht m v cc tham s lin quan n b pht m ny s dng mt vi cng ngh khc nhau. l nhng im khc bit trong cc cng ngh, iu ny to ra mt h cc vocoder. Nhng cc vocoder u c gng to ra chui bit a n nhng m thanh ging nh ting ni ban u m khng quan tm n vic dng sng li ra ging vi dng sng li vo ti mc no ( l l do ti sao cc vocoder c th pht m kh gi to nhng vn hon ton d hiu). Cc thit
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b truyn phn tch ting ni li vo quyt nh cc tham s m hnh v tham s kch thch. Thit b nhn to ra ting ni bng phng php tng hp. Cht lng km ca cc b vocoder l do thut ton s dng qu n gin. Tt c cc m thanh u c bin cao hoc thp, khng c cc bin nm gia. Thm ch ti t nht l tai c th rt nhy cm vi cao trong cc m ting, nhng tt c cc b vocoder th li kh khn khi x l chu k m lng - mt vn cha bao gi c gii quyt tho mn tt c mi ngi. Cc vocoder rt nhy cm vi li, cc li do vn tnh ton cc tham s m hnh ho b pht m ting cng nh cc li bit trn ng truyn. Cc vocoder c s dng to ra tn hiu thoi v m nhc bng phng php tng hp, nhng vn tranh lun y l hn ch vi ng dng thoi. Nhng vocoder ban u l nhng vocoder knh n gin c cng b nm 1939 cng thi gian vi vic pht minh ra thoi s. Ch rng tai rt nhy cm vi ci gi l khong thi gian ngn, cc b vocoder knh cht nh ting ni ra lm cc on 20ms v ch quan tm n m lng ca on to ra thoi tc 2.4kbps. Homomorphic vocoder l mt s ci tin, n b sung cc thng tin v cao cho m lng, nhng gi phi tr l tc ti 4kbps. Khi nng lc x l chip nng ln, formant vocoder c th c s dng phn tch ting ni theo rt nhiu cch, v mt l thuyt s to ra thoi tc 1kbps hoc thp hn. Formant l cc c im ca thoi nh chu k m lng v nhng c im tng t. Tuy nhin trong thc t vn xc nh formant thoi mt cch chnh xc ly i nhng u im ca formant vocoder. Rt nhiu vocoder trong nhng nm 1980 s dng phng php m ho d bo tuyn tnh (LPC) t c tc bit 2.4kbps. Mi mu ting ni c xem nh s kt hp tuyn tnh ca nhiu mu pha trc v chnh l l do ti sao LPC c tn nh vy. Mt khi 20ms ting ni c b gi lu tr vo phn tch. Cc trng s d bo c xc nh, lng t v gi ti thit b nhn. Ting ni ti c gi qua mt lot cc mch to ra li d on (prediction error). Thng tin ny c s dng to ra m thanh nghe thy thit b nhn. Thm ch ngy nay cc b vocoder m ho ngun truyn thng to ra thoi nghe rt gi to bi v hot ng ca cc b m ho ngun ph thuc nhiu vo mc chnh xc m m hnh my pht m ting s dng tng ng vi tn hiu thoi li vo. Thnh ra l rt kh c th to ra mt m hnh d on p dng tt cho c ting ni ca nam v n cng nh ngi gi v ngi tr. Cng c mt vn vi vic to ra mt phng thc lm vic cho c cc ngn ng guttural (l ngn ng c nhiu ph m rasping nh trong ting c) v cc ngn ng pitched (rt nhiu t Hawaiian ch gm cc nguyn m) c s dng trn th gii. M ho lai ghp. Hu ht cc codec hin i p dng phng thc m ho lai ghp gii quyt nhng vn v s khc bit trong ngn ng v tui
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tc... M ho lai ghp s dng kt hp cc kha cnh m ho dng sng v m ho ngun vo mt n v. M ho lai ghp ph v hng ro tc m ho dng sng 16kpbs v t ti tc 2.4kbps vi cht lng thoi c th chp nhn c (trin vng t c tc 1kbps). Cc vocoder m ho ngun thun tu c th to ra ting ni hiu c ti tc ny nhng khng th to ra c ting ni nghe t nhin ti bt c tc no. Ngy nay, c mt vi dng m ho lai ghp cng tn ti (phng thc lai ghp thng s dng thut ng codec, nhng thnh thong vn c gi l vocoder). Tuy nhin s dng ph bin nht l cc loi m ho theo thi gian AbS (Analysis by Synthesis). Nhng loi m ho ny s dng m hnh d on tuyn tnh ging nhau cho cc b pht m ting ging nh LPC vocoder. Nhng thay v ch phn loi mi th theo cao/thp, m ting/m cm, codec AbS s dng tn hiu kch thch phn nh tt hn tnh t nhin ca dng sng gc. Codec AbS xut hin nm 1982 nh mt b codec kch thch a xung (MPE). Nhng b sung sau ny l codec RPE (regular pulse excited) v rt ph bin ngy nay cho VoIP l dng codec CELP (code-excited linear predictive). MPE cho cht lng thoi tt tc 10kbps, trong khi RPE hot ng 13kbps. RPE c s dng trong mng GSM khng dy chu u. Tt c cc codec AbS thng bt u vi mt on ting 20ms gi l khung mc du kch thc ca khung c th thay i. Sau b gii m AbS thc hin cc phn tch trn cc tham s ca khung v cc tn hiu kch thch ging nh vi vocoder. Nhng l phn tch bng phng php tng hp. B m ho ti thit b gi trn thc th tng hp rt nhiu nhng thng tin khc nhau ca khung li vo v sau so snh mi tn hiu kch thch vi mt khung li vo theo cch hot ng nh thit b nhn. ng nhin, iu ny i hi rt nhiu rt nhiu nng lc x l thc hin theo thi gian thc, nhng hot ng m ho ny l c tnh phn bit AbS vi cc loi khc. Thi gian v nng lc i hi i vi chipset chuyn tt c c tn hiu kch thch qua b lc tng hp (mt tin trnh gi l error weighting) l rt ln. Thng th phi tm ra mt vi phng tin lm gim phc tp nhng iu ny ng ngha vi i hi tc bit tng ln v hy sinh cht lng thoi hoc c hai. y l l do m cc cng ngh ny phi ngn cc bit thnh cc nhm nh vy. CELP xut hin vo nm 1985 v thi im ban u kh phc tp. Trong thc t, phng thc ny qu phc tp chy trn hu ht cc b x l nm 1985. Ban u, ton b cc thut ton CELP cn 125s to ra 1s ting ni s trong chic siu my tnh Cray-1. phc tp CELP gim cng vi nng lc x l tng t 1985 (cc tr chi video hin i hu ht c nng lc ngang vi Cray-1 lc ) ng ngha vi vic cc phin bn CELP c th thc hin c trn cc chip DSP. Mt vi chun khc da trn CELP chy tc bit t 16 ti 4.8kbps. tc 16kbps, thoi CELP tt ngang
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vi PCM 64kbps nhng tt nhin l cc thit b thoi CELP t hn nhiu so vi cc thit b PCM. CELP codec c sn xut hot ng tc thp hn 4.8kbps nhng iu ny l tng i mi. Mc tiu lc ny l ph v hng ro 2.4kbps. Hu ht cc phng thc mi phn loi cc khung ting ni thnh cc loi m cm, m ting. Mi loi c mt b m ho c ch nh ring vi cc qui tc ring. V d cc khung m cm, khng cn mt chu k m lng tin cy, s dng cc b d on thi gian ngn. Mt trong nhng cng ngh CELP mi nht gi l m ho MBE (multi-band excitation). Mt phng thc lin quan gi l m ho WI (waveform interpolation) c s dng vi CELP nhng khng lin quan trc tip n h AbS v CELP. Ngy nay h CELP bao gm ACELP (algebaric CELP), MP-MLP (multipulse, maximum likelihood quantization), LD-CELP (Low delay CELP s dng gim thi gian x l cn thit cho s ho CELP) v CSCELP (constant-structure CELP). Tt c u c ci tin t CELP c s. V d ACELP v MP-MLP thng p dng khung 30ms vi mt khung 7.5ms pha trc so snh d on, nhng nhng chi tit c th khng c cp y.
Xem xt v cht lng thoi

S ho ging ni khng thay i v c bn mc ch m thoi c s dng. Con ngi vn phi nghe ting ni i din bng cc bt 0 v 1. Thoi l loi tn hiu tng t t bit. S ho bt u ti thiu ho nhng nh hng ca nhiu tng t trn cc h thng truyn dn thoi. V l do ny, s o c cht lng ca h thng mng s ho s d dng hn bng cch a mt chui bit 0 v 1 bit qua mng v so snh chui bit vo vi chui bit ra. Bt c mng no c 99% chnh xc c cht lng tt hn l mng ch c 95% chnh xc (trong thc t c hai mng u km cht lng nhng y ch l v d). Cht lng ca mng tng t v thng tin thoi khng hon ton tuyt i. Cch duy nht so snh thoi ADPCM 32kbps vi thoi PCM 64kbps l tng t ho m thanh v yu cu mt s ngi nghe n thng th qua mt in thoi bn. Trong thc t, nhng ngi tham gia c hi nh gi cht lng thoi theo mc t 1 ti 5. Cc mc khc nhau gia cc s nguyn c b sung vo h thng xp loi cho ti khi n ging nh l nh gi mt iu nhy: ti thch nhp iu ca n vy ti cho n 4.1 im. Trong bt buc phi c cc nhm khch hng khc nhau ng k (tr v gi, nam v n...) v ti thiu l 40 ngi (nhng ngi ny c xem l khng bit g v phng php ang c kim tra). Cc kt qu c lp bng tnh ton gi tr trung bnh, v gi tr ny mang li im s kin trung bnh ca cht lng thoi - MOS. T l MOS cho cht lng thoi c s dng trong mt thi gian rt di. MOS kh ph bin v tng i d tin hnh trong cc mi trng kim
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tra. Vic xp loi nh sau: 5 cho xut sc, 4 cho tt, 3 cho trung bnh, 2 cho trung bnh km, 1 cho km. Mc nh gi 5 thng c xem l mc cht lng tng i ni ht (local quality), y tt c hai nhm thu bao ch gi v b gi u c phc v trong cng mt vn phng trung tm hay hai vn phng trung tm lin kt qua mt vi trung k. Mc nh gi 4 c gi l mc cht lng tng i lin tnh (toll quality), v hu ht cc cuc gi ng di u ri vo loi ny, cc mc nh gi gia 3 v 4 l mc cht lng thoi t bo (cellular quality), mc nh gi 2 gim xung hu nh mc in m trong trong cc qun n nhanh, v cc mc nh gi gia 1 v 2 l gn nh khng hiu c v i hi ngi nghe phi yu cu nhc li lin tc. Hu ht cc my iu chnh p ng c mc nh gi MOS 4 hoc tt hn cho cc dch v dng dy v mc 3 hoc tt hn cho cc dch v khng dy. ng nhin mt nh cung cp dch v vi mc cht lng 4.3 lun c xc nhn l cht lng thoi tt hn nh cung cp dch v vi mc cht lng 4.0 mc du c hai cng cung cp thoi cht lng toll-quality. Do vy cc nh cung cp dch v nhanh chng nhn ra rng trong khi thoi PCM 64kbps lun cung cp cht lng MOS mc 4.5, thoi PCM 32kbps c cht lng MOS mc 3.0. Cc tn hiu thoi PCM vi cc phng thc iu ch ADPCM tin tin t tc 16kbps sinh ra cht lng thoi MOS mc 1.5. Phi lm g vi s pht trin nhanh chng hin nay ca thoi i 64kbps? Cc chip DSP mi dang gim gi thnh v tng nng lc x l rt nhanh k t khi ADPCM ph v ro chn 64kbps. Thm ch quan trng hn l nhng thut ton LPC mi, i khi gi l thut ton nn thoi, tinh vi lm gim suy gim cht lng thoi MOS do s dng t bit hn biu din tn hiu thoi. Do thoi tc 16kbps khng cn b qui mc cht lng MOS 2 hoc thp hn. Tt c cc cng ngh m t trong chng ny c th c s dng mang li cht lng thoi MOS mc 3 hoc cao hn, trong mt vi trng hp mc 3.5 hoc tt hn. C mt s phng php o cht lng thoi tng t khc c s dng bn cnh MOS. Ph bin nht l cc h thng DRT (Diagnostic rhyme test) v DAM (Diagnostic acceptability measure), l nhng phng php o c thoi theo t xch khc tt hn. V d, mc MOS 4 chuyn sang khong mc 95 vi DRT v khong mc 70 vi DAM. DRT v DAM phc tp hn MOS.. V trn thc t DAM cho php ngi nghe c th khng ng vi cht lng ting ni nhng cht lng ny li thch hp vi nn nhiu hin ti. Nhng ngi nghe DAM nh gi ring ting ni, m nn v nhng nh hng khc. C 21 mc nh gi c t ra, 10 mc cho ting ni, 8 mc cho m nn v 3 mc lin quan n tnh d hiu, tnh d chu v ton b nhng tnh cht c th chp nhn c. Gn y, mt vi nh cung cp bt u xc nh cc gi tr ca MOS theo cc mc t 1 ti 10, iu ny ng nhin l tt hn mc MOS 1 ti 5. Cc gi tr MOS c nhn i trong cc ti liu sn phm ca cc nh cung cp, do mc MOS 4 s tr thnh mc 8.
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Cc phng php s ho v cc tiu chun

Nh vy c rt nhiu cch s ho thoi. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc phng php ny u c chun ho, khng phi tt c trong s chng l c cng v tr. Khi tin ti vic chun ho thoi, cc tiu chun ch yu u do hi ng tiu chun ITU (International Telecommunication Union) qun l. ITU-T (ITU-Telecommunication Standardization Sector) qun l tt c cc h thng in thoi quc t v cng c rt nhiu nh hng n cc h thng in thoi quc gia, trc y n rt t c ngha vi vic s dng cc phng thc khc nhau trong cc quc gia v n ch quan tm ti kh nng tng hp trn cc knh quc t. Cc tiu chun ITU, cn c gi l cc khuyn ngh, c c sc mnh ca lut php. Cc tiu chun c gi l cc khuyn ngh ITU bi v ITU khng c cch no bt buc cc quc gia thnh vin chp nhn cc tiu chun khi chng c bu chn v thng qua. iu ny c th thy rng khng phi tt c cc tiu chun ITU l c p dng ton cu. V d, h thng ghp knh s T-carrier Bc M s dng companding lut cho thoi, mc d khuyn ngh ITU khuyn co s dng companding lut A cho tt c cc h thng vin thng thoi PCM 64kbps. Companding lut l s la chn c chp nhn v c s dng trong h thng mng mang T. Vin tiu chun quc gia M ANSI c giao nhin v iu chnh thch ng vi cc tiu chun k thut ITU s dng trong nc M.
Khuyn ngh ITU-T G.711 G.723.1 Tc bit 64kbps 5.3kpbs 6.3kbps G.726 40,32,24 hoc 16kbps 16 kbps 8 kbps Phng thc m ho PCM ACELP MP-MLQ ADPCM Mt phn ca H.324 Mt phn ca H.324 Ch thch
G.728 G.729
LD-CELP CS-ACELP
S dng 32kbps ADPCM ci tin ACELP cho h thng thoi PCS t bo
Bng 2-1. Cc tiu chun thoi s ITU-T G-Series
Cc tiu chun thng c s dng cho phi hp hot ng, tiu chun so snh v n nh ca sn phm. Phn ny kim tra cc cng ngh s ho thoi c cp trong chng ny v cho thy nhng cng ngh no c tiu chun ho. ng nhin, s hp dn ca phng thc s ho thoi VoIP c tng cng nu n cng c tiu chun ho. Khi c a vo ITU, tt c cc tiu chun thoi s c nhm nghin cu ITU-T 15 (SG15) ban hnh l mt phn ca cc khuyn ngh ITU-T G-Series. Ring cc th tc cht lng thoi MOS c miu t trong khuyn ngh ITU-T P.80.
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Cng ngh thoi ABATE RPE-LPT MRELP SX9600 VSELP SX7300 CELP STC QCELP
Tc bit 32 kbps 13 kbps 9.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 8 kbps 7.3 kbps 4.8 kbps 2.4-4.8 kbps 1-4 kbps
Phng thc m ho ADM RPE-LPC CELP nng cp CELP nng cp CELP nng cp CELP nng cp CELP LPC CELP nng cp
Ch thch S dng trong tu con thoi khng gian M S dng PCS1900 trong GSM v
Quyn s hu Motorola Phong thc trong VoIP Lucent dng
Phng thc Motorola dung trong IS-54 Phong thc trong VoIP Lucent dng
Sn phm ca AT&T Bell Labs M ho bin i dng sin Qualcomm CELP
Bng 2-2. Cc phng thc m ho thoi khc nhau
Nhng phng thc s ho thoi no t c cc tiu chun ca khuyn ngh ITU-T? Nhng phng thc ny c cho l hon thin nht v n nh nht v tt nhin nhng nh cung cp thit b c th a chng ra th trng. Mt s phng thc l mt phn ca H.324 l khuyn ngh ITUT cho truyn thng a phng tin (thoi cng nh video) tc bit thp (v d 33.6kbps). Mt phng thc c s dng trong cc h thng lin lc c nhn khng dy (PCS). Bng 2-1 lit k tt c cc phng thc. ITU-T rt bo th trong khi xy dng cc yu cu k thut v cht lng thoi cho bt c phng thc m ho thoi no, trc y tt c cc phng thc ph thuc vo kh nng thi hnh ca cc DSP chipset v ton b cht lng mng thng ln hn trong cc ti liu tiu chun m cc phng thc tun theo. D sao chng na th y cng khng phi l cng vic ca ITU-T. Tuy nhin trong khuyn ngh G.728 ph lc II, SG15 ni r rng thoi PCM64kbps c cht lng tt nht tip theo l ADPCM 32kbps. G.728 chng II sau ch r rng LC-CELP 16kbps c cng cht lng thoi vi ADPCM 32kbps, chng lun lun m bo ch s MOS trn 3.5. Mt vi nguyn cu nh gi cht lng ADPCM 32kbps khong 3.75 v cht lng CS-ACELP 8kbps khong 3.85, iu ny to ra s cch bit rt nh i vi tc bit thp hn. Rt nhiu khuyn ngh G-series c tm thy trong cc sn phm VoIP. Trong thc t, rt nhiu cc thit b cung cp nhiu hn mt phng thc. Tuy nhin vi VoIP, c mt vi nhm tiu chun ang tin hnh chun ho VoIP. Mt vi nhm l nhm chun ho truyn thng, trong khi c nhm khc l cc cng ty, cc nh cung cp thit b m cc thnh vin ca chng ng h vic trin khai VoIP. Nhiu nh cung cp thit b c th tr thnh mt din n m cc thnh vin hp tc vi nhau v tin ti trao i mt
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cch c h thng, mc du khng c cch no pht hay trc xut mt thnh vin vi phm cc hip nh thi hnh ca din n (IA). Tt nhin mt cng ngh m ho s c th vn ch hon ton thuc quyn s hu ca mt hng. Bng 2.2 lit k cc phng thc s ho thoi khng nm trong cc khuyn ngh ITU-T theo trt t tc bit gim dn. ABATE l mt dng trong cng ngh ADM, v ABATE 32kbps c s dng trong chng trnh khng gian Hoa K. RPE-LTP (Regular pulseexited linear Transform Prediction) tc 13kbps l c s cho cc h thng khng dy GSM M ng vai tr mt phn ca cc dch v khng dy PCS. MRELP (Modified residually excited linear prediction) l phng thc ca Motorola c thit k s dng vi chng trnh trm khng gian quc t (ISS). C SX9600 v SX7300 l phng thc ca Lucent s dng trong cc VoIP gateway, mc du cc phng thc m ho khc cng c th c s dng. VSELP (vector sum-excited linear prediction) l mt s sng to ca Motorola, phng thc ny c la chn trong TIA IS-54 cho h thng thoi t bo khng dy. CELP 4.8kbps l mt sn phm ca phng th nghim AT&T Bell cho chnh ph M. STC l mt d n khc ca chnh ph M cho thoi tc bit thp. QCELP ca Qualcomm c s dng trong TIA IS-96 l mt tiu chun thoi t bo khc. Cc mc MOS, DRT v DAM ca nhng phng thc ny rt tt, thng trn 3.5 cho MOS, di 90 cho DRT v hn 60 cho DAM. Tuy nhin trong rt nhiu trng hp nhiu nn s lm cho mc MOS gim xung 3.0 v mc DAM c th st xung do cc mc ch tiu cho tn hiu nn trong DAM. Cc im s DRT v DAM i khi cng bin i kh nhiu gia ging ca nam v n. Ch rng c mt vi cng ngh m ho cung cp cc tc thay i, v d nh QCELP cung cp tc bit nm gia 1 v 4kbps. Nhng iu ny ch c ngha l knh mang thoi tc 1kbps hoc 4kbps hoc cc gi tr khc nm gia. Knh thoi 4kbps vn ch l mt knh bnh thng. Khng c phng thc no trong chng ny chuyn thoi s thnh chui cc gi tin IP. y vn ch l mt h chuyn mch knh trong cc phng thc s ho thoi. Rt nhiu phng thc m t trong phn ny c th c s dng kt hp vi cc cng ngh lin quan c thit k khng nhng s ho thoi m cn ng gi thoi. y chnh l bn cht ca VoIP: khng phi l cc knh tc bit thp m l cc gi tin tc bit thp c lp y bng cc bit thoi ch khng phi l cc gi tin d liu. Thoi s dng n gin nht hot ng tc bit khng i ch khng phi l tc bit thay i c. Cc mng gi c thit k cho cc ng dng tc bit thay i. Cc mng thoi c thit k cho cc ng dng knh tc bit thay i. Ti sao gi ho thoi theo cch ca VoIP li mt qu nhiu thi gian ra mt trong khi thoi s di 64kbps c t rt lu? Ch bi v s ho thoi khng c g lin quan vi gi ho thoi cho Internet. Do hu ht
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thoi s tc bit thp ch truyn trn cc knh tc bit thp, knh khng dy... Qu trnh chuyn tip ln cc gi tin VoIP ch mi bt u. Ngy nay vi Internet chuyn mch gi v Web c khp ni, d dng nh mt ci nhn vi cc mng chuyn mch knh ra i trc cc mng chuyn mch gi. Ti sao khng ly cc tn hiu thoi 8kbps v nm n ln cc b nh tuyn IP m Internet s dng. thy c ti sao thoi gi li rt kh thc hin mt cch tin cy, trc ht cn phi c mt chng v cu trc ca mng thoi chuyn mch knh PSTN cho nhng b nh tuyn v cc gi tin.
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Chng 3 in thoi cho ngi s dng Internet
Chng 3. in thoi cho ngi s dng Internet
Trc y, khi sinh vin hc v mng din rng (WAN) trng i hc th chnh l mng in thoi c chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN) v mng ny l ch chnh cho mi nghin cu. Gi y mi ch chuyn sang Internet ton cu da trn IP v cc mng Web kt ni vo n. Ngy nay, cc sinh vin tt nghip i hc quen thuc vi dng v chc nng ca b nh tuyn IP hn l mt h thng chuyn mch in thoi trung tm (tng i ni ht). Thm ch thut ng chuyn mch tr thnh b nh tuyn tc cao thay v l thit b tng i trung tm (CO) kt ni cc knh in thoi. Chng ny nhm mc ch gii thiu v Internet, Web, IP, cc gi v cc b nh tuyn c tc tng ng vi PSTN, cc knh v h thng chuyn mch. V cui cng, thoi trn IP (VoIP) s l cng ngh bao gm c Internet v PSTN. Nhiu khi nim c trnh by trong chng ny s c nhn mnh thng qua vic so snh vi Internet ton cu. Tuy nhin, ngi ta ch ra rng mng in thoi l khng hon ton tng ng vi "Internet ca th k 19" (khng ging vi Internet ngy nay). Internet thi Victoria l mt mng in bo ton cu c trin khai t nm 1845 n nm 1876 l khi in thoi xut hin. Mt iu chc chn l Internet thi s dng nhiu ng dng gn ging vi in bo hn l cc ng dng in thoi - ng dng c bn cht ca c Internet nguyn thu v in bo. Nhiu khi nim Internet nh nn, m ho v nhn dng d liu c trin khai ln u tin trn mng in bo ton cu. Tuy nhin, khng mt ai c c in bo ti nh ca mnh. Khng ai suy ngh lm sao cho cc bc in tn ti nh nhanh hn. Vo thi ngi ta vn c th kim c vic lm m khng cn bit g v m Morse. in bo khng phi l mn hc bt buc trng hc. Internet rt ging vi mng in thoi ton cu v mng in thoi l mng ton cu u tin dnh cho tt c mi ngi v Internet hin nay gii phng con ngi khi vic trao i cc vn bn, ti liu theo dng nguyn thu. Do vy hon ton thch hp gi thit rng mi ngi quen thuc vi mng in thoi ton cu v Internet ton cu. Chng ny gi thit rng mi ngi hin nay quen thuc vi kin trc Internet (c phn cng v phn mm) hn l vi kin trc PSTN (c phn cng v phn mm). Sau cng, khi no th kt thc vic ging dy cu trc PSTN trong nh trng thay bng cc khi nim Internet c s hin ang c trnh by cho cc sinh vin? C l l chng bao gi.
Mng in thoi ton cu

Khi cc m quc gia c b sung vo PSTN ton cu trong nhng nm 1970 th nhiu cng ty in thoi kt hp cc qung co trong ho n cc hng thng ca khch hng trong lit k mt s cc m khuyn khch gi i quc t. Vo lc gi c c k ra trong ho n l rt cao v ch gi vn phi bit khun dng s in thoi ni ht c s dng
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trong quc gia b gi. Nhng lc khng cn s can thip ca con ngi, thc hin cuc gi ch vic nhc my in thoi v quay s. Khng c g ngc nhin rng lc u chnh cc nhn vin ca cng ty in thoi l nhng ngi quan tm nhiu n gi i quc t. Mt s t phi lo lng v vic tr tin cc cho cc cuc gi ti ni lm vic, v cc nhn vin ca Bell System cha bao gi nhn thy ho n cc k t khi h lm vic ti cng ty in thoi. Mt s ngi lm vic lu nm trn 50 tui cha bao gi thy ho n in thoi trong cuc i ca mnh! Do vy, nhiu bu t c cc qung co khi h gi chng i th nhc my in thoi ln v bt u gi cc n cc nc khc vo lc ri ch cho vui v xem n c thc s lm vic hay khng. V c l qua h rt ra l cc s in thoi Anh khng di 7 ch s, cn Italia ni Pronto khi tr li in thoi v Nht th ni Mish mish, thm ch c khi b nh thc t ngt vo na m do mt s k bt lch s no M gi n. Ngy nay, ch vic nhn ng cc ch s trn in thoi th hu nh bt k my in thoi no trn th gii cng c th b chung m khng cn s can thip ca con ngi (ngoi tr thi gian gi lu l Cu Ba, cc cuc gi phi c x l qua in thoi vin). PSTN ngy nay thc s l mng ton cu. Mc d ch y l PSTN ton cu nhng chng ny ch yu kho st t m v mng in thoi M v mt s l do. Th nht l s khc bit ca cc quc gia nn s khng cho 1 chng ni v mng in thoi ca nhiu quc gia. Th hai, c s h tng M kh ging vi cc cu trc in thoi c s c s dng trn ton th gii. V cui cng, c s h tng M l nghin cu so vi hu ht bt k mng in thoi ca cc quc gia no khc. Hn na M cn c mt s cng ty in thoi c lp tch bit vi h thng Bell System ca quc gia. PSTN khng phi lun l mng ton cu. Trc khi c mng ton cu, c nhiu mng a phng c lp vi nhau. Trong mt s trng hp khng th thc hin cuc gi khng ch gia cc quc gia m cn gia cc khu ph khc nhau. thy c cc cng ty in thoi a phng ring bit, cnh tranh vi nhau tr thnh mt mng ton cu nh th no, cn thit phi quan tm n cc khi kin trc c bn ca bt k mt mng in thoi no d ln hay nh.
ng dy thu bao, trung k v h thng chuyn mch

T c cc mng in thoi u bao gm mt s phn t phn cng c bn ging nh Internet ton cu. Cc phn t phn cng c bn ca Internet l cc host (cc thit b khch hng hay cc my tnh chy trn TCP/IP), cc mng LAN (thng c dng Ethernet), cc b nh tuyn truy nhp (cn thit kt ni LAN ti nh cung cp dch v Internet tc ISP), cc b nh tuyn ng trc ( vn chuyn cc gi IP gia cc b nh tuyn truy nhp v gia cc ISP vi nhau), v cc lin kt WAN kt ni tt c cc b nh tuyn. Cc phn t phn cng c bn ca PSTN hu ht tng ng vi
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phn cng ca Internet. PSTN c cc my in thoi (cc thit b khch hng), ng dy pha khch hng (nh LAN), cc h thng chuyn mch ca tng i ni ht (nh cc b nh tuyn truy nhp), cc h thng chuyn mch lin i ca cc nh cung cp (nh cc b nh tuyn ng trc) v cc trung k (nh cc lin kt) gia cc h thng chuyn mch. iu ny khng c ngha l khng c cc khc bit ng k gia Internet v PSTN. Th d, Internet ch c cc lin kt gia cc b nh tuyn, c s dng kt ni cc b nh tuyn truy nhp ti ISP hay kt ni cc b nh tuyn ng trc. PSTN phn bit gia cc ng dy truy nhp (thng c gi l cc mch vng ni ht) v cc trung k ghp cc knh m thanh gia cc h thng chuyn mch thoi. Mt lin kt kt ni khch hng ti h thng chuyn mch thoi ni ht gi l ng dy truy nhp, v lin kt kt ni cc h thng chuyn mch thoi vi nhau gi l trung k, mc d c hai u c th l cc dy ng xon i khng v bc. Nt mng ca Internet c gi l b nh tuyn v nt mng ca PSTN c gi l h thng chuyn mch. Hnh 3-1 ch ra cu trc c bn ca PSTN. C mt vi chi tit cn c tho lun trc khi ch ra chnh xc nhng g xy ra trn mng thoi khi thc hin cuc gi in thoi.
Mch vng ni ht (ng dy truy nhp) H thng chuyn mch CO Cc khch hng l dn thng Mng bo hiu PBX Cc khch hng kinh doanh Ghp knh thoi Mng trung k H thng chuyn mch CO
Hnh 3-1. Cc phn t ca mng thoi PSTN
Tt c cc khch hng ca mng in thoi (thng c gi l cc thu bao) tng tc vi mng thoi thng qua vic s dng mt thit b. Thit b thng thng nht l in thoi nh c ch ra trong hnh v nhng cng c th l cc thit b khc nh modem ca my tnh v my fax. Thit b in thoi thng c kt ni ti h thng chuyn mch trung tm tc l nt mng ca PSTN nh mch vng ni ht hay ng dy truy nhp. ng dy truy nhp thng thng l mt i dy ng xon i. Tuy nhin, nhiu knh thoi xon i trong mt to nh c ghp vi nhau thnh mt s lng t hn dy ng theo mt trt t nht nh c tn gi
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khc nhau nh h thng li cp (v n c th li v cp cho cc mc ch s dng khc), b chuyn ti mch vng s (DLC) hay cc h thng cp chuyn ti khu vc (CSA). iu ny khng c ch ra trong hnh v v mc ch chnh ca mng phn tn vn ch l to ra mt s lng ln cc ng dy truy nhp ti tng i trung tm (CO). Nhim v chnh ca cc h thng chuyn mch trung tm l kt ni cc ng dy truy nhp vi nhau da trn a ch mng (s thu bao) ca thit b in thoi. PSTN l mt mng chuyn mch knh, nh hng kt ni trong khng c thng tin no c chuyn t ngun ti ch cho n khi c mt kt ni c thit lp gia ngun v ch. Nu nh thit b ch v ngun thuc cng mt tng i trung tm th cng vic ny l d dng. iu s kh khn hn nu nh s in thoi c quay l ca ng dy truy nhp ca mt h thng chuyn mch khc, v trong thc t th ch c th l bt k ni no trn th gii. Nu cc ng dy truy nhp cn c kt ni thuc v cc h thng chuyn mch khc nhau th kt ni thoi phi c nh tuyn vo mng trung k, tc l mng lin kt cc h thng chuyn mch in thoi ch khng phi lin kt cc thit b in thoi. Hnh v ch ra rng nhiu knh thoi thng c ghp knh khi gi trn mng trung k, mc d iu ny khng hn l cn thit. Cc trung k c th l cc i dy xon ring l v khng th phn bit c vi cc ng dy truy nhp, mc d cc trung k hu nh thng l cc si cp ng trc, cp quang hay cc i vi ba. Hnh v cng ch ra mng bo hiu. Mng bo hiu l ni m lm th no a ch mng ngun v ch (tc l s in thoi) c gi ti h thng chuyn mch ch v knh thoi c s dng cho cuc gi qua mng trung k c thit lp ra sao (c ch bng mi tn). Ni cch khc, tt c cc quyt nh nh tuyn cuc gi cn thit lp cuc gi trn mng trung k c thc hin bng giao thc bo hiu trn PSTN cn c gi l h thng bo hiu s 7 (SS7). Trong cc h thng chuyn mch c hn, giao din SS7 c th khng c. Trong trng hp ny mng trung k t n c th c s dng chuyn cc bn tin giao thc thc bo hiu t h thng chuyn mch ny ti h thng chuyn mch khc. Mng bo hiu ny l v cng quan trng bit c s khc bit v ging nhau gia PSTN v Internet. l bi v mng bo hiu v c bn l mng chuyn mch gi, phi kt ni vi cc b nh tuyn c vai tr nh cc nt mng ging nh Internet. Mng bo hiu phi l phi kt ni bi v mt thc t n gin l cc bn tin thit lp kt ni, c gi l cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi khng th i theo cc kt ni nu nh chc nng ca chng l thit lp chnh cc kt ni (cc cuc gi). Vic phn bit gia Internet v PSTN l kh d dng: ch vic xem tt c mi th, t cc ch s c quay n cc bit m thanh ging nh l bn tin thit lp cuc gi v nh tuyn chng mt cch phi kt ni t ngun ti ch trn mng bo hiu, b qua hon ton mng trung k. Cn c mt phn t na trn Hnh 3-1. l tng i ni b (PBX) phc v cho cc doanh nghip. PSTN lun phn bit gia cc khch hng l dn
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thng v doanh nhn k t khi Alexander Graham Bell tnh cc hng thng i vi cc thu bao kinh doanh nhiu gp i so vi dn thng (40$ so vi 20$). Mt iu ng suy ngh l c nhiu ngi c th s dng in thoi ti cng s hn l nh do vy vic s dng in thoi nhiu hn s gy nn chi ph cao hn. Trong bt k trng hp no th doanh nghip thng c h thng chuyn mch thoi c nh ca ring h ging nh mt nhnh ring ca tng i ni ht. PBX l ca ring khch hng v c h vn hnh, cc lin kt ti PBX c gi l cc trung k bi v chng kt ni cc h thng chuyn mch thoi. Cc trung k PBX thng ghp cc knh thoi. ng nhin cc lin kt t PBX ti cc my in thoi c nhn l cc ng dy truy nhp. PBX l dng gn nht vi b nh tuyn truy nhp Internet. Mt kiu thng thng khc ca doanh nghip khng c ch ra trong hnh v nhng v n ch c mt thay i v kin trc ng dy truy nhp khu dn c. Cc doanh nghip nh c th khng mun tn km v khng thch cu hnh phc tp ca PBX. Do vy dch v centex v c bn dnh mt phn ca h thng chuyn mch CO cho khch hng kinh doanh ring bit. Dch v centex i hi nhiu ng dy truy nhp v c nhiu my in thoi ti ni lm vic v cc knh m thanh cng c th c ghp knh. Mng trung k to nn ng trc ca PSTN ging nh cch m cc b nh tuyn ng trc to nn Internet ton cu. Mng trung k bao gm nhiu h thng chuyn mch thoi v cc knh c ghp vi nhau nhng khng c cc ng dy truy nhp gn vo h thng chuyn mch trn mng trung k. Kt ni ny hon ton l trung k n trung k. Vic kt ni tng h thng chuyn mch CO vi lin kt im-im trc tip c ghp knh hay khng ghp l cc k tn km do vy mng trung k cung cp kh nng kt ni ny. Mt s h thng chuyn mch CO c cc trung k trc tip ti cc h thng chuyn mch ln cn gn nht ph thuc vo loi ch gi. Tuy nhin, thng th cc cuc gi c nh tuyn bng mng bo hiu vo cc trung k dn ti tng i qu giang (tandem) ni vng. Tng i qu giang ni vng hu ht thng l mt h thng chuyn mch CO trung tm i cng vi mt h thng chuyn mch th hai ch gm trung k. Do vy PSTN lun tm kim mt trung k trc tip ti h thng chuyn mch ch nhng cng c th chuyn cc cuc gi cho tng i qu giang ni vng nu nh bng nh tuyn khng th tm thy trung k ri hoc nu nh khng c trung k trc tip. iu g xy ra nu nh tng i qu giang ni vng khng th tm thy mt trung k no ni ti tng i ch? Cc h thng chuyn mch ca mng trung k c phn thnh cc cp. Nu nh mt cuc gi khng thc hin c ti mt cp (nh cp qu giang ni vng chng hn) th cuc gi s c chuyn ln h thng chuyn mch v trung k cp cao hn cho n khi n c th tm ra mt knh trung k thoi c sn kt ni cuc gi. i khi vo cc ngy l th tt c cc trung k u b bn. Trong Bell System c 5 cp chuyn mch. Cp cao nht l 10 h thng chuyn mch cp 1 Bc M c gi l cc trung tm vng, tng h thng
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u c kt ni dng li trc tip ti 9 h thng cn li thng qua mt s lng rt ln trung k. Di cp ny l cc h thng chuyn mch trung tm thnh phn cp 2, sau l cc h thng chuyn mch trung tm s cp cp 3, cc h thng chuyn mch toll trung tm cp 4 v cui cng l tng i qu giang (tandem) ni vng hay tng i ni ht (CO). Bell System, cc cng ty khai thc trc thuc (BOC) vn hnh cc h thng chuyn mch cp 5 v cc tng i qu giang, cn AT&T Long Lines qun l phn cn li m c bn l x l cc cuc gi ng di.
1
4 Toll
Ni ht
Hnh 3-2. Mng truyn dn Bc M nm 1980. Cc s bn phi tng ng vi cc cp trong Bng 3-1
Cp 1 2 3 4 5 Tng i cp vng Tng i cp phn vng Tng i s cp Tng i toll Tng i ni ht
Bell System 10 50 150 550 9800
Cc cng ty c lp 0 0 9 475 11000
Bng 3-1. S lng gn ng cc h thng chuyn mch ca Bell System v cc cng ty c lp khc vo khong nm 1980
Bn di cp 1, s lng thc t ca mi kiu h thng chuyn mch khc nhau ph thuc vo vic ai l ngi thng k v thi im thng k c thc hin. Hnh 3-2 ch ra cu trc ca phn cp chuyn mch v truyn dn trong Bell System trc y. Bng 3-1 ch ra s lng cc h thng chuyn mch ti mi cp ca Bell System vo khong nm 1980 cng nh s lng cc h thng chuyn mch nu c do cc cng ty c lp khc vn hnh mi cp. iu ng ch l AT&T chim u th trong vic
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kim sot cuc gi ng di, l do l v vic xy dng cc ng trc truyn dn trn ton quc i hi chi ph rt ln cho nn nhiu cng ty c lp khng kh nng xy dng mng ng trc quc gia ring. ng gch ngang nm ngang chia tch cc cuc gi ni ht c thc hin hon ton trn cc phng tin ca cc cng ty in thoi ni ht vi cc cuc gi ng di hay cc cuc gi toll. Cuc gi toll ging nh vic thu ph ng: n cng ging nh cuc gi thng thng hay i trn mt ng ph bnh thng, tuy nhin n tn km hn khi thc hin hay s dng n. Cng c cc cuc gi toll ni ht nhng tt c cc cuc gi ng di u l cc cuc gi toll. Cc cuc gi ng di Bell System c chuyn qua AT&T Long Lines tng i toll trung tm gn nht. Mi tn gch ngang ch ra li i ngn khc nhau theo ng ca cc trung k c s dng cao (HUT) cho vic nh tuyn cuc gi thng qua mng. Th d, nu nh cuc gi c khi pht ti bn tri ca hnh v th tng i toll trung tm lun c gng tm kim mt trung k trc tip ti CO ch. Nu nh khng c trung k no ri th tng i toll s c gng tm mt trung k khc ti tng i toll gn vi ch. Cui cng, nu khng tm thy th tng i toll c th chuyn cuc gi ti cp cao hn. V mt thut ng i khi cng c s nhm ln. Mt s kin trc b nh tuyn tc cao v thm ch cc hub LAN c gi l cc h thng chuyn mch. Tuy nhin chng hon ton khng ging nhau khi cc chuyn gia in thoi cp n cc h thng chuyn mch CO. Tt c cc kiu nt mng c cc cng ty in thoi pht trin theo truyn thng c gi l h thng chuyn mch, do vy c cc h thng chuyn mch gi X.25, cc h thng chuyn mch frame relay v cc h thng chuyn mch ATM m chc nng hon ton khc vi cc h thng chuyn mch thoi. Do khng th tu tin s dng thut ng do tnh ng nht ca chng. Tt c cc h thng chuyn mch nt mng bao gm c cc h thng chuyn mch thoi u thc hin kh nhiu nhim v chung ging nhau. Mt khc, khi Internet c hnh thnh, cc nt mng thch hp u tin c gi l cc b x l bn tin ti giao din (IMP) v sau c gi l cc gateway. Thut ng b nh tuyn c pht trin kh mun v n c dng ch ra cc nt mng trn Internet x l cc gi khc nh th no so vi cch m cc nt mng ca nh khai thc in thoi x l cc gi. S dng mt thut ng nh b nh tuyn ch ra c cch vn hnh ca Internet trn thc t. Trc tin v trn ht, Internet l mt mng phi kt ni din rng. l, khng c kt ni no c xc nh gia cc b nh tuyn thit lp cc ng dn c nh cho vic truyn cc gi IP gia cc b nh tuyn. C th c cc kt ni xuyn sut gia cc client v cc server (c hai u l host) nhng c thc hin lp TCP m khng c kch hot cc b nh tuyn IP. Thc t, Internet l kin trc WAN u tin l phi kt ni khi vn hnh gia cc nt mng. Cc LAN cng l phi kt ni v c mt s kin ngh s dng WAN phi kt ni lin kt cc LAN phi kt ni. y chnh l sc mnh thc s ca Internet: cc gi khng cn i theo cc ng
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dn c nh qua mng cc b nh tuyn nhng li thc hin ng i ca chng t b nh tuyn ngun ti ch theo cch tt nht c th (cc b nh tuyn s dng phng php "c gng ti a"). Nu nh mt lin kt m gi trc khng i c t A n B th cc gi k tip c th i theo ng khc. Internet c th "nh tuyn vng qua h hng" ca cc lin kt hay cc b nh tuyn. Trong mt mng nh hng kt ni nh PSTN, khng mt bit no c th i t ngun ti ch cho n khi c kt ni t ngun ti ch m thit lp mt ng dn qua mng chuyn cc bit . Cc bit c th l ging ni, cc gi X.25, cc khung frame relay hay cc t bo ATM. Khng c s khc bit i vi mng: kt ni xc nh ng dn cho tt c cc bit chuyn i gia ngun v ch. Cc mng nh hng kt ni nh PSTN u c 3 giai on hot ng khc nhau. u tin l giai on thit lp kt ni thng c gi l thit lp cuc gi khi lin quan n cc cuc gi in thoi. PSTN, thit lp cuc gi c thc hin bng giao thc bo hiu hay mt tp hp cc nguyn tc c s dng ch cho mc ch ny. Sau l giai on truyn d liu khi cc bn c kt ni c th ni chuyn vi nhau. Cui cng l giai on gii phng kt ni hay cn gi l hu kt ni hoc gii phng cuc gi. Giai on cui cng ny cng s dng giao thc bo hiu gii phng cc ti nguyn mng c lin quan trong kt ni cc u cui c gii phng cho vic thit lp cc kt ni khc. Cc mng phi kt ni khng c giai on th nht v th ba. Tt c u l truyn d liu. Nu nh mt b nh tuyn c gi gi i bt k ni no, bt k lc no th n s gi gi i. S khc nhau c bn gia hot ng ca mng nh hng kt ni v phi kt ni c ch ra trong Hnh 3-3.
Thit lp kt ni
Truyn thng tin
Gii phng kt ni (a) (b)
Hnh 3-3. Hot ng ca mng (a) nh hng kt ni v (b) phi kt ni
R rng l vic truyn thng tin trn mng nh hng kt ni mt nhiu thi gian hn so vi mng phi kt ni. Vic thit lp kt ni l tn thi gian. V khch hng khng th lm g trong giai on thit lp kt ni ny. Cng vy, giao thc bo hiu lm tng thm phc tp (v chi ph) cho mng. Bi vy, ti sao li dng PSTN nh hng kt ni trong khi Internet dng
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nh hot ng tt hn m khng cn bt k kt ni no gia cc nt mng? Vic c thm cc kt ni vo mng thoi nh PSTN c gi tr g? Nh thc t thy, vic vn c gi tr. l Internet vn ang phi phn u c c cc c tnh m cc khch hng PSTN ang c.
Chuyn mch knh vi rng bng tn m bo v tr n nh

Cc mng chuyn mch knh cung cp "ton b bng tn trong ton b thi gian". Cc mng chuyn mch knh bo m rng bng tn t ngun ti ch trong sut thi gian cuc gi. Cuc gi ch l mt t c s dng nhm ng kt ni l trn mng thoi. N c gn km vi knh. V l do cc kt ni thng c gi l cc kt ni o trong cc mng d liu khc bao gm c Internet. Tuy nhin trong PSTN cc knh khng phi l o. Trong PSTN cc knh l biu hin thc s ca cc rng bng tn dnh ring cho mt kt ni hay mt cuc gi xc nh. Nh cc knh nn PSTN c 2 yu t c bn ti u ho mng cho cc ng dng thoi cn cho vic duy tr cht lng. l rng bng tn m bo v tr n nh. Thm vo , cc tr phi thp tho mn ngi s dng in thoi v h trao i thng tin theo thi gian thc. i vi cc mc ch thoi, ITU-T cho php tr kh hi l 500 ms, tc l s v ngi s dng in thoi thng cm thy thoi mi hn i vi mng thoi c tr kh hi nh so vi khi gp phi knh thoi c tr cao. Du hiu ca cc knh thoi tr cao v d nh cc knh c cp t v tnh hay cc cuc gi in thoi quc t l c hai bn ni chuyn u ni cng mt thi im. iu ny rt kh chu v vic hiu c ti sao du hiu trn xy ra l rt quan trng v cc h thng VoIP thng c tr cao hn so vi PSTN. Khi hai ngi ni chuyn qua knh thoi, h s dng knh song cng hon ton theo cch bn song cng. Tc l mc d mt knh c th d dng mang m thanh theo c hai hng cng mt thi gian nhng hu ht mi ngi u s lng nghe trong khi ngi kia ni. Nhng lm th no ngi nghe bit khi no n lt anh ta hay c ta ni? Du hiu thng l khong lng trong cuc m thoi. Nu nh khong lng l di th ngi nghe s bit rng mnh cn phi ni. Nu nh ngi nghe khng ni sau mt khong thi gian nht nh th ngi ni s ngh l: ", mnh on l anh ta (hay c ta) khng c g ni c do vy mnh s tip tc ni", v ngi ni li bt u ni tip. Nh ch ra trn, khong lng c s dng lm tn hiu kt thc "lt" hin ti ca ngi ni. Trong cuc m thoi ca hu ht cc nn vn ho th khong thi gian ny vo c s. Tt nhin khong thi gian ny l khng c nh, khc nhau i cht v cng thay i t nn vn ho ny ti nn vn ho khc, v d nh do yu t vn ho ngi phng Ty thng thiu kin nhn nn khong thi gian ny s ngn hn. Vy ti sao khong ny li quan trng i vi m thanh c tr cao? Do trn hu ht cc knh thoi v tinh da trn qu o a tnh (GEO) th cc v tinh i theo qu o di gp 10 ln ng ti mt trng (vo khong 22000 dm), tr kh hi l
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xp x s. Nh vy mt s cho ng ln v s cho ng xung i vi mt cuc thoi. Tr truyn tc nh sng l vo khong 240 ms v tr khc khong 10 ms sinh ra t tr x l ti nt ngay trong v tinh (cc v tinh c hn c tr mt chiu vo khong s) nn tng cng tr l 250 ms hay s. l s trng hp ngu nhin gia tr v tinh s v khong thi gian tm ngng v mt tm l ca ngi nghe l s v do gy ra mi rc ri.
Ngi A
Ni: Tri sng ri Tr 1/4 s Knh ca mng c tr cao (v tinh GEO)
Ngi B
Qu thi gian tr li 1/4 s Ngh: Chc h chng ni g c Ni: Anh c nghe thy ti ni khng?
Ngi ni ngng, nhng ngi nghe vn nghe thy ting ni Ngh: n lt ca mnh!
Ni: , tri sng ri
Ngh: Sao h bt lch s th nh! H c ch mnh ni..
Ngh: Sao h bt lch s th nh! Mnh khng th ni c cht no c...
Hnh 3-4. Rc ri xy ra khi cc knh m thanh c tr cao
hiu c ti sao nh vy, ta hy xem Hnh 3-4. Hnh v ch ra hai ngi ang m thoi trn mt knh thoi c tr cao, v d cuc thoi c cung cp qua v tinh GEO. Trong hnh v, thi gian i t trn xung di v cc ng xin biu th tr gia thi im ngi ni bt ra mt t v ngi nghe nghe thy mt t. c ly ngn hn tc l cc knh trn mt t, cc ng s gn nh nm ngang bi v thm ch c cc cuc gi qua PSTN M him khi c tr xuyn sut trn 30 ms. V nc M l mt trong nhng quc gia rng ln nht th gii cng nh c mt mng li vin thng hin i. Ch c Brazil, Canada, Trung quc v Nga l ln nh vy. Trong hu ht cc quc gia, tr khi gi PSTN trong nc thng l 10 ms hay b hn. Hnh v ch ra nhng g c ni ra cng nh nhng g c ngh trong u v n khng din t cuc m thoi gia hai ngi. Ton b vn l sau khi ngi A kt thc cu ni: Tri sng ri th s mt s trc khi ngi A nghe thy khong ngh sau cu ni. Nhng trc khi ngi B (ngi nghe) c th p tr: , tri sng ri th ngi A (ngi ni) ngh: Mnh on l h chng tr li g c. Th th mnh li tip tc ni. Do vy ngi A trnh c khong lng khng cn thit, li ni tip: Anh c nghe thy ti ni khng?. Do in thoi l song cng nn cc t ni trn ln trn knh v c hai nghe thy ngi kia trong khi anh ta (hay c ta) vn ang ni. Tt nhin l ngi A ngh rng ngi nghe rt bt lch s v anh ta (hay c ta) c ch cho n khi ngi ni tip tc mi ni
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cng lc. V l cm gic chung ca c hai bn v ngi B ngh rng ngi ni qu ch k khi ni nhiu qu lm cho cho anh ta (hay c ta) ch c nghe. Khng c g ngc nhin khi cc knh thoi quc t thng dng cc knh cp quang chn ngm di bin c tr thp hn cng nh l cc dch v thoi v tinh i mi thng s dng cc h thng qu o thp (LEO). Tt nhin l i vi nhng ngi cha bao gi s dng in thoi ko dy trn mt t th cc tr v tinh GEO l khng thnh vn . Ni chung h thng chp nhn tr nh l mt phn ng nhin ca h thng. Do vy tr thp l cn thit cho cc dch v thoi trong tt c cc nc pht trin c h thng in thoi s dng mng cp trn mt t. Tuy nhin, cc tr cng phi n nh. Tc l tr thoi khng th khc nhau nhiu trong mt cu ni. Nu nh tr khc nhau hn vi ms th m thanh s b mo. Nu nh gi s rng m thanh tng t c s ho trn mng th iu ny c ngha l cc mu m thanh s tch xa nhau dn (c gi l phn tn dispersion) hoc gn nhau dn (c gi l co cm - clumping). Khi cc mu s c chuyn i tr li thnh m thanh tng t, dispersion s lm thp ging ca ngi ni xung (nghe nh b au hng) v clumping s lm nng ging ca ngi ni ln (nghe nh ging the th). Do c tr thp v tr n nh u l cc phn t c bn ca knh thoi. Lm th no PSTN cung cp cc tr thp v n nh? C hai cch ch yu. Th nht, cc h thng chuyn mch thoi PSTN phi c th dch chuyn tht nhanh cc mu m thanh ti cc cng li vo 64 kb/s ri i n cc cng ra thch hp. ITU-T t gii hn trn cho tr x l ti nt ca phn t chuyn mch l 450 s, tc l nh hn ms. Mt phn t chuyn mch xc nh l mt thit b PSTN bt k c th truyn nhiu m thanh 64 kb/s hn trn mt knh, v d nh h thng chuyn mch thoi (thc t, mt CO hin i c th c vi phn t chuyn mch). iu ny lm cho tr nh hn nhiu tr truyn in hnh trn mt knh thoi di v tt nhin cc knh ngn hn s c t phn t chuyn mch hn. Trong mt cuc gi thng thng t b bin ny n b bin kia M th tr truyn cc bit trn knh vo khong 20 ms v c th c khong 15 phn t chuyn mch trn l trnh cuc gi. Tuy nhin tr tng cng khng phi l tng cc tr l 15x450 s hay 6,75 ms. Thng thng tr qua mt phn t chuyn mch hin i nh hn nhiu. Do cc khc bit ca tr x l ti nt khng lm thay i ng k cht lng thoi. Cch th hai PSTN c c cc tr thoi thp v n nh l sp xp kt ni thoi (cuc gi) vo mt ng dn vt l c nh qua mng. l iu ti sao m PSTN li nh hng kt ni. Nu tt c cc bit u i theo cng mt ng dn th vic phn pht theo trnh t s c bo m v tr truyn c thit lp vo lc bt u cuc gi, sau vn c gi nguyn trong sut cuc gi. iu ny c th tri ngc vi Internet trong cc gi IP c th c nh tuyn theo cc ng dn khc nhau gia cc b nh tuyn v do vy to ra cc tr x l ti nt khc nhau (v ti ca b nh
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tuyn khc nhau) v cc tr truyn khc nhau (v s dng cc ng dn vt l khc nhau). i khi PSTN c th ti nh tuyn mt cuc gi vng qua mt trung k b hng nhng iu ny ch l thit lp li mt ng dn mi c tr nh hn 60 ms. Mi ngi s c thng bo v vic tm ngng m thoi nhng khi c mt ng dn mi, n nh c thit lp vi tr mi th cuc m thoi c th c tip tc nh trc. Cc tr Internet c th khc nhau rt nhiu. C mt phng php khc m PSTN thng s dng gim st tr. y cng l l do m PSTN vn duy tr thoi PCM tc bit c nh 64 kb/s trong mt thi gian kh di. Cc bin i v tr c th c pht hin trong thoi tc bit khng i (CBR), v d nh knh DS-0 64 kb/s, mt cch rt n gin v hiu qu nh vic m cc bit. Gi s mt b m li vo h thng chuyn mch thoi tip nhn khng phi 64000 bit trong mt giy m l 64020. iu ny c ngha l ng h ca h thng chuyn mch ti pha gi ca knh l chy nhanh hn d nh v vic iu chnh cn c thc hin trc khi b m b trn v cc bit m thanh b mt. Cng nh vy, 63950 bit c th c m v ch ra rng ng h ca h thng chuyn mch ti pha gi ca knh chm hn d kin v vic iu chnh cn c thc hin trc khi b m khng th b lp y v cc bit m thanh b mt do khng c bit no c gi i. C ch iu chnh ng h bng cch m bit n gin ny l mt l do cho vic tn ti ca thoi PCM 64 kb/s trong khi c cc phng php mi khc xut hin v l mt l do quan trng cho vic s dng thoi CBR, thm ch ti cc tc bit thp hn nh 13 hoc 8 kb/s. Ton b h thng ng b mng hin c ch phn phi cc tr n nh trn PSTN - mt h thng hon ton khng c kh nng phc v c s t bin ca lu lng, khng c Internet chuyn mch gi trong khi mng Internet li khng c cc lung bit tc khng i. Tt nhin, nu m thanh s ho c ng gi th Internet s l mt mng thch hp cho vic phn pht cc gi IP. Tuy nhin nu nh vy th cn phi tm ra cc phng php khc cung cp cc tr thp v n nh m m thanh yu cu.
Ghp knh tng t

Tt c cc knh thoi trong PSTN thng bt u v kt thc ti cc ng dy truy nhp ring l. cui cc ng dy truy nhp thng ch c mt my in thoi. Vic ch c mt my in thoi bi v cho n cui thp k 60 my in thoi vn khng thuc s hu ca khch hng. My in thoi l ti sn ca cng ty in thoi v c thu trn c s hng thng t cng ty in thoi a phng. Nu ai mun c mt my in thoi th hai th chic my ny cng phi tr tin hng thng. V chi ph c phi tr mi theo thi gian ch khng phi l tr ht mt ln. Ch rng thi im cng khng c sn cc my in thoi bn. Mi ngi b la di v mc ti my in thoi th hai thm ch th ba m vn khng c c cuc thoi ca cng ty in thoi a phng. Cc cng ty in thoi a phng thng xuyn kim tra tm cc my in thoi bt
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hp php bng vic gi i in p chung trn ng dy truy nhp ri sau o st p. Bt k mt du hiu chung l no biu hin qua st p qu mc th cng ty in thoi s ct in thoi hoc bt u thu ph hng thng. Mi ngi nhanh chng hc c cch lm th no hu b mch chung nhm trnh cho cc my in thoi bt hp php khi chung nhng iu ny li lm nh hng n vic s dng in thoi khi c cuc gi n. Trong bt k trng hp no th ch mt cuc gi in thoi ti mt thi im c thc hin trn mt ng dy truy nhp xon i v y l bn cht ca chuyn mch knh. Tuy nhin, mt khi knh thoi tm c tng i trung tm th n thc hin mt cch v thc chim c i dy ring bit cho cuc gi m tng i trung tm c th thc hin c. Do vy cc cuc gi ang thc hin thng c ghp knh vo cc trung k dung lng cao hn. Ch rng cho n thp k 60, ging ni c ti i hon ton theo dng tng t. Do vic ghp knh phn chia theo tn s (FDM) hiu qu hn i vi cc cuc m thoi tng t nn cc knh thoi c kt hp vo mt h thng ghp knh tng t FDM. Cc cp thp hn ca h thng s dng nhiu i dy ng xon i trong khi cc cp cao hn s dng cp ng trc hay cc i vi ba nhm cung cp rng bng tn cc ln cho cc h thng truyn dn. Phn ny m t cc h thng ghp knh tng t c s dng trong Bell System. Cc h thng in thoi khc c th c cc phng php ring nhng hu ht u theo dng phn cp ca Bell, n gin l v nhng g Bell System s dng u tr thnh tiu chun. H thng ghp knh tng t bt u vi N-carrier l mt h thng nhiu i dy phc v cho cc nhu cu truyn dn ni ht. Thit b N-1 (a ra nm 1950) v N-2 ghp 12 knh thoi thnh 2 i dy xon ging vi cc i dy c s dng trn mch vng ni ht. Cc knh N-carier ni bt k khong cch no t 5 n 250 dm nhng hu ht thng c s dng kt ni tng i trung tm ti cc tng i ln cn, ti tng i chuyn tip ni ht hay ti cc tng i toll c ly xa gn nht. Sau , thit b N-3 (1964) v N-4 (1979) nhn i dung lng thnh 24 knh thoi trong khi li c kch thc b hn v tiu th ngun t hn mc d vn l dng tng t. Sau c hai h thng ghp knh vi ba c ly ngn khc nhau. Cc h thng vi ba l cc h thng truyn dn hot ng trong gii tn s v tuyn, hai thit b thu v pht hai u phi nm trn mt ng khng b chn (nhn thy nhau c, v vy n cn c tn l h thng LOS), nu khong cch gia chng qu xa, cn thit phi c cc thit b trm lp. Cc h thng vi ba c ly ngn thng c s dng truyn ti lu lng thoi gia cc tng i chuyn tip hay cc tng i toll nhng ni m vic s dng cc ng dy trn mt t s rt tn km, v d nh kt ni qua cc con sng ln. Mc d c tn gi l c ly ngn v cc thp lp thng ch cch nhau 5 dm hay xa hn mt cht, nhng cc h thng ny c th ni 10 chng lp v m rng c ly ti 25 dm. Do vy h thng vi ba c ly ngn c th t bt k ni no vi khong cch t 5 ti 250 dm.
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Cc h thng 6-GHz bao gm TM-2 ti c 8400 knh thoi v TM-2A ti c 12600 knh thoi. iu ny ni ln rng bng rt ln vi cc h thng vi ba ny. Cc h thng 11-GHz bao gm TL-A2 ti c 6000 knh thoi v TN-1 c th c 19800 hoc 25200 knh thoi. Vo u thp k 80, vic trin khai c hai loi h thng 11-GHz b ngng v bng tn tiu th nhiu hn thc t cn thit i vi s cc knh thoi c mang trn h thng. Cng c cc phng php ghp knh tng t cho ng dy trn mt t da trn cp ng trc, ng k nht l h thng L-carrier. Cp ng trc tng t vi cp c s dng ngy nay trong cc h thng truyn hnh cp v cc mng LAN Ethernet nhng hon ton khc v c tnh in cng nh v mt tn s c s dng. L-carrier c t nm 1941 nhng mi n nm 1946 mi c trin khai. Trong L-carrier, mt s si cp ng trc c th c nhm vi nhau thnh cc ng ghp knh mt s lng ln knh thoi li vi nhau. H thng L-1 u tin ch ti c 1800 knh thoi nhng h thng L-5E ra i nm 1978 mang 132000 knh thoi trn 22 ng. C 10 ng dnh cho cc knh thoi theo mi hng v 2 ng cn li dnh cho mc ch bo v. Do vy mi si cp ng trc mang c 13200 knh thoi. Cc lung L-carrier c th ngn c 1 dm hoc di c 150 dm. Hnh 3-3 ch ra h L-carrier xp theo thi im c a vo s dng v tng s knh thoi trong mt dy cp. Mi dy cp c th c nhiu si cp ng trc bn trong. iu ng ch l khng c thit b L-2.
Loi L-Carrier L-1 L-3 L-4 L-5 L-5E Nm a vo s dng 1946 (1941) 1953 1967 1974 1978 S lng knh thoi 1800 9300 32400 108000 132000
Bng 3-2. H L-carrier tng t
Cc si cp ng trc di y bin c s dng cho thng tin thoi quc t. N c bt u s dng vi 24 knh thoi trn 2 si cp ng trc t Key West, Florida ti Havanna, Cuba vo nm 1950. Cc dy cp vt i Ty dng t nc M ti chu u c lp t c 6 nm 1 ln duy tr tc pht trin lu lng thoi gia M v chu u. Vo nm 1976, cc dy cp ng trc c th mang c 4000 knh thoi qua Bc i Ty dng. Mt loi thit b truyn dn tng t na ng c ni n y l vi ba tng t c ly xa. Mt ln na, tn gi m t mc ch ca h thng ch khng phi chiu di kt ni, mc d cc b lp vi ba c ly xa c th cch nhau gn 20 dm v 30 dm l chuyn bnh thng. C cc h thng 4Ghz (h TD) v 6-GHz (h TH v AR6A) c pht trin gia nm 1950 v 1983. Cc h thng TD mang t 2400 ti 19800 knh thoi ph thuc vo nm ra i. H thng TH-1 mang 10800 knh thoi, h thng TH-2 c
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12600 knh thoi, h thng TH-3 c 16800 knh thoi v h thng AR6A c 42000 knh thoi. Cui cng, cc v tinh thng c s dng thay cho cp ng trc ngm di bin cho mc ch thng tin quc t. Cc h thng v tinh v c bn thng c gn cc a vi ba cc ln trn bu tri. Mt bng chng cho s hot ng ca v tinh l thit b Echo I bt u s dng nm 1961. Echo I l mt khinh kh cu ln, sng bng c thi phng ln ri a vo qu o v c s dng cho cc tn hiu ng ln v ng xung gia cc trm mt t. Vo nm 1962, v tinh Telstar mang tng cng 12 knh thoi vo qu o thp ca tri t nhng t nht th v tinh ny l mt h thng hot ng tip nhn v pht li cc knh thoi qua mt h thng tip sng. Telstar cng dch chuyn trn bu tri v hn ch vic s dng n ch cho cc cuc gi in thoi ng di, khng ging nh cc v tinh a tnh ngy nay ng yn so vi ng xch o ca tri t. Ngy nay, tt nhin cc v tinh c nhn v quc t mang c 21000 knh thoi hay knh truyn hnh hoc ln hn. Cc m t trn l ni v cc h thng ghp knh vt l. Tuy nhin, phc v cho cc mc ch ghp knh th h thng phn cp tng t c chia thnh 2 cp khng lin quan n cc phng tin vt l trung gian v dung lng ghp knh m ti cc cp ny c p dng. Vic phn chia ny thng c s dng trong tnh hung truyn dn quc t l ni m cc h thng chuyn ti ca quc gia khc nhau cn phi c kt ni vi nhau. Khi ghp knh thoi tng t c bn l mt nhm (group) 12 knh thoi. ITU-T nh ngha 10 nhm hp thnh mt siu nhm (supergroup) vi 120 knh thoi nhng M mt siu nhm ch c 60 knh thoi. 5 siu nhm to thnh mt nhm ch (mastergroup) c 600 knh thoi. M, cp k tip l nhm chnh (jumbogroup) c 3600 knh thoi (gm 6 mastergroup), trong khi trn bnh din quc t th cp cao nht c gi l siu nhm ch (supermastergroup) c 1800 knh thoi (3 mastergroup). Do vy vic ti cc knh thoi l khng c quan tm v mt vt l m ch quan tm n vic t chc chng thnh cc nhm logic nh trn. V mc d gia cc phin bn ca M v quc t c khc nhau cht t nhng vic t chc cc nhm rt ging nhau. Bng 3-3 ch ra cc cp ca h thng phn cp tng t. VC biu th s cc knh thoi c h tr ti mi cp. Ch rng trong thc t, cc cp phn theo nhm c sp xp thnh cc h thng chuyn ti c ghp knh vt l thc s. Ni cch khc, khng c phn cng ghp knh thc s mang c mt supergroup 60 knh thoi trn cp ng trc, vi ba hay bt c loi no khc. Cc supergroup c th c gi l cp ghp knh trung gian v s tn ti khi nim ca chng v cc cp ghp knh da trn phn cng c gi l cc cp h thng. Khng c nhiu cp mang cng mt s lng knh thoi lm cho cc kt ni quc t c li hn.
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Tn Group Supergroup ca M Supergroup ca ITU-T Mastergroup
S knh thoi 12 60 120 600 1200
Cp thit b ca M N-Carrier
Cp thit b ca ITU-T
L-1 TD TH/L-3
G.341 (5 supergroup)
Supermastergroup ca ITU-T
1800 2400
G.343 (15 supergroup) G.344 (20 supergroup)
Jumbogroup ca M
3600 5400 6000 7200 10800 13200 21600
L-4 G.332/G.345 (45 supergroup) AR6A G.344/G.346 (60 supergroup) L-5 L-5E G.333 (180 supergroup)
Bng 3-3. H thng phn cp tng t theo group
Ghp knh s
Ghp knh tng t vn c s dng trong PSTN, khng ch v cc cng ty in thoi hng nm ch c php thay th mt s thit b nht nh m cn do thi gian s dng ni chung ca thit b l khong t 30 n 40 nm. Do vy cc h thng ghp knh tng t c lp t nm 1980 vn c th c tip tc s dng. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc h thng ghp knh tng t c chuyn i thnh cc h thng ghp knh s v ton b cc h thng ghp knh mi c lp t trong PSTN u l cc h thng s. Ghp knh s c a ra vo nm 1962 khi AT&T gii thiu thnh cng h thng ghp knh s T-1. T1 l cp u tin ca ton b h thng phn cp s trong vic ghp cc knh thoi khng phi vi bng thng thoi tng t l 4 kHz s dng ghp knh phn chia tn s (FDM) m l cc knh thoi c s ho tc 64 kb/s s dng ghp knh phn chia thi gian (TDM). C hai loi trn vn l chuyn mch knh, l cc h thng chim ton b bng thng trong sut thi gian, nhng b phn c bn ca ghp knh tng t l knh thoi v b phn c bn ca ghp knh s l cc lung bit tun t DS-0 64-kb/s. Vo nm 1962 cc thit b u cui ghp knh s (cc b pht v thu) c gi thnh t hn so vi thit b u cui ghp knh tng t v c cc c tnh hot ng tt hn so vi cc h thng tng t lun c nhiu b khuch i i cng vi tn hiu thoi (v d m thanh nghe c tt hn). Bi v gi thnh lp t i dy cp gia tng v gi thnh thit b ghp knh s gim xung theo gi thnh ca thit b s nn T-1 cng c hiu qu v gi thnh cc c ly cng ngn so vi cc trung k tng t.
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V mt k thut, T-1 l mt h thng truyn dn vt l bao gm hai cp dy ng trn xon i, c cc tnh nng k thut ca b thu, pht v cc b lp thng cch nhau 6000 ft. T chc ca cc bit gi trn h thng vt l T-1 c nh ngha l cu trc khung DS-1. DS-1 mang 24 knh DS-0 64kb/s trn 2 i dy ng. iu cho php tc truyn s ca T-1 l 1536 Mb/s (24x64 kb/s) v c 8 kb/s cho mo u do vy tc ng dy tng cng trn T-1 l 1544 Mb/s, thng c lm trn l 1.5 Mb/s. Mt cch khc bit c tc ng dy ca T-1 l bit rng 24 knh thoi s pht i theo dng 8 bit v c ly mu 8000 ln mt giy (y chnh l ngun gc ca tc 64 kb/s). Do 24 knh s gi c 192 bit (24x8 bit) trong mi khung T-1. Bit th 193 c tn l bit khung (framing bit) c b sung vo mi khung c bn nhm cho php cc b thu thc hin ng b ti cc ranh gii ca khung n. V c 8000 mu trn mt giy trong mi knh s nn lung T-1 phi vn hnh tc 1536 Mb/s (192 bit x 8000 ln trn 1 giy), hay thc t l 1544 Mb/s (193 x 8000) duy tr hot ng. Bi vy tng khung T-1 193-bit c gi i trong 1/8000 giy hay l c 125 s li gi mt khung. Gi tr ny nm di ngng cm nhn ca con ngi v nhanh hn rt nhiu tc nhy mt thng xy ra trong 1/10 s hay 100 ms tc l 100.000 s. Tht l k l, nhng ngi chi gn trn thc t c th c tm nhn xa tt nht theo tc khung T-1. Mt ting ng kh ca cy gy chi gn tc ng vo qu bng nm trong gii hn cm nhn ca con ngi di khong 1/2 ms hay 500 s. Do vy, trong khong thi gian tc ng th b pht T-1 gi i c 4 khung trn mt lung T-1. Mt lung T-1 c th c s dng ti cc knh thoi c s ho hay cc lung bit tun t t my tnh trong bt k mt kt hp no. V d, mt b ghp knh T-1 c th mang 12 cuc m thoi t mt PBX ti mt PBX khc t ti mt ch khc vi cng mt c cu, v ti cng mt thi im lin kt 12 b nh tuyn qua mt to nh ti v tr khc vi tc 64 kb/s. Mc d cc knh thoi hot ng trn lung T-1 tc 64 kb/s nhng d liu tun t thng b gii hn tc 56 kb/s hay l 7/8 tc knh DS-0 64-kb/s. l bi v nhiu lc 8 bit ca tng knh DS-0 c thit b T-1 s dng cho cc chc nng khc vi vic truyn bit. i vi cc ng dng thoi, vic b mt i cc bit ny khng th hin r nhng tt nhin, cc my tnh s tin rng tt c cc bit m chng gi i trn knh DS-0 c phn pht chnh xc. Nu nh cc bit b cp th ni dung ng ca 8 bit b ph hu v khng th khi phc c. Hin nay, khng phi c 8 bit no ca cc knh trong tng khung T-1 cng b cp nhng v ch c nh khai thc bit c khi no th bit c s dng hay b cp nn khch hng khng c la chn cho vic trnh b s dng 8 bit trong tng knh DS-0. Thc t c 4 mc ch s dng i vi 8 bit b cp ny. Tuy nhin mt trong s ch c yu cu khi knh DS-0 c s dng cho cc trung
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k thoi (dng bo hiu) v do vy khng p dng khi knh DS-0 mang cc bit tun t ca my tnh. Ba mc ch cn li s dng 8 bit l: 1. duy tr mt bit 1 trn ng dy 2. bo hiu cnh bo mu vng cho b pht 3. Cho cc bn tin bo dng M ng dy T-1 l m lng cc AMI th hin cc bit 0 tng ng vi khng c in p trn ng dy. Nu c qu nhiu bit 0 xut hin nh trong trng hp khi cc knh DS-0 k nhau mang cc bit ca my tnh th b nhn c th mt ng b khung (ch c 30 bit 0 hay l 29? hay c th l 31?). Mt khc, cc bit 1 biu th cho cc xung c in p. Do khi T-1 s dng m AMI thy c 16 bit 0 lin tc c gi trn cc knh DS-0 k nhau th thit b s lt mt trong cc bit 0 (bit th 8 trong knh u tin) thnh bit 1 duy tr mt bit 1 ti thiu trn ng dy. Cnh bo mu vng xy ra khi b thu T-1 mt ton b tn hiu vo. Cc bit c th vn c gi i nhng s khng c ngha khi tip tc vn hnh nu nh c mt i dy khng hot ng ng chc nng. Do cnh bo mu vng thit lp cc bit th 8 trong mi knh hng i thnh bit 1 nhm bo cho ngi gi ngng vic gi hng v (v chuyn sang knh d phng nu c sn). Do vy nu cc bit my tnh vn c gi i th chng s b thit b tip nhn hu b. Cui cng, cc nhn vin k thut c th s dng bit th 8 trong cc knh bo hiu cho thit b T-1 thc hin vic chn on, thu thp thng tin qun l mng. Tt nhin phng php ny khng c s dng pht ngi s dng d liu. Phng php trn ch c bt u c s dng khi T-1 dnh ring cho truyn dn m thanh v tip tc c s dng khi T-1 bt u c bn cho cc mc ch d liu vo u thp k 80. Nu nh lung T-1 cho php ngi s dng d liu s dng ht tc knh DS-0 64-kb/s, c gi l kh nng dng knh sch th nh cung cp dch v T-1 phi thc hin 2 vic. Th nht, thay v vic s dng m lng cc AMI th b pht, thu v tt c cc b lp cng nh thit b khc nm gia chng phi s dng m ng dy thay th gi tr 0 nh phn th 8 (B8ZS). i khi B8ZS c dng khc vi m AMI nhng B8ZS l cch tt nht da theo c im ca AMI. iu ny gii quyt vn mt bit 1. Th hai, mt dng khung T-1 khc gi l siu khung T-1 m rng (ESF) c s dng hu b cc bn tin cnh bo mu vng v bn tin bo dng khi cc knh sau t chng vo mu bit ca khung th 193 trong 24 khung T-1 lin tip. Tuy nhin lung trung k c s dng rng ri trn quc t tng ng vi T-1 l E-1 khng c nhng hn ch nh trn. Cu trc khung E-1 l khc, do vy vic x l bn tin cnh bo mu vng cng nh bo dng l kh d dng. Mt knh bo hiu c bit c s dng trong E-1 do bo hiu bit b "cp" l khng cn thit. M ng dy E-1 khng phi l m lng cc AMI v knh ng b c bit trnh vic phi quan tm n mt
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bit 1, do B8ZS cng khng cn thit. Tt c cc lung E-1 h tr truyn dn 64-kb/s v tt c cc knh khi u trong mt quc gia v kt thc mt quc gia khc phi s dng E-1 thay v l T-1. T-1 ch c th c s dng trong phm vi nc M (Canaa cng s dng T-1 nhng chi trong nc). E-1 ghp 30 ch khng phi 24 knh thoi s vo mt khung E-1 c bn. Cc khung vn c t chc theo nhm nhng khng ging nh T-1. Cc lung E-1 vn hot ng tc 64 kb/s nhng s dng mt dng s ho m thanh hi khc (v khng tng thch vi T-1). Cu trc c bn ca cc khung T-1 v E-1 c ch ra trong Hnh 3-5. i vi T-1 th 193 bit c gi i 800 ln trn 1 giy = 1.544 Mb/s cn i vi E-1 th 256 bit c gi i 8000 ln trn mt giy = 2.048 Mb/s
Bit khung DS-0#1 8 bit DS-0#2 DS-0#3 DS-0#23 DS-0#24
(a)
T ng b (8 bit) Synch DS-0#1 8 bit (b) DS-0#15 Bo hiu DS-0#16 DS-0#30
Hnh 3-5. Cc cu trc khung (a) T-1 v (b) E-1
Vi T-1 hay E-1, n v c bn vn l knh thoi chuyn mch knh DS0 64 kb/s. Tuy nhin, v ti lu lng thoi dnh cho cc mng in thoi ngy cng tng nn iu cn thit l tm cc phng php ghp c nhiu knh thoi hn gia hai h thng chuyn mch thoi trn cng mt phng tin vt l v do vy s lm gia tng dung lng trn trung k. H thng phn cp s u tin. Theo thi gian, ton b h thng phn cp s ca cc cp ghp knh TDM c pht trin cho T-1 v E-1. Nht Bn s dng cu trc T-1 c bn vi 1 s thay i ring, i khi c gi l J-1. S khc bit ch yu gia cc phng php s v tng t l cc knh thoi l dng s hay tng t, phn cp s s dng TDM cn phn cp tng t s dng FDM cho k thut ghp knh. Cu trc T-1, E-1 hay J-1 ang c thay th bng phn cp s mi hn nhng phn ny vn s ni n phn cp s u tin. Phn k tip s gii thiu phn cp s mi hn c cc cng ty in thoi s dng.
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i khi ngi ta ni rng cc tn hiu tng t khng th l TDM v cc tn hiu s khng th l FDM. iu ny khng ng. Bell System c cc b ghp knh tng t m cc knh thoi tng t dng TDM (c gi l thit b thm khe thi gian) v ton b lnh vc ghp knh phn chia bc sng ca cp quang (WDM) l da trn khi nim cc knh s FDM. Tuy nhin trc khi cp quang ra i th thit b TDM tng t v FDM s phc tp, to ln, t tin v khng hiu qu. Do cc h thng tng t s dng FDM ghp knh v cc h thng s s dng TDM ghp knh. TDM phn chia ton b tc bit thnh cc khe thi gian ngn ging nhau. Mi khe thi gian mang mt s lng bit c nh, thng l 8 bit c thi gian bit c xc nh trc. V d khung T-1 gi i 193 bit trong 125 s (1/8000 giy). Do vy thi gian bit ca n l 125 s/193 bit hay khong 0.65 s cho mi bit. Mi cp ca ton b h thng phn cp s ghp mt s lng xc nh cc knh thnh mt cu trc khung c mt s mo u lin quan n vic vn hnh v qun l knh. Ton b mo u ghp knh s ny c ITU-T gi l OAM (vn hnh, qun l v bo dng) v thng c gi l OAM&P (vn hnh, qun l, bo dng v kim tra) nc M. (Khi c hi v P cho mc ch kim tra, mt k s ca Bell Labs p: Kim tra xy ra khi mt khch hng c th b tnh cc i vi 1 knh, do vy M vic s dng thm P l cn thit). Do vy c th l cc bit mo u ti mi cp khng th c s dng cho vic chuyn ti cc cuc gi in thoi hay d liu ca ngi s dng (cc bit tun t gia cc my tnh). Cc bit mo u c cng ty in thoi s dng iu khin cc knh hot ng ng chc nng. V l do ny, ngi s dng chng bao gi c bit r v mo u. Tuy nhin, mo u c yu cu ti mi cp ca h thng phn cp s cn phi c xc nh r. Bng 3-4 ch ra h thng phn cp s u tin c s dng M (Tcarrier), chu u (E-carrier) v Nht (J-carrier). Ti mi cp, hnh v ch ra tc ng dy c s dng, s lng knh thoi c h tr, s lng mo u (c c bng cch ly s knh thoi 64-kb/s tr i tc ng dy) v t l phn trm tc ng dy c dnh cho mo u. M, cp th nm cha c nh ngha v cp th t him khi c trin khai. Thay vo , cc nh u t thit b ghp knh s dng cc phng php kt hp cc s lng khc nhau T-3 vo trong cc h thng cp quang theo kiu ring ca tng nh u t. Ch rng vi tng h thng chuyn ti th t l phn trm mo u gia tng theo tc ng dy, ch yu do cc c gng x l gim dn thi gian bit (khi tc ng dy gia tng th thi gian bit tun t gim xung) trn knh. iu ny cn thit ng b cc bit v iu ny ch thc hin c theo tng khong thi gian (c ngha l cc bt c xu hng bin mt hoc xut hin khi dch chuyn). Do vy ton b h thng c gi l phn cp s cn ng b hay PDH.
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Nhiu mo u c dnh cho vic chn thm hoc hu b cc bit trn knh nhm duy tr ng b ton h thng.
Cp ghp knh Cp 1 Loi trung k T-1/J-1 E-1 Cp 2 T-2/J-2 E-2 Cp 3 J-3 E-3 T-3 Cp 4 J-4 E-4 T-4 Cp 5 J-5 E-5 Tc ng dy (Mb/s) 1/544 2,048 6,312 8,448 32,064 34,368 44,736 97,728 139,264 274,176 397,20 565,148 S lng knh thoi 24 30 96 120 480 480 672 1440 1920 4032 5760 7680 Mo u T l % mo u 0,518 0,781 2,661 9,090 4,191 10,519 3,862 5,697 11,764 5,882 7,190 13,028
8 kb/s 16 kb/s 168 kb/s 768 kb/s 1,344 Mb/s 3,648 Mb/s 1,728 Mb/s 5,568 Mb/s 16,384 Mb/s 16,128 Mb/s 28,560 Mb/s 73,628 Mb/s
Bng 3-4. H thng phn cp s u tin PDH
Cn ch rng mi cp ca h thng phn cp vn c knh ho. Ni cch khc, T-3 c th mang 672 DS-0 m mi DS-0 c tc hn ch l 64 kb/s s dng cho vic thoi hoc l khng cho thoi. Tt nhin, ngy nay, ngi s dng d liu cn nhiu hn 64 kb/s cho lin kt gia cc b nh tuyn v cc my tnh khc. Do vy hu ht cc cp cng sn c (c cung cp) theo dng phi knh. iu ny c ngha l ton b tc ng dy c t cc knh thoi hin nay l sn c cho vic s dng ca mt ngun (c ngha l cng tun t ca my tnh). Do T-1 phi knh biu th khng phi 24 knh DS-0 tc 64 kb/s m l mt lung bit c tc 1536 Mb/s (mo u vn khng th c s dng). PDH vn c s dng v s cn c s dng trong mt thi gian di, khng ch l v cc hn ch sinh ra do vic iu tit m cn n gin l do tnh kinh t. Vic thay th ton b l tn km v tn nhiu thi gian. Tuy nhin, hin nay c mt phng php ti u hn cho vic ghp knh, l phng php da trn cc h thng cp quang v cc k thut ng b hin i hn. M, h thng phn cp mi ny c gi l mng quang ng b (SONET) cn ITU-T gi n l h thng phn cp s ng b (SDH). Di y s ni n nhng khc bit nh gia SONET (thng thay th cho Tcarrier) v SDH (thng thay th cho E-carrier). SONET/SDH. Vi PDH, c T-carrier v E-carrier (J-carrier s c xem nh mt dng ca T-carrier) u gp phi mt s kh khn. Thc t l vic ghp knh cn ng b c ngha l khng ch mo u gia tng khi s knh
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thoi gia tng m cn l cc mu thoi 8 bit khng th c duy tr cng vi nhau trn cc cp T-1 v E-1. Do , trn mc phn cp u tin vic ghp knh c thc hin tng bit. Th d, cch duy nht ly ra knh thoi t T-3 l khi phc hon ton (phn knh) c 672 knh thoi ch ly ra mt knh cn thit. Cng vy, khng c 1 phng php chun no mang cc cp cao hn ca h thng phn cp trn cc knh cp quang, dn ti vic thc thi khc nhau ca cc nh u t gy ra vic khng th u ni cc trung k gia cc cng ty in thoi khc nhau trn cp T-1 M. Cc knh cp quang c s dng M t cui thp k 60, nhng AT&T mi trin khai cc knh cp quang thng mi ln u tin Atlanta vo nm 1980. Vo nm 1984, nhu cu v mt h thng phn cp mi da trn cp quang l cn thit v M, mt h thng c pht trin c tn l mng quang ng b (SONET). Thut ng ng b cp n mt thc t l vic ghp knh SONET lun duy tr cc mu thoi 8 bit khng b thay i bt k cp no ca h thng phn cp ghp knh. iu ny lm cho vic truy nhp cc knh thoi ring l d dng hn v c hiu qu v gi thnh. N cng cho php t l phn trm mo u khng b thay i v khng lm gia tng s lng knh thoi c ghp knh. M, cp SONET thp nht tng ng vi T-3, hot ng tc 45 Mb/s v mang c 672 knh thoi. Do T-3 khng c s dng ngoi nc M (mc d mt s T-3 c s dng Phillipin phc v cho qun i M ) nn ITU-T iu chnh cc cp SONET cho cc mc ch ring ca ITU-T v i tn thnh h thng phn cp s ng b (SDH). SONET/SDH nh ngha c khun dng khung v cc h thng truyn dn vt l ging nh kiu T-carrier v E-carrier. Th d trong SONET, cc khun dng khung c s dng c tn gi l cc tn hiu chuyn ti ng b (STS) v s dng hu t N ch th cp ca h thng phn cp. Mc d v mt k thut N c th c cc gi tr t 1 n 256 nhng trong thc t ch c 1 s gi tr c s dng trong thit b SONET. Mng vt l gm cp quang, cc b thu, pht ti cc khung STS i qua c gi l cc b chuyn ti quang (OC) cng vi ch s N ch th cp. Do vy khung STS3 c s dng trn lung OC-3 theo cng mt cch m khung DS-1 c s dng trn lung T-1 trong h thng phn cp T-carrier. Tuy nhin, v mi ngi thng gi tn khng chnh xc v T-carrier v ni T-1 khi h mun ni n DS-1 nn SONET thng c gi l OC-3 v him khi gi l cc khung STS-3. ITU-T s dng thut ng m un chuyn ti ng b (STM) thay cho STS. C cc cp STM quang (STMO) v cc cp STM in t (STME) cho cc cu trc khung v u c ch s N. Thng thng ch c STM-N c s dng v thit b l quang hay in t phi c xc nh qua ni dung. C mt iu l gi tr N trong SDH c hiu khc vi gi tr N trong SONET. V c bn, STM c tnh bng 3 ln khi so vi SONET. Do vy OC-3 khng hot ng cng tc vi STM-3 m l cng vi STM-1. Tt nhin STM-3 s hot ng cng tc vi OC-12. SDH s la chn SONET khi
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n cn h tr tc . Bng 3-5 ch ra cc tc cc cp h tr ca c SONET v SDH cng vi s lng cc knh thoi mang trn SONET khi c s dng lm truyn dn trn PSTN (s knh thoi khc cht t vi SDH). Ch rng tt c cc cp l bi ca 51.84 Mb/s l tc ng dy SONET c bn.
Tc ng dy 51,84 Mb/s 155,52 Mb/s 622,08 Mb/s 2,488 Gb/s 4,977 Gb/s 9,953 Gb/s Cp SONET OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 OC-48 OC-96 OC-192 Cp SDH S lng knh thoi (SONET) 672 (ging nh T-3) 2016 8064 32256 64512 129024
STM-0
STM-1 STM-4 nTM-16 Khng s dng STM-64
Bng 3-5. H thng phn cp s SONET/SDH
Tt c cc dng ca c SONET v SDH cng sn c theo khun dng phi knh ging nh trong PDH. Khun dng phi knh thch hp hn cho vic truyn bit tun t gia cc my tnh v cc b nh tuyn. Khi khng c knh ho, cc khung SONET v SDH khng mang mt s lng ln knh thoi m mt lung cc gi IP, cc khung frame-relay, cc t bo ATM hay thm ch cc loi khc. Cc cp SONET v SDH phi knh c ch th nh vic cng thm ch ci c (ch thng) vo mc ghp knh. Ch c c ngha l ghp ni vo vi nhau. Do OC-3c th hin mt lung bit c th a cc gi IP ti v i khi cng tun t ca b nh tuyn tc 155.52 Mb/s. V mt k thut, c cn c gn vo cp STS (c ngha l STS-3c) bi v n l mt khung b thay i (n c ghp ni vi nhau) v khng phi l knh quang. Nhng dng OC-3c c s dng ph bin v i khi vi ch C vit hoa nh OC-3C (iu ny c gi thit l v cc nh u t thit b khng in c ch thng trn cc card ng dy SONET).
Mch vng v cc trung k, 2 dy v 4 dy

Mt im khc v cc mch vng v trung k cn c xc nh trc khi chuyn sang ni v vic s dng PSTN. Trong khi r rng l khng c khc bit vt l gia cc phng tin s dng cho cc mch vng ni ht (cc ng dy truy nhp) v cc trung k (cc knh thoi c ghp knh gia cc h thng chuyn mch) th iu ny khng c ngha l khng c khc nhau g v mt vn hnh ca cc mch vng v trung k. Thc t ch ra rng mch vng ni ht thng mang ch mt cuc m thoi trn mt i dy xon trong khi trung k c th ghp nhiu cuc m thoi trn cng mt i dy xon (mc d thng l 2 i). Thc t, iu l khc bit ch yu v mt vn hnh gia cc i dy xon l mch vng v i dy xon l trung k trong PSTN. Mch vng ni ht in hnh c 2 dy tc l mt i dy xon. V mt in, mch vng ni ht c cp ngun 1 chiu (do vy cc b acquy c s dng tng i CO cp ngun cho ng dy truy nhp), vn hnh song cng (c 2
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pha u c th ni v hiu cng lc), v trong hu ht cc trng hp khng c b khuch i. Ngc li, trung k dng n gin nht bao gm 4 dy tc l 2 i dy xon. N c s dng trc khi cp ng trc, thp vi ba v cp quang c s dng lm trung k. V mt in, mt i dy xon trung k c cp ngun xoay chiu (ngun xoay chiu dch chuyn nhanh hn ngun mt chiu m khng cn cc b khuch i t tin), vn hnh bn song cng (mt i dy c s dng pht v i kia c s dng thu), v s dng cc b khuch i (thng thng th cc trung k di hn nhiu cc mch vng). L do s dng 2 dy i vi cc mch vng ni ht rt n gin: Cc mch vng 2 dy c gi thnh thp khi mua v lp t cng nh c rt nhiu mch vng ni ht hn so vi trung k. Tht tr tru l vi thit b in thoi, m thanh c thc hin theo kiu 4 dy, ngoi tr vic cp ngun xoay chiu. Nu thit b in thoi cn c ngun xoay chiu, v d nh my in thoi, my fax hay modem th nhim v ca ngun xoay chiu l thc hin cc nhim v ch khng ch l cho php thit b giao tip vi mng in thoi. Ngun xoay chiu ch yu c s dng cho vic ct gi s quay, hin th cc ch s,... Nhm chuyn i gia vn hnh 2 dy v 4 dy cn c mt thit b gi l chuyn i 2dy-4dy. l mt thit b in kh n gin cch ly cc mch 2 dy v 4 dy vi nhau, thc hin mt chc nng gi l cn bng tr khng. Mt iu quan trng l thit b ny to ra trn knh thoi ting vng. Ting vng c th gy cho ngi s dng in thoi b phn tn khi nghe ting ni ca h b tr khi h ni. Ni cch khc, ting vng lm gim ng k cht lng m thanh. Chuyn i 2 dy-4 dy c x l trong cc my in thoi. Cc thit b chuyn i ny c th c s dng cung cp sidetone. Sidetone l phn hi m thanh hu ch ngn cho khch hng khi phi ht trong in thoi v my in thoi ct mt mt na thnh gic ca con ngi. Do sidetone khng b tr ng k so vi li ca ngi ni nn sidetone v mt tm l khng ging nh ting vng. Tuy nhin, vic chuyn i 2 dy-4 dy ti 2 u ca mch vng ni ht - ni cc trung k gia cc h thng chuyn mch giao tip vi cc mch vng 2 dy l mt ngun sn sinh ra ng k ting vng. Ni chung, bt c khi no c vic ghp sai tr khng trong h thng th cc ting vng (phn x tn hiu) s sinh ra. Trong PSTN hai ngun ting vng ny trn cc trung k c gi l ting vng u cui gn v ting vng u cui xa. Cu trc xuyn sut ca mch vng v trung k vi cc ngun ting vng c ch ra trong Hnh 3-6.
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Chng 3. in thoi cho ngi s dng Internet i ra Mch vng 2 dy: ngun dc, song cng, khng khuch i
Chuyn mch
thoi PSTN
Mch vng 2 dy: ngun dc, song cng, khng khuch i Cc trung k 4 dy: ngun ac, bn song cng, c khuh i
Chuyn mch thoi PSTN
i vo
= Hybrid
Sidetone
Ting vng
Ting vng
Sidetone
Hnh 3-6. Cc mch vng 2 dy, trung k 4 dy v ting vng
Thm ch khi cc trung k c cung cp trn cp ng trc, thp vi ba hay cp quang th cc knh thoi m chng mang u l cc mch tng ng 4 dy v chc nng hybrid phi c cung cp. Thc t, trong cc h thng chuyn mch thoi s, chc nng hybrid c cung cp trn card thu bao (card ny lm nhim v giao tip gia cc mch vng ni ht 2 dy vi h thng chuyn mch s). Cn c card thu bao l v h thng chuyn mch s khng th x l m thanh tng t trn mch vng ni ht theo bt c cch no. Cc chc nng ca card thu bao s c c tnh ho bng cm vit tt BORSCHT. BORSCHT l vit tt ca cc chc nng card thu bao l: Battery (cp ngun 1 chiu cho mch vng ni ht), Overvoltage protection (chng qu p, do vy sm st hay in p l tc ng ln mch vng ni ht s khng ph hu cc linh kin s trong CO), Ringing (chung, do vy my in thoi ca ngi s dng c th chung), Supervision (gim st, by gi c gi l bo hiu v n m t cc chc nng nhc, h my,...), Coding (m ho t tng t sang s), Hybrid (cn bng mch vng v mt in) v Testing (kim tra, card thu bao c giao din thit lp vic kim tra). ng nhin l bt k mt thit b no kt cui mch vng ni ht phi thc hin cc chc nng ging nhau, thm ch n l b nh tuyn IP hay server VoIP. Hybrid gy ra ting vng. Nhng cn phi lm g kh ting vng? Mt la chn l chng lm g c. Nu nh tr ting vng ngn th ting vng khng th phn bit vi sidetone cn thit cho ngi s dng. Ni chung, ting vng t hybrid u cui gn ca mch vng ni ht l khng tr gy ra s kh chu. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng ting vng phi b tr trong qu trnh kh hi ca n vo khong 50 ms so vi sidetone th mi gy ra s kh chu cho ngi s dng.
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Mt vn ch yu i vi sidetone l ting vng t hybrid ca u cui xa. Ting vng ny phi b hu nu nh mi ngi mun s dng mt cch hiu qu dch v m thanh. Ting vng ny r vo trung k bn song cng sau quay tr li ngi ni. Ting vng b khuch i cng vi ting ni t u cui xa v a vo tai ngi ni. Ting vng ngi ni ny cn c x l nu nh tr truyn v cc tr x l ti nt (cc tr chuyn mch) ca knh nm trn gi tr ngng (thng c tr kh hi l 45 ms). Do vy trong mt s trng hp vic hu ting vng l cn thit trong cc knh c ly xa, i khi c trong cc knh c c ly ngn ph thuc vo s lng v tc ca cc phn t chuyn mch gia cc hybrid. Vic hu ting vng ngy nay c thc hin nh vic s dng cc b hu ting vng c bit bng in t trn cc trung k. Chi tit v hot ng ca b hu ting vng khng cn thit phi trnh by r y. iu quan trng l cc b hu ting vng thng ph bin trn cc knh quc t nhng li him trn cc knh trong nc cc quc gia rng ln nh M, Brazil, Canada, Trung quc v Nga (i khi, Australia c b sung vo danh sch ny). cc quc gia ny, cc cuc gi trong nc c tr kh hi thng cn phi s dng cc b hu ting vng. Vic hu ting vng l mt chc nng ca PSTN cn phi c cung cp cho cc h thng VoIP. Mt iu l l khi cc b hu ting vng c trn knh thoi th vic vn hnh ca modem song cng khng th thc hin c. L do thuc v k thut nhng tm li l v cc b hu ting vng s hu b phn tn hiu d liu, do cc b hu ting vng trn mng trung k ca PSTN gy nhiu tr ngi cho vn hnh song cng hn l tr gip cho n. Do vy mt h thng mun b i cc b hu ting vng PSTN (nu nh c) trn trung k nn s dng modem tng t. y l kt qu ca m rt 2100 Hz m cc modem to ra khi thc hin xong mt knh khi c ngi quay nhm vo my fax. Tt c cc b hu ting vng PSTN s t ngng hot ng khi pht hin thy m c bit ny (trong di tn 2010-2240 Hz) trong ti thiu 400 ms (hu ht cc modem u to ra m ny trong khong 1 giy). Cc b hu ting vng t ng hot ng li vo lc kt thc kt ni modem (thc t, sau khi tn hiu kt thc qu 100 ms), mc d chng thng gy tc nghn v lm kh chu cc ch gi in thoi s dng tip trung k . Hnh 3-7 ch ra chc nng ca b hu ting vng trn cc trung k. Ch rng cc b hu ting vng l cn c trn cc trung k 4 dy v cc trung k l bn song cng v mi trung k ch c mt ngi ni. Ti sao li tn qu nhiu thi gian ni v s khc nhau gia thoi 2 dy v 4 dy? Bi v i b phn cc lin kt s c s dng kt ni cc b nh tuyn trn Internet u l cc mch tng ng 4 dy. Nu nh mch vng ni ht tng t thng kt ni trc tip vi cc b nh tuyn Internet cho cc mc ch VoIP th tt c cc chc nng m thoi thc hin to nn m thanh 2 dy tng t sn sng cho cc mch 4 dy s phi c thc hin trong b nh tuyn, bao gm c vic hu ting vng. B nh tuyn tr thnh mt h thng chuyn mch thoi v mng tr thnh mng truyn dn. Thm ch nu nh cc mch vng ni ht c kt cui
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mt server in thoi VoIP ring bit th thit b server ny tr thnh tng ng vi mt h thng chuyn mch PSTN. Nu nh b nh tuyn hay server sp xp c m thanh s ho tc bit c nh vo mt lung T1 chng hn th n s khng khc vi vic h tr cc mch tng ng 4 dy trn cc trung k gia cc h thng chuyn mch PSTN.
Cc b hu ting vng c yu cu cho cht lng thoi Phi b ngng khi vn hnh B hu ting vng modem song cng
B hu ting vng Hybrid Modem
Modem
Hybrid
Hnh 3-7. Cc b hu ting vng
Tt nhin, c mt s vn khi a m thanh tc bit c nh trc tip vo mng chuyn mch gi. l ch cho chng k tip. y, ch cn lu rng vic a m thanh tc bit c nh trc tip vo mng chuyn mch gi c th c thc hin nhng cn phi tnh n tnh kinh t v s pht trin mng trong tng lai. Chng ny ni v cc thnh phn vt l ca PSTN, c bit l cc trung k. l v cc phin bn trung k ny thng c s dng lm lin kt gia cc b nh tuyn trn Internet. Do vy nhiu mng VoIP v c bn thay th cho mng truyn dn bng cc mng chuyn mch gi nh Internet trong s dng cc cng ngh truyn dn khng phi dng knh nh cc lin kt ng trc. Tuy nhin, ta hy xem xt nhng g xy ra trn PSTN khi ngi s dng thc hin cuc m thoi.
Thc hin cc kt ni in thoi

Mt s cuc gi in thoi c gi l cuc gi ni ht v mt s khc c gi l cuc gi ng di, mc d v mt k thut ch c cc cuc gi in thoi c cc ph cao hn cc cuc gi khc m thi. Ni chung, khong cch gia cc my in thoi cng xa th cc ph cho cuc gi cng cao, ging nh khi li xe, khi li xe cng xa trn tuyn ng c l ph giao thng th ngi li xe cng phi tr nhiu tin. Do vy c cc cuc gi tnh cc ni ht cng nh cc cuc gi tnh cc ng di. Thm ch mt cuc gi ni ht cng i hi vic s dng cc trung k v cc h thng chuyn mch khc, tr khi c hai thu bao nm cng trong mt tng i CO. Gi s rng ch gi quay s in thoi ni ht ch khng phi l gi ng di m cn phi s dng mt cng ty in thoi khc. Cuc gi ny c th l cuc gi tnh cc ni ht nhng iu ny khng quan trng. iu quan trng y l bt c ci g m PSTN lm hon thnh cuc gi
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cng phi c thc hin qua mng cung cp cc dch v VoIP nu nh ngi s dng c php quay cc s in thoi thc hin cuc gi.
Ngi gi (Ch gi) Ngi s dng nhc my Chuyn mch PSTN ni ht Chuyn mch ni ht thit lp ng k ch s, chun b tnh cc, cp m mi quay s Chuyn mch PSTN xa ch n (B gi)
Ngi s dng quay s Chuyn mch ni ht phn tch s b gi, chun b trung k, gi i gi tin bo hiu Chuyn mch xa kim tra mch vng ni ht xem c bn khng
C th c m tm ng C th c m nghn ng hay m bn Hi m chung
Cp chung cho mch vng ni ht
Nu c tr li, cuc gi c hon thnh, tnh cc v c gim st cho vic hu kt ni
Hnh 3-8. Thc hin cuc gi in thoi PSTN
S thng thng x l hon thnh cuc gi in thoi c ch ra trong Hnh 3-8. Gi s rng khng c cc dch v c bit nh quay s nhanh, chuyn cuc gi, ch cuc gi,... Ch c mt ngi nhc my in thoi ln, quay s v ch xem c ngi no ch tr li in thoi hay khng. Hnh v l c ng nhng chnh xc. Cuc gi bt u vi ch gi nhc my in thoi chun b thc hin cuc gi. H thng chuyn mch ni ht lin tc gim st cc mch vng ni ht pht hin thi im ny v l c hi PSTN c c thu nhp. i vi ngi s dng, dng nh l m mi quay s xut hin ngay khi trng thi nhc my c pht hin. Tuy nhin, m mi quay s khng c ngay lp tc. Trc khi pht i m mi quay s, h thng chuyn mch ni ht u tin phi d tr cho vic ng k ch s m c bn l to ra mt s vng nh c th ct gi tng ch s quay. Sau thit b tnh cc c chun b, ch yu l nh vic tip nhn sn sng tnh cc cuc gi. Ch sau khi c hai hot ng trn c hon thnh th m quay s mi c a trn ng dy. M v nhiu nc khc, cc h thng chuyn mch l nhanh thc hin cc hot ng ny trong mt phn nh ca giy, do vy m mi quay s thng xut hin trong thi gian tai nghe ca in thoi a n tai. Tuy nhin trong mt s quc gia, m mi quay s c th b tr vi giy (c ni tr ti 45 s). V m mi quay s phi b t chi nu nh vic ng k ch s khng thc hin
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c. iu ny xy ra khi c tc nghn trong h thng chuyn mch (qu nhiu cuc gi) do b ng k ch s l cc ti nguyn ca h thng chuyn mch phi c t cu hnh trc, ging nh b nh ca b nh tuyn. Mt khi ch gi nhn c m mi quay s, ch gi c th quay cc ch s l a ch mng ca b gi. Cc chi tit hn v s b gi s c ni n trong phn k tip. Cn phi hiu rng hnh v gi thit cuc gi l ni ht nhng li yu cu cc dch v ca h thng chuyn mch xa. Bc k tip l h thng chuyn mch ni ht phn tch s quay v thc hin hnh ng c yu cu. i khi, s quay cn phi x l c bit, nh quay 611 cho cuc gi dch v sa cha v quay 800 yu cu vic x l cc ring bit. Nu nh s quay khc vi cc s thu bao th h thng chuyn mch ni ht s chuyn sang tm trung k da trn bng nh tuyn (hon ton tng t v khun dng v chc nng i vi bng nh tuyn IP) v gi i gi bo hiu ln mng bo hiu trong c cha s ch gi (a ch mng), s b gi v cc thng tin khc. Vo lc ny ch gi c th nhn c cc m tm ng m trc y thng l cc m bo hiu tng t trn trung k nhng hin nay ch c s dng ch gi bit rng mi vic vn ang tip din mc d in thoi ti pha b gi vn cha chung. Nu nh khng c trung k no cn ni ti h thng chuyn mch ca thu bao b gi, thng thng xy ra khi c tc nghn ln th ch gi s nhn c m bo nghn ng, v mt k thut gi l yu cu gi li sau (reorder). Hu ht ch gi u bit rng m nghn ng ny c ngha l gc my v c gng gi li ln na. Tt nhin, h thng chuyn mch xa phi kim tra mch vng ni ht ca b gi kim tra xem c cuc gi no ang thc hin trn mch vng ca b gi hay khng. Nu nh ang c cuc m thoi th tn hiu bn c cp cho ch gi. i khi, h thng chuyn mch b tc nghn cng c th a ra m bn gi ch gi thc hin li cuc gi khi c t cuc gi hn. Nu nh mch vng b gi ri th in p chung c t ln mch vng. Ch rng ch gi cng nghe thy chung nhng ting chung c to ra h thng chuyn mch ni ht pha ch gi v khng cn thit phi ng b vi nhp chung ca my in thoi b gi. Hi m chung ny c khi to qua bn tin bo hiu t h thng chuyn mch pha b gi. l iu ti sao i khi ch gi thy mi n nhp chung th ba chng hn mi c tr li v ni Sao cu lu nhc my th?. Ngi nhn cu hi kh x thng p: Ti nhc my in thoi ngay khi n va chung y ch. ng nhin, mt khi b gi tr li th cuc gi s tip tc v bt u tnh cc. Ch rng PSTN thc hin mt khi lng cng vic rt ln thm ch trc khi c c tin cc i vi mt cuc gi thnh cng. Do vy, trong mt s h thng in thoi, vic tnh cc c thc hin ngay c khi b gi khng tr li hay trong mt s trng hp khi b gi bn. Thm ch M, vic cng ty in thoi ghi vo ho n cc nh sau: B gi khng tr li... l bnh thng. Ni chung l do trung k b chim dng
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v cc ti nguyn ca h thng chuyn mch b tiu dng m khng sinh bt k mt li nhun no. Cc h thng chuyn mch c hai pha gim st cuc gi u phi pht hin tnh trng hu kt ni (h my). Tnh trng ny lm pht ra bn tin bo hiu gii phng trung k. Qu trnh tnh cc c kt thc. C th ni nhiu hn v ton b th tc x l cuc gi nhng nh vy l ch ra rng VoIP c mt s cch thc hin cuc gi nh trn trn mng IP v d nh Internet.
Cc s in thoi - a ch mng PSTN

Ton b ng dy truy nhp trn mng PSTN c biu din bng a ch mng gi l s in thoi. Ch rng a ch ny v c bn ng nht vi mt cng trn h thng chuyn mch PSTN v khng phi ring cho mt my in thoi no. l l do ti sao my in thoi c th c dch chuyn t do t ni ny n ni khc. S in thoi khng ging nh a ch IP m phi c ly cu hnh my ch hay b nh tuyn v b thay i nu nh thit b dch chuyn trn mng. Tt c cc quc gia u c k hoch nh s ring xc nh cc s in thoi no gn vi quc gia . Phn ny m t k hoch nh s Bc M s dng M v Canaa minh ho cho trn. Trc nm 1960, ton b s in thoi Bc M c 7 ch s. 3 ch s u tin l m tng i nhn bit h thng chuyn mch CO trn mng PSTN. 4 ch s sau l s thu bao nhn bit cng ca h thng chuyn mch m cng gn vi mch vng ni ht. Nu ai mun thc hin cuc gi ng di th ch gi phi quay 0 trc ri ni cho in thoi vin bit thnh ph mun gi n cng vi s in thoi 7 ch s. Sau gc my ngi ch cho n khi c thng bo cuc gi c kt ni. C th mt 10 pht hoc hn chuyn mch nhn cng mt cuc gi t b ny n b kia ca nc M, u ni cc trung k tng chng, nhn cng tng chng xuyn quc gia. ng nhin, qu trnh ny khng sinh ra bt k mt li nhun no cho n khi cuc gi sn sng, tuy rng trc nhiu pht cc trung k c s dng. Bi vy, vo u thp k 60, AT&T Bell System da ra cc m vng, v mt k thut c gi l phn chia k hoch nh s (NPA). H thng NPA 10 ch s u tin phi c mt ch s mang gi tr t 2 n 9 t v tr th nht (k hiu l N), v tr th hai phi c gi tr l 0 hay 1 cn v tr th ba c th mang cc gi tr t 0 n 9 (k hiu l X). Do vy k hoch NPA ban u c cu trc kiu N0/1X. Cu trc ny lm cho d dng nhn bit khi no ch gi quay s gi ng di v m tng i c cu trc NNX, c ngha l gi tr 0 hay 1 khng bao gi c mt cuc gi ni ht. Do vy cho php cc cuc gi ng di c nh tuyn ngay lp tc vo cc trung k c ly xa c bit, cho php thc hin cuc gi nhanh hn v do s c nhiu cuc gi c x l trn cng mt n v thi gian. Bn ch s cui cng c cu trc XXXX, mc d mt s in thoi thng c dng phc v cc mc ch s dng c bit (cc s 99XX thng c s dng
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cho ni i). Tt c cc cuc gi bt u bng 0 hay 1 c xc nh ngay rng chng khng phi l ni ht cng chng phi l ng di. s ni ca nc M, ch yu l vi cc thnh ph ln th cu trc NNX hn ch s lng tng i CO. Sau khi b sung thm nhiu m vng mi th NNX c s dng cc ni ny vo nm 1971. M mi cho php v tr th hai trong s in thoi quay cho gi ni ht c gi tr 0 hay 1, do vy hin nay khng d dng nhn bit ngay lp tc cc cuc gi c ly xa. Do , ti cc vng trn, ngi s dng bt buc phi quay 1 trc khi thc hin cuc gi ng di, do lm cho s cc ch s ca s in thoi tng ln thnh 11. C th ni rng h thng chuyn mch ch c th ch cho n khi ch gi quay c 7 hay 10 ch s, nhng vic ng k ch s c gn trc khi cc ch s c quay. V hu ht cc cuc gi l cuc gi ni ht nn s cc ch s mc nh b bt gi l 7. Cng vy, vic ch tt c cc ch s quay xong s lm chm vic x l cuc gi nn ngi s dng thng b tm ngng trong khi quay s. Ngy nay, tt nhin nhu cu c ng dy th hai cho truy nhp Internet, cc dch v in thoi di ng,... to nhiu sc p ln cu trc m vng do vo nm 1995 k hoch nh s Bc M cho php chuyn NPA thnh dng NXX. Trong mt s khu vc, ch gi khng c la chn v phi quay c 10 ch s thm ch c khi b gi ngay rt gn. Qu trnh pht trin trn ca k hoch nh s Bc M c ch ra Bng 3-6.
Thi gian Thp k 60 Trc 1995 1995 M vng N0/1X N0/1X NXX M tng i CO NNX NXX NXX M ng dy truy nhp XXXX XXXX XXXX
Bng 3-6. K hoch nh s ca Bc M
Sc p vn tip tc nhm m rng khng gian a ch ca PSTN. Tuy nhin, do hu ht mi ngi vn quay cc s in thoi, vic cng thm 3 hay 4 ch s mi khng phi l mt gii php hay. Tuy nhin, s lng in thoi vn tip tc gia tng. Vic gia tng s lng m vng ch l mt gii php tm thi. Th d California c 13 m vng vo nm 1995, c 26 m vo nm 1999 v c 40 m vo nm 2001.
Chuyn mch v nh tuyn in t

Cc h thng chuyn mch PSTN u tin s dng nhn cng iu khin bng chuyn mch c-in. Hai dy ca mch vng ni ht c mang nh mt u (tip) kim loi cm vo mt ci vng (ring), do vy hai dy c gi l dy tip v dy ring. Cc h thng chuyn mch trn dn dn c thay th bng cc h thng chuyn mch c-in sau Th chin th nht. H thng chuyn mch c ly ngn (step-by-step) (cng c gi l h thng chuyn mch Strowger) ra i t nm 1890 nhng rt tn km trin khai. Tuy nhin vo u thp k 20, cc thnh ph nh Chicago c cc h thng chuyn mch CO cho php ch gi quay s gi ni ht trc tip m khng cn s can thip ca con ngi. Cc in thoi vin vn cn thit
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khi ch gi khng bit c s in thoi ni ht ca ngi b gi v cho cc cuc gi ng di. Cc in thoi vin cng tiu tn thi gian ni chuyn vi nhng ngi ang c n. Cc h thng chuyn mch c ly ngn ny vn ang cn tn ti, hu ht cc vng nng thn. Tuy nhin, mt th h chuyn mch mi c tn gi l cc h thng chuyn mch ngang-dc thay th cho cc h thng chuyn mch c ly ngn cc vng th. Cc h thng chuyn mch mi thc hin 3 nhim v chnh: bo hiu, iu khin v chuyn mch. Chc nng bo hiu phc v cho cc trung k v gi i s quay ti h thng chuyn mch xa. Bo hiu cng gim st cc trng thi ca ng dy thu bao v trung k ri chuyn thng tin v cc trng thi ti chc nng iu khin. Chc nng iu khin x l cc ch s quay nhn c t mch vng ni ht hay trung k vo v cng vi phn t bo hiu thc hin cc hnh ng thch hp. Ma trn chuyn mch lin kt thc s cc cng chuyn mch li vi nhau. Ma trn ngang-dc l mt thit b tng t m m thanh c chuyn qua h thng chuyn mch theo dng tng t. Tuy nhin, c nhiu th trong mt h thng chuyn mch ch khng phi ch mnh ma trn. Chc nng iu khin thc hin cc dng s ng vic tnh ton con s m thc t l cc s in thoi cng ch l cc ch s. Vo nm 1960 nc M, vic a ra cc m vng v trn thc t mi ngi c tin thc hin cc cuc gi ng di c ngha l PSTN c th em li nhiu li nhun cho cc cng ty in thoi nu nh c nhiu cuc gi c hon thnh trong mt khong thi gian ngn hn. Bell System lp t h thng chuyn mch in t u tin (ESS No.1) vo nm 1965. Ma trn vn l tng t, do bo hiu cng l tng t. Tuy nhin, chc nng iu khin l do my tnh thc hin. Loi chuyn mch ny c gi l cc h thng chuyn mch iu khin bng chng trnh c ct gi (SPC). Phi mt 10 nm na cho n khi ma trn chuyn mch c s ho v cho php cc knh DS-0 s chuyn qua h thng chuyn mch thoi vi cc lung bit 0 v 1. Khi h thng chuyn mch c mt my tnh thc s th nhiu tnh nng c kt hp vi PSTN mi tr nn kh thi. ESS No.1 cho php quay s nhanh (quay s tt), chuyn cuc gi, ch cuc gi v gi hi ngh tay ba. Cc h thng chuyn mch SPC cng n gin ho cng vic qun l v bo dng. Cc s in thoi c th c thay i d dng hn v cc my tnh cho php lu gi cc bn ghi, thng k lu lng, truy tm cuc gi cng nh cc tnh nng khc. H ESS c pht trin ln thnh ESS No.2, ESS No.3 v ESS No.1A, tt c u c ma trn analog da trn r le li g (reed relay). Ngoi Bell System, EAX (tng i t ng in t) ca GTE cng s dng my tnh iu khin. Tuy nhin ESS No.4 a ra nm 1976 c ma trn chuyn mch s ging nh iu khin, do vy lm cho ton b h thng chuyn mch CO tr thnh mt my tnh ln. Ngy nay, Nortel DMS, GTE No.5
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EAX v AT&T No.5 ESS l cc my tnh s c s dng lm h thng chuyn mch PSTN. Do vy cc b nh tuyn IP v cc h thng chuyn mch PSTN c nhiu im chung.
Bo hiu - PSTN phi kt ni

Phn trc m t vic s ho ma trn chuyn mch v iu khin tng i trung tm CO ca PSTN. Qu trnh ny c hon tt vo nm 1976 mc d ngy nay vn cn nhiu h thng chuyn mch tng t i c c s dng. Nhng cn bo hiu l chc nng th ba ca h thng chuyn mch? Trc khi my tnh c th lm c nhng vic ging nh h thng chuyn mch PSTN, bo hiu cng phi c s ho. Bo hiu s pht trin song song vi s pht trin ca h thng chuyn mch s. iu ny l v cn phi iu khin v gim st h thng chuyn mch s bng giao thc bo hiu s. Mt u im khc ca bo hiu s l n cho php cc cng ty in thoi chuyn bo hiu khi cc trung k tng t m chnh cc trung k ny sau c s dng mang cuc gi thoi. N c gi l bo hiu trong bng (in-band signalling) v cc tn hiu thit lp cuc gi c th dng chung mt trung k vt l v chng thng c truyn cc thi im khc nhau. Khi mt ch gi nghe thy cc ting bp v cc m ("m tm ng") trn my in thoi sau khi kt thc quay s nhng trc khi my in thoi pha b gi chung th l lc cc s my b gi c gi i qua mng chuyn mch v sau thit lp cuc gi trn cc trung k. Bo hiu tng t trong bng c nhiu hn ch. N chm, mt khong t 10 n 15 giy thit lp cuc gi ng di. Thng ch c sn 16 m thng bo, do vy cc kiu bo hiu b hn ch. PSTN c th b nhm ln cho rng cuc gi l ni i khi bo hiu c ngi s dng to ra bng mt thao tc c bit trn my in thoi (phone phreaks) nhm c c cc cuc gi ng di khng phi tr cc hay cc cuc gi tr tin trc. Vo nhng nm 70, r rng l cc cng ty in thoi phi lm nhiu vic i vi bo hiu trong bng. Vic tm cch xy dng bo hiu ngoi bng bo m cho cc tin tc (hacker) khng truy nhp trc tip c vo cc h thng bo hiu s. u tin mt trung k ring bit c s dng ch mang cc tn hiu E&M (cch gi tt cho ear l tai v mouth l ming). Bo hiu E&M c sp xp tng knh trn trung k s T-carrier s dng bo hiu bit b "cp". Tuy nhin, vic tm cch xy dng c bo hiu ngoi bng c tc nhanh hn v bo m cao hn dn n s pht trin cc phng php bo hiu knh chung (CCS). V hin nay CCS tin tin nht c s dng c tn gi l h thng bo hiu s 7 (SS7). SS7 v c bn thit lp mt mng chuyn mch gi phi kt ni, hon ton ring bit phc v cho vic bo hiu ca PSTN. Do , khi ch gi
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quay s th mng SS7 mang cc s quay, s my ch gi v cc thng tin khc sau chuyn cc thng tin ny thnh gi ging nh gi IP. Gi c nh tuyn thng qua mng SS7 nh mt lot cc b nh tuyn v sau thit lp cuc gi. Cng c cc c s d liu c dng xem liu c g c bit cn c thc hin vi cuc gi hay khng, v d nh chuyn hng cuc gi. Chi tit hn v mng SS7 s c ni trong chng k tip. Cu trc ca mng CCS s dng SS7 c ch ra trong Hnh 3-9.
SSP STP STP SCP
SSP
STP
STP
SCP
Hnh 3-9. Bo hiu knh chung (CCS) SS7
Cc im bo hiu (SSP) l ni m cc h thng chuyn mch PSTN chuyn v ly thng tin t mng gi SS7. Hy coi cc im ny nh l cc client. Cc im chuyn tip bo hiu (STP) l ni m cc gi c nh tuyn t h thng chuyn mch ny ti h thng chuyn mch khc hay t vng ny n vng khc (v d t cng ty in thoi ni ht ti cng ty in thoi ng di). Hy coi cc STP nh l cc b nh tuyn trn mng SS7. Cui cng, cc im iu khin dch v (SCP) l c s d liu ca thng tin c cn hon thnh cuc gi. Hy coi cc SCP nh l cc server ca Interrnet. Cc lin kt gia cc client, server v b nh tuyn c cu trc ring v s c ni n trong chng k tip. Nu nh mng SS7 ca cc client, server v b nh tuyn c xem nh ng c lp, khng c cc h thng chuyn mch thoi PSTN th mng SS7 s kh ging vi Internet v Web.
Bell System
Alexander Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi trong lc c gng ghp cc tn hiu in bo vo cng mt ng dy s dng vic tch tn s. ng v tr l Watson tnh c tri rng tn s trn dy in bo n mc n c kh nng mang c m thanh. Vo thng 2 nm 1876, Bell trnh vic cp bng sng ch cho vic "ci tin in bo" ny trc khi c i th cnh tranh. Vo nm 1877 th vic pht minh ra in thoi khc bit vi in bo tr nn r rng v sng ch v in thoi in t c cng nhn vo ngy 30 thng Ging nm 1877. Mt iu ngc nhin l, Bell v nhng ngi h tr ti chnh cho ng l Hubbard v Sanders bit rng nhng g h c l rt gi tr nhng h khng thc s tch cc xy dng mt nn cng nghip mi da trn mt th trng cha c th thch i vi cng ngh mi ny.
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Do h cho bn in thoi cho Western Union, mt cng ty in bo hng u v sau tr thnh 1 cng ty thng tin vi gi $100.000 (c gi tr rt ln vo thi im ). Vic cho bn ny b t chi, do vy cng ty in thoi Bell c thnh lp Massachusetts vo ngy 9 thng 7 nm 1877. Cng ty ny ngay lp tc gp phi cc rc ri v ti chnh v c t chc li thnh American Bell vo nm 1880. Lc u, cng ty ch cho php cc khch hng c kh nng t lp t cc ng dy thu bao c thu in thoi. ng nhin l hu ht cc my in thoi ny c lp t trn cc ng dy im-im (point-to-point) m thng l cc ng dy in bo c thu. Mt i dy in thoi c gi thnh l $40 mt nm i vi cc doanh nghip nhng ch l $20 khi s dng cho cc mc ch mang tnh x hi. Cc thu bao ngay lp tc nhn thy c kh nng kt ni t mt v tr bt k ti mt v tr bt k khc. V tng i trung tm CO (central office) ra i khi mt cng ty thit b cnh bo k trm do mt ngi vng Boston tn l E.T.Holmes iu hnh bt u s dng nhn cng kt ni cc cuc gi thoi thng qua cc ng dy cnh bo k trm. Vo thng 8 nm 1877, Holmes c 700 khch hng kt ni vi tng i ny. Khi cc tng i khc xut hin New York, Albany, Boston, Philadelphia v Washington th mt s phng tin s dng cc ng dy di kt ni cc tng i ny vi nhau cng c to ra. Mng ng trc s rt tn km khi xy dng v vt qu kh nng ca American Bell. Do vo nm 1885, cng ty in thoi v in bo ca M (AT&T) c hp nht New York nh mt cng ty con ca American Bell. Ton b tng ca AT&T l xy dng cc mng ng di lin kt cc tng i ni ht li vi nhau, cn cc dch v ni ht li cho American Bell m nhim. Cc k hoch y tham vng ca American Bell v AT&T c ngha rng vic cung cp u n cc ng dy cht lng cao cng nh cc trang thit b v my in thoi l cn thit cho s pht trin mnh m ca Bell System. Vo nm 1888, cng ty in min Ty ca Chicago c st nhp nhm cung cp vt liu v cho php cc cng ty ca Bell kim sot ton b lnh vc in thoi. Vo cui nhng nm 1890, cc cng ty in thoi c lp bt u xut hin v c gng tranh ginh th phn hot ng. American Bell buc phi duy tr gi cc thp nhm cnh tranh nhng khu vc c nhiu nh cung cp dch v in thoi, nhng AT&T li kim c tin t c 2 pha do mng ng di ca h l cch duy nht kt ni cc tng i ni ht li vi nhau. Mi ngi u phi kt ni ti AT&T nu khng mun b hn ch ch gi c ni ht. i khi AT&T t chi khng kt ni cc cng ty c lp c nh vo mng ng di, thng v nhng l do khng r rng, gy kh d cho s pht trin ca cc cng ty in thoi ni ht. Trong nhiu trng hp, cng ty Bell ni ht h thp gi cc cc khu vc c s cnh tranh n mc m cng ty c lp ni ht c ti chnh t khng cn s la chn no khc l phi gia nhp vo Bell System nu khng mun i mt vi s ph sn. Ton b tin cc thu c u vo AT&T v cc rc ri v ti chnh bt u ny sinh American Bell.
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Vo nm 1900, mt vic khc thng xy ra l cng ty con AT&T mua cng ty m American Bell, Bell System nm ton b cu trc mng cho n tn nm 1984. Cng ty m AT&T bao gm AT&T Long Lines l cng ty in thoi ng di v cc cng ty khai thc Bell (BOC) lm nh cung cp dch v ni ht m cc cng ty ny c t chc dc theo quc gia (New York Telephone, New Jersey Bell,...). Cc b phn khc l Western Electric v sau ny c thm Bell Telephone Laboratories lm nhim v nghin cu v pht trin (R&D). Bell Labs lc u c tn gi l Phng k thut ca American Bell vo nm 1881. Bell Labs xut hin vo nm 1925 v ng gp vo cc tin b v vin thng nh hnh nh ng, cp ng trc, bng bn dn, l thuyt thng tin, laze v cc v tinh thng tin. V lnh vc my tnh, Bell Labs pht trin UNIX v ngn ng C l nhng phn mm quen thuc vi mi ngi lm c s cho Internet.
Cc cng ty c lp
Khng phi tt c cc cng ty in thoi u do Bell System thnh lp. Lun c mt s cc cng ty c lp, gi nh vy l v chng c lp vi Bell System (v trong mt s trng hp c lp vi cc sng ch in thoi ca Bell). Cc cng ty c lp bt u c hu ht cc vng nng thn v nhng khu vc t dn c trong khi Bell System tp trung vo khu vc ng Bc. Th d, cng ty sau ny tr thnh Sprint thnh lp nm 1889 lc u c tn gi l Cng ty in thoi Brown thnh ph Kansas. Nhiu cng ty c lp sau tr thnh mt chi nhnh ca GTE l cng ty cui cng l ln c mt mng ng di ring c lp vi AT&T Long Lines.
AT&T - cng ty in thoi quc gia

Vo nm 1913, khi chnh ph M e do s can thip th AT&T ng khng mua ht cc i th cnh tranh cng nh ng kt ni cc cng ty c lp vo mng ng di ca AT&T v phi cam kt khng gy thit hi cho i th. V phn mnh, AT&T c hng c quyn v cc dch v in thoi ni ht trong hu ht cc khu vc v chp nhn b chnh quyn nh nc v lin bang iu tit. Kt qu ny lm cho AT&T tr thnh mt cng ty in thoi quc gia M v mng in thoi ca cng ty hot ng ging nh nhiu quc gia khc theo dng mt t chc ca chnh ph.
AT&T (Bell System)
22 BOC (dch v ni ht)
Western Electric (sn xut)
Cc Bell Telephone Laboratory (nghin cu v pht trin)
AT&T Long Lines (ng di)
Hnh 3-10. AT&T Bell System
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Trong nhiu nm, AT&T thnh cng trong vic y li nhiu c gng ca cc c quan chnh ph nh U ban thng tin lin bang (FCC) v B T php M nhm ph v Bell System. Hu ht cc n lc u tp trung vo quyn s hu ca Western Electric (WECO) v khng c nh cung cp no khc c ph chun cung cp thit b cho Bell System. V tin c tr cho WECO vn cn nm trong Bell System nn WECO b buc ti l dt vng c cc my in thoi n gin n mc m chng t qu so vi thc t (mt khc, cc my in thoi ca WECO gn nh rt bn). Bt k mt chi ph no m BOC phi chu u c th c chuyn sang cho khch hng chng no chnh quyn lin bang cn cho php gia tng cc ph. Hnh 3-10 ch ra cu trc ca AT&T vo nm 1980. Trong khong thi gian t 1913 n 1984, AT&T rt tch cc bo v quyn li ca mnh, i khi hi qu mc. in thoi v thm ch c ng dy i trong nh khch hng cng u thuc v cng ty in thoi ni ht. Bt c th g khng phi ca Bell gn vo my in thoi hay ng dy truy nhp u b cm. Do vy khi mt ming cht do n gin c thit k cho ngi ni c th ni chuyn ring vi ngi th ba trong khi ang thc hin cc cuc in thoi (gi l Hush-a-Phone, lm cho ngi nghe tm thi khng nghe thy c ngi ni) c tung ra th trng, AT&T kin v thng kin, mc d nhiu ngi ngh rng ton b nhng th khng thuc quyn kim sot ca h. Vi nm sau , khi AT&T c gng xut rng ch c cc in thoi ca WECO mi c th c dng trn mng m khng gy nn thit hi g th quyt nh ca to n chng li AT&T (chnh ph M s dng cc in thoi ring trn cc i dy ca Bell trong nhiu nm). iu ny m ng cho khch hng s dng cc thit b u cui khng phi ca WECO. N cng m ra mt nn cng nghip cnh tranh mi cho cc my in thoi, my fax v sau l cc modem my tnh. Mt trong nhng pht trin ln nht cho nn cng nghip my tnh v sau l Internet l do mi trng c iu tit. bo v cho nn cng nghip cnh tranh, Bell Labs b cm a ra th trng bn ngoi bt k mt pht minh no ca h d c cp bng sng ch hay khng. Do cc bng bn dn c th c Bell System s dng nhng li khng c bn ra th trng ngoi. Bt k ai mun ch to bng bn dn u c th gi ra nc ngoi h s xin cp bng sng ch v chu ph vn chuyn tu bin cng nh ph ng gi ch to v bn cc bng bn dn m khng phi dnh dng g n Bell Labs. ng nhin, nn cng nghip my tnh lc s dng nhiu bng bn dn l thu c li ln t iu ny. Sau , khi Bell Labs to ra UNIX th bt k ai cng c th c c h thng iu hnh UNIX y , khng phi tr tin bn quyn m ch vi gi thnh tng cng l 1 la. Nhiu trng i hc tm cch c c c vic s dng mt h thng iu hnh chung cho cc nn my tnh khc nhau ng thi ti thiu ho chi ph. V vo nm 1955, AT&T mc d l ch ca Bell Labs nhng bc tin phong v my tnh nhng b cm khng c ch to v bn cc my tnh cnh tranh vi IBM, cho d cc my tnh c th c ch to v s dng trong Bell System. Tho thun ny c gi l
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Phn quyt cui cng v c chnh ph M dng tch Western Electric khi AT&T. Mi vic cng tr nn xu Bell Labs khi laze c pht minh y vo cui thp k 60, lc khng c ai quan tm n vic ly bng sng ch n. Sau cng, tin cng khng c tip tc cc khm ph. May mn l mt s ngi c tm nhn xa quyt nh d th no i chng na cng vn ng k sng ch v laze. C l mt ngy no Bell Labs s thu li khi c s thay i c ch v ngy ang dn thnh hin thc.
Vic gii tn Bell System

Vo nm 1971, Bell System l mt hin tng kinh doanh ng kinh ngc. C phn ca AT&T c khp ni, s vng chc ca n lm cho n c coi nh l c phn a thch ca cc b go v tr em m ci l nhng ngi khng th mo him u t vo nhng th trng c chiu hng i xung. V mt s lng nhn cng, tng thu nhp, li li v ti sn th AT&T l cng ty ln nht trong s 5 cng ty hng u do tp ch Fortune 500 cng b vo nm 1971. Th d, AT&T vo nm 1971 c 1 triu nhn cng m lc dn s ton nc M l khong hn 200 triu. Do ch tnh cho nam gii tui trng thnh th c khong 2% dn s lm vic cho Cng ty in thoi. Tt nhin, khi nn cng nghip dch v b iu tit v khng phi l nh sn xut th AT&T cha bao gi xut hin trong cc cng ty c Fortune 500 cng b na. iu lm bn tm mt s ngi iu hnh AT&T, nhng ngi ngh rng c th t c vic AT&T c t do hnh ng v cnh tranh nu nh AT&T c t do gia nhp th trng. Vo nhng nm 1970, s pht trin ca AT&T l kh tr tr do tt c mi ngi u mun rng ch nn c my in thoi. Trong khi AT&T ang suy tnh v tng lai ca n th mt thc th khc li cng ang quan tm n qu trnh din bin trong tng lai ca AT&T. Thc th l B T php M, l ni c gng tch Western Electric khi AT&T v cho php cc cng ty thit b in t cng nh cc cng ty khc cnh tranh vi vic cung cp thit b ca AT&T. Vo u thp k 80, giai on hu b iu tit in thoi bt u nh vic ph v s c quyn ca nn cng nghip hng khng trn cc tuyn bay.
Cc hng hng khng lm nhng g

Nn cng nghip hng khng tng c iu tit cht ch v do vy n l c quyn ging nh nn cng nghip in thoi. Th d, mt hng hng khng c cng nhn c quyn trn cc chuyn bay t sn bay LaGuardia ca New York ti OHare ca Chicago (sau ny i tn l Orchard Field). Khng mt hng no khc c bay trn tuyn . iu ny nhm bo v nn cng nghip hng khng non tr vo nhng nm 30 khi b cnh tranh khng cn thit v cc v kinh doanh tht bi. Nhng vo cui thp k 70, r rng l tt c mi ngi lo ngi rng s iu tit ca
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hng hng khng s dn n gi v cao hn, khng khuyn khch vic ci thin dch v v nhng hnh ng tiu cc khc nhm bo v th trng. Do nn cng nghip hng khng b bi b iu tit. Kt qu ban u cha r rng, tuy nhin ngi dn c c gi v thp do c s cnh tranh, mc d trong nhiu trng hp iu ny ch l tm thi. Mt s hng hng khng, k c hng ln b ph sn, cn mt s hng khc hp nht li tn ti. Nhng th nghim ny c nhiu ngi xem l thnh cng, c bit l cc hng hng khng lm n pht t trong mi trng mi. Khng mt ai trong cc bn c lin quan n nn cng nghip vin thng, c cc nh iu tit v AT&T b thit hi. Mi ngi u ng rng bt c iu g nh hng xu dn vic cnh tranh cn tt hn l thc hin cuc chin tranh lin min v iu tit. Do AT&T lm cho mi ngc nhin vo nm 1983 khi xut rng n s gii tn nhng khng theo cch m chnh ph a ra. AT&T mun duy tr Western Electric v Bell Labs, nhng i li vic c t do hn phm vi ng di v d nh vic thit lp gi cc th AT&T phi tch ra cc cng ty BOC ni ht. Sau mt s tho lun, vic tch cc BOC ni ht c quyn khi AT&T c ph chun thng qua sa i bn phn quyt cui cng (MFJ) nm 1955. Cc BOC c t chc thnh 7 cng ty khai thc Bell khu vc (RBOC). AT&T Long Lines v c bn tr thnh AT&T l mt cng ty in thoi ng di t do cnh tranh (vi mt s hn ch) trong nn cng nghip in thoi ng di bi b iu tit cng vi MCI, Sprint v cc cng ty khc. AT&T vn cn Western Electric v Bell Labs. Cc RBOC chu s iu tit cht ch ca nh nc v vn cn c quyn v cc dch v in thoi ni ht. Cc RBOC c th mang cc cuc gi trn cc phng tin ring ca mnh (cc ng dy thu bao, trung k v cc h thng chuyn mch)nu nh c hai pha ca cuc gi nm cng trong mt vng chuyn ti v truy nhp ni ht (LATA). Cc cuc gi nh vy l cuc gi bn trong LATA (intraLATA). Tt c cc cuc gi khc l lin LATA (interLATA) v ch gi c th la chn vic s dng bt k mt cng ty in thoi ng di no mang mt phn cuc gi cng nh mt cng ty ng di no c h thng chuyn mch (c gi l im xut hin hay POP) cng vi LATA ni khi pht cuc gi. Tt c cc LATA c cu trc nhn to c p dng cho cc RBOC nhm m bo rng c cuc gi ng di h tr cho cc nh khai thc lin i mi (IXC) hin ang thch thc AT&T. Cc cng ty c lp khng thuc Bell System khng b nh hng bi cc nguyn tc LATA. Cc cng ty c lp ny c th tham gia vo LATA ca RBOC (nhiu cng ty c lp nh lm nh vy) thit lp cc LATA ring ca mnh hoc l khng quan n cu trc LATA. V cc nh khai thc tng i ni ht (LEC) c quyn v dch v ni ht nhng cc cuc gi lin LATA phi c x l t POP ny ti POP khc ca cc IXC cnh tranh. Cc cuc gi lin LATA ny c LEC lit k trong ho n cc gi ti khch hng, LEC lm nhim v thu thp ton b cc loi cc vo ho n. Cc IXC tr tin cho dch v ny, iu trnh
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cho IXC phi trc tip thu cc ca khch hng. Nhng cc IXC lm th no ly c ng phn cc ca h m LEC thu? V cc LEC tnh cc nh th no i vi cc IXC cho vic s dng cc phng tin ca h t POP ti khch hng? Cu tr li l thng qua h thng tnh cc truy nhp m hin nay vn cn l ch tranh ci lin quan ti truy nhp Internet v cc ISP.
Cc LATA v cc truy nhp

Cuc gi ni ht c mang trn cc phng tin do nh khai thc ni ht lm ch cng nh vn hnh. Mt cuc gi ni ht c th l cuc gi thu ph (toll) nhng n ch c ngha l c cc ph cao hn. MFJ nh ngha cc cuc gi ni ht nh sau: c hai u cui phi nm trn cng mt LATA. Bt c khi no bin gii ca LATA b vt qua th l mt cuc gi ng di, thm ch c ly ch l vi dm qua ranh gii ca bang (c rt t LATA vt qua bin gii bang). Cc cuc gi ny c x l t POP ca IXC ny ti POP ca IXC khc trn cc phng tin ca nh khai thc lin i. Do vy tt c cc cuc gi ng di u bao gm 2 cuc gi ni ht. mi u cui c mt cuc gi ni ht v c mt cuc gi IXC gia. Cc cuc gi ni ht i ti POP pha ch gi v t POP ti ch LATA kia. Nhng nu nh IXC gia thu ht li nhun t cc cuc gi ng di (mc d trong hu ht cc trng hp cuc gi b LEC ni khi pht tnh cc), th cc LEC ti mi u cui c th c n b nh th no cho vic s dng cc ng dy thu bao, trung k v h thng chuyn mch ca h? Sau cng, cc phng tin ny b chim dng trong sut thi gian thc hin cuc gi v c th khng c s dng cho cc cuc gi ni ht hay sinh li cho LEC. Cu tr li l phi lp t mt h thng tnh cc truy nhp theo MFJ. Cc IXC tr tin cho cc LEC khi s dng cc phng tin ca h thc hin cc cuc gi ni ht. By gi, trung k ti POP ca IXC c th l T-1 mang 24 cuc thoi. N khng phi l ch cho tnh cc truy nhp. Tuy nhin, cc cng chuyn mch thoi LEC lin kt ti T-1. Do T-1 vn l ng dy cho thu nhng tng cuc gi c mang n v i khi POP u s dng cc ti nguyn ca LEC v c rng buc vi h thng tnh cc truy nhp cho cuc gi. Tt c cc thc th c dch v vt qua bin gii LATA u phi tr cc truy nhp, ngoi tr ISP. Cc dch v d liu r rng c min tr cc truy nhp ph hp vi MFJ. iu ny c thc hin m bo rng cc dch v d liu, xut hin vo nm 1984 s khng b tiu dit do gi thnh. V n cng tng cng vic tch bit gia cc dch v chuyn ti c bn do cc LEC cung cp v cc dch v b sung do cc ISP cung cp. Nguyn tc ny c ngha l cc LEC c quyn ch c th chuyn ti cc bit qua mng ca h ch khng ct gi, x l hay chuyn i chng thnh bt k mt kiu no khc. Cc thay i bit b sung cc dch v v c phc v cho cc thc th cnh tranh nh cc ISP.
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Cc nguyn tc iu tit gn y c thc hin v khng c l do no m v sao cc ISP khng cn phi tr cc truy nhp (khng ai phn i rng lu lng Internet s vt qua LATA v cc ranh gii bang); ch c 1 vn l chnh sch g l tt nht phc v cc mi quan tm cng cng. Hin nay, cc phn ng ca cc nh iu tit cp bang cng nh cp lin bang nhm xut cc truy nhp ca ISP ln lt l "xin ng tnh cc cc ISP" ti "cc LEC v ISP phi thc hin vic ny theo cch ca h" v cui cng l "ng buc ti ng sang pha ". Nu nh mi th dng nh r rng th sm hay mun cc ISP s phi tr tin cho mt s dng nh "thu Internet" cho cc LEC theo dng cc truy nhp. Cu hi duy nht l bao nhiu tin.
PSTN sau khi thay i

T nm 1984, kin trc ca PSTN gm c LEC, LATA, POP v IXC. Thay cho h thng phn cp chuyn mch, SS7 cho php h thng cc chuyn mch ng trc IXC lin kt li vi nhau mt cch hu hiu hn.
ng trc ca IXC A IXC IXC ng trc ca IXC B
IXC IXC
IXC
IXC
IXC
IXC
POP
Toll
POP
POP
Toll
POP
Toll
Tandem
Tandem
Tandem
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
(a)
(b)
(c)
Hnh 3-11. Cu trc ca PSTN sau khi thay i: (a) LATA s 1-RBOC; (b) LATA s 2-cng ty c lp; (c) LATA s 3-RBOC
Thng vn c mt phn cp cc h thng chuyn mch truy nhp v ng trc nhng cu trc chuyn mch theo lp ph bin trc nm 1984 l rt phc tp. Cu trc ca PSTN sau khi sa i c ch ra trong Hnh 311. Tt c cc khi l cc h thng chuyn mch thoi, ch yu c phn bit theo kch thc v chc nng ca chng (nh cc trung k chuyn mch ca tng i qu giang...). C th c cc trung k trc tip gia cc CO (ng chm chm) v cc trung k c th chy t POP ca IXC ti cc h
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thng chuyn mch toll, cc h thng chuyn mch truy nhp qu giang hay thm ch chnh cc tng i trung tm CO. iu ny c th hin trn hnh v v do vy khng c nhiu thng tin v vic thiu hay c mt ca trung k (cc tng i toll khng ch lin kt ti mt CO). Trong Hnh 3-11, IXC c th mang cc cuc gi t LATA s 1 v s 2 nhng khng ti c LATA s 3 v khng c POP ca IXC A ti LATA s 3. Tuy nhin, IXC A c th thc hin cc cuc gi ti LATA s 3 nhng ch bng cch chuyn cc cuc gi ti IXC B c POP ti LATA s 3. ng nhin, IXC A tr tin cho IXC B cho vic ny v iu hon ton ph thuc vo gia IXC A v IXC B c trung k hay khng. Ch rng ch c cc ch gi LATA s 1 c quyn la chn nh cung cp dch v ng di v hai LATA kia ch c 1 POP t mt IXC. Hin nay khng c 1 phn bit r rng gia cc cuc gi ni ht v ng di (khc bit ny cha bao gi r rng ging nh mi ngi thng ngh). Thay vo th c cc cuc gi ni ht bn trong LATA (p dng mc gi cc thp nht), cc cuc gi toll bn trong LATA (vn mang trn cc phng tin LEC nhng c gi thnh cao hn) v cc cuc gi toll lin LATA (m c th l trong phm vi tiu bang hay gia cc tiu bang nhng do mt IXC thc hin). i khi, cc cuc gi toll bn trong LATA c gi l ng di ni ht nhng may l thut ng ny khng ph bin. Bn cht ca cu trc LATA c tng cng nh kh nng gi toll gia cc bang ch khng phi gi toll bn trong LATA v ca cc hnh lang c bit gia mt s LATA ni cc LEC c th s dng cc phng tin ring ca chng.
TA96
Vo u thp k 90, vic ph v Bell System v vic pht trin cc dch v ng di c tnh cnh tranh c xem nh l thnh cng cho i b phn dn chng. Gi cc gim xung, mi ngi c th la chn nh cung cp dch v ng di theo mun khi gi in thoi (chng no c mt POP trong LATA) v vic t do ho th trng c thit lp. LEC cho rng h phi c php khai thc ng di trn cc phng tin ca h m khng phi chia s vi cc IXC. Cc LATA c thit lp m bo rng c th mang c nhiu cuc gi ng di. Cc LEC cng cm thy rng h ang trong mt mi trng cnh tranh v nhiu bang tha nhn cc cng ty cnh tranh in thoi ni ht theo dng cc LEC cnh tranh (CLEC), cc cng ty ny thng mua mt s mch vng ni ht t LEC pha trn (ILEC) v ni chng ti cc h thng chuyn mch thoi ring ca h. B lut Vin thng nm 1996 (TA96) c Quc hi M thng qua. TA96 a ra cu trc Byzantine v cc iu khon v qui nh m khng ai hon ton bit r v s khc nhau khi p dng TA96 ln vic cnh tranh khai thc dch v ni ht. TA96 cho php cc ILEC khai thc dch v ng di nu v ch nu cc khu vc ring ca chng m ca cho vic cnh tranh.
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Nhiu tranh ci tp trung vo gi thnh bn li cc mch vng c cc CLEC mua. Cc ph hng thng l bao nhiu khi ILEC tnh i vi CLEC cho vic lp t ng dy vo nm 1940? Vic tr nhiu ln cho cc dch v ca ILEC c phi l khng hiu qu khng? Nhng cn v gi thnh bo dng, nng cp v nhng ci khc nhm m bo cho mch vng lun sn c s dng th sao? Khng d tr li cho cc cu hi m TA96 t ra. Ph thuc vo ngun gc, cc dch v ca CLEC l nhiu hn so vi trc y hoc l cc ILEC vn c thi quen t cc ro cn ln bt k i th cnh tranh no. Thc t, c hai iu trn u c th l ng.
Cc ILEC, CLEC v ISP

Ngy nay, cu trc ca PSTN cp ni ht c 3 kiu nh cung cp dch v cho php cc dch v kt ni thoi hay d liu. l cc nh khai thc tng i ni ht cp trn (ILEC) m trc y c quyn v cc dch v ni ht d l RBOC hay khng. Sau c cc nh khai thc tng i ni ht cnh tranh c nh nc bang tha nhn, cc cng ty ny cnh tranh qua vic xy dng cc phng tin ring hoc thu cc phng tin t cc ILEC ri bn li. ng nhin, cng c cc ISP cung cp truy nhp Internet. i khi ISP l mt phn ca ILEC nhng vic iu tit cp bang c ngha l cc ISP ny phi l cc khch hng ca ILEC. Do BellSouth.net v BellAtlantic.net l cc thc th ring bit v mt k thut vi cc t chc m ca chng. Sp xp ny vn cn s tch bit gia cc dch v chuyn ti c bn v b sung. Trong tng lai gn, cc ISP c th phi tr cc truy nhp cho cc ILEC ging nh IXC. Hu ht cc ISP ch hiu iu ny nh l mt kiu thu Internet v a n vo gi thnh kinh doanh. Cc ISP x l cc nhu cu truy nhp ni ht ca Internet v d liu. Nhng c l cc ISP cng c th x l cc nhu cu truy nhp ni ht cho c thoi. chnh l VoIP. Tuy nhin c nhiu vic cn phi lm m thanh thch hp vi chuyn ti IP hn l ch s ho m thanh tng t. m thanh cng phi c gi. iu lm ny sinh cc thch thc mi v cht lng m thanh m gn y c ch ra v khng phi lun lm tho mn mi ngi. Nhng iu s l ch ca mt chng khc.
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Chng 4 C s thoi gi
Chng 4. C s thoi gi
S ho v gi ho thoi l hai vn hon ton khc nhau. Trong mng PSTN hin nay thoi c s ho, tuy nhin chuyn mch vn l chuyn mch knh. D liu thoi ch c gi l gi ho nu nhng gi ny c chyn ti trn mng chuyn mch gi. Chuyn i mng thoi t chuyn mch knh sang chuyn mch gi l vn ht sc kh khn. Trong chng ny chng ta s xem xt nhng vn lin quan n gi ho cc d liu thoi chuyn ti trn cc mng chuyn mch gi nh mng IP chng hn. u tin chng ta xem xt s khc bit gia chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi.
Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi

Mng PSTN c pht trin nh mng chuyn mch knh cung cp tt hn cc dch v thoi. Cc mng d liu nh Internet l mng chuyn mch gi rt thch hp trao i d liu. Trong Bng 4-1 ta thy s khc bit gia cc dch v thoi (chuyn mch knh) v dch v d liu (chuyn mch gi).
c im Bng thng S bng n v bng thng Nhy cm vi li Gi li thng tin tr Kiu kt ni Dch v thoi c nh v thp (di 64kb/s) khng m thoi li nu c li khng th thc hin c thp v n nh hng kt ni Dch v d liu thay i (c th ln ti Gb/s) ln (100/1000:1) khng cho php li thc hin d dng ln hn v c th thay i c th l phi kt ni
Bng 4-1. So snh dch v thoi v d liu
Cc dch v thoi trong mng PSTN hin nay s dng bng thng l 64kb/s. Nu chng ta c th cung cp bng thng ln hn cho mi cuc gi th cht lng cuc gi thoi cng khng v th m tt hn. Tri li, i vi cc dch v d liu bng thng rt quan trng. Mt s ng dng i hi bng thng ti 1Gb/s hoc cao hn. S thay i v bng thng thng c gi l bng n bng thng. Dch v thoi chuyn mch knh lun i hi bng thng khng i, ngc li cc dch v d liu c th c nhu cu v bng thng thay i ti hng trm, thm ch hng ngn ln. Trong mng PSTN kim sot/x l li ngi m thoi thng s dng nhng cu ngn nh OK, Ti hiu, Ci g? hay Anh c th nhc li c khng? Nh th trong mng PSTN kim sot li l trch nhim ca ngi m thoi. Trong cc dch v truyn d liu, nh truyn tp chng hn, x l li truyn l trch nhim ca mng. Nu gp li mt s gi tin s c gi li. Trong mng in thoi vic gi li thng tin nh th khng th thc hin c. tr l tham s rt quan trng nh gi cht lng mng in thoi. Cc cuc gi thoi i hi thi gian tr thp v n nh. Nhiu mng d liu cng c yu cu tr tng i thp, tuy nhin khng i hi s n nh.
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
Chng hn trong khi truyn tp vic cc gi tin ca u hay cui tp n trc khng c ngha g. m bo tr thp v n nh mng PSTN c thit k l mng hng kt ni. Mt s mng d liu cng l mng hng kt ni, tuy nhin khi yu cu v tr khng qu ngt ngho mng d liu cng c th l mng phi kt ni. V nhng khc bit gia cc dch v thoi v dch v d liu nn vic xy dng mng ring bit cung cp cc dch v trn l d dng hn rt nhiu so vi vic xy dng mt mng c th cung cp c tt c cc dch v. Mng ny cho php s dng cng mt c s h tng cung cp dch v thoi v d liu. ATM l mt trong nhng kin trc c xy dng tch hp mng thoi v d liu. Nu xt v kh nng tng thch trong qu trnh chuyn i th gii php nng cp cc tng i PSTN h tr chuyn mch gi hoc pht trin mng d liu h tr dch v thoi c v l gii php hiu qu hn so vi pht trin kin trc mi hon ton nh mng ATM chng hn. Khi mt my tnh s dng modem truy nhp Internet, mng chuyn mch knh c s dng cho cc dch v truyn d liu. Do hn ch v bng thng ca mng chuyn mch knh cc dch v truyn d liu cng b hn ch v tc ng truyn. iu ny dn n vic thi gian chim gi knh ca modem ln hn rt nhiu so vi thi gian trung bnh ca cc cuc gi thoi ni ht l 3 pht. VoIP l mt gii php tch hp mng thoi v mng d liu: gi ho cc d liu thoi truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi. Nhiu nh phn tch cho rng gii php s dng mng chuyn mch gi cung cp dch v thoi u vit hn so vi gii php pht trin cc dch v d liu trn mng chuyn mch knh. Tuy nhin cht lng dch v VoIP lun l mt thch thc ln. Ti sao tch hp mng thoi v mng d liu li kh khn nh th? Cu tr li l s khc bit v kin trc ca mng thoi v mng d liu.
Chuyn mch knh

Kt ni trong mng PSTN c gi l cuc gi thoi. Ngay c khi cuc gi c thc hin bi modem truy nhp Internet cuc gi vn l cuc gi thoi. Mc d m thanh m modem pht ra c khc vi ging ni con ngi nhng tn hiu tng t vn thc hin hnh trnh hon ton trng lp vi hnh trnh ca tn hiu thoi khi chng ta thc hin cuc gi thoi thng thng. Mi khi cuc gi c thc hin gia hai u cui c mt ng truyn c nh c thit lp. ng truyn gm c mch t thu bao ti tng i, mch trong tng i v knh trung k. Chnh v th mng PSTN gi l mng hng kt ni. Khi mt cuc gi c thit lp, d ngi gi v ngi b gi c ni chuyn hay khng th chui bt vn c gi lin tc qua mng theo hai chiu vi tc tng cng 64 kb/s. Cuc gi c thit lp s dng giao thc bo hiu. Thng thng mng bo hiu l mt mng ring bit. Mng chuyn mch knh c nhng c tnh sau:
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
Cuc gi c thit lp s dng cc giao thc bo hiu ng truyn ca mi cuc gi l c nh ng truyn hon ton b chim gi trong sut thi gian cuc gi
Nt mng B u cui Nt mng A Nt mng D Nt mng C u cui Mch ni ht Trung k ng truyn Tuyn bo
Nt bo hiu # 1 Nt bo hiu # 3
Nt bo hiu # 2
Hnh 4-1. Chuyn mch knh
Trn hnh Hnh 4-1 chng ta thy s mt mng chuyn mch knh. Cc u cui l cc my in thoi. My in thoi c ni n nt mng (tng i) bng mch ni ht. Cc tng i c ni vi nhau bng cc lung trung k. Cc ng chm chm c mi tn l ng ch ng truyn c thit lp khi cuc gi gia hai u cui c thc hin. ng truyn ny c thit lp nh th no? Trong mng PSTN tt c cc cuc gi, c ngha l tt c cc ng truyn, c thit lp thng qua mng bo hiu. Trn hnh v chng ta thy cc tng i c kt ni vi cc nt bo hiu bng cc tuyn bo hiu. Cc nt bo hiu cng c kt ni vi nhau bng tuyn bo hiu. Mng bo hiu l mng hon ton tch bit vi mng thoi. Ch rng cc u cui khng c kt ni vo cc nt bo hiu m ch c tng i c kt ni m thi. Nh cp trn, cuc gi c thc hin nh mng bo hiu. Mt ng truyn c th gia hai u cui c thit lp duy tr cuc gi. Trn hnh v ta thy ng truyn qua nt mng C khng c la chn. L do rt n gin: khng tn ti ng truyn no gia hai u cui i qua nt C. Mng bo hiu c th chuyn cuc gi thng qua nt B ri mi ti D. Tuy nhin do nt A c th kt ni trc tip vi nt D nn ng truyn qua nt B ch c la chn khi tt c cc lung trung k gia A v D b s dng. Ch rng cc nt bo hiu thc hin vic la chn ng truyn trong thi gian thit lp cuc gi. Sau khi cuc gi c thit lp th ng truyn cho cuc gi khng th thay i c na.
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
Trn hnh v nt bo hiu #1 c kt ni vi nt mng A v C, nt bo hiu #2 kt ni vi nt mng B v D. Tuy nhin khi thc hin cuc gi cc nt bo hiu s dng thng tin v tnh trng hin thi ca ton mng. Thng tin v tnh trng s dng trung k v cc thng tin khc c cc nt bo hiu chia s vi nhau. Tng t nh cc b nh tuyn trong mng Internet trao i vi nhau thng tin thng qua giao thc nh tuyn, cc nt bo hiu cng vy. Mng bo hiu l mng client-server da trn b nh tuyn, chuyn mch gi v phi kt ni, c xy dng trn nhng nguyn tc tng t nh mng Internet. Nu mt tuyn bo hiu b hng th lu lng bo hiu s c chuyn qua cc tuyn khc. Khc vi tn hiu thoi, lu lng cc bn tin bo hiu c th bng n. Chng ta c th rt ra nhng kt lun sau y v mng bo hiu: Mng bo hiu l mng phi kt ni Mng bo hiu l mng da trn cc b nh tuyn: cc bn tin t mt nt bt k n mt nt khc c th i theo nhiu tuyn khc nhau Khng i hi c nh v bng thng Mng bo hiu iu khin cc cuc gi thoi trong PSTN khng phi l mng chuyn mch knh m l mng chuyn mch gi phi kt ni.
Chuyn mch gi
Chuyn mch knh l s lng ph rt ln ti nguyn mng. Mng chuyn mch gi l s kt hp gia mm do v bng thng, tnh cht t nhy cm i vi thi gian tr v kh nng truyn thng tin hon ton khng c li. Gi c nh ngha l n v d liu c chuyn t mt nt mng ti mt nt mng khc. Gi bao gi cng cha thng tin cn thit v mng cc nt mng c th cn c vo m nh tuyn ng cho gi trn sut chng ng ti ch. Do s lng gi c kh nng bng n nn mng chuyn mch gi s dng phng php ghp knh khc so vi mng chuyn mch knh. Trong mng PSTN phng php ghp knh phn chia thi gian (time-division multiplexing, TDM) c s dng. Trong cc mng chuyn mch gi ngi ta s dng phng php ghp knh khc, c gi l phng php ghp knh thng k, hay cn gi l ghp knh khng ng b. Do lu lng gi c kh nng bng n, vic chia ton b bng thng ca tuyn thnh nhng knh nh c bng thng c nh mt ht ngha. Thay vo ngi ta cho php cc gi s dng ton b bng thng ca tuyn trong mt thi gian nht nh. Phng php ghp knh ny c trnh by trn Hnh 4-2.
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
N t
N t
N t
N t
B (a)
B (b)
Hnh 4-2. (a) TDM: 64 kb/s v (b) TDM khng ng b 128 kb/s
Vi phng php TDM khng ng b cc cp my tnh A-C v B-D c th trao i thng tin vi bng thng 128 kb/s, ch khng b hn ch bi 64 kb/s nh khi s dng phng php TDM truyn thng. Tuy nhin nu c hai cp my tnh s dng knh cng mt lc th b ghp knh khng cn la chn no khc ngoi vic a mt trong hai gi vo b m. Sau khi gi kia c gi i b ghp knh s gi nt gi trong b m. Mng s dng phng php ghp knh TDM khng ng b thng c gi l mng cung cp bng thng theo yu cu ca ng dng. Tn gi ny khng c chnh xc lm v c th gy hiu nhm. Trn thc t mng ch c th cung cp bng thng mt cch mm do, trong gii hn cho php, ch khng th cung cp bng thng theo yu cu ca ng dng. B m l mt phn b nh ca nt mng. Khi c qu nhiu ng dng cng mt lc gi cc gi tin b m c th b trn. Khi nhng gi tin n s b loi b. S lng gi m nt mng c th lu trong b m ch gi i hon ton ph thuc vo kch thc b m. Tuy nhin kch thc qu ln ca b m lm ny sinh ra vn mi, l thi gian tr. Cht lng dch v thoi ph thuc rt nhiu vo tr. Trong mng chuyn mch gi tr c th thay i vi bin ln, tt c ph thuc vo ti ca ton mng. Th d c mt gi tin cha thng tin c ngha quan trng ch c gi i nhng trong b m c nhiu gi xp hng ch. Ti nt mng tip theo s lng gi ch trong b m cng khng th xc nh trc. Trong mng chuyn mch knh khng c vn ny: mi khi cuc gi c thit lp ng truyn s c m bo trong sut thi gian cuc gi. S dng hiu qu hn bng thng ca mng chuyn mch gi phi tr gi bng s dng b m, kt qu l tr khng th d on trc mt cch chnh xc. D nhin cc gi tin quan trng s c a vo u b m gi i ngay lp tc sau khi ng truyn c gii phng. Tuy nhin phng php ny ch c th gim thi gian tr m khng m bo c thi gian tr n nh. Nguyn nhn ca vn ny l hin tng tr ni tip. Vn ny sinh khi mt gi tin quan trng n b m m gi tin trc va bt u c gi i. Hin nay khng c phng php no hiu qu chm dt vic gi gi tin bt u c gi i. Nh th gi tin n sau, d c quan trng n u cng phi i gi tin trc c gi xong. tr ny gi l tr ni tip v ph thuc vo di ti a cho php ca gi. Kch thc gi ln s s dng tt hn bng thng ca mng nhng gy ra tr
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
ni tip ln. Gi tin c kch thc b, chng hn nh t bo ATM, gim thiu tr ni tip nhng cng lm gim bng thng hiu dng ca mng. C hai phng php gim tr ni tip trong mng chuyn mch gi. Th nht cn hn ch kch thc ti a ca gi. Trong mng IP gi ln nht c th tn ti c vit tt l MTU (maximum transmission unit). Th hai, cn nng tc cc tuyn ln mc ti a. Thng thng c hai phng php trn u c s dng. Cc gi trong mng u cha a ch cc nt mng bit c cn a gi vo cng no. a ch ca cc gi c hai dng chnh nh sau. Trong mng hng kt ni a ch l mt s no , c gi l m nh danh kt ni. Ch mt s duy nht cn s dng cho m nh danh kt ni bi v mi kt ni tng ng vi hai u cui c th trong mng. Gi s ta c kt ni 22, ni nt A v B trong mng. Tt c cc nt mng cn c vo m nh danh kt ni 22 u bit l kt ni gia nt A v B. Tt c cc gi c nh danh 22 n nt B u n t nt A v ngc li. Trong mng phi kt ni a ch gi cha a ch ca nt mng gi v nt mng nhn gi tin. Ni mt cch khc, mi gi u c a ch i loi nh T: B, n: A. Do mng phi kt ni nn nt mng nhn gi tin cn phi bit gi tin n t u. Cc mng chuyn mch gi xut hin u tin l cc mng hng kt ni, tng t nh mng PSTN. C mt s nguyn nhn lch s ca vn ny. Th nht, nhiu mng chuyn mch gi l sn phm ca cc cng ty in thoi. Sau na mng hng kt ni gi gi tin theo cc ng truyn c nh. L do th ba l vic tnh cc trong mng hng kt ni rt n gin: tnh theo thi gian kt ni gia hai u cui. L do cui cng, v l l do quan trng nht, l hiu qu ca mng nhn t gc nh cung cp dch v. Trong mng phi kt ni, mi nt mng c th gi gi tin n cc nt mng khng c kh nng tip nhn gi tin c gi i, chng hn nh trong trng hp my tnh b tt. Nh th t gc nh cung cp dch v vic chuyn cc gi tin trn qua mng l hon ton khng hiu qu. y l mt trong nhng u th chnh ca mng hng kt ni. Trong mng hng kt ni vic trao i thng tin ch c thc hin sau khi kt ni c thit lp. C hai phng php thit lp kt ni trong mng chuyn mch gi. Cch th nht l ln k hoch t trc, khch hng s c nh cung cp dch v kt ni cc nt cn thit trong thi gian cung cp dch v. Mt th d c trnh by trn hnh sau:
A C
Hnh 4-3. Kt ni trong mng chuyn mch gi hng kt ni
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
Gi s mt cng ty cn kt ni cc nt A, B, C v D trong mt khong thi gian no . Cng ty ny ch cn a cho nh cung cp dch v cc thng tin cn thit nh kt ni c th gia cc nt. Kt ni gia cc nt ny c gi l knh o c nh (permanent virtual circuits, hay PVCs). Trong mng khng nht thit tt c cc nt phi c kt ni trc tip vi nhau (kiu full mesh). Trong th d trn Hnh 4-3, gia nt A v C khng c PVC, tuy nhin hai nt ny vn lin lc c vi nhau qua nt trung gian B hoc D. Trong trng hp gia hai nt A v C cn thit lp PVC th khch hng phi bo cho nh cung cp dch v, thng thng PVC s c thit lp trong vng 24 ting. Phng php thit lp kt ni khc l kt ni theo yu cu, ni theo cch thng thng l quay s. Trong trng hp ny kt ni gia hai nt c gi l dch v kt ni o (service virtual connections, hay SVCs). c th thit lp SVC cc nt mng cn phi h tr giao thc bo hiu. Giao thc bo hiu c trch nhim thit lp, gim st, iu khin v hu cuc gi. Trong mng chuyn mch gi ngi ta khng xy dng mng bo hiu ring bit nh trong mng PSTN, thay vo cc nt mng thc hin lun chc nng nt bo hiu cn cc gi d liu v bn tin bo hiu c truyn trn cng mt c s h tng mng.
Chuyn mch gi X.25

Tiu chun u tin c a ra cho mng chuyn mch gi l chun X.25 ca ITU. S ra i ca X.25 l n lc chun ho cc h thng chia s thi gian my tnh (computer time-sharing system) rt ph bin vo nhng nm 60. Cc h thng chia s thi gian my tnh ra i vi cng mc ch nh mng chuyn mch gi, l khai thc trit hn ti nguyn h thng. Nh ta bit, cc ng dng khng phi lc no cng cn ti nguyn tnh ton ca my tnh. Cc h thng chia s thi gian my tnh cho php cc ng dng khc nhau s dng cng mt ti nguyn tnh ton. Thp k 60 chng kin s ra i ca cc h thng nh Tymshare (sau c i tn thnh Tymnet), GEIS (General Electric Information Services), trc khi mng Internet (ban u c gi l ARPAnet) ra i cui nm 1969. Tt c cc mng chuyn mch gi u tin ny u s dng phng php to v gi gi tin ring ca mnh. Mc d c nhiu im tng ng nh cng s dng giao thc c cu trc a lp nhng cc mng ny c rt nhiu im khc bit. Hu qu l lin lc gia cc mng khc nhau gn nh khng th thc hin c. Chnh v th vo nm 1972 ITU-T thnh lp nhm lm vic a ra tiu chun thng nht cho mng chuyn mch gi. Theo chun mc thi by gi cng vic c thc hin vi tc chng mt. Ch sau bn nm, tc l vo nm 1976, tiu chun X.25 ra i. Tn chnh thc ca tiu chun ny l Interface between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit Terminating Equipment for Terminals Operating in the Packet Mode on Public Data Networks. Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) thc ra l thit b u cui (nh PC chng hn), cn Data Circuit Terminating Equipment (DCE) l modem kt ni u cui vi mng. Ch rng tiu chun X.25 c a ra cho mng d liu cng cng.
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
Phin bn nm 1976 ca X.25 c nhiu thiu st v c sa i nhanh chng. Cc phin bn tip theo ra i nm 1980 v 1984. Phn ln mng X.25 cn hot ng ti ngy nay l da trn phin bn 1984, tuy nhin cng c mt s mng da trn phin bn 1980 ca tiu chun. Ch rng tiu chun X.25 khng cp g n thit b u cui v modem m ch cp n giao din gia hai thit b ny. X.25 l giao thc a lp c xy dng trn nn M hnh chun kt ni cc h thng m (Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, OSIRM). M hnh ny gm c by lp, tuy nhin X.25 ch cp n ba lp thp nht, l lp d liu bt, lp khung v lp gi. X.25 khng cp g n ni dung ca gi tin.
ng dng Trnh din Phin Giao vn Mng Lin kt d liu Vt l TCP (giao vn) IP Truy nhp mng X.25 PLP LAPB X.21, V.35 Dch v mc ng dng
Hnh 4-4. Cc lp OSI-RM, TCP-IP v X.25
By lp ca m hnh OSI tng ng vi bn lp ca TCP-IP, l cc lp Dch v mc ng dng, TCP, IP v Truy nhp mng. By lp ca m hnh OSI bao gm: Lp vt l. Thng thng lp ny m t loi connector (nh V.35) v chun ca modem. Trong chun X.25 giao din vt l thng l X.21 hoc V.35. Lp lin kt d liu. Lp ny m t khung nh cu trc bt c bn. Khi cc bt c gi i, chng c gi di dng khung. Khi chui cc bt n mt nt no chui s c tch thnh cc khung. Phn ln cc khung cha thng tin v ranh gii ca khung, thng tin ny cho php nt nhn bit c bt u v cui ca khung. Lp ny cng nh ngha Th tc truy nhp kt ni (link access procedures). Th tc ny m t s trao i chui cc khung gia hai nt mng vi nhau. Trong tiu chun X.25 th tc ny c gi l LAPB (Link Access Procedure Balanced). Lp mng. Lp mng nh ngha gi l ni dung ca khung. Gi cha a ch mng nu mng phi kt ni v cha m nh danh kt ni nu nh mng hng kt ni. a ch mng v nh danh kt ni c dng nh tuyn cc gi trong mng. Khung c x l ti tng tuyn trong mng nhng gi khng h thay i, t khi xut pht n khi ti ch. Trong X.25 ngi ta s dng Giao thc lp gi (Packet Layer Protocol).
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
Cc lp cn li nh Lp giao vn, Lp phin, Lp trnh din, Lp ng dng khng c cp n trong tiu chun X.25. T tng thu sut ca mng chuyn mch gi ni chung v mng X.25 ni ring l tch hp ti ca nhiu ng dng khc nhau truyn ti trn mt knh chung, thay v s dng cc knh ring bit cho cc cuc gi khc nhau nh trong mng chuyn mch knh. Ngay sau khi mng chuyn mch gi ra i c rt nhiu n lc s dng mng chuyn mch gi truyn ti lu lng thoi. Tuy nhin sut hai thp k 70 v 80 nhng n lc ny khng mang li kt qu g ng k. Nguyn nhn c th tm tt nh sau: Lu lng ca cuc gi thoi khng thay i. Ging ni khi m ho thnh chun PCM i hi bng thng c nh l 64 kb/s cho hai chiu m thoi. Trong khi nhiu tuyn kt ni trong mng chuyn mch gi ch c bng thng ti a l 64 kb/s. Ging ni khng c cu trc gi. Mng chuyn mch gi d nhin yu cu d liu di dng gi. Tuy nhin ging ni c s ho ch n thun l mt chui cc bt, cn phi t chc li di dng gi truyn trong mng. Khng th lu qu nhiu d liu thoi trong b m. Dch v thoi rt nhy cm vi tr. i vi dch v thoi tr trong mng phi thp v n nh. Cc nt mng trong nhng mng chuyn mch gi u tin c b x l tc qu thp so vi yu cu x l ging ni. Hnh trnh ca cc gi thoi chim thi gian tnh bng n v giy, thay v milli giy nh trong mng chuyn mch knh. tr ln gy ra ting vng v lm cho cuc m thoi rt kh thc hin. tr ni tip phi thp i vi dch v thoi. Do dch v thoi yu cu tr mng n nh (nu khng ting s b mo) nn tr ni tip phi thp. Thoi mang tnh hng kt ni. Nhiu mng chuyn mch gi c th hot ng trong c hai ch hng kt ni v phi kt ni. Ch phi kt ni nhanh hn nhng tr khng n nh. Ch hng kt ni chm hn lm cho cc cuc gi thoi trong mng chuyn mch gi c tr qu ln. Mi ti thp k 90 nhng kh khn trn mi khc phc c. Ngy nay cc cng ty in thoi c th cung cp dch v thoi trc tip qua mng chuyn mch gi phi kt ni. H thm ch cn c mng chuyn mch gi hot ng thng xuyn gp phn cung cp dch v thoi truyn thng. l mng bo hiu s 7 (SS7).
Mng bo hiu s 7
Mng bo hiu s 7 l mng chuyn mch gi phi kt ni. Chc nng chnh ca SS7 l thit lp cuc gi thoi. Bc nhy vt k diu dn n s
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
ra i ca mng phi kt ni Internet xut pht t mt kt lun n gin rng tt c cc mng hng kt ni m h tr SVCs phi l mng phi kt ni. iu ny hon ton ng cho d mng l chuyn mch knh hay l chuyn mch gi, l mng d liu hay thoi. Trong mng PSTN mng bo hiu s 7 l mng tch bit v mt vt l i vi mng thoi hng kt ni v nhng l do an ninh. Khc vi PSTN trong nhng mng d liu hng kt ni nh mng X.25 cc bn tin bo hiu c gi trn cng tuyn vi cc gi d liu. Gi s cho n by gi mng Internet vn cha c pht minh th c l s c mt ngi no nhn vo mng X.25 v ni Hmm, cc tng i X.25 phi s dng cc bng nh tuyn cho cc bn tin bo hiu v xy dng bn kt ni cc nt cho cc gi d liu. Cc nt th s dng a ch nt gi v nt nhn hay nh danh kt ni nh tuyn. Liu s ra sao nu ta lm cho d liu ging nh cc bn tin bo hiu? Khi ch cn dng cc bng nh tuyn v a ch m thi. Nh th th mi chuyn c n gin hn khng? Nu nh mng SS7 tn ti th c th s c thm t tng mi, Hmm, y l mng phi kt ni s dng cc bn tin bo hiu thit lp kt ni. Sau chng ta dng mng thoi giao vn cc gi d liu. Mng bo hiu v mng thoi hon ton tch bit. Vy ti sao ta khng dng mt mng chuyn mch gi khc cho d liu, i loi nh mng SS7 cho d liu? Tt nhin mng SS7 khng n thun l mng chuyn mch gi phi kt ni. Tuy nhin SS7 l mt th d tt so snh vi Internet, c bit l hin nay khi cc cuc gi VoIP-PSTN c thit lp thng qua tng tc mng IP vi mng bo hiu s 7. Tm hiu v mng SS7 s gip ta hiu r rng hn cch thc thit lp cuc gi VoIP t/ n mng PSTN. SS7 l mng bo hiu s dng tn hiu ngoi bng trao i cc bn tin gia cc tng i. SS7 cha c s d liu dng phn tch s thu bao, cung cp cc dch v gi tr gia tng khc nh bo s ch gi... Mc d c thit k ch yu thit lp cuc gi nhng nhng ng dng khc nh truyn ti cc gi X.25 vn c th s dng c trn mng SS7. SS7 c a vo s dng thay th cc h thng bo hiu trong bng s dng trc y. Nhng h thng ny c an ton km, thi gian thit lp cuc gi ln (10-15 giy). SS7 l mt th d ca h thng bo hiu knh chung v trn thc t tr thnh tiu chun quc t cho bo hiu knh chung. SS7 khng nhng tch tn hiu bo hiu ra khi bng tn thoi m cn a cc bn tin bo hiu sang mt mng hon ton khc. Thi gian thit lp cuc gi gim cn 3-5 giy, nhiu trung k c gii phng ti lu lng thoi. Gi ca mng bo hiu cng gim ng k do s lng thit b gim so vi cc h thng bo hiu khc. Ngoi ra cc h thng bo hiu knh chung tng t SS7 cn c kh nng cung cp nhiu dch v nh hin th s ch gi, kim tra th tn dng...
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
H thng bo hiu knh chung c cu trc c bn nh trn hnh v.

B-links A-links SSP STP STP C-links STP C-links SCP A-links
STP
SCP
Hnh 4-5. H thng bo hiu knh chung
SSP (Service Switching Point) l ni pht sinh ra cc bn tin bo hiu. Cc bn tin ny thng thng cng kt thc ti SSP. Phn ln SSP l phn mm chy ti cc tng i. im chuyn giao bo hiu STP (Signal Transfer Point) l b nh tuyn ca cc bn tin bo hiu. Cc bn tin c nh tuyn da trn cc bng nh tuyn. Cn im iu khin bo hiu SCP (Signal Control Point) l c s d liu cha thng tin cn thit mng bo hiu c th hot ng. Mi thnh phn ca mng bo hiu c kt ni bng mt loi tuyn kt ni ring. Cc tuyn kt ni c thit k m bo c d phng cho mng bo hiu. Nu mng bo hiu khng lm vic th khng th thc hin c bt c cuc gi no, hu qu s rt nghim trng. Cc tuyn kt ni truy nhp (access links, hay A-links) kt ni SSP, SCP ti hai STP. Tuyn kt ni cu (bridge links, hay B-links) ni cc STP cc vng khc nhau. Cc tuyn kt ni cho (cross links, hay C-links) ni cc STP cng cp v c s dng khi A-links hoc B-links khng hot ng. Ngoi ra cn c ba loi tuyn kt ni na khng c v trn hnh nhng li c s dng nu cuc gi nh tuyn qua mng lin i. Cc tuyn kt ni ng cho (diagonal links) ni mng bo hiu ni ht v mng bo hiu lin i. Cc tuyn kt ni m rng (extended links, hay E-links) ni SSP vi nhm 4 STP khc cn bng ti. Cui cng l cc tuyn kt ni hon ton m rng (fully extended links, hay F-links) ni trc hai tng i SSP hoc c s d liu SCP cng cn bng ti v tng tin cy ca mng. Mng bo hiu s 7 s dng cc tuyn kt ni 56 hoc 64 kb/s, hoc c th ln ti 8.448 Mb/s. Bn tin bo hiu c th c ti a 272 octet. Vic nh tuyn cuc gi c thc hin da trn a ch ca tng i ch v hon ton ng, tng t nh trong mng Internet. SS7 c cu trc a lp. Chc nng ca ba lp cui cng ca m hnh OSI c thc hin bi Giao thc truyn bn tin (Message Transfer Part, hay MTP Protocol). Ba lp c gi tng ng l MTP lp 1, MTP lp 2 (khung) v MTP lp 3 (gi) mc d MTP lp 3 khng c tt c chc nng ca lp mng trong m hnh OSI-RM hoc ca lp IP trong TCP/IP. Cc chc nng cn li ca lp mng do phn iu khin bo hiu (Signaling Connection Control Part, SCCP) m nhim. Mt s bn tin bo hiu
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
khng dng n SCCP. SSP truy nhp c s d liu SCP s dng ngn ng c h tr bi TCAP (Transaction Capability Application Part). Nu nh cuc gi VoIP c thc hin t/n/qua mng PSTN th r rng phi c giao din gia mng IP v mng SS7. C cc kh nng sau c th xy ra: a) cuc gi thc hin t mng IP sang mng PSTN hoc ngc li; b) cuc gi thc hin t mng PSTN qua mng IP n mng PSTN v c) cuc gi thc hin t mng IP qua mng PSTN n mng IP (xem Hnh 46).
SS7 IP SS7 IP SS7 IP
SS7
IP
SS7/IP gateway
Hnh 4-6. Cc cng IP-SS7 cho cc dch v VoIP
Giao tip gia hai mng IP v SS7 theo hng t mng IP sang SS7 c th c t chc mt cch tng i n gin. Cc bn tin SS7 c cu trc chun v cc thit b IP nh b nh tuyn c th kt ni thng vo SSP nh thit b ngoi vi thng minh nu nh thit b IP ny c th to cc bn tin theo ng chun ca bn tin bo hiu. Trong chiu ngc li, tc t SS7 n mng IP, mi chuyn phc tp hn mt cht. Hin ti cha c chun no chuyn cc bn tin bo hiu v gi sang cc gi IP. Tt nhin c th s dng mng IP ch giao vn cc bn tin SS7, tuy nhin mc ch v lu v di l thc hin cuc gi VoIP trc tip qua mng IP. Cng vic chun b cc giao din chun gia mng SS7 v mng IP ang c tip tc.
Internet: mng chuyn mch gi phi kt ni

C th coi Internet c phi thai t nm 1962 khi Paul Baran (Rand Corporation) cng b bi bo ni ting trong cc t tng v chuyn mch gi ln u tin c trnh by. T tng chnh l xy dng mng c kh nng tn ti cao hn so vi mng chuyn mch knh bng cch tch cc bn tin thnh gi, nh tuyn tng gi hon ton c lp v ti ch thit lp li cc bn tin t gi. T tng ny c s dng trong mng Internet cho n tn ngy nay. T tng cch mng ny c bin thnh hin thc vo nm 1969 khi mng ARPAnet ra i vi s ti tr ca B quc phng M. ARPAnet ni bn trng i hc v vin nghin cu, l Vin nghin cu Stanford, trng i hc tng hp California Los Angeles, trng i hc tng hp California Santa Barbara v trng i hc tng hp Utah. Mc ch chnh ca ARPAnet l cc nh khoa hc ang thc hin cc d n ca chnh ph chia s thng tin qua mng. Cc nt mng do Bolt, Beranek v Newman
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
(BBN) xy dng. Nm 1972 Robert Kahn ln u tin gii thiu mng ARPAnet ti hi ngh quc t v my tnh v truyn thng. Vic trnh din mng mang li kt qu tt p v mt nhm lm vic c thnh lp nghin cu cc phng php kt ni cc mng khc nhau, pht trin cc chun v giao thc. Vinton Cerf n t Stanford ch huy nhm trong bn nm u tin. Nm 1974 Cerf v Kahn cng b cng trnh u tin v giao thc kt ni cc mng chuyn mch gi, l TCP/IP. IP l giao thc mng din rng phi kt ni u tin c s dng trong ARPAnet. Cn ch rng trong giai on u Internet khng phi l mng IP hon ton thun nht. ARPAnet ch kt ni cc mng con vi nhau. Cc mng con ny vn s dng cc giao thc khc bit vi IP. Ch khi thc hin kt ni lin mng cc giao thc chun mi cn thit. Mt th d l nm 1979 trng i hc tng hp Duke v trng i hc tng hp Bc Caroline thit lp mng Usenet, h thng trao i tin gia cc my tnh s dng giao thc Unix-to-Unix Copy Protocol (UUCP). Nm 1980 v nm 1981, trng i hc tng hp New York v i hc tng hp Yale thit lp mng Bitnet (tn ban u Because Its There Network, sau c i thnh Because Its Time Network). Bitnet s dng phn mm v phn cng ca IBM. BBN cng thit lp mng CSNet (Computer Science Network) cc nh nghin cu s dng. CSNet khng c kt ni vi mng ARPAnet. Nm 1986 ARPAnet tr nn rt ni ting v TCP/IP thc t l giao thc chun kt ni cc mng khc nhau. Mng ca rt nhiu trng i hc tng hp v trung tm nghin cu c kt ni vo ARPAnet. Qu khoa hc quc gia (National Science Foundation) xy dng mng ng trc mi NSFNet. NSFNet kt ni nm trung tm siu my tnh v B quc phng M bt u tch mng ca mnh ra khi ARPAnet, mng do chnh h xy dng nn. Mng ARPAnet chnh thc chm dt s tn ti ca mnh vo nm 1989. S kin ny nh du bc pht trin mi ca mng di tn mi c bit cho n tn ngy nay, l Internet. Cu trc nn tng ca Internet bao gm my trm (c th l trnh duyt web), ch (c th l web server), cc b nh tuyn truy nhp ti cc nt mng v cc b nh tuyn ng trc kt ni tt c vi nhau. Khch v ch trong mng Internet u s dng giao thc TCP/IP. Nhng nm 90 nh du s pht trin bng n ca Internet. Web xut hin nm 1992, trnh duyt Mosaic ra i nm 1993. Nm 1994, Nh trng, H vin v Thng vin M c web site, cn Tng thng, Ph tng thng v Phu nhn tng thng c a ch e-mail (c bo mt mt cch c bit). i pht thanh u tin xut hin trn Internet l RT.FM (Las Vegas, 1994). Thm ch ban nhc rock ni ting Rolling Stones cng biu din qua mng Internet vi c m thanh v hnh nh sng c truyn i.
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
Gi ho thoi
Nhng n lc u tin thc hin gi ho thoi khng thnh cng trn cc mng d liu c thit k cho cc dch v d liu. Vn khng n gin ch l s ho ging ni, chuyn thnh gi v truyn qua mng. gi ho thoi thnh cng cn phi xem xt cc tham s sau. Tr ng gi. Tr ng gi xut hin khi cc mu thoi (c ly vi tn sut 8000 ln trong mt giy, tc 125 s mt ln) c lu li cho thnh mt gi. tr ny ph thuc vo kch thc gi. Chng ta xem xt th d sau. Mo u ca gi IP c kch thc 20 byte. Nh th tht v ngha nu gi cha t hn 20 mu thoi, mi mu 8 bt. Trn thc t s lng mu thoi trong mt gi IP cao hn rt nhiu. Kch thc mc nh ca gi IP thng thng l 570 byte (mc d kch thc ti a ca gi IP l 64 kbyte nhng thc t ngi ta khng s dng gi ln nh vy). Nh vy tr gi l 125 s x 570 = 71.250 s hay 71 ms. Nu tr gia hai u cui tng i ln th cn phi thc hin thm thao tc loi b ting vng thm ch c trong trng hp cuc gi VoIP c thc hin qua khong cch vt l rt ngn. Tr ni tip (jitter). Tr ni tip xut hin khi gi d liu thoi xp hng sau mt s gi d liu khng nhy cm lm vi tr. Tr ni tip xut hin ti tt c cc b nh tuyn m gi i qua, do tng tr ni tip c th lm mo thoi bng nhiu cch khc nhau. Tc bt tng i cao ca thoi. Thoi thng thng c s ho theo chun PCM v i hi bng thng l 64 kb/s cho mt cuc gi. Tuy nhin nhiu tuyn kt ni cc b nh tuyn cng ch c bng thng l 64 kb/s. Nh th ch mt knh thoi chim ht bng thng ca tuyn kt ni. Ngoi ra cn phi tnh n mo u ca gi. Nh vy thc t l mt knh thoi (trong mng chuyn mch gi) s chim bng thng ln hn 64 kb/s. Tc bt khng i ca thoi. Thoi c s ho theo chun PCM c tc bt l 64 kb/s (tnh c hai chiu). c im ca cuc gi thoi l thi gian im lng chim khong 50% tng thi gian cuc gi (cng tnh c hai chiu). Tuy nhin nu loi b hn cc mu thoi tng ng vi khong lng, khng ng gi v khng gi i cc mu ny th ngi m thoi c th tng ng giy thoi c trc trc do khng c n nn. Do vic m bo n nn trong cc cuc gi VoIP l rt cn thit. Gi li gi khi c li. Mng IP l mng phi kt ni v khng x l li lp IP. Cc b nh tuyn IP ch n thun loi b cc gi c li. Tuy nhin lp TCP chy trn nn IP s gi li tt c cc gi c li. C v nh TCP l la chn tt nht cho VoIP, bi v TCP cng hng kt ni nh thoi nhng thc ra cc gi cha cc mu thoi khng th gi li c (thoi mang tnh thi gian thc). Vic mt mt s gi trong khi m thoi l c th chp nhn c v th UDP l giao thc ph hp hn. Th nhng UDP khng phi l giao thc hng kt ni v s kh khn hn rt nhiu trong vic iu khin cc kt ni VoIP.
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
Tht may mn, tt c cc vn nu trn u c gii php tng ng. Chng ta ln lt xem xt cc gii php ny.
S dng cc gi c kch thc b

S dng cc gi VoIP c kch thc b l gii php gim tr ng gi. Thc ra khng c kch thc chun cho gi VoIP. Trong nhiu trng hp c th s dng kch thc mc nh ca gi IP.
S dng gi c cc cp u tin khc nhau

Gii php ny cho php gim thiu tr ni tip. Tuy nhin khng c chun no p dng cho vic nh cp u tin ca gi trong mng IP. Cc nh cung cp b nh tuyn IP u c phng php phn cp lu lng ca ring mnh. Mc d trong mo u ca gi IP c cha thng tin v cp u tin ca gi (trng TOS, hay type of service) nhng phn ln b nh tuyn khng s dng trng ny. Phn cp lu lng IP c th m bo cc gi VoIP bao gi cng chim v tr u tin trong hng i ca b m. Tuy nhin vic phn cp lu lng khng x l c tnh hung khi gi VoIP n b m nhng mt gi d liu di c cp u tin thp hn va bt u c gi i. tr ni tip cng cha c loi b do khng kim sot c c s lng ln kch thc cc gi xp hng i ti b m ca cc b nh tuyn trn hnh trnh ca gi VoIP.
B m jitter
B m jitter l gii php gim s thiu n nh ca tr. B m ny l min b nh dng lu cc gi VoIP n vi cc tr khc nhau. Cc mu thoi c ly ra khi b m vi tc n nh to ra cm gic tr khng thay i trong sut thi gian b m c d liu. Chng ta xem xt th d sau. Gi s c hai gi VoIP n vi tr l 100 ms v 90 ms. Th t n ca cc gi khng thay i (thc ra khng phi bao gi cng vy). Hai gi ny c a vo b m jitter v lu trong tng ng l 20 ms v 30 ms trc khi c a ra chuyn thnh tn hiu thoi tng t. Nh th c v nh l cc gi u c tr nh nhau l 120 ms. Xc nh tr chun cho b m jitter l rt kh khn. Nu tr ny qu thp th nhiu gi VoIP s b loi b. Trong th d trn tt c cc gi c tr ln hn 120 ms u b loi. Nh th cht lng thoi c th gim st rt ng k do mt nhiu gi. Nu tr chun qu cao th b m jitter c th b trn, hn na iu ny gy ra tr ln khng cn thit ca cc gi VoIP. Mt vn khc l lm th no xc nh c tr ca gi trong hnh trnh qua mng. Trn thc t c nhiu phng php xc nh tr
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
c p dng, t phng php n gin nht l nh du thi gian, n cc phng php phc tp hn khc. B m jitter l gii php thng c p dng tng s n nh ca tr trong cc mng thoi gi. n gin v hiu qu, gii php ny cn c s dng trong cc mng VoFR (Voice over Frame Relay) v thm ch trong cc ng dng VoATM (Voice over ATM).
Nn thoi
Thoi ni c s ho theo chun PCM i hi bng thng l 64 kb/s. Khi ni n vic nn thoi d nhin chng ta cp n vic nn lung 64 kb/s ny ch khng phi nn tn hiu thoi tng t. Thoi c nn ti 13 kb/s hay thm ch 8 kb/s c cht lng tng i tt, hon ton p ng cc yu cu v ging ni ca dch v thoi. Nn thoi c th c thc hin bng cc s dng cc chip mi, chuyn trc tip tn hiu tng t thnh lung 13 hay 8 kb/s, hoc c th nn t lung PCM. Ch rng vic nn thoi khng lm cho thoi mt tnh n nh v bng thng. Ch c k thut loi b cc mu thoi tng ng vi khong lng mi c th thay i c tnh ny ca thoi.
K thut loi b cc mu tng ng vi khong lng

Trong khi m thoi thng thng mt ngi ni cn ngi kia nghe, ngoi ra cn c nhiu khong lng tng i ngn gia cc t v cu. Tng cng xp x 60% cc bit c gi i trong cuc m thoi hai chiu PCM 64 kb/s tng ng vi cc khong lng. Vn kh khn nht trong k thut ny l xc nh c tn hiu m thanh sau mt khong lng no . im mu cht l ch bao gi cng tn ti n nn nht nh trong tn hiu thoi. Nh vy ch khi m lng vt mt ngng cho trc ta c th coi ngi m thoi bt u ni. K thut xc nh tn hiu m thanh gi l VAD (voice activation detection). Nu ta t ngng qu thp th ngi m thoi s nghe c nhiu tn hiu m thanh nhiu khng cn thit. Nu ngng l qu cao th ngi m thoi s c cm gic tn hiu thoi b ct, do nhiu mu tng ng vi m thanh c ch b loi b. K thut nn thoi v k thut loi b cc mu tng ng vi khong lng cho php s dng mt tuyn kt ni 64 kb/s phc v ng thi cho thoi v cc dch v d liu khc.
n nn
m bo n nn l cn thit khi k thut loi b cc mu tng ng vi khong lng c s dng. Trong trng hp ngc li ngi m thoi s c cm gic ng dy b hng.
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
Qu trnh thm n nn c gi l CNG (comfort noise generation). C nhiu gii php CNG khc nhau. n gin nht l to ra tn hiu nhiu trng vi m lng thp. Tuy nhin ngi m thoi s d dng nhn ra tnh nhn to ca n nn ny. Phng php phc tp hn l lu li mt s mu khong lng u cuc m thoi. Nhng mu ny, d tng ng vi khong lng, vn khng b loi i v vn c truyn qua mng. Cc mu ny s c s dng to ra n nn rt tht.
RTP
IP l giao thc lp mng. Gia lp mng v lp dch v mc ng dng l lp giao vn. lp ny c hai giao thc chnh l TCP v UDP. TCP l giao thc hng kt ni, c v thch hp cho dch v thoi. Tuy nhin giao thc TCP bao gi cng gi li cc gi b li v do c th lm cho cuc gi VoIP khng thc hin c. UDP khng gi li cc gi b li, nhng UDP l giao thc phi kt ni. Tht may mn, do mo u ca gi IP c trng 8 bt m t giao thc, nn ti a c th nh ngha 256 giao thc khc nhau. Trong s c RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol). RTP c nhiu im tng ng vi TCP, tuy nhin RTP khng gi li cc gi b li v do thch hp vi cc dch v thi gian thc, trong c VoIP. Cc vn chnh lin quan n VoIP c tng kt trong bng sau.
Vn Tr ng gi Tr ni tip Tc bt cao (64 kb/s) Tc bt khng i Gi li cc gi b li Gii php Dng gi c kch thc b cho VoIP Phn cp lu lng IP v b m jitter Nn thoi Loi b cc mu thoi tng ng vi khong lng, VAD, CNG RTP
Bng 4-2. Cc vn lin quan n VoIP
ISDN
ISDN l dch v kh quen thuc i vi nhiu ngi. Ngy nay ISDN thng c s dng truy nhp Internet tc cao 128 kb/s. Tuy nhin ban u ISDN c thit k thc hin s ho hon ton thoi v cung cp mt s dch v mi. ISDN khng c thit k cung cp dch v thoi gi. Thoi ISDN ch n thun l thoi PCM 64 kb/s trong mng chuyn mch knh. Knh ISDN c th lm vic trong ch gi, tuy nhin ch ny dng kt ni vi mng X.25, ch khng phi mng IP.
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Chng 4. C s thoi gi
VoIP khng lin quan n ch gi ISDN. Lu lng VoIP nu c chuyn ti bi mng ISDN th cng c chuyn trong ch chuyn mch knh. ISDN l chun quc t cho thoi s ch khng phi cho thoi gi.
G.729B
G.729B l khuyn ngh do ITU-T a ra . Tn y ca khuyn ngh ny l A Silence Compression Scheme for G.729 Optimized for Terminals Conforming to Recomendation V.70. V.70 l khuyn ngh s dng chun m ho G.729. G.729B l ph lc B ca G.729. Bn thn G.729 m t chun m ho thoi CS-ACELP cho php nn thoi PCM 64 kb/s thnh lung 8 kb/s. G.729B m t k thut loi cc mu tng ng vi khong lng (cn c gi l discontinuous transmission, hay DTX), VAD v CNG. Khuyn ngh G.729B khng cp g n kch thc gi, cc cp u tin, b m jitter hay cc giao thc thi gian thc. Nhng vn ny nm ngoi phm vi khuyn ngh ca ITU-T, do c lin quan n thit b pha khch hng. Tuy nhin G.729B l bc khi u ca qu trnh chun ho hon ton cc k thut s dng trong thoi gi. Phn chnh ca khuyn ngh ny m t DTX, VAD v CNG.
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Chng 5 Cc gi d liu dnh cho ngi s dng dch v thoi
Chng 5. Cc gi d liu dnh cho ngi s dng dch v thoi
Bt k ngi no khi n thm mt vn phng cng ty in thoi u thy c th gii hin i s dng truyn thng nhiu nh th no. T cc b bo mt vt l, n cc b ngun pin 48V, cc ng cp truyn dn c sp xp ngn np, hay cc my pht diesel trn mi nh v cc vn phng th hin c nn tng c s h tng vng chc ca h thng in thoi t trc n nay. Cng ging nh mi th c gi tr khc, vic cung cp v s dng mng in thoi u c rt nhiu cc quy tc thnh vn v bt thnh vn. Cc quy tc v th gii vin thng s c xem xt trong phn sau, nhng c l nguyn tc u tin s mt ca mng in thoi l dch v m n cung cp khng bao gi c php gin on. Cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng mt nhiu thi gian xy dng cc ng truyn vt l ca h trnh c hng hc v cung cp cc ng dy d phng cng nh cc th tc ti nh tuyn ng trong trng hp cp b t. Thng thng ngi s dng in thoi khng h bit n iu . Quy tc c ngm hiu th hai ca h thng in thoi l khng th bt c iu g xy ra gy nh hng n qu trnh mt cuc gi ang c thc hin, thm ch l khng c php iu khin cuc gi thay cho ngi s dng mt khi anh ta mun thc hin iu . Mc d c th xy ra trng hp ngi s dng in thoi gp tn hiu bn tm thi (fast busy) trong ngy l Mother-day (ngy m mi ngi thng gi in cho m mnh) do c qu nhiu cuc gi khin ng dy trung k bn nhng h thng khng c php ngt cuc gi ca ngi khc. Quy tc cui cng l cc dch v ca mng in thoi phi kh dng vi tt c mi ngi, ti thiu l kh dng vi tt c nhng ngi c nhu cu v c kh nng chi tr mt khon chi ph va phi theo nh k tng thng. Quy tc cui cng ny l chm ngn n sau yu cu gi l dch v ph bin (universal service) ang tc ng n th trng in thoi ca nc M (mc d khng nht thit tc ng n ton b th gii, ni khi nim dch v ph bin khng phi l lun lun l sn c). Quy tc nh vy khin hot ng ca mt my in thoi c th n gin ti mc rt nhiu tr em 3-4 tui c th s dng in thoi. Cc tng ny cng quy nh cc hot ng ca mt thit b in thoi, c th l quy nh mt cuc gi c thit lp nh th no, cc cuc gi khc nhau c th cng tn ti trn mt mng tch hp duy nht ra sao, qu trnh trao i thng tin gia cc tng i v cc thit b in thoi khc xy ra nh th no... Cc thao tc v tt c cc chc nng ca h thng in thoi ca bn th hin tnh lin kt gia cc bang vi nhau v mt chng mc thp hn l th hin tnh lin kt ca mng in thoi ton cu. Khng lu sau khi in thoi c pht minh, mi ngi nhn ra rng khng th thiu n v nhng ngi c trch nhim v ang c gng thit k cc thnh phn ca in thoi tng thch vi cc tiu chun trc . Vy chng phi hot ng nh th no vi giao thc IP (Internet Protocol)? Ch 30 nm sau khi xut hin, c th gii rt a thch Internet.
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Tuy nhin, ngay c trong s nhng ngi s dng hng ngy mt s ngi vn cho rng i vi cuc sng, Internet cng quan trng nh mng in thoi cng cng ton cu (PSTN). Thc t th mng PSTN khng b l ra cc li hay gp nh chm tr, sai lch trong khi ngi s dng Internet li rt hay gp nhng li ny. S khc nhau r rng gia hai dch v n gin ch l do s tin u t vo mng PSTN v mng Internet. Nhng nm tr li y th gii chng kin s bng n v s lng ngi s dng Internet, v trong khi cc nh cung cp dch v Internet (Internet Service Provider - ISP) v ang tng thm dung lng v hiu lc vi mt tc chng mt th tin cy ca dch v Internet vn cha t n tin cy ca PSTN. Khi tc ca vic pht trin Internet bt u d dng v khi mi ngi bt u tin vo Internet trong cuc sng hng ngy cng nh trong cng vic mua bn th cht lng c s h tng Internet cn c ci tin to cho n kh nng min dch nh mng in thoi. Tuy nhin, phi chng iu c ngha l cng vi s hin din ca Internet khp ni vi tin cy cao, c tnh lin kt th mi ngi c th ch n gin cm vo in thoi ca h v d dng lin lc vi nhau gia hai vng bt k no? Phi chng cc vn v tin cy v dung lng ngn cn Internet tr thnh mt mng in thoi c s thm ch trong tng lai l mng in thoi hng u? ng tic l vic to nn mt PSTN Internet hon ton khng phi n gin cht no. tin cy cao v dung lng rt ln l hai c tnh cn thit ca bt k mt h thng in thoi ton cu no tuy nhin chng khng phi l nhng yu t duy nht. Internet khng bao gi c thit k theo cc tiu chun ca PSTN l cung cp chi ph v ti nguyn cho mt cuc gi hoc bn tin ring l. Khng ging nh PSTN l phi thit lp, theo di, tm kim v tnh cc cho tng cuc gi, nhu cu ca nhng ngi s dng Internet trong giai on u tin dn n cch tip cn trong bn tin ring l khng phi l qu quan trng. Sau cng, nu trong mng c trc trc u th bn tin c th c chuyn ti qua ng khc hoc c gi li sau . Gi thit nh vy rt thun tin cho vic truyn tp v th in t nhng li khng thch hp vi dng thng tin i hi tnh thi gian thc cao hn. Mt v d in hnh ca thng tin thi gian thc l cc cuc gi in thoi. Chnh v vy lun tn ti hai phng php khc nhau qun l thng tin trn mng v hnh thnh nn nguyn tc c bn duy tr hot ng ca cc giao thc cho hai dng truyn thng ny. S pht trin ca hai phng php tip cn truyn d liu ny (thng c gi l truyn thng hng kt ni (connection oriented) v truyn thng phi kt ni (connectionless)) c th d dng hiu c di gc nhn ca cc nh chuyn mn. Khi nim v kt ni c trnh by trong cc phn trc. Phn ny s gii thiu v cch thc Internet x l cc cuc gi hng kt ni khi khng c kt ni no gia cc b nh tuyn. Trc ht chng ta s xem qua v tm quan trng ca cc kt ni (connections) v cc knh vt l (physical circuits).
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Kt ni v knh
Nh trnh by trong chng 3, cc mng chuyn mch knh nh PSTN tp trung ch yu vo vic thit lp v hu b kt ni vt l ca cuc gi. Sau khi ngi gi quay s cn thit, cc thit b chuyn mch s x l theo mt quy trnh c phng php v tun t tm mt ng i n ch thng qua mt hoc nhiu mng khc nhau ng thi dnh ring mt khong bng thng quy nh theo ton b ng i ni trn, gi chung n my ch v thit lp kt ni khi nhn c tn hiu tr li. Hai my in thoi (ngun v ch) c kt ni bi mt knh im-im; bt c th g pht ra mt my s ngay lp tc c nhc li my kia. D nhin, v s tn ti ca mt cuc gi gia hai my i hi phi s dng cc ti nguyn (nh bng thng ca ng truyn, b nh v cng ca cc chuyn mch) nn cuc gi cn kt thc theo mt quy trnh hp l no c th gii phng ti nguyn cho cc cuc gi tip theo. C rt nhiu vn lin quan n qu trnh thit k mt mng hot ng theo cch ny. Khi mt cuc gi va c thit lp, c hai u cuc gi ni ti mt lin kt c cht lng bit trc v ti mt ch c xc nh trc ri hy vng rng khi thng tin c t mt u th n i ra u kia v chuyn n ni mong mun. Qu trnh hot ng nh vy gi l hot ng hng kt ni bi v cc nt (node), bao gm cc im kt cui cng nh cc chuyn mch, cng lm vic vi nhau duy tr bn thn kt ni . S tn ti kt ni ng ngha vi vic ch cn li rt t cng vic cn phi lm chuyn thng tin n mng theo mt quy trnh c xc nh trc. Bn thn kt ni m bo cc cng vic ny. Mt u im khc ca cc mng hng kt ni l cc thit b chuyn mch (cc thit b ny cng vi cc lin kt hnh thnh nn cu trc mng) c th hot ng rt n gin sau khi kt ni c thit lp. D nhin vic bo hiu cc thit b chuyn mch thit lp kt ni l mt vic lm cn thit v tiu tn mt khong thi gian nht nh nhng khi kt ni c thit lp th cc thit b chuyn mch ch n thun chuyn tip thng tin t cng ny sang cng kia da trn thng tin cha trong bng knh. S n gin ny ng ngha vi vic cc thit b chuyn mch hng kt ni chuyn cc thng tin rt nhanh vi thi gian tr rt nh. V thit b chuyn mch trong PSTN dng nh hnh thnh mt mch in thc s t ngi gi n ngi nhn nn cc chuyn mch nh vy c gi l thit b chuyn mch knh (circuit switch) v mng PSTN c gi l mng chuyn mch knh (circuit-switched network). y l iu rt quan trng v n lin quan n vic to ra mt s quy nh v nh dng thng tin hai u ca mch m bo chng c th trao i vi nhau, ngoi ra cn cn phi gii hn bng thng hoc di tn cho knh c th iu khin c. Vi li ni ca ngi bnh thng th phm vi tn s c th c gii hn trong khong 300 n 3300 Hz, v hu ht mi ngi chp nhn gii hn m nh l c tnh ca mt mch thoi. Tuy nhin khi mt kt ni c to ra th mi ngi cc u cui ca ng truyn thoi
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u c m bo rng mnh ang truy cp n mt mch 3000Hz gia hai u v c th s dng n mt cch tu . i vi mng chuyn mch knh, c tnh ny cho php c hai ngi s dng chc chn v nhng g h nhn c trong thi gian din ra cuc gi. Mt tiu cc ca c tnh ny chnh l ngi s dng c th khng cn tt c ton b cuc gi. Ngoi ra, iu ny cng lm ny sinh hai vn : l ngi s dng phi tr tin cho mng trong cc khong thi gian khng cn thit v khin cho vic s dng bng thng trn mng khng hiu qu. Nhn theo mt gc khc th chnh l khi nim v qu trnh ghp knh tt c bng thng tt c thi gian (all the bandwith all the time).
Knh o
Tuy nhin c mt s cch khc cung cp mt phng tin vn chuyn hot ng tng t nh hot ng ca knh ng thi vn c kh nng ti phn phi cc bng thng khng s dng cho nhng ngi s dng khc. Mng kiu ny cho php nhiu ngi dng chung cc knh vt l ng thi, v v th cho php ngi cung cp c th s dng ti a hiu sut cc knh. iu c ngha l cc nh cung cp c th yu cu ph truy nhp t hn so vi mi trng chuyn mch knh ng ngha ca n. Cc mng nh vy c gi l cc mng knh o (virtual circuit networks) v vn l mng hng kt ni tuy nhin chng c cung cp kh nng chia s cc knh ng thi cng hot ng tng nh mng chuyn mch knh, iu khin cho cc mng knh o tr thnh xng sng ca hu ht cc mng d liu cng cng. Cn nhc li rng, lp vt l, kh nng chia s mt knh vt l duy nht cho nhiu ngi s dng c gi l qu trnh ghp knh (multiplexing), v c mt s k thut thc hin qu trnh ny. Phng php c tt c cc mng d liu s s dng l ghp knh phn chia thi gian (time-division multiplexing TDM), phng php ny chia s bng thng ca mt knh vt l bng cch phn nh mt s hu hn cc khong thi gian cho mt nhm ngi s dng trong sut khong thi gian m knh thuc quyn s dng ca h. Khi thi gian ca mt ngi s dng ht, ngi s dng tip theo s tip nhn ngay lp tc v tng t nh th cho n khi tt c mi ngi u s dng phn thi gian ca mnh, ti lc ngi s dng u tin li c quyn dng tip v tin trnh nh vy c tip tc. Thit b thc hin vic ghp knh theo thi gian c gi l b ghp knh (multiplexer) hay l MUX v hu ht cc thit b nh thit b chuyn mch thng tch hp kh nng ghp knh vo cc chc nng chun ca n v th khng c thit b no chuyn dng thc hin qu trnh ghp knh. Hnh 5-1 cho thy rng trong TDM qua mt knh duy nht gia hai b ghp knh, mi cp thit b c gn nhn l A,B v C c mt cuc hi thoi ring bit. Cc b tp trung phn nh cho mi thit b mt khe thi gian, hoc mt phn bng tn kh dng, v sau thc hin vic kt hp v phn tch lu lng qua mt ng truyn dng chung, ng thi thc hin
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vic truyn dn gia cc b dn knh v gia cc thit b ca ngi s dng hai u mng. D nhin, lu lng d liu thng khng mang tnh quy lut nn thng xut hin nhu cu s dng knh dng chung khc nhau gia A,B v C. Chng hn, ti khong thi gian no th A c th rt bn vi mt lng d liu rt ln gi ti i tc ca n trong khi B c t d liu hn nhiu v C th rt t. Nu knh c phn chia theo TDM chun th cc khong thi gian ca C s lng ph v cng trong khi A khng th truyn nhanh nh n mong mun. gi thng tin trong nhng trng hp nh vy mt dng TDM khc thng c s dng hn l ghp knh thng k (statistical TDM) hay cn gi l ghp knh theo trng thi (statmuxing). Ghp knh thng k cho php cc b ghp knh c th phn nh bng thng mt cch mm do tu theo mc cn thit ca mi thit b s dng knh chung. iu c ch ra trong Hnh 5-2.
A B M U X Khe thi gian A Khe thi gian B Khe thi gian C Khe thi gian A Khe thi gian B Khe thi gian C M U X A B
Hnh 5-1. Ghp knh phn chia thi gian
C cu ghp knh thng k khc vi c cu ghp knh chun mt im quan trng. V cc khe thi gian c phn nh mt cch mm do ch khng c nh cho nn d liu trong mi khe phi c nh du bi b ghp knh pht d liu i ch ra rng n ang s dng knh o ngha l ch ra thit b cui thuc v khe . iu ny cho php b ghp knh bn thu c th chuyn d liu ti ng ni cn thit. Phng php c th l cho b ghp knh pha pht gn loi m nh danh no vo phn u ca mi khe thi gian, cc m nh danh ny c th c c bi b ghp knh bn thu v mi nhn tng ng vi mt thit b cui no . Hu ht cc mng knh o u phc tp hn so vi mng knh o ni trn, c bit cc mch o thng c nhiu ng truyn vt l (d liu c chuyn gia cc thit b i qua cc ng truyn ny). Trong thc t, hiu qu v mt kinh t v tng tnh kh dng ca dch v cho mt s lng ln khch hng, cc nh cung cp mng d liu thng xy dng mt h thng ng truyn vt l v chuyn mch kh ln, h thng c th cho php kt ni bt k hai thit b s dng no bt chp v tr ca chng. Hnh 5-3 biu din khi nim v cc knh o.
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A Dnh cho cc bit ca A Dnh cho cc bit ca B Dnh cho cc bit ca A Dnh cho cc bit ca A Dnh cho cc bit ca A Dnh cho cc bit ca B
M U X
M U X
C khng hot ng trong khong thi gian ny
Hnh 5-2. Ghp knh phn chia thi gian thng k

Lin kt gia cc v tr trong mng V tr A V tr B Cc knh o kt ni cc v tr khc nhau V tr C V tr D
Hnh 5-3. Mng chuyn mch knh o
Thit lp cc knh o
Nu mt mng knh o c ghp knh thng k th cc b ghp knh (v bt k b chuyn mch no) phi bit nhng khe thi gian no l thuc v kt ni no. Trong Hnh 5-3, b ghp knh v tr A ch ra nhng khe thi gian no c gi ti B bng cch chn mt trng c m nh danh knh o l 47. D nhin, b ghp knh v tr B cng thy rng cc khe c nh du l 47 l cc khe c chuyn t b ghp knh v tr A. Qu trnh tng t nh qu trnh thit lp v hu b mt cuc gi trong mt mng chuyn mch knh. Vic thit lp mt knh o c th c cc k s mng thc hin mt cch th cng hoc do chnh cc th tc truyn thng thc hin mt cch t ng. Cu hnh knh o th cng hay cu hnh knh o tnh rt ph hp khi knh c xu hng vnh cu hay t nht tn ti trong mt khong tnh bng thng hoc nm. Cc knh c cung cp theo cu hnh ny c gi l knh o c nh (permenant virtual circuit - PVC). Ch rng, trong mt h thng nh vy, khng cn phi trao i thng tin gia cc b ghp knh thit lp mt mch o v qu trnh truyn thng c ngi qun tr mng lp cu hnh t trc bng cch kt hp mi s hiu knh o vi mt thit b cui. Tuy nhin cc knh o ng hay cc knh o chuyn mch (switched virtual circuit SVC) phi cung cp mt phng thc thng qua cc b ghp knh c th thng tin vi nhau xc nh knh o thuc v thit b cui no trong mng, ng thi chn ng i hp l gia hai thit b
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trong s cc thit b ni kt vi mng. iu ny c ngha l phi c mt kiu phn nh knh bo hiu no sao cho tt c b ghp knh u c th hiu c v tn ti mt nguyn tc nh tuyn nht nh cho vic la chn ng i. i vi nhng mng nh vy, cc k s mng ch cn m bo rng giao thc bo hiu hot ng tt cn li vic thit lp v hu b cc knh o l do cc b ghp knh m nhim. C nhiu loi h thng d liu hot ng ging nh cc mng chuyn mch knh o hoc knh o c nh hoc c hai. Cc mng c thit k truyn d liu s gm c cc mng nh X.25, mng Frame relay, mng ATM v mt s mng khc. Trc khi tm hiu chi tit hn, tt hn ht chng ta nn xem xt cc knh o X.25 nh l giao thc truyn thng hng kt ni in hnh ng thi xem xt hot ng ca mng truyn thng hng kt ni.
Mng phi kt ni
S la chn khc cho tng v vic thit k mt mng dng chung (shared network) l g? Phi chng tn ti mt loi kt ni khc vi loi kt ni vt l hay o m c kh nng chuyn ti thng tin ti ng i tng. Trong thc t c nhiu mng d liu khng cn phi s dng cc knh xc nh v tr ch, thay vo l s dng cc nh danh hoc a ch xc nh ngi nhn. V l do m nhng mng nh vy c gi l mng phi kt ni. Trong mng phi kt ni, thit b gi (sending device) (khng nn s dng thut ng ngi gi y v khng c cuc gi no c thit lp) c trch nhim gi km thng tin a ch hoc nh danh bn nhn trong mi bn tin (message). Sau mng s chuyn nhng thng tin n mt b nh tuyn (y l tn c s dng ch thit b chuyn mch gi) v nhim v chnh ca b nh tuyn l h tr thng tin i n ni mong mun. Ch rng, i khi bn thn cc b nh tuyn c th chuyn thng tin n ch ca thng tin v i khi n li chuyn thng tin n b nh tuyn khc. Bng cch thng tin di chuyn tng bc mt qua mng cho n khi ti c mt b nh tuyn no c th chuyn thng tin ti ni nhn cui cng. trnh vic thit b gi thng tin nhng khng bao gi dng li (tr phi trng hp thit b c lp trnh truyn dn mt dng d liu khng kt thc nh cc thng tin v thi tit hoc cc thng tin v gi c th trng chng khon), mng phi kt ni yu cu cc thnh phn tham gia truyn thng ca mng ch gi mt lng thng tin hu hn trong mi thng bn tin v c gi l datagram. C rt nhiu vn bn ci v cch s dng thut ng datagram i vi cc gi phi kt ni. Ban u nhng ngi thnh lp Internet mun s dng mt thut ng nhn mnh s khc nhau c bn gia vic nh tuyn phi kt ni v vic chuyn mch hng kt ni. Theo li ca h th l do c bn ca vic lm ni trn l mng ca chng ti khc rt nhiu so vi cc mng chuyn mch gi truyn thng do
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cn s dng tn khc cho n v d liu. Kt qu l cc gi IP vn gi l gi. Ngy nay trong cc ti liu v Internet, khi xut hin khi nim v datagram th vn c cc khuyn ngh i vi ngi c nn tham kho khi nim gi (packet). Tuy nhin, thut ng datagram vn thng c s dng v trong ti liu ny cng vy. Trong mt s trng hp, vic gii hn v chiu di mt datagram cng l mt tng hay v iu ny khin cho qu trnh ghp knh c d dng hn nh vic to ra nhiu khong khng gian gia cc bn tin hn (ni dung ca cc datagram chnh l cc bn tin) v v th to c hi nhiu hn cho cc thit b truyn thng tin ca chnh bn thn chng. cho thun li, ngi ta cng nh ngha mt n v hoc gi m ngi gi c th b sung thm thng tin v a ch. C th xem mt datagram nh mt khe thi gian di thay i c s dng cho vic ghp knh thng k. Tuy nhin, nu khng tn ti mt knh biu din ng i ti ch th mt b nh tuyn s phi x l mt gi tin c chuyn ti ti n nh th no? Cu tr li l do c s khc bit gia mt b nh tuyn phi kt ni v thit b chuyn mch hng kt ni. i vi mt chuyn mch, bng knh (cho php chuyn mch c th chuyn d liu theo nhn knh o mt cch nhanh chng, nhng mt b nh tuyn th khng c bng knh, m thay vo l mt bng nh tuyn lit k cc a ch mng (network address). Chng bao gm cc m ZIP ca tt c cc phn mng (network segment) kh dng i vi b nh tuyn v a ch ca cc b nh tuyn khc ni vi cc phn mng . Khi mt b nh tuyn nhn mt gi tin, n s kim tra a ch ch ca gi v tm trong bng nh tuyn m ZIP tng ng v chuyn gi tin n bc tip theo gn vi ch hn bng cch gi gi tin ti b nh tuyn khc c ni ti mng ch.
Knh o Thit k Thc th xc nh a ch n v thng tin Thc th mng S dng bng thng Hng kt ni Nhn knh Gi, khung v t bo Cc thit mch b chuyn Datagram Phi kt ni a ch mng v nt Gi, khung v t bo Cc b nh tuyn Tu thuc vo s lng v kch c ca cc khung c xt IP, Ethernet, hu ht cc mng LAN
Bng vi bng thng ca mng Chuyn tip khung, X.25, ATM, hu ht cc mng WAN
V d
Bng 5-1. Thuc tnh ca knh o v cc mng d liu gi
Ch rng khi to qu trnh ny th khng cn phi ci t, thit lp cuc gi. iu duy nht m bn gi cn bit trc khi nh a ch v gi gi tin i l a ch ca thit b m bn gi mun trao i thng tin. Gi (hoc datagram) t tm ng i ch thng qua vic tm m ZIP tng ng trong mi b nh tuyn m n gp. Cho n mt lc no , n s gp
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b nh tuyn kt ni trc tip vi mng mang m ZIP ch v b nh tuyn ny s chuyn gi tin trc tip n ngi nhn. Bng 5-1 ch ra s khc nhau gia mng knh o (hng kt ni) v mng gi (phi kt ni).
Chuyn mch v nh tuyn

Vn quyt nh s dng mng hng kt ni hay phi kt ni lin quan mt thit vi c tnh ca thit b chuyn ti thng tin qua mng. D nhin c hai loi mng ny u c gng chuyn cc gi ti ch ca n nhng cch thc xc nh ch v cch thc lm vic vi cc gi ca cc thit b li khc nhau rt nhiu. Trong khi cc nh sn xut phn cng c xu hng lm mp m vn bng vic tuyn b rng cc sn phm gn y nht ca h kt hp cc c tnh tt nht ca c hai phng php tip cn, th tt hn ht chng ta cn tm hiu s khc nhau gia cc thit b chuyn mch v cc b nh tuyn, t ch ra s khc nhau gia qu trnh nh tuyn v qu trnh chuyn mch. Nhim v ca thit b chuyn mch hng kt ni c nhim v tng i n gin, l: 1. Nhn mt gi n 2. Kim tra trng nhn dng ID ca kt ni (trng ny xc nh knh o m gi s dng) 3. Tm ID trong cc ch dn bng knh ca chuyn mch 4. Thay th ID bng mt ID c ch ra trong bng 5. Truyn tip gi theo knh c m nhn dng ID mi
Cng vo 0 0 1 1 M ni 34 47 77 47 kt Cng ra 1 0 1 1 M ni 18 12 12 23 kt
M kt ni: 47
M kt ni: 12
Hnh 5-4. Thit b chuyn mch
Qu trnh ny l li ca cc k thut mng knh o. Hnh 5-4 biu din qu trnh x l gi khi c chuyn qua thit b chuyn mch. Tt c cc gi n c x l bi bng nh tuyn (ngay c vi cc chuyn mch c bng nh tuyn). Bng nh tuyn c t chc bi cc cng vo (chuyn mch n gin ny ch c hai cng). Chuyn mch ch thay th nhn (label) v sp xp gi tin n cng ra mong mun. Chnh v vy m lu lng trn kt ni 34 s i n cng 1 v lu lng trn kt ni 47 i n cng 0 mc d c hai u c cng cng vo l cng s 0. Ch rng, cc
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m nhn dng (ID) c th c lp li trong bng nhng cc cng khng ging nhau (v d nh kt ni 47 trong bng). Cc ID ch mang ngha cc b v nh cc mng ln c th s dng mt lng tng i nh cc cc nh danh kt ni. i vi mt chuyn mch, ch hot ng l rt quan trng. Khi nhn mt gi c chuyn n, chuyn mch c th ch phi thc hin mt ng tc l chuyn tip gi i mt bc na theo hnh trnh ca n. Cng vic ny khng i hi cao lm v mt k thut bi ch cn c mt b tm kim ID n gin v c kh nng theo di cc hng trong knh. u im ca tnh n gin ny l tc ca vic truyn tin bi v cng vic x l cc gi cng t th thi gian tiu ph trong chuyn mch cng t i. Nhc im chnh ca cch tip cn nh vy l khng c kh nng thch ng vi s thay i hon cnh ca mng. Nu c s c khng may xy ra i vi mt lin kt no nm trong knh th knh s tr thnh v hiu lc cho n khi hng hc c sa cha. iu khng c ngha rng khng th gn knh cho cc lin kt khc v trong thc t, c rt nhiu mng chuyn mch h tr kh nng ti phn nh. Tuy nhin, vic ti phn nh nhanh chng l mt qu trnh phc tp v cn c s can thip th cng ng thi lm pht sinh lu lng qun l v iu hnh mng. C mt s khc nhau rt nh gia qu trnh ti phn nh knh nh ni trn vi qu trnh ti phn nh trong mt mng phi kt ni chng hn nh Internet. B nh tuyn c bn cht tng i phc tp v nh i s n gin tng kh nng tng thch. Mt gi tin ti mt b nh tuyn khng mang mt ID ca kt ni m l mt a ch ch ton cc (ch khng phi cc b) duy nht, l ID duy nht phn bit nt (node) ch mong mun vi cc nt khc trn ton th gii. Nhim v ca mt b nh tuyn l: 1. c a ch ch phn u gi 2. Xc nh mng m a ch ch nm trong 3. Tm trong bng nh tuyn ca n a ch ca b nh tuyn gn ch ca gi tin hn so vi chnh n 4. Chuyn gi tin n b nh tuyn Nhn qua th c v nh nhim v trn l rt n gin, nhng trn thc t, cc ch (c th hin thng qua a ch ca cc gi tin) ch khng phi l cc knh i hi mt s lng ln cc php x l cn c thc hin chuyn gi d liu i. V mt b nh tuyn c th nhn gi tin bt k cng no ti bt c thi gian no nn gi tin c th chuyn ti bt k mng no trn th gii do b nh tuyn phi so snh a ch ch ca gi vi tng a ch ch trong bng nh tuyn ca ring n. Bng nh tuyn Internet trong nhng nm trc 1999 cha khong 50,000 ng i khc nhau. Vic so snh ni trn lin quan n rt nhiu cng vic, c bit i vi nhng b nh tuyn i hi phi thc hin cc php so snh vi tc c chc triu gi trn mt giy. Nhim v ca mt thit b chuyn mch
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n gin hn bi s knh c biu din trn mt cng n thng thng l rt nh. Cng vic ca mt b nh tuyn Internet l lit k cc ch c th n c v y l mt cng vic khng l. Ngc li, mt thit b chuyn mch PSTN ch phi theo di cc kt ni ang hot ng. y chnh l iu to nn s khc bit gia thit b chuyn mch v b nh tuyn. Thc ra rt t khi c mt ng dng mng l ng dng thun tu hng kt ni hoc phi kt ni. Thm ch PSTN chuyn mch knh cng c cc thnh phn hot ng phi kt ni trong mt s cc th tc iu khin ca n v c trong cc ni kt ca n vi cc mng khc. Vic quan st hot ng ca c mng hng kt ni ln hot ng ca mng phi kt ni l mt vic lm cn thit trong vic tm ra cc u im v nhc im ca c hai loi mng. Cui cng chng ta dng li mt cng ngh mi c gi l thoi qua IP (voice over IP) hin ang l mt vn thch thc i vi mng PSTN ng thi xem xt mt v d v hot ng ca mng d liu hng kt ni thng qua vic nghin cu dch v X.25. Tip , chng ta s xem xt mt v d v u vo v u ra ca dng mng phi kt ni l cc dch v Internet cng vi cc giao thc km theo n.
Dch v mng X.25

Mt s vn v X.25 c trnh by chng 3 v 4. By gi, chng ta s tm hiu chi tit hn v hot ng ca cc giao thc hiu r hn v hot ng ca IP. Giao thc X.25 l mt c t v truy cp hng kt ni ti mt mng d liu gi cng cng (PSPDN). Nh minh ho trong Hnh 5-5, giao thc ny gm 3 phn hay 3 tng, mi tng tng ng vi nhiu hn hoc t hn mt trong 3 tng di cng ca m hnh tham chiu kt ni h thng m (OSI-RM). Ch rng c t X.25 khng quan tm n cc trm cui hoc thit b ngi s dng m trch nhim ny thuc v 4 lp trn ca m hnh quy chiu v ngi s dng c th thc hin theo mun ca h. Chng ta khng cn quan tm nhiu n lp vt l m ch cn ch rng cc khuyn ngh X.21 v X.21 bis m t cc c t in-c ca cp v cc b thu pht, chng chuyn cc tng cao hn t nt ti nt thng qua mng. Cng vic thc s ca b giao thc X.25 c thc hin bi cc lp mng v lp lin kt d liu. Lp mng Lp lin kt d liu Lp vt l X.25 PLP LAPB X.21/X.21 bis
Hnh 5-5. Cc giao thc X.25
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X.25 PAD
Chuyn mch gi X.25
X.25 PAD
Hnh 5-6. Mt ng dng n gin ca X.25
LAPB (th tc truy nhp lin kt cn bng Link Acess Procedure Balanced mt siu tp ca giao thc ca m hnh tham chiu kt ni h thng m HDLC) l giao thc lp lin kt d liu c trch nhim kt ni mt b hp/tch gi (PAD Packet Assembler/Disassembler) ti mt thit b chuyn mch hoc kt ni thit chuyn mch ny n mt chuyn mch khc. Kt ni ny lun l dng im ni im v thng thng tn ti trn mt ng truyn vt l duy nht. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, mt kt ni X.25 u cui n u cui c to gia hai PAD th i qua mt lot cc lin kt LAPB im ni im nh ni trn. Cc thit b ca khch hng nh my tnh, u cui v my in kt ni vi cc PAD thng qua cc lin kt ni tip khng ng b hoc thng qua cc mng cc b (LAN Local Access Network) khc v chng thng khng bit n s c mt ca X.25. Hnh 5-6 ch ra mt v d v mt mng kiu nh vy vi hai PAD c kt ni ti thit b chuyn mch to ra mt kt ni my ch-ti-u cui (host-to-terminal) duy nht. D nhin y khng phi l mt mng cng cng in hnh bi v y ch xut hin duy nht mt lin kt. Trong thc t, thng thng cc PAD c ni vi cc thit b chuyn mch v cc thit b chuyn mch ny li kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc ng dy trung k hoc n cc thit b chuyn mch khc. Ngi ta thng s dng thut ng m my mng ch cc thit b chuyn mch v cc kt ni gia chng. Trong thc t, v bn cht X.25 to ra m my mng (network cloud). Ch rng thut ng m my c s dng y v ngi s dng thng khng bit g v ni dung bn trong ca n. Ngi s dng (hay khch hng) khng c cch no bit c cc k thut lin kt d liu v kt ni vt l c s dng gia hai thit b chuyn mch. Tuy nhin v y l mng PSPDN nn ngi s dng thc s bit rng mng c th cung cp cc knh X.25. Ngoi ra, khng c khch hng thc s quan tm n ni dung ca m my. iu l hp l v ngi s dng ch cn bit u vo l X.25, u ra l X.25 v d liu c kh nng chuyn ti t ni ny ti ni khc. Thc t trong hu ht dch v PSPDN cc mng m my l mng thng tin thch hp c to ra vi mc ch kt ni cc thit b chuyn mch X.25 li vi nhau. Khng ging cc knh vt l trong PSTN, cc knh m X.25 cung cp l cc knh o, ngha l di gc ngi s dng th chng l cc knh ring bit tuy nhin v mt lgic chng hon ton khng phi l cc knh ring bit. Cc knh o c th c nhng ngi iu khin m my thit lp mt cch th cng hoc chng c th c thit lp v hu b khi cn thit hon ton ng bi ngi s dng mng. Chng l cc knh o c nh
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(PVC permenant virtual circuit) v cc knh o chuyn mch (SVC switched virtual circuit). Tuy nhin, cc PVC c chuyn mch trong nt mng ging nh cc SVC v ngc li cc SVC c th c duy tr trong thi gian hng nm (v th c th xem l tng i c nh) do y l cc thut ng mang tnh tng i. Trong X.25 vic cung cp PVC l mt qu trnh n gin nhng kh mt thi gian v lin quan n cu hnh ca tng thit b chuyn mch trong ng i ti ch cng nh cu hnh ca cc PAD lin quan n knh kt ni. Tuy nhin sau khi hon thnh th ngi s dng c c mt knh o xc nh t trc (da trn k thut v thit k mng hp l) ph hp vi ng dng ca ngi s dng v iu ny lm ti u ho c tnh lu lng ca cc lin kt cng nh cc thit b chuyn mch. Do , nu ngi s dng mun c mt VC c tr b nht c th th h c th yu cu cc nh cung cp dch v X.25 nhn mt ng i nhanh nht qua cc thit b chuyn mch v lin kt. Vic thit lp SVC phi thc hin mt cch mm do v vy khng c thi gian cho mt tin trnh thao tc th cng. Thay vo khi ngi s dng yu cu mng cung cp mt knh o, giao thc nh tuyn s tm ra mt ng i thng sut v mt giao thc bo hiu khc s c s dng hng dn cho cc thit b to nn cc lin kt v do hnh thnh nn knh. Sau khi hon thnh xong qu trnh ny th ngi s dng c th t do chuyn d liu di dng gi qua VC. Trong trng hp truyn xong d liu, ngi s dng thng bo cho mng hu b kt ni v ngay lp tc ton b qu trnh thit lp kt ni s c thc hin theo hng ngc li ng thi gii phng ti nguyn ca cc thit b chuyn mch v kt ni. By gi chng ta s tm hiu hot ng ca mt s dch v kiu nh vy. i vi mt PVC cng nh mt SVC, tin trnh thit lp knh to ra mt kt ni "ng tin cy". ngha ca khi nim tin cy trong vic truyn d liu l phi m bo rng d liu s c chuyn ti trn mng ging nh khi n c gi n. Ngi s dng c th tin vo mt ch s cht lng dch v (QoS) no m mng cung cp. Nu v mt l do no m khng th chuyn ti c d liu th ti thiu cng phi cnh bo cho ngi s dng bit h c cc hnh ng thch hp khc. tin cy thc s phi m bo tnh ton vn d liu (data integrity), bao gm c vic sa li, v chnh l ngha ca khi nim tin cy. V vy, mi lin kt LAPB cha mt knh X.25 c hai nhim v l lm chc nng b m d liu ng thi kim sot li. Nu nh cc giao thc lin kt d liu khng thy li no xy ra th thit b chuyn mch c php gi lu lng n lin kt LAPB hng ti ch. V nu mt lin kt LAPB pht hin ra gi tin b hng th n ngh thit b chuyn mch truyn li gi tin . Cc thit b chuyn mch lun duy tr mt bn sao gi tin cho n khi nhn c thng bo v vic nhn gi thnh cng. cung cp tin cy thc s l mt cng vic hon ton khng n gin. N i hi nhiu ti nguyn nh thi gian v bng thng. Chnh v vy
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lm cho kh nng cung cp ca hu ht cc mng X.25 c th km i. Mc d, khi xy dng X.25 hu ht cc nh thit k mng u nhn thy rng trong thc t him t khi phi s dng tin cy thc s tuy nhin h vn phi a vo. Cui cng nu nh khng c s xc nhn l khng c li cui mi chng th liu d liu c th truyn t u ny sang u kia m khng c bt k li no hay khng? Thm ch t l xut hin li cc mng vt l tt nh mng cp ng bc kim trnh nhiu in t cng rt cao. V nu cc li l cc li thng gp th nn c bit bi v khng th chuyn mt gi tin mang d liu sai. y c th xem l mt phng php tip cn hp l truyn d liu v n to ra mt lung d liu cht lng cao b thu v ging nh d liu c a vo knh bn pht. Tuy nhin cng nn xem xt mt s nhc im v hng gii quyt m X.25 s dng l g? u tin, tin trnh thit lp mt knh mt nhiu thi gian nn lm tr im xut pht qu trnh truyn thng. Chng hn, trong X.25 thit b gi phi bt u tin trnh thit lp bng cch thng bo d nh ca n bng mt loi gi gi l yu cu gi (call request). Khi nhn c gi yu cu gi, ngay lp tc pha thu phi thng bo vic chp nhn m kt ni thng qua mt loi gi c bit khc c gi l chp nhn cuc gi (call accept). Cui cng, bn gi phi xc nhn vic thu c gi chp nhn cuc gi bng thng bo cuc gi hon thnh (call complete). Ch sau khi hon thnh cc th tc ny th knh gia bn nhn v gi mi c xem l thng sut v sn sng truyn d liu. Mc d vy, sau khi m ra mt kt ni, hai trm cui c ni ti knh X.25 c th truyn d liu nhanh nh kh nng vt l ca kt ni cho php min l kt ni vn cn c m. Hiu qu ca mt tin trnh x l nh vy khng ch tu thuc vo bn thn cc th tc thit lp cuc gi m cn ph thuc vo s lng liu c truyn qua cuc gi. Rt cuc, nu cuc gi ang c thit lp nhm mc ch chuyn ti ni dung th vin Quc hi, ngi ta c th thy rng su gi d liu phc v vic m v ng kt ni l nh hn rt nhiu so vi khi lng d liu thc s c truyn. Tuy nhin iu g s xy ra nu tt c nhng g m bn gi mun chuyn ch l mt gi duy nht bo hiu rng mt phm va c nhn hay va ng mt cnh ca? y chng ta thy rng tu theo mc quan trng ca d liu m vic thit lp c mang tnh hiu sut cao hay khng bn cht vn chnh l d liu. Nhiu d liu mang tnh cht quyt nh v v th iu quan trng nht l bo v c d liu v m bo c tin cy, thm ch ngay khi d liu ch l ng tc nhn mt phm. Tuy nhin, i vi mt s d liu khng quan trng lm m d dng c gi li nu b mt th khng cn phi lng ph bng thng v i su gii quyt vn rc ri lin quan n qu trnh thit lp knh. Mt s loi lu lng khc th li khng chp nhn thi gian tr do qu trnh thit lp knh gy ra. Do trong thc t c mt s loi lu lng khng c phc v mt cch hon ho bi cc knh, vy cn phi lm th no p ng yu cu
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ca nhng lu lng ? Cu tr li n gin nht l: gi n. Ni mt cch khc l khi nt A gi mt thng bo ngn cho nt B, nu thng bo b mt th cng khng c ngha l th gii n ngy tn th, v th ti sao chng ta khng n gin gi n ti nt B m khng cn n s phc tp ca vic thit lp knh? Ho ra, kh khn duy nht trong vic thc hin qu trnh ny l v X.25 khng cung cp phng thc truyn dn d liu "khng knh", v vy cn phi c mt cch no c th s dng kh nng sn c ca cc thit b X.25. V l do , xut hin loi hnh dch v gi l dch v la chn nhanh X.25 (fast select service). Trong dch v ny, cc nt khi mun gi mt gi tin nh n mt nt khc th n c th thc hin bng cch gi km d liu cn chuyn vo thng bo yu cu gi (call request) hng ti nt kia. Tt nhin l mng X.25 s xem gi tin nh l gi tin c bn gi chuyn i thit lp kt ni v chuyn n trc tip n bn nhn v bn nhn ch n thun g thng tin trong phn u gi ra v ly d liu phn cui ca gi. Khng cn thit lp kt ni v khng phin phc cht no c. C rt nhiu ng dng c li t cch tip cn nh vy. Chng ta hy xem xt yu cu xut pht t mt th tn dng mt ca hng bn l. i vi mt loi ng dng nh vy, s hiu ca th v s tin giao dch c t vo mt bn tin thit lp cuc gi v PSPDN s nh tuyn bn tin ny ti c s d liu trung tm lu gi cc thng tin v ti khon ca ngi gi th. Sau khi c s d liu xc nhn giao dch n s gi mt lng nh d liu tr li ca hng vi mt m s u nhim. Tuy nhin, mt hoc c hai gi tin s b mt theo cch ging nhau l v khng c s p tr ca thit b u cui ti im bn hng. ng dng ny cho php nhn vin bn hng c mt s kh nng chn la v cch thc d dng nht c l l lp li tin trnh ni v hy vng rng s thnh cng trong ln th hai. Dch v la chn nhanh p ng c yu cu ca ngi s dng mng X.25 l c th gi mt lng nh d liu m khng cn nhiu thng tin mo u. Tuy nhin do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau nn dch v la chn nhanh khng bao gi thch hp vi ngi s dng hoc cc chuyn vin ca mng X.25 v ch l n lc s dng mng theo mt cch khc vi mc ch thit k ca n. D nhn thy rng phng php la chn nhanh l khng tin cn v hi mo him khi s dng trong mng c t chc tt nh PSPDN. Cui cng, bn cht ca X.25 v lp c s LAPB m bo cho vic d liu c chuyn ti bng mt c ch hon ho v khng c li. Dch v la chn nhanh ging nh vic s dng xe but 50 ch ngi vi mt ti x duy nht thay cho cc xe hi gia nh chuyn ch cc hnh khch mua v nh k trong thnh ph. Cc nh thit k X.25 c nh bin n thnh mt mng tch hp bng cch kt ni cc mng PSPDN, tng t nh vic to ra mng PSTN bng cc kt ni gia cc mng in thoi trn th gii. Trong thc t, mc d X.25 kh thnh cng trong mt s th trng nh Chu u v cc vng vnh ai Thi Bnh Dng nhng li khng thnh cng nh mng tch hp
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ton cu v mt l do chnh l X.25 c qu nhiu " kh nng la chn", iu ny gy rt nhiu kh khn trong vic kt ni cc mng X.25 quc gia. xut hin cc mng X.25 ca Php, X.25 ca B v ca mt s nc khc na. iu ny l mt tai ho i vi vic d nh xy dng mt mng ton cu. Nu c mt kt ni b li i vi mt thnh ph nm trong mt quc gia no th ch cn thc hin mt cuc gi gii quyt vn . Tuy nhin khi cc kt ni t Th Nh K n Italia (kt ni ny chuyn qua Hy Lp) c li th ai l ngi c trch nhim x l cc trc trc? Do nn tn ti mt kiu mng c kh nng cung cp cc kt ni t mt ni n tt c cc ni khc m khng cn thit lp cc kt ni c nh gia hai u mt (end-to-end connection).
Lnh vc Internet
Trong khi dch v X.25 tip tc pht trin th cc k s ca chnh ph Hoa K v mt s cc nh thu khon cng mt s trng i hc ang lm vic trn mng ring ca h v y l tin thn ca mng Internet. Mng c hnh thnh khng phi trong thng mi m trong phng th nghim cc d n v chin tranh ht nhn. Qun i Hoa K quan tm n mt vn l khi chin tranh xy ra tin cy ca cc my tnh ca h c th mt i bi v cc knh chuyn dng ni kt cc my tnh ny vi nhau v ti ngi s dng t xa s l mt gt chn Asin. Cui cng, nu mt qu bom lm v hiu ho hay ph hu mt im kt ni trung tm cho nhng knh quan trng th s dn ti ph hng qu trnh lin lc gia cc my tnh m ch c duy nht mt ng truyn. Phng thc hot ng ca cc giao thc c s dng y khc hn vi phng thc hot ng ca cc giao thc trong mng chuyn mch knh. Thm ch ban u tng "cc gi tin c chuyn ti theo cc knh o" cng c xem xt tuy nhin cui cng cng b loi b v s rt kh khn trong vic ti nh hng ng dn knh trong trng hp xy ra li ca mt thit b chuyn mch trn ng truyn (hoc l do nn nhn ca mt v n ht nhn). Thay vo cc giao thc trn, cc nh thit k ca mng ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), sau l mng DARPANet (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) tin thn ca mng Internet ngy nay, c d nh xy dng mt mng trong thng tin c th c i theo mt ng i bt k trong mt s cc ng i c th n c ch. Bn gi s nhn bn tin v chia n ra mt s gi tin nh (datagram) khng cha qu 1500 byte v sau gi chng n mt b nh tuyn. B nh tuyn l mt thit b c nhim v xc nh mt b nh tuyn gn ch hn v chuyn tip gi tin n b nh tuyn . Mi b nh tuyn s bit a ch ca tt c cc mng ch v a ch ca cc b nh tuyn k tip v do s y trch nhim i vi gi d liu bng cch chuyn n ti b nh tuyn gn ch hn. Theo phng thc tng chng mt ny (hop by hop), tt c cc gi ca bn tin cui cng s tm c ng n ch mong mun v ti y cc gi s c kt hp li
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c th c v x l. Mc d c th xut hin trng hp tt c cc gi thuc cng mt bn tin no i theo cng mt ng v n ch theo ng th t gi tng t nh trong mng chuyn mch knh hay mng knh o X.25 nhng iu khng phi lun lun xy ra trong mng Internet. Thng tin nh tuyn cn thit cho mi b nh tuyn trong mng APRANet chuyn ti cc datagram c cp nht bng nhn cng theo nh k. Mi khi c mt mng mi c thm vo h thng th cc bng nh tuyn trong mng mi phi c to ra v c gi n cc nh qun l ca tng b nh tuyn v h s thay th bng nh tuyn c bng mt bng nh tuyn mi cho php cc thit b ca mng c th lin lc c vi mng mi. Sau khi mng ARPANet pht trin n mt mc nht nh, tin trnh ny kh kh khn v do xut hin cc giao thc nh tuyn mi c kh nng chia s cc thng tin lin quan n mng mt cch mm do (chia s ng) trong trng hp b sung thm cc mng mi hay khi mt s mng ang tn ti ngng hot ng. Ngy nay, th in t, cc trang Web v tt c cc lu lng khc ca Internet c chuyn ti trong cc gi tin (datagram) theo cc nh dng ca tiu chun v IP (Internet protocol). Mc d tiu chun IP cho php kch thc ca mt gi tin c th thay i trong khong 20 n 65,000 byte nhng hu ht cc gi tin ch gi gn trong vng 1500 byte v hu ht bn tin ca ngi s dng l tng i ngn. Cc mo u IP (IP header) c a vo phn u ca d liu nm trong bn tin. Cc mo u ny cha thng tin v a ch v mt s thng tin khc cc b nh tuyn c th thc hin c nhim v ca chng. Mc d qu trnh cp nht bng nh tuyn da vo giao thc v qu trnh nh v c thc hin nh vo cc mo u IP nhng mt gi tin c th b mt u trong khi i t bn gi n bn nhn. iu ny c th xy ra khi b nh tuyn hoc lin kt b li, cc bng nh tuyn b hng, thit b hot ng khng chun xc, cu hnh khng ph hp hoc v bt c l do no. D nhin, d liu trong mt gi tin IP c th b h hng khi i qua mng. i vi mng X.25 khi mt trong cc trng hp trn xy ra th n yu cu truyn li cc gi tin b mt hoc b hng tnh t thi im cha xy ra li gn nht. Vi mt cht may mn, vic truyn cc gi tin ln th hai hoc ln tip theo s khng gp trc trc nh ln u tin v cui cng d liu s c chuyn ti ch thnh cng. khc phc vn mt hoc hng d liu, IP hot ng theo mt cch khc hn vi cc cch thng c s dng trong cc giao thc ng tin cy nh X.25. IP khng thc hin bt c tc v no truyn li. Theo thut ng truyn thng, IP l mt giao thc khng tin cy ngha l giao thc khng m bo vic truyn dn cng nh cht lng ca d liu c giao ph cho n. Giao thc IP l khng tin cy i vi bt c cht lng dch v QoS no c, ngoi tr qu trnh kt ni ngun v ch. Thc t, IP b qua v thm ch gn nh khng bit n cc li truyn dn nh hng n d liu ngi s dng. S khng tin cy ca IP khin cho n khng c kh nng nhn thc c rng trn thc t d liu b hng l khng tt. Cu hi
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t ra l: lm th no giao thc hot ng theo cch ny nhng vn cho php cc h thng kt ni ti Internet v m bo c tnh ton vn d liu? Tuy nhin chng khng n ni ti t nh chng ta ngh. Th nht, cc mng hp thnh mng Internet v cc mng da trn giao thc IP c nhng vng s dng cp quang v cc b nh tuyn lp chuyn ti s him khi xut hin li. Mt s ngi cho rng kh nng xy ra li rt thp v khng ng k. Mt s ngi cho rng khng nht thit phi a c ch sa li vo giao thc IP v kh nng hng hc d liu l rt thp. i vi mt s loi d liu th vn ny khng quan trng lm. Th hai, trong mt s ng dng no , cc gi tin b nhm ln vn c c chp nhn bi v ngi s dng (hoc cc chng trnh) hai my tnh hai u ng truyn c th pht hin ra v yu cu truyn li chng. Chng hn trong trng hp mt ngi s dng ang ch ti mt trang Web, nu nh thi gian ch nhn c tr li qu lu th anh ta c th vo li a ch ca dch v c gng kt ni ln th hai. Cui cng, cc giao thc "h tr" khc c th c kt hp vi IP cung cp mt dch v truyn dn thc s ng tin cy trong trng hp cn thit. Mt trong nhng giao thc in hnh kiu ny l giao thc iu khin truyn d liu TCP. Trong thc t giao thc ny hot ng song song vi giao thc IP trong cc ng dng ph bin nh th in t v World Wide Web. Vic s dng IP (cho qu trnh nh v v nh tuyn) i cng vi TCP (cho tin cy) l rt ph bin n ni rt nhiu ngi gi ton b b giao thc IP l TCP/IP.
Kin trc b giao thc Internet (TCP/IP)

IP to ra mt h cc b giao thc rng ln v phc tp, mi mt b giao thc c cc quy nh c bit ca ring n cho vic truyn dn d liu qua mt mng IP nh mng Internet. Kin trc ny cng vi nh ngha ca tng giao thc c miu t trong mt tp cc tiu chun c qun l bi IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), y l t chc c pht trin t mt din n v vn chia s thng tin trong thi k pht trin u tin ca b giao thc IP. Trc ht cc tiu chun IETF c pht trin nh l cc RFC (Request for Comment). c a ra t nhng nm 1960, bn thn ch RFC mang mt ngha thch hp cho cc tiu chun "phc tho" ng thi m ra hng mi cho cc phng php mang tnh l thuyt hp l v tng i cn bng. Hin nay IETF c trn 100 nhm ang lm vic, mi nhm c nhim v gii quyt mt tp cc vn v thit k Internet ca ring n. V nhng nm qua nn kinh t t c mc nhng bc pht trin ng k, nn cc tin trnh RFC pht trin theo xu hng thng c quy thnh cc tiu chun, t chc... c ngha l mt ci g ng ngn, b nh hng bi chnh tr v lch lc. Tuy nhin cc b giao thc IP vn l mt trong nhng kin trc giao thc "m" c sn trong cc tiu chun IETF min ph trn
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Internet v c bit n rng ri; v ang c s dng trong nhiu mng hn bt k tiu chun no khc. Hnh 5-7 biu din v tr tng i ca cc khi chnh ca b giao thc theo cch nhn i vi mt m hnh ging nh OSI. y ca b giao thc, c xem nh l lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu trong thut ng OSI, khng c nh ngha c th trong cc tiu chun trong b giao thc IP. Trong khi iu ny c v nh l mt thiu st nhng trn thc t n to iu kin xy dng cc mng da trn IP t h tng c s ca gn nh bt k mng no m khng cn quan tm n c tnh chng. Chnh v vy ngi ta c th xy dng c cc mng IP hot ng mt cch rt hiu qu vi cc loi dch v cp ng, cp quang, chuyn mch gi din rng, dch v khng dy v thm ch mt s cng ngh khng ph bin khc nh laser. Hu nh bt k mng no cng c th vn chuyn gi tin IP min l mng c th h tr mt kch thc ti thch hp. Ch rng khng ging nh X.25 y khng c yu cu v c cu vn chuyn khng li. V cc dch v do IP cung cp c bit nh l cc dch v khng ng tin cy nn bn thn IP khng quan tm n vic mng s dng n c ng tin cy hay khng. ng dng Th in t (E-mail), WWW v cc ng dng khc TCP hoc UDP IP
Giao vn Mng
Vt l/Lin kt d Cc giao thc LAN v liu WAN

Hnh 5-7. Cc thnh phn c bn ca lp giao thc Internet (TCP/IP)
Chuyn ln pha trn b giao thc, ta thy rng b giao thc IP cng c lp mng tng t nh ca OSI-RM v c gi IP. Hu ht chc nng ca lp mng c thc hin bi IP. Cc chc nng ny bao gm: 1. nh a ch duy nht cho cc mng v cc my tnh (host) c kt ni vi cc mng 2. nh ngha khun dng ca gi tin IP v phn u ca n 3. nh tuyn cc gi tin IP i qua cc b nh tuyn v cc mng ti ch ca chng 4. Phn mnh v kt hp cc mnh li khi d liu qu ln chuyn ti qua mng 5. Chuyn ti cc d liu c cha trong cc gi tin ti cc lp trn cho cc ng dng s dng
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C hai chc nng quan trng m IP khng m nhim. l vic chuyn ti thng tin nh tuyn v giao din vi cc lp thp hn. Cc tc gi IP khng tch hp hai kh nng vo IP bi nh th s lm hn ch kh nng pht trin b giao thc v phi sa i cc c t IP c bn. Thng tin nh tuyn c chuyn ti hoc theo cch th cng hoc thng qua mt s giao thc chung c thit k cho mc ch ny, chng hn nh giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP (Routing Information Protocol), giao thc u tin ng i ngn nht OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) hoc BGP (Border Gateway Protocol). Mc d trong phm vi quyn sch ny khng m t chi tit hot ng ca cc giao thc ny, tuy nhin c th nhn xt rng chng c im ging nhau l: cho php cc b nh tuyn chuyn ti (hoc loan bo) thng tin v kh nng kt ni ti mng cho cc b nh tuyn khc. Khi cc giao thc nh tuyn hot ng, mi b nh tuyn s chia s thng tin v a ch ca cc mng m n truy nhp n vi cc b nh tuyn khc v bng cch th mi b nh tuyn u pht hin s hin din v kh nng kt ni ti cc mng. V c rt nhiu kiu mng s dng giao thc IP, giao din ca IP vi lp lin kt d liu c thc hin da trn mt nn tng no theo tng trng hp c th v c nh ngha thng qua mt s tiu chun trong mi tiu chun c dnh ring cho mt loi cng ngh lin kt d liu. y l iu cn thit bi v cc mng da trn IP c nhng yu cu khc nhau ring v cch thc p ng cc i hi v mt giao thc IP ca chng cng khc nhau. C mt s tiu chun dnh ring cho vic truyn d liu s dng giao thc IP qua cc mng LAN nh Ethernet v Token Ring hoc cc dch v gi nh X.25 v Frame Relay v cc dch v Cell Relay nh ATM hay l cc cng ngh mng ang thnh hnh khc. Trong khi bn cht IP l ng cp v ch lin quan n vn nh a ch v truyn cc datagram ring bit, gia cc my tnh trong mng c mt mi lin quan ngm nh no . chnh l quan h khch ch gia hai my tnh trong qu trnh truyn d liu ca mt ng dng no hoc ca cc giao thc lp cao hn. Ch l mt my tnh ng vai tr cung cp quyn truy nhp cho cc my tnh hoc ngi s dng khc. Khch l mt my tnh c nhu cu ly d liu hoc yu cu mt my tnh khc (ch) cung cp dch v. Bt k mt my tnh no u c th va ng vai tr l khch (v d nh trong phin lm vic WWW hoc trao i th in t SMTP) v va ng vai tr lm ch chng hn nh FTP server cung cp d liu cho my khc. Bn thn mi quan h khch ch xut hin khi lp giao vn thit lp kt ni v s dng giao thc IP truyn d liu. Cc chc nng lp giao vn trong b giao thc IP thng c iu khin bi mt trong hai giao thc: Giao thc iu khin truyn d liu TCP (transmission control protocol) hoc giao thc d liu ngi s dng UDP (user datagram protocol). TCP l cch thc m b giao thc IP s dng iu khin li, chuyn ti thng tin hng kt ni v n c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng truyn thng nh WWW, th tn in t SMTP. Cch thc m TCP thit lp v hu b cc kt ni tng t nh giao thc X.25 khi
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thit lp mt knh o m bo tin cy gia hai kt cui. Giao thc UDP c s dng trong trng hp khng cn tin cn cao v mt d liu hoc khi m giao thc TCP khng p ng c yu cu v tr ti thiu do phi mt thi gian thit lp kt ni v kim sot li. Ngoi nhng l do v tin cy, mt chc nng quan trng khc na ca lp giao vn l qui nh v th t gi gi d liu (datagram) ti mt ng dng ti mt a ch ch no . V cc gi IP c th gi ti nhiu ng dng khc nhau nn cn c thm thng tin xc nh xem gi c gi ti ng dng no. Do c hai giao thc TCP v UDP u b sung thm thng tin v cng xc nh ng dng s nhn gi d liu. Cc my tnh u qun l mt danh sch cc cng cng nh cc ng dng c gn vi cc cng . Chng hn nh khi mt my tnh nhn d liu t cng 80 ca mt my ch, da vo s hiu cng n bit rng y l d liu ca mt Web Server v do s chuyn d liu ti trnh duyt Web. a ch IP cng vi s hiu cng TCP/UDP c gi l socket. Socket chnh l cch thc trao i d liu gia cc lp cn li trong b giao thc IP. Mt trong nhng l do chnh a ra khi nim v socket l khi vit cc chng trnh ng dng mi mt socket s c xem nh mt tp d liu. Mt chng trnh c th to hoc m mt socket (c ngha l ng dng sn sng s dng mng), ghi vo mt socket (tng t nh thao tc gi), c t mt socket (thao tc nhn) v ng mt socket (thao tc hu b kt ni). Winsock l thut ng c s dng m t cc socket trong mi trng h iu hnh Windows. Lp ng dng ca b giao thc IP bao gm cc ng dng Internet truyn thng v cc dch v khc do cc lp cn li ca b giao thc cung cp. V Internet ni ring v b giao thc IP ni chung c xem l mng khng h tr thi gian thc (c ngha l tn ti thi gian tr nht nh trong hot ng ca mng) do cc ng dng u phi chp nhn mt mc tr no . V d nh th in t s dng giao thc SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol) c th truyn c qua c mng tc chm v mng tc nhanh. Tng t nh th, giao thc FTP (file transfer protocol) truyn tp gia hai my tnh cng phi chp nhn mt tr nht nh. Mc d mng tc cao s nng cao hiu sut ca qu trnh truyn tuy nhin cht lng truyn khng ph thuc vo tc ca mng. i vi ng dng WWW tnh trng ny xy ra hi khc. Cc phin lm vic ca WWW thng i hi phi c tr thp hn cc giao thc ni trn v nhng ngi s dng rt st rut khi ch i trang thng tin n. Thng thng thi gian ch i l khong vi giy tuy nhin i vi nhng trng hp trang thng tin qu ln v phc tp hoc xy ra tnh tc nghn mng hay li ng truyn (i hi TCP phi sa li) hoc do tc kt ni gia server v trnh duyt qu thp s gy nn thi gian ch i ko di hng pht. Trong khi thi gian tr khng phi l quan trng lm i vi Internet trc khi xut hin WWW th ngy nay yu cu v vic gim thiu v loi b hon ton thi gian tr ang l vn cn c gii quyt nng cao cht lng ca Internet. iu ny dn ti vic thay i nh ngha
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Internet t khi nim mng khng h tr thi gian thc ti khi nim mng gn h tr thi gian thc. y l mt khi nim khng thc t v tng i m h tuy nhin di mt iu kin nht nh no , chng hn nh tr gia hai u cui l kh thp, c th xem l ng. Ni chung nhng ngi s dng khng quan tm nhiu lm n vic phi ch i mt vi giy c mt trang Web nhng nu nh ng dng gim thiu c thi gian ti mc ch cn tnh bng giy th nh th no? Tng t nh vy, khi m cc chng trnh v cc giao thc truyn thng cho php trao i khi lng d liu ngy cng ln v phc tp hn th s nh hng n kch thc tng dn ca cc bn tin nh th no? C l s pht trin ca WWW l v d tt nht v mi quan h gia tc , thi gian tr v nhng yu cu v dch v trong qu trnh pht trin ca mng.
World Wide Web

Nhng ngi s dng Internet t rt lu nh cc nh khoa hc, k s hay cc vin s u cm nhn rng khng th thiu c Internet trong cuc sng hng ngy. l nhng ngi s dng my tnh vi mc ch cng vic v u t rt nhiu thi gian v cng sc nghin cu v vn truyn thng t nhng ngy s khai ca Internet. H nhn ra rng s tit kim c mt khi lng thi gian khng l nu nh s dng th in t thay cho th bu in, s dng FTP thay v phi chuyn cc bng t v ch cn lm vic ti mt thit b u cui n gin thay v phi s dng mt my tnh thc s. Mc d thi k u Internet ch mang tnh cht l h thng dnh ring cho cc nh chuyn gia. Thc cht, Internet cng nh cc mng khc vo thi k ny rt kh s dng i vi nhng ngi lao ng bnh thng chng hn nh mt cng nhn v lun c xem nh l mt th xa x. Tuy nhin s pht trin ca cc my tnh c nhn r tin, cc giao thc truyn thng tc cao (gm c cc modem tc 56Kb) v s xut hin ca ng dng WWW b mt ca mng my tnh thay i v c th c s dng rng ri. c thai nghn t nhng nm 1990, WWW cng vi giao thc chuyn ti siu vn bn mc ng dng i km theo n (Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP) c s dng chia s thng tin ca cc trang Web bao gm vn bn v nhng hnh nh n gin c nh dng theo khun mu ca ngn ng nh du siu vn bn (Hypertext Markup Language HTML). Vo thi k , kh nng ho ca cc my tnh khng cao, cc hnh nh thng c phn gii thp v s dng s lng mu tng i t nn kch thc file thng rt nh. Kch thc mt trang Web trung bnh ca nm 1992 ch khong 5 hoc 6 KB. Do , mt modem tc thp c th ch mt khong mt vi giy ti trang Web v. Trong nhng nm 1990, s pht trin ca cc giao thc WWW kt hp vi tm quan trng tng dn ca Web trn ton th gii lm tng kh nng ca Web. Khong nm 1999, mi trang Web c th cha hng t tp
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ho (mi tp c th cha hng ngn pixel), vi chc tp vn bn, mt on m ngun thc hin vi thao tc no , mt vi hnh nh ng, mt on nhc hay mt on phim ngn. S m rng dch v ny ca Web lm cho kch thc tp tng dn t vi Kilobytes ti hng trm kilobyte. S pht trin cc giao thc WWW cng nh phc tp tng dn ca cc trang Web nhm mc ch h tr tt hn kh nng tng tc vi ngi s dng v khi lng thng tin ng thi h tr cc phng tin khc nhau ngi s dng c th d dng xem cc trang Web. V c l chng ta nn dnh cht t thi gian xem qua xu hng pht trin ny.
ho trn Web
Vai tr ca ho trong Web ngy mt tr nn quan trng hn. Mc d ban u n ch n thun l cc s , biu hoc nhng ng k n gin tuy nhin by gi n li l phn t chnh cha ng thng tin. S thay i ny lm cho nhng trang Web ngy nay cha hu ht l hnh nh v thm ch cc on vn bn cng c xem nh l mt thnh phn ca ho. Phng php tip cn ny thc y cc nh thit k trang Web xy dng cc hnh nh ho mt cch tt hn v gn cht cc yu t ca vn bn nh phng, kch thc v v tr vi chnh bn thn hnh nh ho ch khng tp trung vo thng tin ca cc on vn bn v n thng b nh hng khun dng khi s dng cc trnh duyt Web khc nhau. Ngoi ra n cng cho php s dng cc hnh nh ho to ra cc lin kt siu vn bn thay v s dng vn bn v nh vy s lm n gin ho qu trnh m ho s dng HTML. Ni chung cc hnh nh ho thng c lu tr di dng GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) hoc JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) tu thuc vo tng trng hp c th. Nh vo cng ngh nn d liu cc tp GIF rt hu ch cho cc hnh nh dng ng, khi v t s dng mu. Trong khi JPEG thng c s dng trong cc hnh nh ho cht lng cao. Ngoi ra cn c mt s khun dng hnh nh khc nhng y vn l hai khun dng ph bin nht.
Hnh nh ng trn Web

Cc k thut to hnh nh ng u tin trn Web chnh l da vo cc tp GIF bng cch gi mt s tp GIF v ra lnh cho trnh duyt Web ln lt hin th cc hnh nh ny ti cng mt v tr no trn trang Web. y ch l phng php n gin c s dng cho cc hnh nh nh tuy nhin n cng i hi phi can thip mt cht t vo vic iu khin tc v thi gian xut hin ca tng hnh nh. Mc d c hn ch nh vy nhng ngy nay phng php to hnh nh ng s dng cc tp GIF cng vn c s dng trn cc trang Web v c xem l mt cng c n gin nht cung cp kh nng to hnh nh ng. V nhu cu ngy cng tng ca cc hnh nh ng c kch thc ln v phc tp hn nn xut hin mt s tin ch dnh ring cho cng vic ny. Ngoi ra, kh nng tnh ton ca cc my tnh v tc truy nhp kt ni
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ngy mt tng nn nhng nhu cu ny hon ton kh thi. Mt s mi trng pht trin nh MacroMedias Director cho php ngi thit k c th to ra c hnh nh ng thc s v tr thnh mt thnh phn ca trang Web. Ni chung, cc trnh duyt Web khng cn thit phi hiu on m bin dch cc tp ny m ch cn ngi s dng ti v ci t mt phn ca phn mm MacroMedias Director (c gi l plug-in) v trnh duyt s s dng n hin th hnh nh.
Tng tc vi ngi s dng

Hot ng tng tc ngi-my lun l mt vn ca Web v kh nng tr gip ca cc siu lin kt c xem nh mt trong nhng thnh cng ca WWW ni ring v l ca Internet ni chung. Khi ngi s dng kch vo mt siu lin kt trn trang Web, trnh duyt s thc hin mt thao tc no , thng thng l chuyn ti mt trang khc lin quan n hnh nh hoc on vn bn ca siu lin kt . Vi kh nng cho php ngi s dng ln theo mch thng tin da trn cc lin kt, nhng ngi thit k Web u tin n lc rt nhiu to iu kin thun li nht cho ngi s dng vi cc dch v c cung cp bi cc trang Web di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau. Da vo giao din lp trnh CGI (Common Gateway Interface) trnh duyt c th hin th mt bn mu cho php ngi s dng vo d liu v sau thng tin ny c chuyn ti ti Web server. Chng trnh thu thp d liu s tip nhn thng tin v tr li yu cu ca ngi s dng hoc cung cp mt s thng tin khc nu nh cn thit. Mc d vy, cho n gia nm 1995 kh nng giao tip vi Web server vn dng mc n gin. Ngn ng lp trnh Java c pht minh bi Sun MicroSystems ngi tin phong trong vic pht trin h iu hnh UNIX ng thi l nh sn xut cc my tnh Sun vo thi k s khai ca WWW. Java l mt ngn ng hin i da trn ngn ng lp trnh C, hon ton c lp vi my tnh cng nh trnh duyt v cho php cc trang Web ra lnh cho trnh duyt ti cc chng trnh nh, c gi l applet, t Web server v chy ngm chng pha my trm. Nhng chng trnh c th lm bt c iu g t vic tnh ton cc bng cng n cho n hin th bng gi c, hay l v cc th phong v biu... Trong thc t, applet Java l cch thc m Webserver s dng phc v cc ng dng khch hng ngay ti my trm. Ti thi im ny, kh nng giao tip ngi my (v c l l c kh nng ti chnh ca nh cung cp dch v) tr nn rt mnh m do xut hin nhiu cng c khc ngoi Java m nhng nh pht trin phn mm c th s dng thc hin nhiu chc nng khc nhau. V d, Microsoft pht trin ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng ActiveX tng t nh kh nng ca Java. Cuc chin tranh gia Java v ActiveX thng tr th trng giao tip ngi-my trn WWW lin quan n cuc chin tranh gia Internet Explorer v Netscape Navigator tranh ginh th trng trnh duyt hay vi mt n su xa hn l n quyt nh v hnh thc v cch thc hot ng ca Web trong tng lai.
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m thanh v hnh nh
Mt s tim nng ca Internet s khng tr thnh hin thc nu nh khng c kh nng h tr ca cc phng tin truyn thng trn mng. Hu ht cc chuyn gia v th trng u cho rng trang Web d p n my v cha nhiu hnh nh ng cng khng th thay th c cc m thanh v hnh nh video truyn thng. Trc y nhng m thanh v hnh nh trn Internet tng t nh nh sng truyn thanh hay truyn hnh truyn thng thng b nh hng bi vn tc nghn v vn v bng thng, tuy nhin trong mt vi nm gn y xut hin nhiu gii php h tr cc m thanh v hnh nh sng ng hn. C l gii php ng ch nht l gii php RealAudio v RealVideo ca hng Real Networks. Ban u c tch thnh hai sn phm ring bit nhng hin nay Real cung cp tch hp li thnh mt phn mm chi nhc duy nht gi l RealPlayer c kh nng h tr chi nhc hoc hin th hnh nh video tng phn m khng nht thit phi c ton b ni dung tp. Ch cn tc truy nhp tng i (ti thiu l 33.6 Kb) v di iu kin mng bnh thng, RealPlayer c kh nng hin th nhng on phim c cht lng tng t nh cht lng truyn hnh trong mt ca s nh trn mn hnh. Mt s nh sn xut, ch yu l Microsoft, cng a ra nhng sn phm tng t. Ti pha my tnh cung cp dch v m thanh v hnh nh video l mt media server, thng thng l mt phn mm h tr kh nng giao tip vi cc phn mm chi nhc my trm s dng mt giao thc truyn thng no . Mi quan h gia server v cc b chi nhc l mt vn nhy cm bi v kh khn ln nht l phi duy tr mt dng thng tin chuyn ti gia hai u vi mt tc c nh. R rng y l kiu ng dng thch hp nht i vi cc knh vt l dnh ring bi v cc knh nh vy khng gp phi vn lin quan n vic dn knh v lun c mt s lng bng thng c nh kh dng ti mi thi im. C mt s cch khc nhau khc phc kh khn ny. i vi vic truyn d liu m thanh v hnh nh video n cng (mt chiu), cch n gin nht l thng qua b m v y chnh l phng php m cc sn phm ca RealNetworks v Microsoft s dng. Theo phng php ny, cc b chi nhc my trm s gi yu cu v mt on nhc hay mt on hnh nh video ti my ch v my ch s truyn d liu ti b chi nhc theo tc ln ln hn tc cn thit m bo hnh nh sng ng nh tht. Khi chui d liu c truyn ti b chi nhc n khng c hin th ngay lp tc m c lu vo b nh cho ti khi m bo rng b chi nhc c th hin th hnh nh mt cch lin tc ngay c khi ng truyn b gin on tm thi trong mt khong thi gian nht nh no . Ni mt cch khc, lun lun c d liu d phng trong b m khi hnh nh ang c hin th. Trong trng hp b m y, b chi nhc s yu cu server gim tc truyn thng tin ph hp vi tc ca b chi nhc. Ti thi im ny, nu nh ng truyn b gin on, b chi nhc s c th tip tc hin th hnh nh thm mt khong thi gian no (chng hn l 10
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giy) v hy vng rng c th khc phc c li ng truyn trc khi b m hon ton rng v ngi s dng pht hin ra s c. S lng d liu d phng ph thuc vo iu kin mng; nu nh vic gin on ng truyn xy ra thng xuyn th yu cu b m phi c kch thc tng i ln cn nu nh cc kt ni mng tt v tc truyn kh cao th ch cn b m c kch thc nh. Khi nim ny tng t nh cc thit b chi a CD kiu sport m trong b nh RAM lun tn ti cc m thanh s c th chi c trong vi giy trnh trng hp xy ra tnh trng gin on khi chi li bn nhc. Phng php ny cng tng t nh phng php s dng b m cho cc gi thoi. nh hng ln nht xy ra pha nhn chnh l thi gian tr khi ch nhn c chui d liu m thanh hoc hnh nh video u tin. Trong trng hp truyn hnh qung b, v d tr ny c th khng quan trng lm v ngi xem him khi nhn thc c rng hnh nh ang xem l chm hn 10 giy so vi trm pht. Trng hp xu nht cng ch l tn ti mt khong thi gian tr rt nh t khi ngi s dng bt u yu cu xem hnh nh cho n khi thc s xem n. Hu ht mi ngi u ngh rng ch l s tr gi nh xem c nhng hnh nh c cht lng v n nh cao. Mc d vy y li l vn ln i vi cc hnh thc hi thoi song cng (hai chiu) v d nh cc cuc ni chuyn qua in thoi. Vi tr khong giy lm cho cuc hi thoi tr nn kh khn v nu tr ny tng ln giy th c th xem l khng th chp nhn c i vi hu ht mi ngi. Hy tng tng rng trong mt cuc hi thoi khi m nhng t c pht ra t mt pha s ch nghe c sau 10 giy pha bn kia nh trong m hnh b m m chng ta cp trn i vi nhng cuc hi thoi hai chiu. Trong khi phng php b m ang c s dng kh rng ri chuyn ti m thanh v hnh nh trn Internet th n rt him khi c s dng trong cc ng dng qung b (i hi tr nh hn giy) v mt s th tc iu khin b m theo mt s nguyn tc nht nh no s c trnh by trong chng 7. Cho d vn tn ti nhng hn ch nh vy nhng u th ca World Wide Web cng ang m ng xy dng cc c ch giao tip ngi my, cung cp dch v thoi tng t thoi truyn thng v thm ch c hi ngh truyn hnh qua Internet. V s lng ngi s dng Internet ngy mt tng v h lun i hi (hoc mong mun) Internet s h tr c cc dch v c cht lng tng t nh in thoi truyn thng cho nn nhng ngi cung cp dch v phi c trch nhim nng cao cht lng Internet p ng c nhu cu v mong mun . Mc d vi c s h tng Internet hin ti phi mt mt thi gian kh di t c tin cy v hiu sut ca mng PSTN nhng r rng vic chuyn i ny cng ang c nhng bc tin trin tt p.
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Mt mng Internet dnh cho thoi?

Mt kt ni Internet c xem l l tng nu n m bo c cht lng cao, thi gian tr nh trong cc gi d liu mang thng tin v m thanh cng nh hnh nh gn nh n ch ng thi v khng xy ra li. y ch l v mt l thuyt cn trong thc t v bn cht ca Internet l phi kt ni nn n s khng bao gi p ng c cht lng thoi tng t nh mng chuyn mch knh PSTN thng thng. Mc d vy, thc t cho thy rng c mt s l do cht lng thoi trong mng Internet c th tip cn gn vi cht lng thoi trong mng PSTN. L do u tin l v ang xy ra nhng ci tin v kin trc vt l ca mng Internet. Mc d c th cho rng cc ci tin v tin cy, n nh v hiu sut ca c s h tng Internet l h qu tt yu ca s pht trin cng ngh nhng khng th ph nhn rng n ang c nh hng tch cc n nhng t chc v c nhn s dng Internet. V nhng nh hng ny c nhn ln gp bi nh s pht trin nhanh chng ca Internet trong nhng nm gn y. cng chnh l l do lm thay i dung lng, tc v cht lng ca cc dch v Internet. S rt kh c c nhng ci tin ny nu nh mng Internet khng c t nhn ho. Khi u l mng c u t bi chnh ph, Internet phi i mt vi s tr tr quan liu v cch qun l cng nhc ca cc c quan chnh ph. Vo thi im ny nhu cu v s lng ngi s dng cng rt t. S pht trin ngy cng tng ng thi vi vic m rng cng ng Internet lm cho vn qun l Internet tr nn kh khn hn rt nhiu v do tt nht l khng nn do chnh ph iu hnh. May mn l chnh ph M nhn thc c iu ny v vo khong gia nhng nm 1990 T chc khoa hc quc gia ca M xc nhn rng h s khng can thip vo Internet v nhng li vic qun tr mng cho mt s cng ty v t chc quan tm lnh vc kinh doanh cung cp dch v truy nhp Internet. Vic nh gi tc pht trin ca Internet thng qua cc ch tiu nh s lng my tnh, s lng ngi s dng hay lu lng chuyn ti hng ngy u khng ng tin cy. Mc du vy, cc nh cung cp Internet chnh u nhn thy rng lu lng Internet tng gp i theo chu k 6 thng v mt s khc cho rng tc tng trng thm ch cn gp i! Mc d tc tng trng ny khng th duy tr mi mi nhng xt di gc mng v dch v, Internet pht trin qu nhanh so vi nhng phn tch vo gia thp k 90 v do khng c l do g tin tng rng c th d bo chnh xc s lng ngi s dng tng thm trong vng mt hoc vi nm ti. Song song vi s pht trin v s lng my tnh, s lng ngi s dng cng nh s lng mng, cht lng v dch dung lng ca mng trc (backbone) cng tng dn. V tc pht trin v dung lng cng ang c gng p ng c tc pht trin ca ngi s dng. iu ny gn nh l bt buc bi v khng th bn truy nhp mng cho khch hng nu nh mng khng c kh nng p ng c yu cu s dng. y l
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vn m cc nh cung cp mng v cc nh cung cp dch v mng (ISP Internet service provider) lun lun nhn thc c v h phi b ra mt s lng tin kh ln khc phc n. Qu trnh nng cp, m rng v ci tin phi lin tc pht trin nng cao cht lng v tc ca mng. V mng phi lun lun pht trin mi c th tn ti c. L do th hai lm cho Internet ang ngy cng tr nn quan trng i vi lu lng thoi l s pht trin cc giao thc v cc th tc cho vic gii quyt tt c cc yu cu ca ngi s dng. Nhn chung s pht trin ca cc ng dng v cc giao thc lun lun p ng c s pht trin ca chnh bn thn Internet. (Mt trong nhng dn chng l s pht trin ca cc RFC ca IETF: giai on nm 1984-1988 xut hin 192 RFC mi, v giai on 1994-1998 b sung thm 907 RFC na). V Internet ni ring v lin mng ni chung (internetworking) l mt mi trng kinh doanh ln nn n khuyn khch cc nh pht trin nm bt c mt s lng ln ngi s dng thng qua vic a ra mt ng dng t bin (killer application) th h tip. Nm nm qua cc cng c v giao thc trn mng pht trin ng k. Mc d iu ny dn ti phc tp mng ngy mt tng nhng khng th ph nhn rng nhng ci tin v cc tiu chun nh tuyn, cc giao thc lp giao vn, phng php m ho,... to iu kin c th pht trin c cc loi hnh dch v trn Internet tu thuc vo tng c tnh ring bit ca chng (v d nh tc , thng lng, ln) m trc y khng th lm c. S pht trin ny cng bin Internet thnh mt mi trng c kh nng tng thch vi thoi v mt s dch v thi gian thc khc m nhiu ngi tin tng rng s l ng dng t bin m chng ta ang mong ch. Cc giao thc c th phc v cho mc ch ny s c gii thiu trong chng 7.
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Chng 6 Cc Web site h tr dch v thoi
Chng 6. Cc Web site h tr dch v thoi
Mng Interrnet m cc trang Web qu ph bin n ni s gy ngc nhin nu ai chp nhn khng truy cp vo mng v cc trang Web, t nht l ti nc M, thm ch l cc th vin cng cng cho php truy cp Interrnet min ph i vi cng ng, thm ch nhng ngi v gia c cng c a ch Email (khng phi l hp th thc m l hp th o). Mt s ngi ch trch chng trnh v tuyn v thiu tnh ni dung v mang nhiu hnh vi bo lc nhng truy cp Interrnet bi v h khng thy c cch no tt hn lm c nhiu vn nh vy c v mt cng vic cng nh vn ring t, nu thiu mng Interrnet v cc trang Web. Tuy nhin, mc d trang Web mang tnh tc ng qua li, th n thng ch l tc ng v mt th gic. Cn pht thanh thng thng c s a dng c nh dng v c ghi t trc. Cng c nhng chng trnh pht thanh thi gian thc trn Interrnet nhng khng c cch no giao tip tr li. Vn m chng ny cp n l vic cho php lng ting ni vo cc trang Web. Ni mt cch hi c th chng ny c th c t tn l "nhng trang Web cho php kt hp ting ni" nhng hon ton khng thay i ni dung thng tin. Mt trang thoi l mt trung tm thoi, m vng trong gii hn ti dch v s 800 c bn ra km theo cc tr gip k thut cn vng ngoi l cc thng tin giao dch (thng c xem l cc hot ng nhm chn nht). Chng ny ch yu trnh by v trm ch kt cui lin lc thoi, cc trang Web, nht thit l mt trung tm thoi. Trang Web c s dng trung tm thoi l vic b sung cc trang Web a phng tin vo lin lc thoi truyn thng. Ngc li chng ny li tp trung vo vic b sung lin lc thoi truyn thng vo cc trang Web a phng tin, tuy nhin kt qu u ging nhau l: cng mt lc mi ngi va c th xem ni dung trang Web va c th i thoi trc tip vi nhau. Cu hi l lm th no c th thc hin c iu ny? Nhng c l cu hi "nh th no" cng quan trng nh cu hi "ti sao". Ch bi l mt iu g c th thc hin c nhng khng c ngha l mt tng hay hoc ai s b tin lm iu . S k diu ca Interrnet i khi c cng iu m khng bao gi thc hin c (hn mi ngi cn nh v h thng Video s chuyn mch?). Bi vy l do ti sao trang Web cho php kt hp ting ni l rt quan trng.
Ti sao xut hin trang web kt hp ting ni?

Mi ngi ni chuyn trn in thoi, mi ngi nhn vo trang Web, y l mt s khc bit rt ln. Giao tip ting ni l s giao tip thun tu v tinh t hn v mt cm gic hn so vi nhng thay i v mt th gic, so vi nhng thay i v thng tin. y l l do ti sao vic s dng in thoi dng nh mang tnh t nhin hn vi con ngi so vi vic vit th. iu ny khng c ngha rng ting ni th tt hn mi th trn mt trang Web. C hai phng cch giao tip ny u c nhng thun li v nhng bt li
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Lin lc thoi Thun li C s giao tip gia con ngi C tnh linh hot Cc c tnh tinh t Bt li Kh nm bt ct li Khng c yu t th gic t
Cc trang Web nh hng th gic Thng tin khng hn ch Kh dng 24 h/7 ngy Khng c giao tip vi ngi Kh tm kim thng tin Ni dung tnh
Bng 6-1. Thoi v Web
Ton b tng kt hp ting ni vo trang Web l tng cng im mnh v loi b cc im bt li, Bng 6-1 ch ra nhng thun li v bt li ca lin lc thoi v ca trang Web. Bng ny xem xt mt trang Web truyn thng c th kt hp m thanh, nhng hon ton thiu cc yu t mi XML (eXtensible Markup Language ngn ng nh du c th m rng), m s cn thi gian c th chnh thc xut hin trong bt k trng hp no. Nh c d bo trc ci g cng c hai mt t nhin ca n. V d, bng trn ghi nhn rng trn tt c ting ni l giao tip gia con ngi vi con ngi trong khi trang Web th khng c (trong thc t s phn cch vi x hi m mt trnh duyt trang Web th hin c ghi nhn rt nhiu ln). Mt khc trong khi khng c yu t th gic lin lc thoi th trang Web ch yu s dng th gic. Tuy nhin mt vi yu t trong bng trn cng khng thc s r rng. V d lin lc thoi th rt linh hot nh cuc sng vn c. Khng ch ngi nghe s khng bit c iu g s xy ra tip theo, m i khi ngay c ngi ni cng khng bit mnh s ni g. Tuy nhin khi bn truy cp vo mt trang Web 20 ln/ngy th c th bn s khng thy nhiu thay i trn . Bn thn con ngi th c nhng c tnh tinh t hn trang Web rt nhiu ln. Con ngi chc chn bit c rng h bit nhng g v khng bit nhng g trong khi trang Web th khng nh vy. Bn th tm kim mt ci g theo cch ny v kt qu bn khng tm c ci g c. Th mt cch khc (c th ch cn thay i mt ch ci) v khch hng bng nhin c c mt lng thng tin bt ng t cng mt h thng trang Web. Khi nim qua in thoi ca t "Collocation" c pht m ln th cng ging nh t "colocation". Tuy nhin, con ngi thng gi nhng thi quen s dng ring. Bi vy nu ai s dng pht m "collocation" th s tm c n trn 500 trang Web cn nu tm theo t "colocation" th c th tm c trn 500 trang Web hon ton khc, iu khng bao gi c th xy ra trong mt cuc thoi. Ai tm c mt iu g trn mt trang Web th c th hoc khng th nh v li c n mt ln na? Thng tin trn trang Web dng nh khng hn ch nhng rt kh tm n, mt v d: mt cuc i thoi 5 pht vi mt i din tr gip k thut s c c nhng thng tin cn thit c ng ti trn trang Web ca cng ty ny, trong khi h s phi mt na
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gi c th tm c trn trang Web vi nhng ni dung thng tin nh vy v phi theo nhng ch dn lin kt dng cui. Nhng lin kt ny thng lm cho trang Web tr ln ri rm, phc tp. Con ngi tinh t hn mt trang Web rt nhiu ln. Cc trang Web cung cp cc ni dung tnh c th thay i lm cc trang Web tr nn sinh ng bng cch chuyn ng cc logo v cun trn cc qung co. Mt khc cc trang Web lun 24 gi trong ngy, v 7 ngy trong 1 tun. Vic b tr nhn s trung tm thoi c ngy l iu c th nhng rt t , mt s ngi d on rng mt cuc gi lin lc vi con ngi s t gp 20 ln so vi vic truy cp mt trang Web (khong 0,5 USD cho trnh duyt trang Web khi so snh vi 10 USD khi lin lc vi con ngi). Bi vy nhng l do cho php mt trang Web kt hp ting ni l rt hp dn. V thay vo mt trung tm thoi truyn thng th vic thm mt trang Web c th lm cho trung tm thoi thnh "Trung tm lin lc". C s d liu nghin cu th trng cng c th gi gn trong mt gi gi l "cc trung tm iu hnh gim st khch hng". Ton b tng ny cng m bo li cun nhiu khch hng cho cc nh cung cp dch v. S trung thnh ca khch hng lun l mc tiu s mt cho bt k mt t chc mun no tm kim li nhun. y l nhng li nhun m nhng trang Web cho php kt hp ting ni mang li. Hy xem xt mt cht v nhng hiu qu ca vic phn tch hon ton gia trung tm thoi v trang Web i vi cng vic thng mi. C l y l vic cng ty bn ra nhng thit b ngoi vi ca my tnh. S khi ngun lin lc dng nh ch yu thng qua trang Web (iu ny l s thc v ngay c i vi ngnh thng mi khng phi l k thut cao nh l cc cng ty h tr vn phng). Mt khch hng tim nng s to ra ng lin lc ca h thng qua danh sch trn mng v tm ra cc a ang h gi (ch trong ngy hm ) vi mt gi rt thp. Trang Web c th s cha a ch E-mail, nhng ai m bit c khi no hp th ny s c kim tra v tr li "trong khi cng vic thng mi ny ch c thc hin trong ngy hm ". Nu nh danh sch ca mt trang Web cha 800/888 con s th iu ny c th l mt bc i kh thi duy nht. Gi nh rng mt khch hng tim nng khng b nhm chn bi cc h thng p ng tng tc ting ni (IMR) vi v s nhng th mc lm ri tr mi ngi v khng b bc mnh bi phi ch cc i din trong mt thi gian di nhng ngi "ang bn tr gip khch hng khc" m khch hng cui cng cng s lin lc c vi ngi khc. Tuy nhin nu nh i din khng truy cp vo trang Web th ngi khch hng tim nng ny phi lp li ton b cc bc m h va lm trc trn trang Web ny. Mt trong s nhng tc gi c nhng kinh nghim ngu nhin trong vic kim tra gi c i vi cc i din bn hng trong khi gi in thoi bi l i l khng phi truy cp vo bng gi hin ti trn trang Web. Khng cn thit phi ni rng y khng phi l cch li cun khch hng quay tr li (mc d n rt hp dn v gi c thp v hp dn hn).
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Bi th cu hi t ra khng phi liu cc trang Web cho php kt hp ting ni (hoc cc trung tm thoi s dng trang Web) l tng tt hay khng m ch l lm th no thc hin iu . C ba cch chnh thm ting ni vo trang Web. Hai phng php u tin s dng PSTN hon thnh phn ting ni, trong khi phng php th ba li s dng ting ni thng qua IP (VoIP). Hai phng php u khc bit trong cch m cuc gi gia khch hng v trung tm thoi c thit lp. Trc khi kim tra mi mt phng php mt cch chi tit hn, mt cch thm tng tc giao tip gia con ngi vo trang Web cn phi c quan tm. l vic thm kh nng"tn gu" trn Web vo cc trang Web. Trn Interrnet, mt ng dng gi l tn gu trn Interrnet (IRC) l mt dng giao tip th in t E-mail bng cc bn tin ngn. IRC l mt phn rt quan trng ca cc tr chi trn mng v cc hot ng x hi khc nh " phng tn gu" trn Interrnet. Vic tn gu da trn trang Web ch chp nhn ng dng ny cho vic s dng trung tm thoi. Mi trang Web c mt phm gi l "tn gu vi ngi i din" m khch hng c th nhn vo bt k trong thi im no. Khi c kch hot, mt hp nh cng vi mt con tr nhp nhy trong mt khung thng nh hn mn hnh xut hin l ni khch hng c th nh li nhn ca h vo . Khi khch hng nh my xong li nhn v nhn phm Enter (hoc kch vo mt phm khc) ngi i din s nhn c li nhn ny. i din kia c th tr li ngay lp tc. Tn gu da trn cc trang Web, mc d c s tng tc v mc d tn ca n l nh vy th n cng hon ton khng lin quan g n ting ni hoc VoIP. N c cp y l bi v tn gu trn trang Web qu ph bin v bi v s hiu nhm c th xy ra khi nghe thy tn ca n. Phn ny s ch xem xt n nhng gii php da trn c s ting ni.
Bn hy gi cho chng ti
Mt khch hng s dng vic tn gu da trn c s trang Web l da trn phng thc hot ng "Bn hy gi cho chng ti". l, cc i din s ch sn sng gip nhng nu khch hng khng gi th h s phi ch mi mi. Trong mt s nhng ng dng ban u ca cc trang Web cho php kt hp ting ni (ni m ch c mt s v cng t c th nghim phng th nghim) th ng dng cho vic tn gu c thay th bi mt cuc gi in thoi sng ng. Phm tn gu trn trang Web c thay th bng phm "Hy gi cho chng ti". Khi kch hot, vic trnh duyt Web s dng ng dng tr gip da trn kt hp my tnh- in thoi (CTI) lin lc ti mt a im thc t l trung tm in thoi ca cng ty vi cuc gi s dng ting ni qua PSTN. Mt cch t nhin my tnh PC ny cn thit truy nhp vo ng dy thoi, nhng nu khch hng ang chim dng trn ng thoi th hin nhin l iu ny khng th thc hin c.
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Tt nhin, iu ny a ra nhng vn th v. Nu ch c 1 ng in thoi gn vi my tnh ca khch hng th lm th no mt cuc gi s dng ting ni c th thit lp vo cng mt thi im ? C 3 cch gii quyt c a ra cho vn ny nhng khng mt ci no trong s chng l l tng v i vi hu ht th cui cng b b d. Gii php th nht, khch hng cn phi c mt ng dy in thoi th hai gn vi my tnh ny (trn my tnh ny nht thit phi c Microphone v Speaker). y khng phi l k hoch thng dng bi l n va thm nhng chi ph khng cn thit v lm mt i tnh ring t cho d tai nghe (headset) c s dng. Gii php th hai, phn mm CTI trong ng dng ca trnh duyt ny thc t c th l khng kt ni cuc gi vi ngi cung cp dch v Interrnet (ISP), v quay li con s ca trung tm thoi. iu ny cng khng thng dng bi v khch hng s mt kh nng tham kho v kt ni vi cc trang Web khc trong khi ni chuyn vi i din ca trung tm thoi. V cng thng xuyn c nhng vn pht sinh trong vic lp li kt ni vi ISP khi cuc gi kt thc. Gii php th 3, gii php ha hn nht, l khi ISDN c s dng truy cp vo ISP. Dch v thu bao khch hng cho php 2 knh B 64kbit/s c s dng cng mt lc. Thm ch nu c hai c s dng truy cp vo ISP vi tc 128kbit/s, th mt (cuc gi) c th c ngng li v c s dng kt ni vi trung tm thoi. Truy cp Interrnet s tip tc vi tc 64kbit/s, mc d tnh ring t cng l mt vn c th s gp nh trong cc gii php trn. Phng php ny, ph thuc vo tnh kh dng rng ri v s dng ISDN cng khng tin xa hn. Ton b bc tin c gi l"bn gi chng ti" t nhiu b b d ch khi cc gii php v ng thu bao s (DSL) xut hin cho php nhng cuc gi s dng thoi tng t c thit lp ti cng mt thi im vi ng dy ang s dng truy cp Interrnet (trong thc t ISDN chnh l mt dng u tin ca DSL). Tht khng may DSL cng pht trin chm chp cng nh ISDN. Tt c cc phng php ny u yu cu mt my tnh a phng tin cng vi Speaker v Microphone, km theo nhng phn mm mng c bit v ng dy in thoi. Khng phi ai cng mt lc u c tt c nhng th ny. Tuy nhin hu ht mi ngi c my tnh th s c nhng ng in thoi thng thng. Vy ti sao li khng s dng phng php ny?
Chng ti gi cho bn
Ngc vi phng php "Bn hy gi cho chng ti", phng php "chng ti gi cho bn" thc s chim lnh c th trng thng qua mt s cc cng ty mua cc phn mm c yu cu. Tt c h u da trn tng l rt nhiu khch hng trn mng vn mun ni chuyn vi con ngi con ngi kt thc" thng v". Mt t l phn trm rt ln cc thng v in t b bi v cc khch hng khng c phc v tho mn b d gia chng hoc cc khch hng nhm ln nn h khng hon thnh c qu trnh mua hng mt cch ph hp. Thng khng c s la chn cho ngi mua hng ngoi tr "hy lm hoc hy thc
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hin iu " hoc "thot ra". Nu mi ngi cm thy bt tin v bt c l do no y h s t b vic mua hng. Thm ch ngay mt quyt nh c cam kt c th cng b hu b nu mt thng tin cn thit no b mt i. S "in thoi trn trang Web" c b sung trnh by Hnh 6-1.
1. Khch hng bm phm Web Call Trang Web vi phm bm gi Call 2. Khch hng vo thng tin Vo thng tin: Tn: (Ngi s dng#:) S in thoi: .... 3. Web site chuyn thng tin ti trung tm x l cuc gi Thng tin cuc gi, thng tin v c nhn, ....
PSTN 4. Ni cung cp cuc gi PSTN 5. Khch hng nhc my, bt u m thoi
Hnh 6-1. Hot ng ca "in thoi trn trang Web"
Gi th khch hng c th kim sot c ton b qu trnh truy nhp, quan st qu trnh ny hot ng nh th no. Gi s khch hng truy cp in thoi cng nh l truy cp vo mt my tnh. Trong khi hin th mt trong Web tm kim mt sn phm no th khch hng c th ngh rng rt kh mua hng thng qua mng theo phng thc ny. Qu tt ngh u tin ca h s l " y c l ch l mt s nhm ln". Tuy nhin ngh th hai ca h s l "hy th vo v xem th no" y chnh l ni m "phm gi trang Web" xut hin. Nu nh phm gi th n ch ni mt cch n gin l "hy gi ti". Mt iu rt quan trng nhn ra rng cc bc tin mi v cuc gi trn trang Web khng yu cu phn mm hoc phn cng c bit i vi my tnh ca khch hng. Nu bn kch hot vo phm th bn cng khng th ni chuyn c ngay. Thay vo bc th hai s yu cu khch hng in vo mt bng mu c sn trn trang Web, s khng phi l mt kh khn qu ln i vi khch hng. Thng tin ch l mt tn n gin, s ti khon " c bit trc i vi nhng khch hng quen", s in thoi gi". Thng tin ny s c chuyn i bi trm ch ca trang Web (y chnh l ni yu cu nhng phn mm c bit) ti trung tm thoi ca cng ty.
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Trung tm thoi ca cng ty s l ni mi th tr ln v cng hp dn, tt c thng tin ca khch hng in vo s xut hin trn mn hnh ca ngi i din trung tm thoi, thm ch c th cng vi c mt trang Web lu li yu cu. Ngi i din s thit lp cuc gi ti khch hng thng qua PSTN, s dng s khch hng cung cp. in thoi chung v cuc i thoi s c thc hin- c th l nh vy. Vic gi in thoi s dng PSTN trong khi khch hng ang truy nhp Interrnet c th l mt vn cho d l khch hng khi to cuc gi hay cng ty khi to cuc gi. Nu ch c duy nht 1 ng in thoi c kh nng cho cuc i thoi, th vn c li xy ra l lm th no va c th ni chuyn, va c th truy cp Interrnet. C 2 gii php c a ra bi ngi cung cp cuc gi trn trang Web, gi nh rng ISDN hoc DSL khng c s dng (mt gi nh rt hay). Mt bc i tip theo l gi khch hng gi li sau ti mt thi im no , khi h ra khi mng. Phng php ny lm mt d nh v s tng tc ca ton b qu trnh, nhng n lm vic. Phng php thay th l gi khch hng in vo trang Web s in thoi di ng ca h. Nhng rt cuc th rt kh cho ai mun truy nhp vo Internet thng qua in thoi di ng ca h, do in thoi di ng ch nn dng cho cuc gi in thoi thng thng m thi. Khi c hi v chin lc ny trong vic gi nh rng mi ngi u c in thoi di ng, th phn mm trang Web ca nh cung cp s tr li " chng ti s bn cho h mt chic in thoi di ng". Vin cnh v vic bn hng trn trang Web hin nhin bao hm s t tin qu mc. Nh ni trn rt nhiu cuc gi trang Web bao hm c cc bn hng dn v vic truyn dn ti trung tm thoi sn c trong mt s nm gn y v thnh cng trong mt s trng hp. Tuy nhin cho ti nay c l n cng tr ln lc hu bi v cn thit lp cuc gi th hai, bn cnh ISPs, c th giao tip bng ting ni. Liu y c phi l ci m VoIP cng s lm?
Chng ti c VoIP
C l cch tt nht kt hp ting ni vo trong mng Interrnet l vic s dng VoIP cho mc ch ny. Ngay khi ting ni c th c ng gi mt cch thnh cng, khi VoIP s l cch tt nht kt hp gi d liu cho trang Web v gi ting ni cho con ngi vo cng mt ng kt ni ti cng mt thi im. Thun li ln nht vi nhng trang Web cho php s dng ting ni c s dng VoIP l chng ta khng cn cn thit phi s dng PSTN cho phn ting ni ca cuc thoi. PSTN ch cung cp ng truyn dn cho ISP, ging ht cch m ngi ta lm trc . ng kt ni ch chuyn i cc gi. Mt vi gi l d liu, mt vi gi l ting ni, nhng vi h thng mng th iu ny khng quan trng ch c khch hng th mi quan tm n chng. Vic ng gi ting ni thnh cc gi loi b vn v thit lp mt giy kt ni i vi phn ting ni ca s tng tc. Bi v IP cng ging nh vy nn cho d u th n cng c s dng trn ton th gii, thm
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ch cng c t nhng vn do kh nng tng tc hn so vi ISDN (tuy nhin c rt nhiu phng php VoIP khng tng thch vi nhau v lm cho VoIP tr ln km hp dn). Hnh 6-2 m t hot ng ca nhng cuc gi trang Web VoIP:
1. Khch hng bm phm Web Call Trang Web vi phm bm gi VoIP! 3. Web site chuyn thng tin ti trung tm x l cuc gi Thng tin cuc gi, thng tin c nhn, ....
2. Phn mm khch hng VoIP ging nh IP kt ni ti trang Web
Internet
My tnh PC a phng tin vi phn mm VoIP
4. Bt u m thoi qua phn mm VoIP
Hnh 6-2. Cuc gi VoIP trn trang Web
Ngi ta nhn thy s sp sp ca VoIP n gin v r rng hn rt nhiu. Pha i din cng ty c th c c tt c nhng thng tin cn thit trc tip t pha khch hng ngay khi h ly c trang Web ra (khi khch hng a vo cc thng tin ng). Khng c mt s in thoi no l cn thit, ch c phn IP s nh v a ch khch hng. Interrnet s c s dng cho mi yu cu. Mt my tnh a phng tin l cn thit, nhng ngy nay khng phi l mt vn ln. Phn mm cho cc khch hng thng l nhng phn mm min ph do gi c khng cn l vn ng quan tm. Mt trong nhng ng dng ca vic kt hp VoIP vo trang Web c mong i l thit b my tnh v cc tr gip k thut phn mm.
Cuc gi yu cu h tr k thut
Ngi ta cho rng ngy nay cc phn mm hu nh l min ph. l v chi ph cho vic ti sn xut phn mm l rt nh. Nhng cn v gi c cho vic pht trin phn mm lc ban u l nh th no? Nhng cng c ng dng lm cho qu trnh ny tr ln rt d dng so vi trc y v hu nh khng c nh vit ng dng Window no li bt u t vch xut pht. Giao din khch hng l rt quan trng, nu khng ni l hn nh vy, so vi nhng chng trnh thc s c hon thnh trong mt s trng hp. Liu th gii cn bao nhiu cc gi x l t? Bt k nhng g m chc
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nng ca my tnh c s dng nh cc bng m rng v E-mail th c th c ti thng qua Interrnet t bt k ni no hon ton min ph. V vic sao chp cc phn mm c ph bin nh th no? vic copy trm thng qua CD-ROM tr ln qu thng dng. khng phi l li ca c nhn no c. Liu c bao nhiu cng ty mua giy php s dng c quyn phn mm sau li sao chp ra hng t cc my tnh khc? Vn y khng phi l s e do ngun thu nhp t phn mm, vn l ch rt nhiu tin c b ra cho nhng phn mm thng mi ang trong qu trnh nghin cu. Vy ti sao mi ngi li khng ti xung nhng phn mm min ph li s dng nhng phn mm vi phm bn quyn? Ch bi v ci m mi ngi thc s tr tin khi mua nhng phn mm li khng c g lm vi nhng gi tr thc cht ca phn mm ny. (nhng ci hp c th rt hp dn nhng s l v dng nu nh chng c g bn trong). H ang mua cc tr gip k thut. H ang mua bn quyn c th gi cho mt ai khi phn mm gp vn hoc hon ton b hng, ni mt cch khc l khng thc hin c cng vic nh mong mun. y l l do m cc card c ng k trc trong cc hp thoi v cc s series trong cc CD-ROM v thm ch c cc s c bit c tung ra lp t sn phm trong mt s trng hp. Tt c vn ny c cp trc kia nhng cng c mt s phn s c a ra trong cc bc pht trin tip theo. Nu ng l cc khch hng cn phn mm mua cc tr gip k thut hoc khng, th trong s cc sn phm tng t nhau s c mt sn phm cung cp cc tr gip k thut tt hn so vi cc phn mm khc. Yu t phn bit c th c sn trong dch v s 800, hoc thng qua cc i din tr gip k thut, hoc bng cch no nhng tt c u tp trung quanh vn tr gip k thut. y khng ch coi lnh vc phn mm l tr gip k thut quan trng nht. Khch hng thm cc b qut (Scaner), cng th hai, cng ti to m rng, b lu in (UPS), hoc mt s thit b ngoi vi khc. Bc tip theo thng thng l cuc gi vi trung tm tr gip k thut. Tt c nhng iu ny c lin quan g n trang Web cho php kt hp ting ni? Thng thng vn l ch nhng hng dn lp t b lc hu, hoc khng c c phn mm mi nht. Mt khch hng c th thm nhp vo trang Web ca ngi bn hng th c th gii quyt c rt nhiu vn . Tt c cc ti liu u cng nh cc phn mm mi nht c th ti xung c. Ngay khi vic lp t hoc nng cp khng mang li hu ch cho my tnh, th nhng trang Web c th l nhng ngun thng tin tt m thng l nhng th m mi ngi mong i v cn n n. Thng thng nhng trung tm thoi tr gip k thut truyn thng u ch yu da vo nhng thng tin c ng ti trn trang Web cng nhiu cng tt. Thng thng cu hi u tin khch hng gi n trung tm tr
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gip k thut l ng b c FAQ trn trang Web cha?. Nhng cu hi thng xuyn c hi (FAQ- Frequence Asked Question) thng xuyn ng ti trn trang Web c th s gip bn, nhng hu ht cc khch hng quen thng xuyn v lm iu . Nu cu tr li khng trn trang Web th n s n cha ng sau rt nhiu kt ni phc tp. Tuy nhin, mt khi khch hng trnh c vic quay ngc li trang Web ban u th thng l h mun ni chuyn vi trung tm tr gip k thut. y thng n cha nhng nhng phng thc rt thng minh lm khch hng bi ri trong h thng tr li tng tc thoi, thng khng dn ti c ngi i din m ti h thng tr li bng Fax m Fax ny li gi li cho bn cng trang Web FAQ thc t ngay t u khng gip g c cho bn. Thm ch sau khch hng li b gi trn cuc in thoi cho ti khi c mt i din khch hng tr li cho h. Nhng li nhn th cho khch hng bit rng tt c cc i din u ang bn tr gip cc khch hng khc nh th l h c trong mt dy chuyn hot ng vi nhng nhim v ring bit nhau. Thc t mt vi trong s h ra ngoi n tra, mt vi ngi th li ang tm ngh sau nhng cuc tr li in thoi tn rt nhiu sc lc, thm ch mt s ngi kch hot h thng tr li t ng ny khi phi lm vic. Cn khch hng ang gi my th thng xuyn nghe thy mt vi on nhc t nhc Bach cho n nhc ca Marilyn Manson . Tu theo tng giai on, on nhc s b gin on bi nhng thng bo ti khch hng cuc gi ca h rt quan trng i vi cng ty (nhng khng qa quan trng thm ngun nhn lc vo cc trung tm thoi nhm p ng cc cuc gi ca khch hng ngay lp tc). Tht d dng ph phn qu trnh ny m n thng l c th nghim v b ch trch khp ni. Nhng nhng trang Web tt nht th s thng bo cho khch hng v khong thi gian tng i m h s phi ch i (thng l tng i lu v nh th th s khng ai phn nn l s b ch t hn d nh) v t h quyt nh c nn gi vo thi im khc hay khng. Nu nh trang Web ch tp trung vo cc nhm tr gip k thut thay v h tr cc thng tin, vy th ti sao li khng cho php nhng trang Web kt hp ting ni cng vi VoIP? iu ny tht d hiu v trnh c nhng vn m cc trung tm thoi tr gip k thut ch c ting ni hoc ch c trang Web gy ra. Mt vi ch li ca nhng trang Web cho php s dng ting ni l: C s tng tc trong nhng cuc i thoi. vic a ra nhng yu cu tr gip bng E-mail l , nhng yu cu ny thng cn c s phn tch dn ti vic bn lun xung quanh vn nhng khng gii quyt c g. Vn c th c gii quyt linh hot hn. ni chuyn vi mt ai l mt qu trnh tm hiu vn . Ngi i din c th nhn bit
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c ngay lp tc trnh k thut ca ngi gi (ngi gi cng c th nhang chng xc nh c kh nng ca ngi i din). Nhng vn mi s c bit ngay lp tc. mi ngi s phi kt hp c cc thng tin v mt vn mi c pht hin nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi vic da vo gi E-mail. Tit kim chi ph. khng nht thit phi duy tr nhng mng s dng ting ni phn tch cho tt c cc cuc gi tr gip. Khng phi tt c cc cuc gi u c th c gii quyt thng qua trang Web, nhng ch cn 1 cuc gi trng thi duy tr l c th lm trung tm tr gip bt k ni u mt t 6-8 cent/pht. Cc thit b VoIP (duy tr cuc gi) s gim chi ph rt nhiu. Hnh 6-3 minh ho cch cc trang Web cho php kt hp ting ni h tr k thut .
Cc ch dn trn trang Web Kt ni VoIP Khch hng: "Liu ti c th lm cng vic ny m khng b nh hng trong khi ti ang lm vic khc khng?" Ngi iu hnh: Bn c th
... Bc 2. ... Bc 3. ... Bc 4. ... ...
Hnh 6-3. Trang Web h tr k thut cho php kt hp ting ni
Khi vn tr gip k thut ngy cng theo cch m bn thn cc nh bn phn mm v phn cng s t pht hin ra nhng trang Web cho php kt hp ting ni s tr ln c gi tr hn bao gi ht. Tuy nhin tr gip k thut khng ch l nhng hot ng mng c c li nhun t kt hp VoIP. Thm ch nhng trang Web thng mi qung co hng ho v dch v, bn cnh k thut cao cng c th thu c li nhun.
Liu ti c th c th mua bt k th g?
C nhiu khch hng s dng Interrnet v trang Web mua mi th h mun t ci t n cc bng hoa nhiu hn l h s dng Interrnet v trang Web kt ni vi trung tm tr gip k thut. Cc cng ty bn hng truyn thng cng ang thay i thc y cng vic kinh doanh ca h tn dng c nhng u th ca vic pht trin thng qua Interrnet v Web. Khng ch c s kt hp ny thu c li nhun t nhng kh nng ca my tnh PC, v cn hn th khi n da vo mt chic in thoi n gin th c th tit kim c c chi ph. C nhng khch hng c u i hn khi cng ty a ra cc dng hng ho v dch v bi s trung thnh ca nhng khch hng ny. Thm ch cng ty cng c th gii thiu nhng chng trnh dch v vi nhng khch hng hon ton mi da vo nhng vic mua bn ca bn t trc. Qung co h gi hng cng c xem l iu quan
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tm ca khch hng mt cch thit thc hn so vi nhng vic qung co t cao khc. Thc y kinh doanh trn trang Web c ngha l thc y hnh thnh trung tm thoi kt hp vi trang Web. iu ny ng ngha vi vic kt hp ting ni vo trang Web. Nhng ng dng ca trung tm thoi l s dng ting ni dnh cho vic bn hng, c c nhng mc dch v khng th d on trc v khng ng b, v chnh l iu lm cho khch hng e ngi bi v h b mt phng hng la chn (liu ai mun c mt danh sch c ti 79 s la chn khc nhau). Cng rt kh khn c c mt chng trnh qung co hiu qu vi trung tm thoi kt hp ting ni, trong khi khch hng yu cu dch v tt hn, m cng rt kh m p ng c nhu cu ca khch hng nu khng c c nhng c s cng ngh nht nh. Tm li, p lc cnh tranh ang ngy cng tng ln i vi loi th trng ny. Lng khch hng ang tng ln vi mong i s c c nhiu iu g c thc hin t nhng trung tm thoi ny. H mun thi gian p ng nhanh hn v c th ni chuyn/lin lc c vi ngi i din tr gip khch hng bt k khi no h mun. H mun cng ty bit rng h l nhng khch hng quen v h khng cn b ni chuyn vi cc my tr li t ng na (mc du vn c nhng khch hng khng chu li nhng li nhn trn my t ng). Khi ngy cng c nhiu khch hng s dng trang Web giao dch th h cng mun c th la chn phng thc t hng kh thi. Mt s ngi khng ngn ngi a s th tn dng cho ngi i din nhng li rt lng l a nhng thng tin nh vy vo h thng trang Web (Tt nhin l ngi i din cng phi nh my nhng con s y vo my tnh ang truy cp Interrnet ca chnh h). Tn ti mt s cp tng tc/ kt ni gia h thng my tnh- in thoi (CTI) ti mt trung tm in thoi hin i. Nhng chi tit su hn s c trnh by phn sau ca chng ny. Nhng nhng ci ang tn ti by nay, trc khi xut hin trang Web cho php kt hp ting ni ang dn dn tip cn vi s pht trin ca cng ngh hin ti. Trong nhiu trng hp, khch hng c th t hng v dch v thng qua PSTN vi mt h thng PBX v mt thit b phn phi cuc gi t ng (ACD) ngay ti trang Web thng qua E-mail, thm ch l bng Fax. Tt c l nhng ng dng ring bit, s dng cc c s d liu ring bit cng vi cc th tc xc nh. Mc ca dch v ph thuc vo phng tin c s dng truy cp vo cng ty. S khng c cc i din hay cc ng dng ln ln. Tnh hung ny c ch ra Hnh 6-4. Trung tm thoi c s dng kt hp ting ni nhy bn hn so vi vic thm VoIP vo qu trnh tr gip l thut. Thm ch mt trang Web tn gu cng c th nhn mt li nhn t mt i din trung tm thoi. Nhng nu li nhn bng ch hay m thanh l liu ti c th ly ci mu y c khng?. Vy chnh xc th ci y l ci g? Khch hng th nhn thy sn phm cn ngi i din khch hng th khng. Bi th bc tip theo l vic chuyn khng ch li nhn m l c trang Web ti ngi i din
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trung tm thoi. iu ny him khi l cn thit i vi cc ng dng tr gip k thut nhng l rt cn thit trong trng hp c danh sch hng bn ra trn h thng mng.
PBX vi ACD Cc i din, ng dng s 1
Giao dch thoi
Thm CTI
Cc i din, ng dng s 2
Trm ch E-mail
Giao tip khch hng- my tnh
Trm ch Fax
Trm ch Web
Hnh 6-4. Trung tm thoi truyn thng
Bc tip theo gi l trnh duyt chia s cho php ngi i din theo st c khch hng thng qua trang Web trong khi ang ni chuyn. y l trang h tr cho php c khch hng v ngi i din theo hng dn hon tt c qu trnh v cng chia x kinh nghim. Nu ngi i din bn hng qu t cao v c ngha en v ngha bng trong ng cnh ny th ngi mua/khch hng s cm thy h b mt t ch trong trng hp ny. Vic thm VoIP vo trung tm thoi yu cu my tnh PC a phng tin cho php kt hp ting ni v trnh duyt trang Web u cui khch hng, tt nhin l ch khi c km theo cc ng dng tr gip v k thut, y l mt s la chn. Cui cng l vic khch hng phi c kh nng la chn mc tng tc cn thit. Lin lc c th c thit lp mi ni, mi lc, bng c ng in thoi hoc thng qua mng Interrnet. Khch hng s xc nh l th no c th lin lc c vi cng ty. Nu c mt phng php u vit hn nhng phng php khc th cng ty s khng t mnh a ra nhng khuyn khch ph hp cho khch hng h s dng phng thc m cng ty mun h dng (10 cent gim gi cho tt c cc mt hng c by bn qua vic s dng VoIP).
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Cc trung tm thoi v trang Web

By gi th chng ta cn phi khng nh rng c rt nhiu l do kt hp ting ni vo trang Web. Cc v d v kinh doanh v phng thc bn hng c s dng khng hn c lin quan n vic pht trin ca cc trang Web cho php kt hp ting ni. Bt k mt hot ng no theo ni cch thng thng bao gm c ti liu bng ch vit v tng tc bng ting ni u l hot ng s khai. Cc vn bn c a vo trang Web t trc, by gi tm cch kt hp ting ni vo trang Web. Cc cng vic kinh doanh cn thit s s dng VoIP kt hp ting ni vo cc trang Web bao gm cc phn sau: t ch hng khng t ch khch sn Thanh ton ngn hng Cng vic bo him Cng vic bn v Cng vic kinh doanh c phiu Cc cng vic khc Trong khi tt c cc cng vic c th c iu khin qua trang Web m khng cn tng tc ting ni (thng thng vi mt khun dng hoc tn gu trn trang Web hoc l E-mail), vic la chn ting ni cn phi khn trng hn, linh hot hn v cn s chp nhn ca cc khch hng.
Cc mc kt hp trung tm thoi
Chng ta sn sng ch ra rng khi kt hp ting ni vo trang Web s to ra mt s khc bit trong qu trnh khi ng. Nhng kt qu cui cng th vn ging nhau. Cho n khi c khch hng v cc nh i din c th truy nhp trnh duyt Web v VoIP, th s khng c vn g ng ngi c nu m qu trnh ny c bt u bi cc trang Web cho php kt hp ting ni hoc cc trang Web cho php l mt trung tm thoi. Chng ny s xem xt cc qu trnh t im xut pht ca trung tm thoi. Vi mc ch kt hp VoIP vi trung tm thoi, c 2 vn chnh cn c quan tm. Th nht, cng vo ra (gateway) in thoi IP phi c gn vo trm ch (Server) trang Web v thit b ACD, v bt k mt thng tin c s d liu no c sn pha nh i din th cng cn phi thng sut trong h thng tch hp. Th hai, i din trung tm thoi cn phi c trnh duyt Web trc tuyn (anh ta hoc c ta sn sng i thoi), v cc my tnh ca khch hng cn phi c phn mm VoIP (c l bao gm c phn cng na) c ci t bn trong (anh ta hoc c ta c sn trang Web).
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Thm ch, giai on chuyn tip thnh cc trung tm thoi da trn c s Web l tng i xa. Trn thc t a s cc trung tm thoi u c mt s mc ting ni v kt hp d liu sn sng. Tuy nhin, phn d liu ca trung tm thoi ch l mt mng ni ht (LAN) v khng m rng ti pha khch hng. Cc nh i l s dng c s d liu thay cho ti liu vit tr li cc cu hi, truy nhp ti cc thng tin khch hng, v thm ch h cn bit c ni ci g lm cho khch hng khng bng lng. S sp xp ny c trnh by trong Hnh 6-5.
PBX/ ACD PSTN
C s d liu
iu hnh vi in thoi v my tnh Mng thoi iu hnh vi in thoi v my tnh
Mng d liu ti PC (LAN)
Mng n Thit b n Phn mm khch hng
iu hnh vi in thoi v my tnh
Hnh 6-5. Trung tm thoi/d liu
Trong hnh trn c nhiu mng kp dng cho ting ni v khai thc d liu ca cc trung tm thoi truyn thng. Cc trung tm ny tn ti trong sut nhng nm 80 v bao gm c my tnh ti tt c cc v tr ca cc nh a din. Mng LAN kt ni ti mi v tr vi tng c s d liu, bao gm ton b cc thng tin v cuc gi in thoi m ngi i din tr gip khch hng cn phi bit. Thng thng th ti cc trung tm thoi cc thng tin ca u ra v u vo l khng ging nhau, phn ny s c trnh by chi tit hn trong phn cui ca chng ny. Nhng khi ting ni c truyn qua mng LAN v cc thit b PBX/ACD hon ton ch l dng cho thoi. Khi s c mt ng kt ni gia PBX/ACD v c s d liu. Tuy nhin s c ba tr ngi chnh cho vic chun b ny. Th nht, ton b cc vn yu cu hai mng phn bit, mt dng cho ting ni v mt dng cho d liu. Khng nhng mi mng s dng cc phn cng, phn mm, giao thc ring bit, m cn s dng tch bit cc mng vt l (u dy v cc thit b khc). Vic qun l, bo dng c hai mng yu cu hai b phn chc nng ring bit. Th hai, ngi i din tr gip khch hng phi cn ti cc thit b qun l kp. Tt c ngi i din tr gip khch hng u c my in thoi (thng thng th khng phi l my cm tay nhng nu c my cm tay th tin li hn) v mt my tnh hoc mt thit b u cui truy nhp ti c s d liu. Nu my in thoi ca ngi i din tr gip khch
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hng nm ngoi vng dch v v my tnh ca h khng tt, cng nh khi my tnh ca h khng s dng c khi s rt kh khn. Th ba, vic chun b ny yu cu phn mm t hng thc hin tt c cc cng vic. Nhn chung, khng c mt ng dng hoc mt giao thc chun no cho php thit b PBX/ACD gi s in thoi ch gi ti c s d liu v cp nht thng tin khch hng. Nhng vic ny cng khng c qui nh mt cch cht ch. V trong khi cch din t cc thc mc v c s d liu pha ngi i din tr gip khch hng c th l chun nhng iu cng khng xc nh c lm th no m thng tin xut hin pha ngi i din tr gip khch hng. Trong rt nhiu trng hp, cc thit b PBX/ACD c kh nng cung cp cc s in thoi ti cc ng dng c s d liu, nhng khng c ng dng "m rng" hoc giao thc c th thit lp thng tin khch hng ch gi ly t s in thoi xut hin trn mn hnh ca ngi i din tr gip khch hng m cui cng dn ti cuc thoi. Nh vy ngi i din tr gip khch hng phi phn loi tn ca cc khch hng ch gi v cc s ca h, thm ch thng qua c s d liu vi cc thng tin c sn. Vi tng bc nh vy gy ln s thay i trong vic khai thc v nhn thc ti trung tm thoi. V d, khi mt my tnh ca ngi i din s dng c s d liu cung cp thng tin ti cc thu bao ch gi thay v in nhn cng nh tng thc hin trc nhng nm 1980, mc hi lng ca khch hng ngy cng tt hn.
PBX/A CD PSTN Mng thoi C s d liu Mng d liu ti PC (LAN) iu hnh vi my tnh v PC VoIP gateway iu hnh vi my tnh v PC Internet Trm ch Web
iu hnh vi my tnh v PC
Vn l 2 mng Thm vo cc cuc gi VoIP Phn mm khch hng
Hnh 6-6. Thm trang Web vo trung tm thoi
Mt iu c th nhn ra rng cc khch hng khng mun nghe ngi i din tr gip khch hng thuyt trnh qua ti liu khi h i thoi. Tt c h u ngh rng "chng ti khng mun gi in ch nghe h c mt cch nhn cng". Tt nhin trong rt nhiu trng hp th iu ny l ng
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khi hot ng ang xy ra. (Khng ch cc khch hng khng mun c mt cch nhn cng, hnh nh h khng mun bt k ai khc c mt cch nhn cng na). Tuy nhin, khi m ti liu c xy dng di c s d liu, khi tt c cc khch hng c th nghe c bng cch bm phm trn bn phm c gii p cc cu hi thc mc. Khi cc khch hng ngh rng "by gi th h c my tnh ri, h sn sng gip chng ta". Bc tip theo l i vi trung tm thoi cho php s dng trang Web, n cng tng t nh cc trang Web cho php ht hp ting ni. Nhng vn c th t c thi im hin ti c ch ra trong Hnh 6-6. S khc nhau c bn gia Hnh 6-6 v Hnh 6-5 l vic thm trm ch Web m phng trang Web (trong thc t, c th c mt nhm gm nhiu trm ch) v cng vo ra (gateway) VoIP. Trm ch (server) Web l mc tiu chnh cho cc hot ng ca khch hng trn Interrnet, tt nhin bao gm c cc khch hng vi cc kh nng ca VoIP. By gi th phm "cuc gi VoIP qua Web" c kt ni ti cng vo ra (gateway) VoIP cho php giao tip thoi vi cc khch hng s dng VoIP , nhng khng qua cng mt thit b PBX/ACD trc . V c bn VoIP c gn thm vo trung tm thoi. Tuy nhin, tt c cc cuc gi qua VoIP i qua cng mt thit b PBX/ACD cng ging nh cc cuc gi thng thng. Ni mt cch khc, ngi i din tr gip khch hng khng cn thit phi c VoIP, mc d truy cp ti VoIP v cc trang Web l mt tng hay i vi cc trung tm thoi do ngi i din tr gip khch hng cn phi quan st ci m cc khch hng cn. Lu rng trm ch Web c th c tp trung vo cng mt mng LAN nh cc nh i l v c s d liu, nhng n c xem nh l mt ni khng m bo an ninh tt. Hn th na, phn trang Web cng cng ca mng c tch ra khi phn Intranet ca mng vi cc c s d liu ca ngi i din. Mt im chung ngy nay l thay th c s d liu vi phin bn da vo Web ca cng mt vic v chuyn ti ngi i din tr gip khch hng th n gin hn so vi giao din trnh duyt Web, nhng iu ny cng lun lun khng c hon tt. Lu rng vn tn ti hai mng cho thoi v d liu trong cng mt cu hnh. iu quan trng l cc cuc gi VoIP c b sung, nhng thc t ch dng cho ng v (v d nh tr gip k thut). Thc t khng c mt cch no thc s phn phi cc cuc gi hng i qua Interrnet ti khch hng vi VoIP. Do , vi cc t chc qung co thng mi vin thng k thut cao, lun c gng t c th lc tt vi cc khch hng, th iu ny s b gii hn. V tr phi ngi i din tr gip khch hng cng c chuyn i cc ng dng da vo Web (khng hn c qui nh), th phn mm khch hng vn tn ti trong cu hnh ny. Nhng thit b c thm vo l cch kt ni cc cuc gi t Interrnet ti trung tm thoi. Vic ny c th hon ton thc hin c, nhng vi VoIP th c th thc hin c nhiu
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hn na v rt nhiu i vi trung tm thoi. Hnh 6-7 ch ra vic tch hp tt hn nhiu gia trung tm thoi v VoIP.
C s d liu PSTN PBX/ACD /cng vo ra VoIP
iu hnh vi in thoi v PC
Internet
Trm ch Web
Ch c mt mng duy nht Cng vo ra VoIP chnh l PBX/ACD Web/phn mm IP theo tiu chun
Hnh 6-7. Kt hp trang Web v trung tm thoi
Hnh trn ch ra s kt hp hon ho gia Interrnet/khai thc d liu Web v khai thc thoi qua PSTN/Interrnet. Ngi i din tr gip khch hng vn c my in thoi cm tay v my tnh PC trc , nhng by gi th my tnh vi VoIP iu khin tt c cc cuc gi, khng ch l cc cuc gi Internet. Thit b PBX/ACD Khng phi lu tr cng mt thit b nh cng vo ra VoIP, v thc t n ch c th lu trm ch khc trong mng LAN. Hin nay mt s mng LAN da trn VoIP PBXs v ACDs ang tn ti. Cng vo ra PBX/ACD/VoIP vn c th ti v thc hin cc cuc gi qua mng PSTN, nhng tt c cc cuc gi c iu khin bng cc cuc gi VoIP ti v tr ca ngi i din tr gip khch hng. Cc cuc gi qua Interrnet/Web VoIP thc t khng yu cu c s o chiu. Khi c s d liu ti trung tm thoi c truy nhp vi giao din trnh duyt Web mt cch n gin. Trm ch Web c th nm trn cng mt mng LAN nh l c s d liu trung tm thoi. Tuy nhin vn bo mt by gi tr nn cc k quan trng. Trung tm thoi gi y b t vo tnh th tt c cc mo him u c th c vi cc trang Web hoc l tt ln hoc l xu i. Vn chnh by gi cn quan tm l li ch. Tuy nhin gi y ch cn s dng c mt mng duy nht cho c thoi v s liu. iu ny c ngha l
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by gi ch c mt h thng, mt cu trc dy dn v rt d dng c c s h tr t ngi i din tr gip khch hng (ch cn gn mt ng dy t PC vo trong kt ni mng LAN v c th hot ng). Lc ny cng khng phi c hai h thng phn cng, phn mm v hai giao thc m ch cn 1 l . iu ny c ngha l theo tiu chun th mt s lng ln cc trang Web, phn mm IP v cc giao thc c s dng thng sut qu trnh khai thc, khng ch ring c phn d liu. V bt k mt vn no xy ra th cng ch l vn IP, thm ch trn c phn thoi ca qu trnh khai thc. Hn 30 nh bn hng cung cp phn cng, phn mm to ln cc trang Web cho php kt hp ting ni c hin din. Tuy nhin phn ln trong s h ng vi vic chuyn i hoc cng khai thay i theo yu cu ca khch hng.
Trung tm thoi gi n
C mt s khc bit rt ln v chc nng trong qu trnh khai thc ti trung tm thoi gia hng i v hng v. Chc nng khc bit ny s m rng thnh cc trung tm thoi vi c im VoIP, v vy cn phi hiu r rng s khc bit gia trung tm gi n v trung tm gi i l rt quan trng. Cc trung tm thoi gi n bao hm dch v thoi s 800, ni cng ty b gi phi tr tin cc ch khng phi l thu bao ch gi phi tr. Mt ng dng chung nht ca cc trung tm thoi gi n l c chung mt s khun dng dch v khch hng. Tuy nhin, rt nhiu cc cng ty bn hng theo danh b (catalog) vn phn phi dch v s 800 s dng danh b (catalog) c in sn cho vic bn hng. Nhng iu ny ch l mt dng khc trong dch v khch hng. Ngy cng c nhiu ngi hn mua hng trn trang Web. VoIP c th gip mang ti cc dch v tt hn. Mt l do m khch hng lun lun a ra vi vic ngi khi mua hng da trn trang Web l s thiu s tin tng trong h thng m thc s h khng hiu g c. Cc khch hng c trng c hi tm ra khun dng chung phc v trong cng vic kinh doanh, v khun dng l thng tin c nhn c gi qua mng Interrnet m khng mt khch hng no thc s bit rng ai trn . Cch thc tt nht lm du i ni e ngi chung ca khch hng l cho php h nghe thy ting ni trn trang Web khi h mua hng. Cc trung tm thoi h tr vng trong tr ln d dng hn v hiu qu hn vi s dng VoIP, v khi cc khch hng c c cc th tt nht l: tr gip t ng thi gian thc qua Web v tt c u qua mt ng in thoi. Ton b vn ny c lin kt vi khi nim qun l mi lin h khch hng (CRM). Mt ngi i din trung tm thoi khng nhng ni chuyn vi khch hng m cn quan st trn cng mt trang Web. Trang Web cho php kt hp VoIP c th c ghp li vi c s d liu ca trung tm thoi c trang Web. y l cha kho to thnh mt h thng kt hp hot ng mt cch hon thin. V nh vy th chc nng ca
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c s d liu ca trung tm thoi h tr vng trong l g? Mt s nguyn tc chung v chc nng ca c s d liu ny c cp , nhng phn ny s trnh by mt s phn chi tit hn. C s d liu trung tm thoi chim s in thoi ca khch hng ch gi (tt nhin y s khng thc hin c vi cc khch hng kho chc nng Caller ID) t thit b PBX/ACD v s dng n gim st thng tin chnh m ngi i din c th s dng phn phi thng tin c lin quan n khch hng. Cc yu cu ca khch hng c th l "Ho n t hng ca ti u?" hoc "Lm th no m ti c th kt ni vi my in ca bn?" hay l Ti c th nhn c 6 thng tin ny v gi c c khng?. Thng thng th c s d liu s cung cp mt s thng tin c bn v khch hng, nu c s d liu chim gi thng tin, th pha bn phi mn hnh my tnh ca ngi i din lu tr cho cuc gi. Nu s ca thu bao ch gi c cung cp bi PBX/ACD khi ngi i din c th ni "Xin cho Mr.Smith. Ti c th gip g c cho ngi khng?" trc khi thu bao ch gi thc hin gi. Nu s thu bao ch gi khng thuc c s d liu, khi ngi i din cn phi gi tn ca thu bao ch gi v/hoc s hoc mt s c s d liu khc v d nh s ti khon (ci m thu bao ch gi khng bit). Khi , da vo tnh cht yu cu cuc gi, mt ca s mn hnh khc c th cung cp thng tin r rng hn. Thng tin c trng c cung cp bi c s d liu trung tm thoi c ch ra trong Hnh 6-2. Lu rng mt s loi thng tin trong c th c to ra l kh dng cho kh nng an ton ca thu bao ch gi v d dng ly trc tip t trang Web. Cc loi thng tin khc cn cho ngi i din tr gip thu bao ch gi, nhng khng nht thit l loi thng tin cn chia x thng tin ring.
Ho n t hng ca ti u? Ngy ho n Ni dung ho n Ngy chuyn hng Phng thc chuyn hng S th t ng i Thanh ton hay cha? Lch trnh ho n Lm th no ti c th kt ni vi my in ca bn? Cc yu cu phn cng Cc yu cu phn mm Cc bc lp t Gii quyt cc thc mc Ngun? Cp? ... Ti c th nhn c 6 thng tin ny v gi c c khng? mc v gi c Gi bn Ngy bn C sn hay khng? Lch trnh ho n Thi hn tr
Bng 6-2. C s d liu trung tm iu hnh thoi
Do , vic b sung VoIP vo trung tm thoi s thu ht c s lng khch hng ln. Cc cng ty thng th trng i vo khch hng ca h. i khi th VoIP cng to nn mt s tnh hung khc bit. V d, Trang web vi tr game chi qua Interrnet tr ln ph bin hn khi n bt u cung cp VoIP nhng ngi tham gia tr chi c th tr chuyn vi nhau trong khi ang chi game. Hn na khch hng thch s dng VoIP v h
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khng mun phi dng s dng con chut v bn iu khin ca h nh vo my tnh cc bn tin tn gu hoc phi mt ti vic nhn ln mn hnh my tnh c cc bn tin.
Trung tm thoi gi i: Tip th t xa

Cc trung tm thoi gi n tiu tn thi gian hng ngy ni chuyn vi khch hng ca h. Trong khi cc trung tm thoi gi i th thc hin cng vic ngc li. Cc trung tm h tr vng ngoi c s dng cho vic tip th t xa (telemarketing). Do vic qung co t xa thu c mt s thnh cng khng nh v y l mt thnh cng ln trong cng vic kinh doanh. Xt cho cng th nu m khng c ai mua bt c mt th g thng qua mng th trung tm ny cng nhanh chng b c lp. Cc trung tm thoi h tr gi i khc vi cc trung tm thoi gi n khng ch hng ca cuc gi m cn khc c khun dng v chc nng ca c s d liu c s dng bi ngi i din tr gip khch hng. Mc ch chung nht ca c s d liu l cung cp cc s in thoi c quay s bi PBX (tt nhin l khng c h thng ACD trong trung tm thoi h tr t ngoi, bi v ACDs ch phn phi cc cuc gi hng vo). Hu ht s h tr t pha ngi i din vi "h thng ch vit" c s dng trong sut cuc gi. Thng thng th phn "h thng ch vit" s in tn ca thu bao b gi v tn mt s a im thm ch c a ch ng ph. Ngi cho hng ca hng s hi v c im nhn dng khch hng tr li in thoi vi cc thng tin v h tn v sau thm vo nhng li bnh lun thch hp. Nu trong trng hp khch hng l ngi c bit bi tng t hng vi cng ty t trc th khi mt s thng tin c nhn ca h cng c sn trc ri. Phn quan trng nht ca cuc gi l 10- 30 giy u tin. Phn ln th a s ngi i din s dnh cho khch hng khong thi gian chng y gi tr t m ca h v kim tra thi ca h. Kh nng tim n ca ngi i din mang rt nhiu ngha. Liu c ai li mun nghe mt con ngi vi ging ni bun chn c nhng cu mt cch t t hoc mt kch bn no ? Mt s ngi cho hng qua in thoi ca hng s gi t hn 10 giy, thng thng th ngi i din rt kh khn trong vic pht m h tn ca khch hng mt cch chnh xc. Tht may mn v hin c mt phn mm c thit k cho php ngi i din lm th no pht m c h tn ca khch hng. Ngi i din tt nht l c x vi khch hng ca mnh mt cch nim n, v y chnh l ngh thut bn hng: mi khch hng u mun mua hng t ngi m h c cm tnh. i khi ngay trong 30 giy u tin hoc trong li cho mi th ngi i din phi ngay lp tc c qui nh v vic s dng tip li cho mi gii thiu no. Cuc i thoi c th s i theo mt chiu hng khng nh trc bi v khch hng mi l ngi c quyn la chn mt hng m h s mua, sau khi nghe ngi cho hng gii thiu th hoc l h im lng, hoc l h mun nghe thm thng tin. Da trn s la chn ca khch hng, gi y
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cuc gi s phn theo v s cc hng khc nhau, i khi cn thay i c vic t hng. Thng thng th cng ty cung cp phi c c s a dng nht nh v dch v m h a ra bn hng. Bi th, cc c s d liu ca trung tm thoi phi cha ng mt chui lin hon cc trang bn hng m c th truy cp theo nhiu cch khc nhau. iu ny nghe ra c v khng ging nh mt ng dng hon ho cho mt trang Web kt ni, vy th n l ci g? tng chung cho cc c s d liu ca trung tm thoi c trnh by Hnh 6-8.
Xin cho Mr.Smith. ... Xin php ng my pht chng ti gii thiu v dch v mi ?
YES
NO Hostile
Tht tuyt! Bi v thi gian chun b c gii hn...
Ti xin li phi lm phin ng b. Ti c th gi li cho ng (b) sau c c khng ?...
ng (b) c vui lng chng ti rt tn ca ng (b) khi danh sch ....
Hnh 6-8. tng v c s d liu trung tm thoi
im mu cht y l vn ny ch c th c hiu rng c s s liu ca trung tm thoi chnh l ng dng ca trang Web bt ngun t my ch ca trang Web ny. Trong hnh trn nhng t c gch chn l nhng t c cung cp t c s d liu, chng khc nhau v khc nhau i vi mi cuc gi. Thng thng lin kt pha cui l lin kt trang Web. Lin kt c la chn ph thuc vo c vic tr li cu hi c a ra v c cm gic ca ngi i din v cuc gi. V vy, mt cch hin nhin VoIP v trang Web l mt cch cho hng qua in thoi. VoIP c s dng truyn nhng cuc gi tip vo PSTN, mc d hon ton c th hiu c l c nhng cuc gi cho hng ti nhng my tnh PC cho php s dng VoIP (bn km phn mm v phn cng VoIP?). Vi VoIP th cc nh i din c th iu hnh cng vic t nh thng qua my tnh PC v m bo c tin cy trong vic cho hng ti khch hng.
Trung tm thoi VoIP phn tn

Trung tm thoi IP phn tn s bao gm nhng ci g? N nh th no? Lm th no c th xy dng mt trung tm nh vy? C rt nhiu ch dn rng c th thc hin c iu , nhng thc hin nh cc trung tm
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thoi thng thng th khng ng theo qui lut chc chn v nhanh gn. Mt s loi trung tm thoi c gi l cc trung tm thoi o, nhng chng c y cc c im ca VoIP. Mt bc tin mi ca VoIP ti trung tm thoi c thit lp, mt s cng vic phc tp c th c thc hin vi vic thit lp trung tm thoi c bn. V d, gi y trong thc t tt c mi cng vic u da vo mng LAN, bao gm c PBX v ACD, iu c ngha l trung tm thoi c th c tri rng ra trong mt mt s mng LAN mt s v tr. Tuyn mng c th dch chuyn cuc gi t hng ny sang hng khc, ph thuc vo qu trnh truyn ti, thi gian trong ngy, hoc ph thuc vo mt s nhn t khc. Nhiu v tr vn c th c qun l v quan st mt cch tp trung. VoIP cung cp ton b cuc gi vi tnh cht c th dch chuyn c nu trong trng hp n hot ng tt, iu ny ng ngha vi vic c th c nhiu trung tm nh hn hoc mt s trung tm ln hn m bo lin lc trong mi tnh hung. Gi th ngi i din tr gip khch hng c th lm vic bt k ni u vi mt my tnh h tr VoIP thm ch h c th lm vic ti nh. Tt nhin l nhng ngi lm vic ti nh th s c hng mc lng tng xng, nhng ci quan trng l h khng b p buc v khng gian lm vic, h c th ngi trong phng n, trong phng khch tt c u chp nhn c. Vi mt nhm ngi ln hn th thi gian lm vic qu gi s t i bi v a s cc cuc gi c thc hin v c iu khin trong cc gi hnh chnh hng ngy. By gi th ngi i din tr gip khch hng c th gim st khch hng mt cch hon ton c lp thng qua k thut TCP/IP. Khi k hoch thc hin cng c cung cp mt cch y v chu o. Trong trng hp nu mt trung tm no b qu ti hoc gp trc trc th trung tm khc c th tng tc lun m bo thng tin v c s d liu lun lun kh dng. Thm ch khi khch hng cng khng nhn thy c s thay i . Do cc chuyn gia khng cn tp trung li mt ni nhng h vn c th gim st c ton b qu trnh cuc gi khi cn thit. Thm ch ngay c cc nh lm cng vic qung co t xa hoc cc th sa cha h ch cn lm vic bn thi gian, hoc l h khng cn mt thi gian nhiu cng s th h vn c th gii quyt cc cng vic mt cch d dng. i vi nhng nhn vin th h cng khng cn phi tiu tn nhiu thi gian 8 gi trong ngy ni cng s. Khi lng ca h c tr theo sn phm nhng h c th thc hin v iu khin c rt nhiu cuc gi trong ngy. i vi cc trung tm thoi k thut cao, th thm ch ngay c cc chuyn gia ngh hu cng c th c mi vo iu khin cng vic trong mt hoc hai thng khi cn thit. Tng b phn ca h thng ny u l mt mng m bo tnh bo mt gia cc v tr. Vn cn thit na l cn phi thm vo cc thit b bo mt m bo s cn bng vi khun dng ca mng ring o (VPN), tuy nhin vn ny vt ra khi phm vi ca phn ny. Kh nng ca VPN c
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th c thm vo v tr nh tuyn, nhng n ch gy nguy him ti im m tuyn d b tc nghn, c bit l khi VoIP c mt trong .
Cng ty qun l dch v Internet

Gi th iu cn quan tm l vic duy tr cc hot ng tr gip ca ngi i din tr gip khch hng i vi khch hng khi h mua mt s th qua trang Web s dng VoIP cng nh qua cc trang Web ti cc trung tm thoi. Mt lc no th vic m t cng ngh VoIP ch tp trung quan tm v pha cng ngh ca VoIP thi ch khng quan tm v pha khch hng. 1. Ngi i din t c vic kinh doanh thun li (h ch cn ngi trong cng s thi) v c l khi h iu khin cng vic bng my tnh PC v ng nghe in thoi. Nu y l mt trung tm thoi in hnh th c rt nhiu cuc gi i c chm sc. V khi ngi i din ch cn nhn ln mn hnh vi tnh nhn dng cuc gi n trc t mng PSTN. Thng tin ny c chuyn ti t b phn ng dng ca trung tm thoi v rt cn thit bi v thu bao ch gi cng c th khng truy nhp vo c trang Web. Khi th thu bao ch gi c th nhn c s in thoi t trang Web, v tn ca thu bao ch gi c hin th trn mn hnh ca trung tm iu hnh, cng nh cc trng thi tng quan ca ton b qu trnh giao tip (v d n phm s 1 mua mt chic ng h chng hn...). Do bt k mt thng tin no khc cng c cp nht t c s d liu ca trung tm thoi. 2. Ngi i din tr gip khch hng c th giao tip vi khch hng, c th thng qua a ch hoc tn ca khch hng gip nhng thc mc ca h. Tt c cc hot ng ny u thc hin thng qua mng LAN kt hp VoIP, thm ch mt s khch hng tng rng h ang giao tip vi ngi i din tr gip khch hng ch thng qua my in thoi "thng thng". Cng vo ra VoIP (gateway) thc hin bt k mt s chuyn i no khi c cn n. Ngi i din c th thit lp cuc gi ti bt k ai thnh ph khc v chc chn rng cuc gi ca h s thc hin c. Khi c s thay i ngi iu hnh cuc gi th cng khng cn phi c s lp li thng tin no c v ngi iu hnh c th thm bt k thng tin no khi cn thit. 3. Trc tin khi cuc gi c thit lp, khi mt ca s khc trn mn hnh s xut hin thng bo c cuc gi VoIP ti thng qua mng Interrnet. Hn na thng tin ny cng rt quan trng bi v khch hng ang trong cuc gi ny c th quan st trang Web ng thi lun. Sau mt vi ng tc nhn chut trn mn hnh th ngi i din tr gip khch hng c th quan st bt k mt trang Web no ca khch hng m khch hng ang kch hot, thm ch ngi i din tr gip khch hng c th thm mt s trng thi mi v d nh tn ca ngi i din c th c nh ca h na. Nu khch
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hng in y ni dung mt hng cn mua th ngi i din c th quan st c ni dung ca cc yu cu . 4. Bc tip theo ca cuc gi cng ging nh bc u tin, ngi i din tr gip khch hng c th sn sng gip khch hng nu c yu cu. 5. Trong trng hp nu khch hng cm thy khng an tm khi s dng phng thc mua hng theo phng php ny, khi ngi i din tr gip khch hng c th ti trang thng tin vi ni dung chi tit hn ti khch hng ch gi qua trang Web. iu ny th khng th thc hin c vi mng PSTN. Nu khch hng tho mn yu cu, khi ngi i din cng ty c th tip tc thc hin cng vic v gi cho khch hng bn copy ca ni dung mt hng theo yu cu, ho hn hng. Rt quan trng ch ra rng vi chuyn mch knh, nh tuyn, hng ch, truyn ti, v tt c nhng cng vic khc u thc hin mt cch thng sut ti khch hng ch gi. iu ny c th thc hin c. S khng c vn g xy ra nu cuc gi ti t mng PSTN hoc Interrnet, cng mt nh i din, phn cng, phn mm iu khin. Khi khi lng thng tin c th khc khng ng k, nhng mc dch v khch hng th c th thay i ln. VoIP c th thc hin c tt c nhng cng vic ny.
Cc vn lin quan n trang Web h tr thoi

Ging nh bt k mt cng ngh vin thng no, vic b sung VoIP vo trang Web cng khng gy phin phc g. Mt s lng ln khch hng th ti xung v lp t phn mm VoIP min ph vo cc my tnh ca h nhng khng t c g c trong ln th u tin. Cu hnh ca VoIP l rt phc tp, mt s nghin cu ch ra rng phi mt bn ln ti phn mm y xung th mi mong ti c cu hnh ng, thm ch ngay khi khch hng c ti xung c phn mm thch hp th h cng khng bit l phn mm ny khng hot ng c nu thiu Speaker, Microphone, v nht l nu thiu giao thc H.323 cho in thoi trn Interrnet. cung cp y cc gi VoIP cho cc trung tm thoi, th nhng nh bn hng s c ba vic phi lm. Th nht, h s phi tp trung cc kh nng tt nht ca h. H s phi c mi lin kt vi cc nh bn cc mt hng nh ACD, VoIP, Web cc nh bn phn cng, phn mm. Mi trng hot ng phi thng sut v ph hp. Th hai, cc nh bn hng phi chun b cc kho o to khc hng m trong tng lai trung tm thoi ca h s a vo s dng VoIP. Khi th s khng c ai b bt ng c. Th ba, cc nh bn hng s phi c trch nhim trong qu trnh tiu chun ho VoIP. im ny s c quan tm phn cui ca chng ny. Mt yu cu khi pht hnh trang Web cho php kt hp ting ni l mi trng vn ho na. Phi mt 30 nm cc trung tm thoi xem xt li h thng in thoi c bn. Khng ch c cc cng ty phi thay i trong mi trng lm vic mi m cng phi c s thay i trong cch nhn nhn ca
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khch hng na. Vic thm cc trang Web tn gu, dch v gi li, VoIP vo cc trung tm thoi c th l bi ri i vi ngi i din tr gip khch hng cng nh cc khch hng. V y cng l mt s thay i t nhin m thi. Cc cuc gi qua PSTN, VoIP c th nhn c cc mc dch v khc nhau. iu ny l khng th trnh khi trong mt qu trnh thay i ngn nhng cng khng th cho php tip tc trong bt k giai on no khc. Trong trng hp c mt khch hng thit lp cuc gi t mng thoi thng thng n trung tm thoi v mt khch hng khc cng thit lp cuc gi khc thng qua mng Interrnet ti trung tm thoi trn cng mt trang Web, khi th ai s l ngi chu trch nhim iu khin qu trnh kt hp ny? Vic kt hp gia ting ni v d liu c cp phn trc, v ch phn tch nhau ra sau mt khong ngn ng b hoc xung khc. Trong khi cng ngh c th che m i s phn bit gia ting ni v d liu, nhng cng ngh khng th thc hin bt k iu g khc v s phn bit khc nhau gia ting ni v d liu khch hng. Nhn chung ting ni ca khc hng c th sp t li c "by gi ang bn, ti s gi li sau" hn l qu trnh thay i d liu khch hng "by gi ang bn, ti cn mt ng truyn trc tuyn by gi". Ting ni v d liu h tr cc nhm phc v cho cng mt qu trnh. Nu ng truyn gia cc PBXs b hng, khi phn ting ni s h tr phc v gi thng bo cho tt c mi ngi quay s ra trong mng PSTN. Nu cc ng truyn gia cc b nh tuyn b hng, khi d liu c th h tr qu trnh truyn khn cp thng tin gia cc b nh tuyn . Cng c nhiu cng ngh c cng b. Lm th no c th kt hp trang Web v trung tm thoi? Loi qun l mng no l kh dng cho mi trng hn tp ? thc hin tt c cc qu trnh , hoc l PSTN hoc l VoIP cn phi c nghin cu theo cng mt hng. Hn na, cn phi cng b mt b VoIP chun. Vic chun ho l cn thit cho vic kt hp bo hiu vo ra SS7-VoIP cng nh cho phn mm u cui khch hng. Khi s khng c mt ai mun ti xung v lp t cc loi phn mm VoIP khc cho tt c cc trang Web m h truy cp. Nhng vic cng b cc tiu chun v VoIP l rt quan trng xng ng vi k nguyn ca n.
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Chng 7 Tiu chun cho thoi IP
Chng 7. Tiu chun cho thoi IP
Mt trong nhng thuc tnh quan trng ca mng chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN) l kh nng kt ni ton cu. Tr nhng trng hp ngoi l c th v nhng l do chnh tr, bt k ai cng c th nhc in thoi ln v quay s cho bt k mt in thoi no khc trn th gii. Kh nng sn c khp mi ni l nh cc nh cung cp dch v ch khng phi bn thn chic in thoi. Chnh cht lng ca mng m in thoi c kt ni ti s quyt nh gi tr ca in thoi. Do vy, ngay t u, cc cng ty in thoi nhanh chng m rng phm vi mng v kt ni vi cc mng khc. Trong vic kt ni gia cc mng, kh khn l ch c cc loi mng khc nhau, bt k l mng thoi, hay d liu. V d, cc h thng in thoi c xy dng u thc hin vic truyn ti cc cuc thoi t in thoi ny sang in thoi khc. Vn truyn ti cc tn hiu thoi c nhiu gii php v cc h thng in thoi ny x l cc tn hiu khc nhau mt cch ng k. Thm ch vi cng mt s lng thit b, cng mt c s h tng, cng c th la chn c nhiu cu trc mng khc nhau. Cc h thng khng nn khc nhau nhiu qu c th tng tc c vi nhau, nhng khc bit i hi nhng c ch tng thch phc tp nu ngi s dng ca mt h thng ny mun lin lc vi mt ngi h thng khc. Vn kt ni mng c cp n v c gii quyt n gin hn bng vic a ra nhng tiu chun ton cu v in thoi. Nhng tiu chun do Lin minh Vin thng quc t (ITU) a ra thc hin hai chc nng quan trng: Hn ch s lng nhng loi h thng in thoi khc nhau v xc nh cc thuc tnh chung m cc h thng in thoi phi c th kt ni vi nhau. Vic a ra h thng in thoi da trn giao thc Internet (IP) m rng phm vi ca ITU v tng thm nhng phc tp trong c hai lnh vc ny. l do mt lot cc h thng thoi hin ny u c b sung thm thoi IP. Tt nhin bt k mt in thoi IP no cng phi c kt ni c vi mng thoi "chun" hoc mng thoi thng thng mi ngi s dng u c th ni chuyn c vi nhau. U ban vin thng quc t ( thng c gi l ITU-T) n lc tng bc t c mt chun mc hon chnh i vi mi hot ng ca thoi IP, t m ho tn hiu audio, n vic thit lp cuc gi, nh tuyn v thm ch l m rng ti c vic kt ni vi PSTN. Chng ny s trnh by v h thng tiu chun ca ITU-T (cng nh ca mt s nhng tiu chun khc ang "cnh tranh"), m t cc chc nng ca h thng tiu chun v xem xt nhng sn phm c thit k theo cc tiu chun ny s hot ng v vn hnh nh th no. Chng ny cng cp n nhng thuc tnh khc ca IP nm ngoi phm vi ca ITU-T chng hn nh nhng giao thc nh tuyn v truyn ti ca IETF. Cui cng, chng ny cp n nhng phng thc u tin theo cc nh khai thc thc hin v chng ny cng xem xt n kt qu tip cn cc vn v in thoi IP.
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Mt cuc gi thoi IP
Trc khi i vo cc giao thc, c l s rt hu ch nu chng ta xem xt mt v d qu trnh thc hin t u ti cui ca thoi IP. V d ny s c s dng minh ho mt s chc nng khc. Tuy nhin khng mt v d no c th m t ton b chc nng ca mt h thng thoi IP. V d a ra di y khi qut mt cuc gi khng ch sn c trong mi trng hin nay m cn l mt cuc gi in hnh, t nht l cho n thi im khi m h thng IP ngy cng tr nn ph bin v rng khp. Liu ton b PSTN c chuyn sang chuyn mch gi hay khng? S c rt nhiu vn v thoi IP c n gin ho v khi khng cn n kt ni ti mng chuyn mch knh. Nu trong tng lai, ton b l chuyn mch gi th ngy cng cn rt lu.
Dave'Mom LEC A
Nh cung cp dch v Internet Telephony Dave
LEC B
Hnh 7-1. Toll-bypass Internet Telephony
Hnh 7-1 trnh by mt v d v dch v m hin nay s dng nhiu nht ng dng ca dch v thoi IP, c gi l Toll-bypass. Cc ng dng c th ca Toll-bypass trong thoi IP, c bit l i vi cc cuc gi quc t s c trnh by chi tit hn trong chng 11. V d, Dave sng ti Los Angeles mun gi in cho m ca anh ta sng ti NewYork. Dave ng k thu bao ti mt trong s cc nh cung cp dch v thoi Internet (ITSP) thc hin dch v thoi ng di, vi hy vng s tn dng mc gi cc thp ca h cho cc cuc gi ng di trong lin bang. Khi Dave nhc in thoi ln v quay s in thoi ca m anh ta, tng i ni ht ca Dave (LEC A) s nhn dng y l mt cuc gi ng di khi Dave quay s 1 u tin v LEC s chuyn cuc gi ti tng i m Dave chn (IXC). Cng vic ca IXC l chuyn cuc gi ti cng ty thoi a phng ca b m ca Dave (LEC B) sao cho LEC B chung in thoi v kt ni cuc gi ti m ca Dave. V IXC ca Dave l mt ITSP, nn chuyn mch knh thng thng s kt thc ti . ITSP ca Dave s phi chuyn knh audio thnh cc lung gi v chuyn cc gi ti NewYork. n , cc gi phi c chuyn tr li thnh lung audio trn mt mch thoi "bnh thng" truyn ti qua mng truyn thng ti LEC B v ti in thoi ca m Dave. thc hin qu trnh ny, phi thc hin mt s chc nng sau:
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Phn tch a ch. Cng Gateway gia LEC A ca Dave v ITSP phi tm c a ch IP ca cng gateway gia ITSP v LEC B ca b m anh ta. iu ny c thc hin nh vo vic kt hp s in thoi c gi vi gateway c trch nhim vi m vng ca bn b gi. nh tuyn. Mng ITSP phi chuyn cc gi t gateway ti LosAngeles ti Gateway ti NewYork bng cc phng tin sn c nht, duy tr kh nng thp nht khi cn bng lu lng qua mng sao cho cc kt ni khng b qu ti. Bo m cht lng. Tu thuc vo cc dch v do ITSP cung cp (cng c th l mt nh cung cp dch v Internet ISP m lu lng d liu cng nh lu lng thoi s c truyn qua mng ca h), cuc gi ca Dave s cng tn ti vi cc lu lng khc. Nu c mt lu lng d liu cng chung kt ni, ITSP phi c cch thc phn bit v nhn dng lu lng thoi vi cc lu lng thoi khc, sao cho thoi c u tin v thc hin theo cch ca n. Thm ch nu ch c lu lng thoi trn mng, s c mt s cch thc cuc gi ca Dave khng b ln lt bi cc cuc gi khc m lm mng qu ti n mc cht lng ca mi ngi gi b suy gim. Truyn ti d on. Lp truyn ti ca Giao thc Internet (TCP/IP) phi m bo mt mc tin cy cho chui d liu, truyn ti lin tc, khng c li v nhng bo m khc. Trong trng hp lu lng thi gian thc, chc nng quan trng nht ca lp truyn ti l bo m vic truyn ti thng tin audio bnh thng. Khi khng thc hin c vic truyn ti d on (khi khng kt ni c vi IP), gateway LosAngeles t nht l phi gn c d liu vi mt khong thi gian tng i sao cho gateway NewYork c th ti thit lp n vi mt khong thi gian tng t. Bo hiu cuc gi. Mng ITSP khng phi ch truyn ti cuc gi ca Dave vo ng gateway, n cn phi gi bo hiu cho gateway khi n ch cui cng ca cuc gi, trong trng hp ny l khi n c in thoi ca b m Dave. Do phi c cch thc gateway NewYork hiu c s b gi t lung IP, n c th quay s qua LEC NewYork ti m ca Dave v kt ni cuc gi IP vi cuc gi LEC. M ho thoi. Cuc gi ca Dave c LEC m ho s n ti ITSP di dng chui d liu s vi tc 64kb/s. Phn ln u im ca thoi IP so vi thoi truyn thng l kh nng nn chui d liu ny thnh chui ch c tc 32kb/s, 16 kb/s hoc thm ch cn nh hn. ng nhin l cc gi IP c s dng truyn ti chui ny. X l li. Nu c mt vn pht sinh trong qu trnh thc hin cuc gi chng hn nh li ca gateway, LEC, hoc s gin on dch v mng ca ITSP, phi tn ti mt s phng thc sa li hon thnh c cuc gi.
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C mt s vn c bn m bt k mt h thng thoi IP no phi gii quyt. Cc vn chng hn nh kiu mng m IP vn hnh, cch thc mng audio ti in thoi hoc thit b u cui v mt s vn lin quan n tnh cc, qun l v bo tr. Nhng vn ny khng c ITU-T gii quyt bi v l cc vn khng trc tip phn nh tnh vn hnh ca h thng. Do cc vn ny c dnh cho cc nh thit k mng v thit b ci tin chng. Hnh 7-2 m t mt s giao thc thc hin mt s chc nng c ni trn.
Cc phng php m ho thoi (ITU-T G) iu khin cuc gi / Session Initialization (H225, H.245, SIP) Timing (RTP) Gateway / Gatekeeper Control (GLP, MGCP) Lp chuyn ti Lp mng Lp giao din mng Lp ng dng
Cc dch v truyn ti tin cy / khng tin cy (TCP/UDP) Giao thc Internet (IP) C s h tng mng gi
Hnh 7-2: Cc vn / giao thc trong mng thoi IP
Khung H.323
Khi cp n thoi IP, tiu chun quc t thng c cp n l H.323. c ban hnh ln u tin vo nm 1996 v gn y nht vo 2/1998, khuyn ngh ny hin ang l mt bn ch tiu k thut c bn v cc sn phm thoi qua IP. Tuy nhin khuyn ngh H.323 rt chung chung nn t c coi l tiu chun c th. Trong thc t, hon ton c th thit k mt h thng hon ton thoi tun th H.323 m khng cn n IP. Khuyn ngh ny ch a ra yu cu v "giao din mng gi" ti thit b kt cui. C mt cht chm bim l H.323 d nh ginh cho X.25, sau l ATM, nhng gi y li l Internet v TCP/IP, trong khi c rt t H.323 c vn hnh trn mng X.25 v ATM. Theo tiu ca ITU-T cho H.323:"H thng truyn thng a phng tin da trn cng ngh gi", H.323 thc t m t cch thc ca h thng kt ni l nhng h thng c nhiu kh nng hn ngoi cc kh nng truyn v nhn tn hiu audio thoi. Ngi ta hy vng rng cc h thng truyn thng a phng tin ny c th h tr cho ngnh vin thng v c th h tr cc ng dng video nh teleconferencing v data-conferencing hoc truyn file. Mc d H.323 c nhiu cng dng nhng trng tm chnh ca th trng i vi khuyn ngh ny l kh nng audio thc hin thoi IP. C thm mt iu chm bim na ca H.323 l c tnh a phng tin ton din c s dng nh mt trong nhng ng dng audio
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c bn nht - l thoi. C l c nhiu phng php h tr VoIP tt hn H.323, cng l mc ch trong chng ny.
Cu trc H.323
V VoIP ch s dng mt phn cu trc H.323 nn s rt tt nu ta xem xt cu trc H.323 mt cch hon chnh trc khi tin hnh khai thc mt phn ca H323 c s dng trong mng VoIP. Ton b cu trc H.323 c minh ho trong Hnh 7-3. Cu trc H.323 c th c s dng mt cch thng dng mng LAN hoc mng gi din rng. Bt k mt mng gi khng tin cy (khng c m bo v v cht lng dch v), hoc c tr cao u c th c s dng cho H.323. Theo hnh v, mng LAN c ch ra vi 4 loi thit b H.323 chnh. Nhng ngi s dng u phi c thit b u cui H.323, l nhng PC a phng tin in hnh c th tn dng c mi u im ca H.323, bao gm hi ngh video a im. Mi thit b truyn thng a im s dng khi iu khin a im H.323 - MCU . Tt nhin cc kh nng ca H.323 c th m rng cho mng WAN nu cc kt ni c thit lp gia cc thit b H.323. y l chc nng chnh ca cc thit b Gatekeeper H.323, cc thit b ny l tu chn H.323. Nu khng c cc gatekeeper, tt c cc thit b phi c kh nng t a ra cc bn tin bo hiu trc tip. Mi kt ni WAN u c x l bng mt hoc nhiu cc gateway H.323. V mt k thut, bt k thit b no nm ngoi gateway H.323 u khng c cp trong khuyn ngh H.323, nhng cc gateway H.323 c th phi hp hot ng vi cc loi thit b khc nhau trong cc cu trc mng khc nhau.
Thit b u cui H.323 Khi iu khin a im H.323
Gatekeeper H.323
Gateway H.323
Thit b u cui H.323
Thit b u cui H.323
PSTN
QoS LAN
N-ISDN
B-ISDN
Thit b u cui V.70
Thit b u cui H.324
Thit b u cui speech
Thit b u cui H.322
Thit b u cui speech
Thit b u cui H.320
Thit b u cui H.321
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Hnh 7-3. Cu trc H.323
H.323 c th c s dng vi PSTN ton cu, N-ISDN (mng chy vi tc di 1,5 hoc 2 Mb/s), mng B-ISDN s dng ATM (mng chy c tc ln hn 1,5 hoc 2 Mb/s). Thm ch l mt in thoi hoc mt u cui cng c th tham gia vo hi ngh H.323 nhng ch vi kh nng audio. Thit b kt cui V.70 c nhiu chc nng khc nhau, nhng kt cui h tr cho c thoi s ho v d liu qua mt mng in thoi "bnh thng" v nhng kt cui H.324 (Kt cui H.324 c th truyn thi gian thc c thoi, d liu, video hoc bt k s kt hp no chng hn nh thoi video, thng qua modem chy vi tc 33,6kb/s). Thng thng, kt cui H.324 ch l mt PC vi mt vi chng trnh phn mm c bit. Khi H.323 c s dng vi N-ISDN, in thoi ISDN hoc cc kt cui H.320 cng c s dng. H.320 m t mt s sp xp cc kt cui i vi h thng in thoi N-ISDN. Cc thit b ny thng c s dng cho cc dch v videoconference v videophone. Nu c mt mng LAN c gn lin vi ISDN m bo cht lng mc nh ca cc tham s dch v, khi kt cui H.322 l u cui gn lin vi mng trong ng truyn bao gm 1 hoc nhiu mng LAN, mi mng LAN c cu to cung cp mt cht lng dch v Q0S tng xng vi cht lng ca N-ISDN. H.322 vn hnh trn phm vi Ethernet m rng c gi l Ethernet ng thi, hoc isoethernet, l cu trc Ethernet c bn c ghp thm mt s knh 64kb/s. Tuy nhin v mt s l do, isoethernet khng c s dng. Cui cng, nhng mng B-ISDN da trn ATM c th dng cc kt cui H.321 video/audio. H.321 p dng khi nim kt cui H.320 vo B-ISDN. B-ISDN cng c th s dng cu hnh gi l Cu hnh kt cui H.310 hot ng trong H.321. Cc kt cui H.310 l mt kiu kt cui "super" audio/visual tn dng c B-ISDN v ATM v mt dch v v bo hiu. Tm li, H.320 c dng xc nh 4 loi kt cui (thit b s dng). Cc kt cui H.321 cho B-ISDN v ATM, kt cui H.322 cho QoS cc mng LAN, kt cui H.323 cho hi ngh, v H.324 dnh cho cc kt ni kiu quay thoi 33,6kb/s. Khi c s dng cho thoi IP, H.323 bao gm c cc cuc gi VoIP c thc hin gia cc kt cui H.323 hoc gia kt cui H.323 v gateway H.323. Khng c cc quy nh s dng VoIP i vi cc thnh phn khng thuc h H.320, m ch tp trung vo vic VoIP trn cc dng kt cui H.323.
H.323 cho IP Telephony

Cu trc H.323 l qu mc cn thit i vi VoIP v thm ch l c i vi mng thoi IP hon chnh. Ch c mt tp hp con ca H.323 l cn thit vn hnh cc kt cui audio (cc PC hoc in thoi) qua mng IP. Do khi p dng cho thoi IP, ch s dng mt phn trong H.323 nh trong Hnh 7-4.
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Hnh nh Video H.261 H.263 (m ho video)
m thanh G.711 G.722 G.723 G.728 G.729
iu khin H.225 Terminal to gatekeeper signaling H.225 Tn hiu cuc gi H.245
D liu T.120 (Chuyn tip d liu a im
RTP
RTCP
RTP
RTCP
Chuyn ti khng tin cy (UDP)
Chuyn ti tin cy (TCP)
Hnh 7-4. H.323 cho thoi IP
Thoi IP ch s dng thnh phn audio v iu khin ca H.323 . Thnh phn audio x l ton b chc nng VoIP v tiu chun audio m H.323 yu cu l G.711 (64kb/s). Tt nhin hu ht cc cu hnh ca VoIP, c l G.728 (16kb/s) s c ngha hn khi thc hin thoi s ho c tc thp, c bit l G.723 (5,3 hoc 6,4 kb/s) hoc G.729 (kb/s). H.323 ch ra rng cc mo u ca giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc RTP s c b sung vo d liu UDP. kim sot cht lng ca thoi trn mng, mt s giao thc iu khin truyn ti thi gian thc RTCP c thc hin. Trong phn sau s trnh by chi tit hn v hot ng ca RTP v RTCP. Phn iu khin ca H.323 cng c th s dng cc UDP nhanh chng thit lp cc kt ni gia thit b u cui H.323 v gatekeeper H.323. Gatekeeper H.323 v mt c bn l mt server truy cp t xa RAS ca mng H.323. H.225 cng c s dng iu khin cuc gi vi TCP thit lp, duy tr nhng kt ni VoIP. H.245 s dng vi mi kt cui H.320 cng c th c s dng vi TCP. Phn tip theo s lm sng t cc phn phc tp trong cc khuyn ngh H ny.
Chc nng ca H.323
Audio In/Out
iu khin h thng Mng IP (Internet) M Audio Chuyn ti Chuyn i IP
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Hnh 7-5. Cc chc nng giao thc ca h thng VoIP
Trong khi mt s cc nh sn xut thit b v phn mm VoIP tu thuc vo cc thnh phn v giao thc c quyn, hu ht h s dng khuyn ngh H.323 v c gng tun th n mt cch y c gng c th phi hp hot ng vi nhiu nh khai thc khc. Thc t lm cho H.323 tr thnh m hnh tt i vi cc h thng VoIP. Hnh 7-5 ch ra cho thy cc chc nng chnh ca h thng VoIP tun th H.323. n gin, trong phn ny ch a cc chc nng m cn thit cho hot ng ca VoIP. Cc giao thc v th tc khi c trnh by s c so snh vi m hnh ny v s dng m hnh nh mt khung c th phc tho ra cc chc nng, c tnh v kh nng ca chng. nh hng quan trng nht v H.323 l n lm ci g v khng bao gm ci g. Nh ch ra trong Hnh 7-5, H.323 khng nh ngha c ch a cc tn hiu thoi vo h thng VoIP. H.323 khng nh ngha cc c tnh ca mng m qua thoi c ng gi s truyn i, cng khng nh ngha cc giao din gia cc kt cui thoi v mng . H.323 ch nh ngha rt r vai tr ca kt cui v gateway H.323. Hnh 7-5 m t hu ht chc nng ca H.323 v cc sn phm VoIP. Cc kt cui v gateway VoIP. Trong mt s chc nng khc, H.323 xc nh vai tr ca cc thnh phn trong cc loi h thng VoIP. C l quan trng nht trong s cc thnh phn ny l cc kt cui v gateway c hiu nh nhng im cui. Hai loi thit b ny cng thc thi mt nhim v: nh du khi u v kt thc cc thnh phn IP trong cuc gi thoi. Khi hai ngi s dng PC a phng tin gi cho nhau vi mt phn mm ng dng c sn trong my tnh, s dng microphone v speaker c tch hp trong PC, ton b cuc gi c th c tin hnh thng qua mng IP gia 2 im cui H.323. Trong trng hp cuc gi ng di t in thoi ny n in thoi khc thng qua nh khai thc VoIP, thoi s i t PSTN sang gi ri tr li PSTN vi s chuyn i t PSTN sang gi c din ra ti cc kt cui H.323. Cc kt cui H.323 hnh thnh cc im cui cuc gi VoIP. Trong cc trng hp khc , cc chc nng c bn ca thit b vn gi nguyn - mi chc nng m t mt im m ti thoi c a vo hoc a ra khi mt lot cc gi IP. H.323 cp n mt lot cc gi nh mt lung thng tin. Thnh phn c bn ca lung thng tin VoIP l thoi, v H.323 cho php cc lung thng tin c to ra theo nhiu cch khc nhau. V d tun th ch tiu k thut ny, tt c cc kt cui H.323 v cc gateway s phi c kh nng m ho audio bng cch s dng m ITUT G.711 (m ho v gii m), mt trong nhng phng php t lu chuyn audio analog sang d liu s. Tm li, G.711 s dng PCM nh mt k thut s ho tn hiu thoi, to ra lung thng tin 64kb/s trong mt giy. K thut ny tng t vi k thut c cc cng ty thoi s dng i vi cc knh s ho trong nhiu nm. Ngoi G.711, H.323 xc nh mt s phng php m ho bao gm:
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G.728. Ch tiu k thut ca ITU-T cho m ho 16 kb/s s dng thut ton LD-ACELP. (low-delay algebraic - code - excited linear prediction) G.729. M ho 8kb/s s dng thut ton CS-ACELP (conjugate structure algebraic - code - excited linear prediction). G.723.1. M ho 2 tc 5,3 v 6,4 kb/s, c hai u c h tr bi tt c m v giao thc yu cu kh nng chuyn mch trong khong 30ms khi cn thit. Ngoi 2 tc bit vi kch thc gi l 20 v 24 byte, G.723.1 cng xc nh gi 4 byte s dng cho trit khong lng v truyn ti thng tin "ting n" khi ngi gi yn lng. So vi G.729, G.723.1 phn tch tn hiu DTMF tt hn. Cc phng php s ho mc d c s dng bi cc cch m ho vi nhng thut ton khc nhau, nhng u xc nh 3 thnh phn: tc d liu u ra, tr v cht lng ca tn hiu audio o c. Khi kim tra cc c tnh ca lut m ho, ta thy mi quan h ngc li gia cht lng ca audio c to ra bi lut m ho vi tc d liu m n to ra. Khi c nhng thut ton khc thay th, hu nh ngi nghe cm nhn rng vic nh gi cht lng tn hiu audio ca bn thn h gim xung. Nh cp trn, cht lng l kh o c nhng s rt hu ch khi dng phng php mang tnh cht nh lng so snh cc phng n m ho khc nhau . Khi cp n vic nh gi thoi c s ho, ngi ta thng da trn 2 tiu ch nh gi cht lng: tr v im nh gi trung bnh (MOS). Mi quan h gia tc d liu, tr v MOS c ch ra trong Hnh 7-6.
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 G.711 G.722 G.726 G.728 G.729 G.723.1 G.723.1 Tr (ms)
Tc d liu (kb/s)
Cht lng (MOS x 10)
Hnh 7-6. Mi quan h gia tc d liu, tr v MOS
Khi phc tp ca thut ton cn thit cho vic nn tn hiu audio tng ln , thi gian m mt my tnh i hi x l cng tng ln. Cc nh sn xut kt cui v gateway c gng gim tr ny bng cch s dng cc mch tch hp ASIC v cc chip lp trnh trong thit k. Mi ngi u ng rng tr l mt phn khng tt trong qu trnh m ho. V d tr l iu khng th trnh khi khi c khong cch ln gia v tinh v tri t, n l nguyn nhn c bn gy ra"ting vng"thng hay xut hin trong cc cuc
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gi ra nc ngoi trc cp quang ph bin. Bt k ai tng thc hin nhng cuc gi nh th u ng rng tr t 1/2 n 1 giy (ph bin trong nhng h thng in thoi v tinh) lm cho cc cuc gi tr nn kh khn, v hu ht mi ngi u khng hi lng i vi cc cuc gi c tr >0,2s. Mi vic s tr nn rt ti t nu nh tr gia ngi gi v ngi nhn nh trong biu , nhng thc t tr trong qu trnh m ho ch l mt phn trong qu trnh truyn tn hiu audio. tr ln hn nhiu cng c th c cc nt x l mng chng hn nh nh tuyn, chuyn mch, hoc l nhng tr tuy cp phng tin thuc v nhiu mng, s tc nghn mng thm ch l tr truyn dn (hn ch vt l i vi tc truyn dn l do tc nh sng). Do thch thc m cc nh thit k phi i mt khng ch n gin l m bo a thoi vo cc lung d liu vi cht lng cao m cn phi thc hin rt nhanh. Mc d tr rt quan trng, nhng tiu ch th 2 m cc nh thit k mng dng i chiu c l l quan trng nht, l MOS. MOS l mt thc o tng i ch quan v tnh trung thc audio do ngi nghe xc nh. ng ch nht l cc gi tr ca MOS tt mt cch ng ngc nhin, cung cp tin cy 80% trong 8% ca bng thng. Tt nhin cc nh sn xut khng p buc phi s dng 1 trong nhng codec ni trn, thc t c mt s cc nh sn xut cc kt cui v gateway ni rng h c phng php s ho thoi ring m vn duy tr c cht lng cuc thoi tt nht, ng thi vn to ra c tc bit thp tt hn so vi G.7xx. Tuy nhin, thc t l cc nh sn xut vn phi h tr theo codec ITU-T bi v nu khng da trn chun mc, cc thit b s khng tng thch vi bt k mt thit b no khc ngoi tr thit b ca h, iu l hon ton khng chp nhn c.
Cc lp ng dng
M ho thoi thnh 1 tn hiu s ng vai tr quan trng nht trong vic truyn ti thoi qua IP, n cng l nhim v duy nht ca cc gateway hoc kt cui VoIP theo H.323. H thng VoIP cng thc hin nhiu chc nng iu kin khc, bao gm c vic nh v v kt thc cuc gi, sp xp cc tham s cuc gi (v d nh nhng tham s m qu trnh m ho s s dng trong qu trnh cuc gi), o thi gian tr, thm ch c vic duy tr kt ni vi cc bn tin "keep alive" trong thi gian im lng. Trong khung H.323, cc vn ny c h thng iu khin H.225 v H.245 phn tch.
Gatekeeper
Cc chc nng iu khin ny c th c trao i gia kt cui H.323 v cc gateway mt cch trc tip hoc chng c th c "qua" mt thit b khc m nhim v duy nht ca thit b l qun l cc dch v iu khin cuc gi trong h thng VoIP, c gi l Gatekeeper.
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Gatekeeper H.323 khng i hi tng thch H.323 nhng trong cc h thng vi bt k quy m ln nh th no, cc nh thit k mng v cc nh cung cp tho thun iu quan trng nht l phi qun l tp trung cc chc nng trong cng mt khi. Cc chc nng ca Gatekeeper bao gm: Dch a ch. Gatekeeper cho php s dng cc phng n nh a ch u tin (trong H.323 gi l a ch alias) chng hn nh b nh, bit danh, a ch email v "dch" tt c chng thnh a ch IP thit lp lin lc IP. iu khin li vo. V chng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong khi thit lp ng dn IP, Gatekeeper c th iu khin c cu cuc goi VoIP gia cc kt cui v gateway m Gatekeeper m nhn. Truy nhp c th c chp nhn hoc t chi da trn vic xc nhn a ch ngun hoc a ch ch, thi gian, hoc bt k s thay i no ca Gatekeeper. Theo cch ny, Gatekeeper s m bo an ton cho h thng VoIP. Qun l bng thng. Gatekeeper H.323 c th yu cu cc kt cui v gateway H.323 thay i cc tham s truyn thng ca cuc gi sao cho vic qun l s dng bng thng c th c cc trm s dng chung ti bt k thi im no. Theo cch ny , Gatekeeper hot ng nh mt trung tm phn phi bng thng mt cch hiu qu. Qun l vng. Gatekeeper h tr cc chc nng trn qua mng thit b m n m nhn. V d, qun l vng c th yu cu l khng qu 25 cuc gi c th c php qua kt ni c di tn thp trnh gim st v cht lng. Qun l kiu ny cng h tr mt s chc nng nh phn phi cuc gi t ng ACD v cc dch v ging nh trung tm dch v khc. Bo hiu cuc gi. Gatekeeper c th hot ng ging nh mt "proxy" bo hiu cuc gi cho cc thit b kt cui ( hoc t nht cng l cho cc gateway) m n i din cho, do gii phng cc kt cui khi cc nhim v nh h tr giao thc iu khin cuc gi. Hoc n gin hn l Gatekeeper hot ng nh mt "im lin lc" ban u cho ngi gi, h tr cho hai gateway hoc hai thit b kt cui bo hiu trc tip cho nhau. Mt Gatekeeper v ton b cc im cui di s iu khin ca Gatekeeper to thnh mt vng H.323 nh trong Hnh 7-7.
Vng H.323 MCU Terminal nh tuyn IP
Gatekeeper
Gateway
Internet hoc mng IP khc
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Hnh 7-7. Vng H.323
Ngoi cc chc nng ni trn, Gatekeeper H.323 c th ng cc vai tr khc trong h thng VoIP tng lai nm trong phm vi nghin cu v pht trin ca cc nh sn xut. Trong bt k trng hp no, do Gatekeeper l mt thnh phn c tnh cht la chn ca mi h thng H.323 nn cc th tc bo hiu c nh ngha theo H.245 v H.225 c quy nh thc hin c hai chc nng m khng c Gatekeeper. Cc h thng khng c Gatekeeper cho php cc im cui bo hiu trc tip cho nhau, y trch nhim qun l v iu khin m Gatekeeper m nhn ln chnh nhng im . mt Gatekeeper chu trch nhim cho mt kt cui hay gateway, n phi ng k l tn ti trong c s d liu ca n, ghi nh a ch ca n (c IP v alias) v cc thng tin khc (chng hn nh gii hn bng tn) cn thit cho Gatekeeper hot ng i din cho cc im cui. Vic ng k ny c th c thc hin bng tay thng qua s dng cc file cu hnh Gatekeeper hoc thng qua Gatekeeper H.323 v th tc ng k. Trong Gatekeeper, cc im cui truyn n multicast IP a ch 224.0.1.41 mt bn tin yu cu gatekeeper. Cc yu cu ny s c tt c cc Gatekeeper tr li bng cc bn tin hoc chp nhn hoc t chi. Cc im cui c th la chn trong s cc Gatekeeper nhng Gatekeeper no c th c ng k mt cch chc chn. Sau cc im cui gi yu cu ng k n Gatekeeper c la chn. Khi nhn c s xc nhn t pha Gatekeeper , im cui v Gatekeeper c th tin hnh trao i thng tin. V d Gatekeeper c th ch nh mt a ch alias ti im cui hoc n c th a ra nhng dch v ng k trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, sau khong thi gian , im cui phi ng k. Gatekeeper n gin ho vic trin khai v s dng h thng VoIP bng vic tp trung ho v phi hp qun l tn hiu cuc gi do cung cp 1 " nt iu khin" cho tt c cc thit b trong vng.
H.225 v H.245
Tiu chun H.323 c tham chiu n mt tiu chun khc ca ITU-T l H.225. H.225 thc hin bo hiu cho vic iu khin cuc gi. H.225 c quyn ging nh H.323, n xc nh 1 tp hp cc kh nng nhiu hn nhng kh nng c s dng trong h thng ch c lu lng thoi. Bn thn H.225 cng s dng cc bn tin c nh ngha theo H.245 thit lp v kt thc cc knh logic mt cch ring bit cho audio (hoc trong cc kt cui a phng tin , video ). Vic s dng ban u cc th tc H.225 trong qu trnh sp xp cuc gi VoIP c trong thng bo t cc thit b gi n thit b nhn ngh thit lp cuc gi c thc hin trn cc knh H.225 l ng k, qun l v bo hiu (RAS). Gi RAS l mt "knh" l cha hon ton ng v RAS c
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nh ngha nh mt ti nguyn "khng chc chn" v do s dng UDP nh 1 phng thc truyn ti m khng c s xc nh r rng no c. Tuy nhin knh RAS xc nh "ni hi t" m mi thit b c th gim st c tn hiu u tin ca cuc gi . Mt RAS yu cu thit lp cuc gi c th nhn c c tr li ca gatekeeper chu trch nhim pha b gi hoc ca bn thn thit b trong trng hp khng c gatekeeper. Trong c 2 trng hp , cu tr li bao gm a ch IP v s cng TCP ca thit b bn b gi, cho php ngi gi thit lp 1 kt ni TCP. Trong qu trnh gi, th tc bo hiu bao gm 5 giai on: Giai on A: Thit lp cuc gi. Trong qu trnh ny, im cui bn gi thng bo bn b gi yu cu m mt knh audio. Giai on ny cng xc nh bn tin vi mc ch thng bo vi ngi gi l bn b gi nhn c thng bo v cuc gi. chnh xc ca tn hiu thit lp cuc gi tu thuc vo cu hnh mng, c th l s tn ti v v tr ca cc gatekeeper . Trong mi trng hp, im cui bn gi s bt u mt kt ni vi mt bn tin setup, theo bn tin , im cui bn b gi s tr li bng bn tin kt ni c cha a ch IP knh iu khin H.245 vi mc ch thit lp knh truyn thng bng cc bn tin H.245. Giai on B: Truyn thng v kh nng trao i. Khi hon thnh giai on thit lp cuc gi, c hai im cui s bc sang giai on B l giai on c lin quan n thit lp knh iu khin H.245 thng qua vic trao i thng tin c lin quan n kh nng ca tng im trong cuc gi. Trong trng hp ny, kh nng c lin quan n kiu loi knh truyn thng c h tr. V d cc gateway H.323 phi h tr cho cc knh audio, song c nhiu loi gateway li khng h tr cho video hoc knh media c nh ngha theo H.323. Giai on C: Thit lp v truyn thng audiovisual. Trong giai on ny, cc im cui c t do thit lp cc knh logic s truyn ti cc lung thng tin. i vi thng tin audio, mi u cui cuc gi s m mt knh duy nht bi v s khng c mt yu cu no c cng m hoc tc bit c s dng theo c hai hng. Giai on D: Dch v cuc gi. Dch v cuc gi l nhng s thay i cc tham s cuc gi c tho thun trong 3 giai on trn. Cc dch v cuc gi nh th bao gm c iu chnh bng tn m cuc gi i hi, b sung hoc loi b cc thnh phn tham gia cuc gi hoc trao i trng thi "keep alive" gia gateway v /hoc u cui. Giai on E: Kt thc cuc gi. Thit b mun kt thc cuc gi H.323 n gin ch cn mt s truyn ti khng lin tc cc lung thng tin (u tin l video, ri n data, audio) v cho php chuyn cc cc bn tin xo cuc gi ging nh chuyn cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi c s dng lc bt u cuc gi. Cng ging nh khi thit lp cuc gi, cc th tc kt thc cuc gi khc nhau tu thuc vo
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vai tr ca gatekeeper trong cuc gi. Khi c mt gatekeeper, n phi c thng bo trc v vic kt thc cuc gi sao cho n c th iu chnh bng tn.
B iu khin v x l a im
Vi cng 1 cch h thng thoi truyn thng c mng ring v mng cng cng pht trin h tr cc dch v gi tr gia tng, H.323 cho php cung cp cc ng dng thoi khng truyn thng. C l iu i hi kh nng thc thi cuc gi 3 bn , hoc conferenece, l nhng cuc gi ch yu trong mi trng kinh doanh. H.323 x l yu cu ny thng qua khi nim v s dng h thng iu khin a im MC v x l a im MP. Mt h thng kim sot a im hot ng nh mt im trung tm thng qua im nhng im cui c th trao i thng tin v nhng kh nng c c v c th "ph v" nhng dng audio v dng khc ph bin i vi cc thnh vin trong hi ngh. Chc nng ca MC c th c tch hp trong mt gatekeeper, gateway hoc thm ch mt u cui. Cc lung audio v thng tin khc to thnh mt hi ngh thit lp c th c tp trung ho hoc phi tp trung tu thuc vo cng sut ca nhng im cui hoc ca MC h tr cc dng ph bin. Trong mt mi trng hi ngh tp trung, mi im cui tham gia vo hi ngh thit lp nhng mi kt ni im ti im cng vi im cui c cha ng MC, gi l khi iu khin a im (MCU). Khi MC c th qun l hi ngh mt cch trc tip, bi v n hnh thnh 1 trung tm vin thng iu khin tn hiu. Nhng hi ngh phi tp trung i hi nhng im cui hoc gateway phi trc tip kt ni vi nhau qua multicast, s dng MC ch dnh cho vic iu khin hi ngh. Hi ngh phi tp trung ti t hn ln MCU nhng i hi cc im cui (v mng ca h) h tr cc kt ni multicast v x l hn hp nhng lung audio khc. Ngoi ra, mi trng phi tp trung i hi mi im cui h tr cc dng ph bin. MC c th cung cp 1 nh ngha c th cho hi ngh kiu lin lc c la chn SCM, khng cn phi iu chnh s khc bit gia cc im cui. i vi chc nng ny, H323 nh ngha h thng x l a im (MP) hnh thnh mt b phn ca 1 MCU phc v mc ch trn ln, chuyn mch, hoc nu khng th iu chnh cc lung audio khc nhau, cc chui ny hnh thnh 1 hi ngh di s iu khin ca MC. MP c th thu c cc lung audio t nhng ngun khc nhau, mi lung c m ho khc nhau. MP chuyn cc lung audio thnh audio tng t vi mc ch trn ln chng thnh 1 tn hiu audio hn hp. Cc tn hiu c m ho li tu theo kh nng ca mi trm u cui.
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H323 l 1 cch hiu qu v ph bin thc thi h thng thoi VoIP v IP. Tuy nhin, H323 khng phi l phng php duy nht c th c s dng kt hp mng IP v mng thoi
Giao thc iu khin phin SIP

ITU-T khng phi l t chc tiu chun duy nht a ra k hoch thit lp kt ni thoi IP v ng gi audio. Hn hn bt k mt t chc qun l cc chun mc Internet , IETF cng c nhng yu cu ca ring mnh i vi nhng h thng VoIP v c gi l " Giao thc iu khin phin " SIP. Nhng ngi xut SIP cho rng H.323, ang xut hin trong bo hiu ATM v ISDN, l khng thch hp cho iu khin h thng VoIP ni chung v trong thoi Internet ni ring. Yu cu ny khng nh l H.323 vn d rt phc tp, h tr cc chc nng phn ln l khng cn thit cho thoi IP do i hi chi ph cao v khng hiu qu. V d H.323 xc nh 3 phng php khc nhau phi hp hot ng gia H.225 v H.245, vi cc kt ni khc nhau, H.245 ngang qua kt ni H.225, v tin hnh phng php "kt ni nhanh" ca 2 giao thc tch hp. Mc d hu ht cc kh nng thc hin ch h tr cho cc kt ni nhanh, tnh tng thch H.323 lin quan n yu cu h tr ca c 3 phng php. ng thi, nhng ngi ng h SIP cng cho rng H.323 khng c kh nng m rng yu cu i vi giao thc bo hiu cho cng ngh chng hn nh VoIP, l nhng cng ngh chc chn s pht trin v h tr cc dch v v c tnh mi. Kinh nghim trong s dng cc giao thc Internet mail (SMTP) cung cp rt nhiu trit l pht trin SIP, trong tp trung vo kh nng thch ng ca bo hiu trong tng lai. xy ra cc cuc tranh ci khng chnh thc gia nhng ngi xut H.323 v SIP. Mt s ngi khng hiu ti sao cc quy nh ca ITU-T v H.323 i lin vi truyn thng Internet. Nhiu nm, ITU lm ng trc cc vn m IETF a ra lin quan n tiu chun quc t TCP/IP. Do , ai bit IP hn l IETF ? Tt nhin khng phi l ITU-T. Mt s ngi cho rng SIP ch nh mt cch tip cn VoIP v thoi IP khc H.323, v khng cn thit phi lm phc tp ln trong mi trng i hi cc tiu chun pht trin ph bin v c khch hng chp nhn. SIP da trn tng v cu trc ca HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), giao thc trao i thng tin ca World Wide Web. N c nh ngha nh mt giao thc Client-Server, trong cc yu cu c bn gi (client) a ra v bn b gi (server) tr li. SIP s dng mt s kiu bn tin v cc trng mo u ca HTTP, xc nh ni dung lung thng tin theo mo u thc th (m t ni dng - kiu loi) v cho php xc nhn cc phng php s dng ging nhau c s dng trn Web. SIP nh ngha cc bn tin INVITE v ACK ging nh bn tin setup v kt ni trong H.225, trong c hai u nh ngha qu trnh m 1 knh
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ng tin cy m thng qua cuc gi c th i qua. Tuy nhin khc vi H.225, tin cy ca knh ny khng ph thuc vo TCP. Cc nh xut SIP kin ngh rng vic tch hp tin cy vo lp ng dng ny cho php kt hp mt cch cht ch cc gi tr iu chnh ng dng, c th ti u ho VoIP hn l ph thuc vo nhng gi tr "mc ch chung chung" ca TCP. Cui cng, SIP da vo giao thc m t phin SDP, mt tiu chun khc ca IETF, thc hin s sp xp tng t theo c cu chuyn i dung lng ca H.245. SDP c dng nhn dng m tng i trong nhng cuc gi s dng mt m t nguyn bn n. SDP cng c s dng chuyn cc phn t thng tin ca giao thc bo hiu thi gian thc RTSP sp xp cc tham s hi ngh a im v nh ngha khun dng chung cho nhiu loi thng tin khi c chuyn trong SIP. Cuc tranh lun liu chun H.323/H.225 hay SIP ph hp cho thoi Internet mang tnh cht hc thut. C hai cch u c nhng thun li v bt li. Trong khi H.323 c thun li rt ln trong th trng ( xut hin trc SIP) th SIP c li th ca IETF l mt trong s cc t chc tiu chun hot ng tch cc. Vi mc ch nghin cu cc giao thc v gii php vn VoIP, tt nht l lu n c H.323 v SIP.
nh a ch v tn
Tt nhin, vic bt u hay thc hin cuc gi ch c hon thnh khi ngi gi xc nh mt cch chnh xc a im m h mun gi n. Khi s xc nh bn b gi c gii quyt bng a ch IP. Ngy nay, nhng h thng VoIP tu thuc phn ln vo cu hnh ca nhng im cui vi a ch im cui khc. V d, mt gateway l mt phn ca h thng gm 10 gateway c a ch bng cch kt hp a ch IP vi m vng. Khi nh hng c cuc gi VoIP ti mt s chn, gateway c th so snh m vng vi danh sch m vng v bt u phn VoIP vi gateway c lin kt. Tt nhin s hot ng nh th tt nht cho nhng h thng ch c mt vi nt v khng quy m h tr cho cc h thng VoIP c phn phi mt cch hon chnh m trong , 1 s lng ln cc im cui gi trc tip cho nhau. Ngoi ra do cc mng VoIP c xy dng theo nhiu kiu khc nhau nn cc h thng nh a ch v tn cn thit cho vic mng VoIP khc tu thuc vo cu trc ca tng h thng. V d trong mt mi trng m ngi s dng ng vai tr l cc im cui, khi h c th lin lc trc tip vi nhau qua IP, mt a ch IP tng ng vi mt ngi s dng. Trong h thng nh th, mi ngi s dng c nhn dng bng mt tn my ch DNS ca kt cui VoIP ti ni ca ngi s dng. DNS khi phn tch a ch yu cu c c a ch IP ca im cui . Nhng khng may m hnh phn phi hon chnh khng phi m hnh ca mng VoIP hin ti, m phn ln cc trm ring l c kh nng hot ng nh cc u cui VoIP thm ch khng c tn my ch DNS. Nhng ngi s dng VoIP theo kiu PC-PC phi da vo cc dch v c u tin hoc thng bo trc a ch
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cn thit lin lc. Trong c hai trng hp, bt buc ngi s dng phi thng bo a ch theo kiu in thoi cho nhau trc v khong thi gian s lin lc. Trong m hnh gateway-gatway, mt s ngi dng chung mt a ch IP, mi ngi s dng c xc nh bng s in thoi ca h hoc s m rng. Trong trng hp , vic tm gateway bn b gi l mt vn . Nhm lm vic thoi IP ca IETF xut Giao thc nh v gateway GLP gii quyt vn trn. Mc d khng c nh ngha y , GLP s hot ng bng cch trao i thng tin nhn dng gateway cng ging nh cch ca cc giao thc nh tuyn trao i thng tin vi cc server nh v LS c xc nh nh nhng i din ca mt nhm gateway trong vng qun l. Lu rng kh nng ny c cp theo "nhng c tnh ca gatekeeper trong m hnh H.323". Giao thc iu khin gateway media MGCP, mt sng kin ca nhm thuc IETF nh ngha mt phng php m theo geteway gi n khi nhn c a ch E.164 t nt PSTN chuyn n c th pht tn hiu cho gatekeeper ca bn b gi. GLP v MGCP s cho php gatekeeper xc nh cho ngi gi gateway hoc u cui chu trch nhim cho s in thoi v thit lp mt phin hon thnh cuc gi. Hot ng chnh xc ca GLP v MGCP vn cha c xc nh r rng nhng cc xut bao gm thng tin bng rng v tho thun m ho. Trong mng VoIP Internet, phi c 1 iu khon quy nh cho vic t tn cho bn b gi hoc ngi s dng c kh nng tng thch vi DNS. Cc thnh vin ca SIP v H.323 xut kh nng thc hin ging nh email, chng hn nh user@domain.com. Khun mu c nh sn ny cho php m d liu hin hnh c ti s dng, cng nh cho php tnh c cc URL chng hn nh h323:// user@domain.com hoc sip:// user@domain.com trong trang Web HTML, do lm cho cuc gi c n gin nh bm vo hypertex link.
Dch v ch dn
Mt dch v t tn chng hn nh DNS l mt thc th tng i tnh khng cha ng mt iu khon no cho cp nht ng nhng thay i gia a ch IP v tn vng. Kt qu l DNS rt c ch cho vic tm kim cc gateway c hostname nhng km hiu qu i vi cc kt cui VoIP. Cc kt cui gp mt s vn kh khn v a ch IP do chng c th thay i vng (chng hn khi mt ngi i du lch kt ni Internet qua mt STP khc ti khch sn ni anh ta n), hoc do xu th tin ti a ch ng (chng hn nh xu hng c s dng trong giao thc Point - to - Point (PPP) ca DHCP). Do cc nh thit k mng thoi IP khng lng trc v v tr ca cc im cui. iu dn n vic s phi c dch v ch dn thc s ch khng ch l dch v t tn n thun do DNS cung cp. Mt dch v ch dn khc vi dch v t tn ch n c th truy cp thng tin theo cch ging nh d liu lin quan lm, tm c bn ghi da trn s lng cc tham s tm kim, mi tham s m t mt thuc tnh ca s liu u vo. V
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d ngi s dng dch v th mc c th hi ch dn " a ch IP kt cui ca user@domain.com l g" Tt nhin do gi tr lin tc thay i, th mc s tr li tu thuc vo gi tr c trong bn ghi nn s cho cc a ch khc nhau trong cc thi im khc nhau. Theo cch tng t, ngi s dng c th hi ch dn v cc a ch gateway hay kt cui ca ngi s dng. Hin nay, i th hng u v vic s dng dch v ch dn VoIp Internet l Giao thc truy nhp ch dn n gin LDAP - c thit k theo phng thc client-server truy nhp cc thng tin c trong c s d liu X.500.
Cc yu cu mng
C H.323 v SIP cung cp ngn ng ph cp (nhng khng tng thch) bng cch cc im cui c th bo hiu c cho nhau, phi hp vi cc gatekeeper, m ho gii m cc tn hiu audio. V d H.323 ni r giao thc IPX ca Novell l mt lp mng c gi tr nh IP v mt thoi, v thm ch IETF cho l mt kh nng. Cc giao thc lp mng s c vn chuyn qua mng di dng khung hoc dng t bo, chng hn nh Ethernet, Token Ring, ATM (c th l AAL5, dch v khng tin cy) , FDDI v cc mng tng t. Tuy nhin, trong khi bn thn mng (ng ngha vi kt ni d liu v lp mng) b coi l khng chc chn v "c gng ti a", cc ng dng m nhn vic truyn v nhn d liu dng thoi phi c kh nng thu nhn thng tin t dch v mng. iu c ngha l ng dng ny s " mt" n mng iu chnh cc hot ng ca n hoc nh hng ca n ti mng t c cc dch v kh thi nht. phc v cho mc ch ny, c H.323 v SIP ch r vic s dng giao thc truyn ti theo thi gian thc RTP v giao thc iu khin theo thi gian thc RTCP c nh ngha theo IETF RFC 1889 v 1890.
RTP v RTCP
RTP c thit k h tr mt s dch v quan trng trong vic vic cung cp thng tin vi cc yu cu thi gian thc, c bit l lu lng thoi v video. RTP c gng a mt s quy tc v kh nng d on trc cho cc ng dng m s dng Internet truyn lu lng nhy cm v thi gian. 1. Mc thi gian. S bin i ca tr gia ngi gi v ngi nhn trong mng s dng cng ngh gi (chng hn nh Internet) lun a n kt qu l gi n ch trong trng thi tng "khi". iu c ngha l mt s lng ln cc gi n cng mt lc, sau khng c gi no ri li li n giai on cc gi n hng lot v c th tip tc. Qu trnh to ra Jitter, n khng ging nh mi trng ti u cho vic quy nh mng trong d liu c mt tr nht nh. RTP gii quyt vn ny bng cch s dng trng 32 bit xc nh thi im m trng d liu bt u c ly mu, ngu nhin xc nh gi d liu u tin. i vi cc gi d liu tip theo, gi tr
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timestaming tng ln theo mt ng thng tu theo khong thi gian k t gi cui cng. iu khng m bo truyn s liu n c ng hn, cung cp cc d liu nhn c cho ng dng thu nhn vi cc c tnh tr interpacket khi ri khi my pht. S tn ti ca cc buffer vi cc thng tin mc thi gian do RTP cung cp s cho php ngi nhn tng thm tr ti cc gi, do lm qu trnh truyn d liu lin tc hn. 2. nh s th t (Sequence numbering). Hu ht mng gi cho php cc gi thuc cng 1 lung d liu i qua mng theo cc ng dn khc nhau, m rng lng truyn ti qua nhiu kt ni khc nhau. V cc kt ni ny c th c nhng c tnh tr khc nhau, rt c th cc gi s n ngi nhn theo mt trt t khc hn so vi trt t khi c truyn i. Chui RTP quy nh mt s ngu nhin cho gi u tin ca mt lung v do gia tng s lng ca mi mt gi tip theo c gi i. iu ny cho php ngi nhn quy nh cc gi trong 1 chui nh v pht hin mt hoc mt s lng cc gi tht thot. Trong khi RTP khng i hi kh nng ti truyn dn cc gi b mt, cc ng dng nhn c thng bo v v tr gin on trong lung audio. 3. Gim st phn phi. RTP c th cung cp 1 phn hi ti ngi gi thng qua giao thc RTCP. RTCP xc nh cc gi tin v ngi gi SR v ngi nhn RR bao gm cc thng tin chng hn nh jitter n, s lng gi b mt, tng s gi v octets c truyn i v cc s liu khc. RTP cng b ng kh nng cc thng tin mo u RTP c th b nh hng ca cc nh cung cp dch v mng. 4. Xc nh ti. iu quan trng khng ch l d liu audio c truyn qua RTP chnh xc v c tnh thi gian m cn c gii m tu theo cc quy nh tng ng. Do RTP xc nh cc thng tin n truyn dn bng vic quy nh ti xc nh cho tng gi. Cc loi ti (c bit l cc lut m ho c th c s dng cho audio v video) c nh ngha trong RFC 1890. Phng php tip cn ca ITU l kt hp RTP vi cc lp ng dng m n h tr v khng ng n l nh mt lp giao thc ring r. Do RTP tr thnh c s giao thc h tr bt k chc nng ng dng no.
Cht lng dch v

Ton b cc vn v QoS, mng, v IP s c trnh by c th trong chng 12. Trong chng ny, ch a ra cc vn lin quan n QoS ca phin bn IP hin hnh. Cc vn v QoS trong mng IP l nh a ch trong phin bn IP version 4 theo loi octet dch v ToS. Octet th hai ca mo u gi s c phn chia vo 2 phn. Phn th nht l phn u tin, l phn dng bit th 3 ch th mc u tin m b nh tuyn gi cc gi tin t nh tuyn (mc thp) n iu khin mng (mc cao). Phn th hai l cc tham s dch v, 4 bit ch th yu cu ca ngi gi l gi c nh tuyn vi cc vn v tr, s lng, an ton.
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Hu nh cc b nh tuyn hin hnh u u tin cc trng con. Hn na, trn Internet khng bao gi cung cp cc bt tham s dch v c bi v khng c s la chn lu lng khc. Cui cng, kh nng cung cp ch th "tr thp" bao hm c s nhn bit ng "tr thp" thm vo ng "bnh thng". Cc giao thc h tr kh nng ny ang c pht trin, OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) ca IETF v IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) ca Cisco c hai h tr kh nng phn bit cc ng dn mng trn c s thng tin c tnh knh v ng dn. Khng mt giao thc no s dng mt cch rng ri theo cch tn dng kh nng ny, thc t IETF tch cc yu cu nh tuyn cc tham s dch v ra t ch tiu k thut. Trn Internet, OSPE v IGRP khng c kh nng la chn hiu qu cc c tnh ng dn. l v cc ISP ln hn c sp xp vo trong cc "m my" gi l H thng c lp ASs. Gi giao thc ri AS hot ng trong phm vi m giao thc nh tuyn di s iu khin ca ISP n, tr khi AS bn cnh ngu nhin thc hin ging nh vy. V th m n c th phn bit cc c tnh khc nhau ca dch v trong mt AS n, vic duy tr kh nng ny qua cc ranh gii AS i hi kt hp trong mi trng hn n nh Internet. Do vn cn c s khc nhau c bn gia cc nh cung cp dch v mng v cc vn cn thit nn IP h tr mc u tin khng ng nht v khng c giao thc nh tuyn tham s dch v. Cui cng, IP v trng ToS c ln lt pht trin khi m tc WAN ph bin l 9,6kb/s hoc thp hn, trong khi hin nay, DS-1 vi tc 1,5Mb/s c xem l chm. Vi tc mng ngy cng tng dn nh cng ngh si quang, knh thu bao s, ghp knh phn chia bc sng v mt s cng ngh khc, mt s k s ngh rng s phn bit cc lp lu lng khc nhau lm tng thm s phc tp khng cn thit chuyn ti d liu trong khi cn s n gin chuyn ti d liu cng nhanh cng tt. Mt s chuyn gia cho rng cuc tranh lun ny ging nh cuc tranh lun gia "mng ng ngn v mng thng minh". Gii php cho ton b mng ch l m rng bng thng l coi nh vn c gii quyt. Pha nhng ngi bo v kin cho rng cn thit c cht lng dch v mng IP ch ra Internet s pht trin vi tc nhanh chng khng ng trong vng 5 nm ti, v s tip tc pht trin. Trong mi trng nh vy, h dm chc rng nhu cu s vt xa so vi kh nng, do s cn n cch gi "lp trn cng ". i vi mng IP, ng ch c 2 cch tip cn vn ny l: m hnh tch hp dch v v m hnh phn tch cc dch v, n vit tt bng inteserv v diffserv.
Intserv v RSVP
M hnh cc dch v tch hp s cung cp phng php ng dng cc mc dch v cho lung d liu ca "dch v phn phi" . Intserv c m t nh mt cu trc gm 2 b phn chnh:
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B nh tuyn (Router) v my tnh (host) n c th hiu v c th phn bit c nhng mc dch v khc nhau. Nhng thit b ny phi c kh nng x l cc gi c c im nht nh (nh tuyn c bit, trt t u tin....). Chc nng ny i khi c hiu nh l chc nng iu khin ca intserv . Nhng v d v chc nng iu khin QoS bao gm ti c iu khin v tin cy, iu c ch ra trong RFC 2211 v 2212. Dch v c iu khin s dng chc nng iu khin u vo xc nh v u tin nhng gi ph hp vi c im nht nh, lm cho lu lng c nhng iu kin tng t vi nhng iu kin trn mng khng qu ti. Khi lu lng c iu khin, dch v mng dng nh l "tt nht" nu ni v tr v tin cy,.. l nhng vn khng d on trc c. Khi vic iu khin QoS c m bo, cc phn t mng chp nhn cung cp mt dch v vi tr c kh nng d on c v mt ton hc Mt phng php theo nhng ngi s dng v nhng ngi ng dng c th thng bo c nhng nt yu cu. y l chc nng c quy nh cho RSVP RFC 2205 v c th c gi chung l chc nng iu khin thit lp ca intserv. M hnh intserv ny ph thuc vo tc ng ca hai chc nng trn v nhng ng dng ca chng i vi lung lu lng, mt chui cc gi c lin quan vi nhau theo mt s cch v do c th c xem nh l mt n v. V d, mt host trn Internet c th thit lp mt kt ni vi mt host khc vi mc ch truyn cuc gi VoIP, v tt c cc gi vi nhng c tnh ca mt cuc gi c bit nh th c th c xem nh l mt lung n. iu ny c c l do cc gi ny c cng chung mt ni n v nhng a ch IP ngun, cng cng lp truyn ti v nhng c tnh khc. ng thi nu 2 host cng truyn tp c lu lng thi gian khng thc, cc gi s khng cng mt lung (t nht l khc nhau v s cng ). Do , cc nt mng c th c phn bit lu lng truyn file vi lu lng VoIP. Cc lung lu lng cn thit cho hot ng ca RSVT v intserv ni chung v khung intserv s dng nhng c im ca lung lu lng nh mt phng tin xc nh lu lng cho nh tuyn (chc nng iu khin thit lp) tu theo nhng tham s kim sot QoS c th (chc nng iu khin QoS). Cc bc c bn ca intserv bao gm: 1. ng dng gi i cho bit qu trnh RSVP ca n v lu lng to ra cng vi nhng c tnh ca dng lu lng. ng dng cung cp cho RSVP mt bn m t v nhng yu cu m mt dng lu lng phi c. 2. Mt bn tin v c cu RSVP cha ng hai nhn t c chuyn i theo ng dn ti ngi nhn nh v c sa i v thng tin v kh nng ca mi nt khi n c tip m tng chng mt, to ra mt bn m t v ng dn. V d, mt phn nhng yu cu ca
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dng lu lng c th tr thnh n v c th truyn dn ti a (MTU) c kch c 1KB v mi b nh tuyn dc theo ng dn s cho thy kh nng ca n (tnh sn sng ca n cung cp MTU cho dng lu lng). 3. Khi bn tin setup n c ngi nhn, RSVP s m t ng dn cho ng dng, ng dng ny c th s dng ng dn vo vic la chn nhng thuc tnh hp l yu cu. Khi ng dng cho ta c yu cu ca n, n s trao tr li yu cu cho RSVP.
5
ng dng RSVP 4c nh tuyn RSVP 2b 4b ng dng 6 nh tuyn RSVP 2c RSVP 4a
2a
Hnh 7-8. Qu trnh RSVP
4. RSVP chuyn chui yu cu dc theo ng dn n ngi gi, i hi nhng thuc tnh t cc b nh tuyn. 5. Khi RSVP ca ngi gi nhn c bn tin, n s thng bo cho ng dng gi v s tn ti ca ng dn cng vi nhng c tnh c bit thun tin cho vic s dng. 6. Cc b nh tuyn thc hin "s duy tr" bng cch lm cho cc c tnh ca dng lu lng c cp trong bn tin setup ca ngi gi ph hp vi nhng thuc tnh ch ra trong yu cu ca ngi nhn. Trong khi qu trnh intserv l tng i phc tp, n rt xng ng vi c gng duy tr mt tp hp nhng thuc tnh ca mng cho mt lu lng c th - t nht l t quan im ca ng dng c nhn. S khng kh g trong vic tng tng ra mi thit b trn Internet c th yu cu mng mt mc dch v cn thit cho nhng g m thit b vn hnh mt thi im c th hoc khng c mt yu cu g c khi ch yu cu dch v "besteffort". Tuy nhin m hnh intserv c nhng hn ch nht nh, iu ny c lin quan n quy m ngy cng m rng nhanh chng ca Internet hn l c lin quan n thit k giao thc. Trong khi c th khng c kh khn g cho 1 server truyn ti hng trm hoc hng ngn nhng yu cu ca RSVP m n phi m nhim thay mt khch hng ng thi vi vic kt ni ti n, nhng b nh tuyn trung tm ca mng c th s c nhng thng tin v tnh trng ca lung lu lng i qua c lin quan n khng phi l mt server v nhng khch hng ca n m l nhiu server v tt c cc khch
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hng ca chng. Mt s b nh tuyn ti v tr c ngun lu lng cao i khi cn thit phi duy tr trng thi hng triu cuc hi thoi cng mt lc. Do RSVP c nhc im ca tt c nhng giao thc trong nhng nt khi m bn thn lu lng khng tn ti c, i hi nt phi cung cp nng lng vo b nh d on c lu lng v duy tr thng tin v tn hiu . Nhng b nh tuyn ng trc hot ng nh tuyn cc gi v duy tr thng tin s dng giao thc nh tuyn, m khng cn phi chu thm chi ph gia tng ca vic x l thng tin v trng thi. Vic ny s ch tng tr trong nh tuyn. Khi mng Internet tng v quy m v tc , s lng trng thi lu lng i hi vic duy tr s tng ln. Mt hn ch khc i vi vic trin khai RSVP din rng l s phi hp ca nhng nh cung cp ni b nhng dng RSVP c ng k, tm kim v hot ng dc theo ng dn nhng nh cung cp. Khi yu cu ca nh cung cp h tr chc nng iu khin QoS ging nhau, nhng mc dch v c kh nng thch hp cho nhng dng ni trn, v cng sut cho s lung ni trn s hn ch kh nng hp tc ca nhng nh cung cp dch v Internet. Do nhng hn ch intserv v RSVP c nhiu ngi xem l ch c ch bin ng dn, cho nhng b phn ring r ca cuc gi VoIP i qua mng ca nh cung cp v cho nhng mng ca nh cung cp ring r ginh cho VoIP v nhng dch v thi gian thc khc, chng no chng cn trc thuc mt c quan qun l n nht. Tuy nhin, intserv r rng khng phi l cu tr li cho s h tr VoIP din rng hoc nhng dch v thi gian thc khc trn Internet ni chung.
Diffserv v ToS
Khi xem xt gii php cho QoS ca Internet ging nh intserv v RSVP ti ISP v vng nh tuyn, ngi ta ch nhiu n octet th 2 t dng n trong mo u IP, l trng ToS. Vo thng 12 nm 1997, nhm lm vic v dch v tch hp ca IETF lm cc thnh vin nhm lm vic Diffserv "chao o" vi mc ch l sng to ra mt phng php c quy m v " cc dch v phn bit ". Ngc li vi gii php intserv v RSVP, phng php diffserv cho php cc b nh tuyn xc nh c trng thi truyn ti ca mi gi da trn cc thnh phn ca mt trng n.
Ver Ln ToS di gi S nhn din Flgs Offset TTL Giao thc Header Checksum a ch ngun a ch gc Trng m im DS Khng s dng Mo u gi IPv4 truyn thng
Diffserv - Modified ToS Field
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Hnh 7-9. Diffserv v trng ToS
Trng ToS IP bao gm 2 trng con: 3 bit u tin cung cp 8 mc u tin v 3 hoc 4 bit thuc tnh. S lng chnh xc ca bit trong trng con tu thuc vo thi gian thc hin. Cc octet Diffserv ny bao gm 1 trng 6 - bit, 2 bit khc khng s dng. 6 bit c dng la chn ra im m dch v phn bit (DSCP hoc n gin l CP). Vic s dng trng hon ton khng tng thch vi vic s dng trng "truyn thng" c ch ra trong RFC 791. Hu ht mi ngi khng nhn thy n nh mt vn dn n s dng khng ng b hin nay . M hnh diffserv c ch ra trong Hnh 7-9. M hnh diffserv xc nh vng DS c cha mt s lng ln cc b nh tuyn kt ni ln nhau, nhng b nh tuyn ny hiu c nhng khi nim tng t cho nhng hot ng tng bc (PHBs). M hnh ny gi thit vng l mt mng ca nh cung cp 1 dch v n nht hoc 1 s mng khc di s kim sot ca 1 c quan qun l duy nht , thng qua c quan ny c th xc nh c PHB. Vic cho php truy cp vo v ra khi DS l cc b nh tuyn c bit n nh nhng nt ranh gii DS, nhng nt ny "phn loi" lu lng vo vng da trn mt c tnh lu lng ca cc nh qun l mng. Vic lu lng thch hp vi 1 c tnh c th c th c 1 gi tr CP nht nh. Gi tr ny ch ra rng 1 PHB nht nh s c k tip theo bi nhng b nh tuyn trong vng . Gi tr ny c th c hoc khng c ngha tng t (hoc bt k) vi nhng b nh tuyn ngoi vng DS . Cu trc dch v phn bit tu thuc vo s hiu bit ni chung v nhng quy tc PHB v v vic chng c lin quan nh th no n mt QoS c th s c c t mng. t c mc tiu ny, diffserv cho rng lu lng qua danh gii vng DS s phi c tnh n trong nhng tho thun. V d nhng tho thun v mc dch v (SLAS) v nhng tho thun v iu kin lu lng (TCA). Trong khi mt s PHB s c tiu chun ho bi IANA v an ton (chng hn nh PHB "mc nh" tng t lu lng Internet "thng l"), nhng nh cung cp s c t do, thoi mi trong vic xc nh nhng im m ca h v PHB a ra nhng mc dch v ca h.
QoS trong IPv6

Trong phin bn tip theo ca giao thc Internet - IPv6, vn nh a ch hon ton r rng v dt khot. u tin, mo u IPv6 xc nh trng 4 bit u tin c th ch th c 16 mc u tin khc nhau ging nh cch ca IP ToS. Mt na gi tr ny l ginh cho vic s dng lu lng thi gian khng thc, chng hn nh truyn file v nhng lu lng khng xc nh c tnh. Mt na gi tr cn li xc nh 8 mc u tin ginh cho thi gian thc (iu ny c th c s dng phn bit gia cc ng dn audio v video cng lc). Chng no cc nh tuyn IPv6 thc hin cc ch dn s dng trng ny l khng chc chn, trng ny xt v bn cht l ging trng ToS ca IPv4 n mc m kh nng thnh cng ca n cng nh c ch u tin ca mng tu thuc hon ton vo sn c ca cc nh cung cp ng dng. Khi m IPv4 khng thc hin c tnh ToS, mt s
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ngi t hi liu c tnh u tin ca IPv6 c tri qua s phn tng t hay khng. Mt l do cho s lc quan l s ch trng mi n QoS m ngnh cng ngh vin thng hin ang ginh cho IP, iu ny chc chn s tp trung cc n lc cung cp dch v u tin. Nhn u tin khng phi l cch duy nht m IPv6 gii quyt vn QoS trong mng IP tng lai. Mo u IPv6 c bn cng bao gm nhn 24 bit c ng dng nh du mt chui cc gi sao cho nh tuyn c th phn loi c chng m khng cn xem xt n a ch, cng ng dng v cc thng tin khc. Vic c thng tin ID trong phn mo u IP s cho php cc nh tuyn gim bt cng vic v do gim thi gian cn thit ch nh mt QoS c th ti tng gi. Tt nhin nh hng ca cc c tnh mi ca IPv6 ch c th cm nhn c khi cc thnh phn quan trng trong mng trin khai IPv6 v ngy dng nh c li xa dn. Cc phng php "nng cp mi" cho IPv4 cung cp dch v th h sau thm ch l m rng phm vi a ch dng nh ko di "tui th" ca IPv4. Vic chuyn i sang IPv6 s lin quan n cc mng c bn trc tin, ri n cc mng c nhn v mng ca cc cng ty. Nhn t chnh trong mi chun mc ny, t H.323 n SIPv QoS, l gateway thoi IP v VoIP. Trong hu ht mi trng hp, gateway thoi IP v VoIP nm ranh gii ca IP v PSTN. n lc phi c mt cch nhn su sc hn v hnh thc v chc nng ca cc thit b gateway ny.
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Chng 8 Gateway thoi IP
Chng 8. Gateway thoi IP
Nhiu kin cho rng khi cp ti cc lnh vc cng ngh, vn ho, cu trc, mc ch, hay tr tu, mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng v mng Internet v c bn l khng c im chung ngoi tr nhng mc rt cn bn. Thm ch hu ht cc bn thuyt trnh i su v thoi qua IP cng s phi tha nhn rng c s khc bit ln gia hai mng ny v trong khi s tch hp mt cch rt n gin (chng hn nh cc cuc gi bng modem qua PSTN hoc n gin nh cuc gi thng qua my tnh c nhn) rt d hiu v thng dng, nhng s phi hp hot ng mc cao gia cc b phn, v cch tnh cc thng nht gia hai mng, cc dch v v tp hp cc tnh nng vn cn tip tc c nghin cu. C nhiu b phn trong hai mng ny phi c sa i t c tch hp cao v cho php truyn dn mt cch khng hn ch cc cuc gi t PSTN ti Internet v ngc li. V d, mng Internet hay mt mng IP c nhn phi thng qua mt ng hay nhiu ng cung cp dch v tin cy v m bo cht lng, trong khi PSTN phi c xy dng theo nhng cch cho php IP truy cp c nhiu dch v ca n. Chnh xc l im kt ni gia hai mng l mt vn cn m rng trong tng lai, nhng khng cn nghi ng g na rng phn chnh ca cng vic l hng ti s ho hp hai mng v chng c thit lp bi mt thit b n gin l IP Telephony Gateway. C theo b ngoi m xem xt, th chc nng chnh ca Gateway VoIP c d ng nh ngha: l mt thit b chuyn i tn hiu thoi tng t... mt my in thoi sang tn hiu s v gi tn hiu ny qua mng IP ging nh chuyn t Internet ti mt Gateway khc, tn hiu li c chuyn i ngc tr li thnh tn hiu tng t v gi ti mt my in thoi khc. Trong khi hiu nh nhng thut ng n gin nht, nh ngha ny lm cho mt s ln cc vn cn phi c xem xt li ton b ngoi tr nhng phn n gin nht ca h thng. Trong chng ny, chng ta xem xt t m nhng vn ny trn quan im Gateway VoIP v cc thit b ph tr khc v nghin cu mt s gii php xem xt nhng vn ln nht ca h thng - l s tch hp. T khi ranh gii gia vai tr ca cc thit b khc nhau ph thuc rt nhiu vo nh cung cp no hoc c im k thut ang c tm hiu cho cc nh ngha, khi nim Gateway s c s dng trong chng ny cp ti tt c cc chc nng cn thit cho vic tch hp VoIP v PSTN, v c phn bit vi cc thit b khc khi cn thit.
Gateway v cc chc nng ca n

Khi nn cng nghip VoIP pht trin v khi cc nh khai thc, cc nh sn xut phn cng cng i su vo vn tch hp th s phc tp ca chc nng Gateway ngy cng r rng. Cc bn ghi thng s k thut nh H.323 v cc k hoch thc hin ca nh cung cp c quyn xc nh nhng vai tr ca cc thit b nh thit b Gatekeepers, iu khin a im
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(multipoint controllers), chuyn mch thoi, v in thoi IP, nhng nhng vai tr ny him khi ph hp vi cc nh sn xut hoc cc tiu chun. Trong khi nhng c gng pht trin v tm hiu th trng ca cc nh cung cp lm m i cc nh ngha r rng v vai tr ca cc yu t cu thnh khc nhau, mt iu r rng rng vic ngu nhin s dng thut ng Gateway VoIP thng cp ti thit b hoc cc thit b hnh thnh nn cc chc nng sau.
Truy tm ch (Destination Lookup)

Gateway nhn s in thoi c quay di dng m a tn (DTMF) cng nh c to bi mt ngi nhc my in thoi v bm s. Trong mi trng PSTN, s quay c 10 ch s (v d cuc gi ng di M) c mt ngha c trng ring. Trong v d c ch ra Hnh 8-1, tng i chuyn mch PSTN ni ht (LEC) ca ngi gi bit c l s quay ng di (cuc gi chuyn tip hoc IXC) bi s quay u tin l s 1. Do tng i nhn ra rng ch gi la chn IXL. Vng c gi thng qua IXC c ch th bi m vng 212 n rt quan trng i vi mng IXC, tng i s nh tuyn thit lp cuc gi ti vng da trn s hiu bit ca n v s sp t m vng. Mng IXC phi lin lc vi chuyn mch trong vng 212 ni c trch nhim lin lc vi tng i 555 v yu cu chuyn mch 555 tm thi kt ni cuc gi thng ti ng dy c s 1212. Nu cuc gi c thit lp thng qua h thng chuyn mch ring hoc PBX, th phi quay thm s ph trc chui s ny (thng l s 9) do dy s c th ln n 12 s. Trong mi trng VoIP, Gateway nhn m a tn DTMF biu th cc s c gi phi ng mt vai tr tng t nh trong qu trnh kt ni cuc gi v n phi c thc hin thng qua mng m trong m DTMF v phng php bo hiu PSTN khng cn mang ngha vn c. Do vy Gateway phi c kh nng kt hp s b gi vi a ch IP ca Gateway khc ni s c kh nng kt thc phn IP ca cuc gi v kt ni ti s b gi thng qua PSTN. Trong mt thit k hp l, phn b v mt a l mng VoIP, s c mt Gateway ging nh (trong thut ng ca PSTN) s b gi hon thnh cuc gi trong LEC. Tuy nhin Gateway ny s khng th c xc nh theo cng mt cch nh chuyn mch LEC, tc l s tng i nm trong vng ca n s khng c mt mi quan h no vi a ch IP ca n.
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Chng 8. Gateway thoi IP 1 (212) 555 - 1212
S quay ng di Mt ni no New York Tng i 555
ng dy c s 1212
Hnh 8-1. S in thoi Bc M
Trong cc mng nh, chc nng ny c thc hin bi bng tm kim n gin trong Gateway gc bng cch chuyn i m vng b gi hoc (tng i) vo a ch IP ca Gateway c cung cp cho vng b gi. V d: mt danh sch tng phn (xem Bng 8-1), trong bng ny ta thy: 1. Cc cuc gi n cho cc s trong tng i 899 trong m vng 802 c th c nh tuyn theo Gateway 192.168.16.23. 2. Cc cuc gi cho cc s trong tng i 542 v 341 trong m vng 212 c th c nh tuyn theo Gateway 10.34.56.78. 3. Tt c cc cuc gi cho m vng 203, khng cn quan tm ti tng i, c nh tuyn theo Gateway 10.64.53.10. 4. Tt c cc cuc gi khc thng qua Gateway 192.168.16.47.
M vng/Tng i (802) 899 (212) 542, (212) (203) ... a ch Gateway IP 192.168.16.23 10.34.56.78 10.64.253.10 192.168.16.47
Bng 8-1. Bng nh tuyn PSTN/IP
Da trn kch thc ca mng v cc vng bao ph bi cc Gateway, mt bng nh vy c th thay i t mt bng ngn v n gin sang rt ln v phc tp. Cc hn ch ca bng tm kim c thit lp cu hnh c nh l chng rt kh bo dng trong bt k mng no, ngoi tr nhng mng nh nht v n gin nht v nhng cn tr i vi vic bo dng ny bin i theo quy lut hm m khi s lng cc Gateway tng, iu ny lm tng c s phn t ca bng v s thit b m chng phi c thng xuyn cp nht. Kh nng iu chnh linh hot ca chng i vi s thay i trong cu hnh h thng hoc s c ca Gateway xc nh gn nh l khng, khin cho cch tip cn ny km n nh hn. n gin ho qu trnh nh v Gateway, mt s cc giao thc c th c s dng gip chuyn i s PSTN sang a ch IP. Giao thc n gin nht da trn vic s dng h thng tn min (Domain Name System DNS), n c dng trong Internet cho khch hng tm kim Server, t tn Gateway vi c tnh lin quan nhiu ti m vng v tng i thuc Gateway. V d, voipprovider.com c th xc nh Gateway Manhatan ca n nh 212. voipprovider.com, cho php cc Gateway khc c th kt hp
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tn ch DNS (212) vi m vng ca s quay dnh cho vng . Vic s dng DNS trong cch ny tng i linh ng, n cho php a ch IP ca Gateway thay i m khng nh hng ti hot ng ca Gateway, nhng n li b qua nhng chi tit quan trng ca vic trin khai ring (nh quy c tn ch v bo mt). Mt giao thc da trn cc tiu chun a ra mt s tr gip trong phn ny l giao thc ca IETF, giao thc xc nh Gateway (GLP), ang c thit k trn c s kt hp m vng PSTN, cc tng i, cc s vi cc Gateway VoIP ring bit. Vi mt s in thoi nht nh, GLP s c kh nng quyt nh hoc mt Gateway hoc mt server bo hiu c kh nng ch ng cho Gateway ang gi ti a ch chnh xc. GLP s dng nhiu tiu chun ca Internet cho vic nh tuyn gia cc min, tc l giao thc BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), trong n s dng mt t hp cc th tc trng thi lin kt v th tc nh hng t xa truyn thng tin lin quan ti m vng v tng i t min VoIP ny ti min VoIP khc. Thng tin nh tuyn cuc gi c lu tr trong mi server cc b ca min (LS), chng cung cp thng tin cuc gi nh tuyn gia cc min cho Gateway nh yu cu. Tuy nhin nh cung cp h tr cho GLP ang i s ci tin cc giao thc thng qua con ng tiu chun. Cc nh cung cp khc, khng th i c mt tiu chun m, pht trin mt s cc phng php ring t c cng mt chc nng. Mc d c sc hp dn i vi giao thc xc nh Gateway, tuy nhin c mt s thun li ln i vi cch tip cn cu hnh khng i l vic s dng bng tm kim s rt nhanh. Khi tt c s tip cn da trn giao thc ph thuc vo mng m rng nhn bit Gateway, chng ph mc cho server cung cp thng tin thng dch v cc lin kt truyn chng i v n, s tc ngn mng hoc cc server bn c th lm hot ng ca giao thc chm mt cch ng k. Kt qu l trong khi truy tm bng trong mt bng rt ln tn mt mt khong thi gian cha n mt phn giy, th hot ng ca DNS hoc GLP c th mt 5 thm ch 10 giy trong cc iu kin thun li. iu ny c v nh khng mt nhiu thi gian, nhng n ch l mt phn trong ton b tr ca ton b kt ni v ngi s dng i mt cuc gi c thc hin rt kh chu nu nh thi gian kt ni lu hn mt vi giy so vi trong PSTN.
Qun l kt ni IP
Sau khi tm hiu c tnh ca Gateway ti u cui i phng ca cuc gi IP, mt Gateway phi to ra mt kt ni VoIP ti Gateway ch thng qua m tn hiu thoi c gi ho c truyn ti i. Cc Gateway c th kt hp vi cc gatekeeper ca n (khi c mt gatekeeper trong h thng) s dng mt s giao thc khc nhau thit lp, duy tr v xo cuc gi - khi cuc gi kt thc. Hin nay, c hai loi giao thc khc nhau l tiu chun k thut ca h thng giao tip a phng tin da trn gi ITU-T H.323 v giao thc khi ng phin (SIP). Ni thm v cc giao thc da trn cc tiu chun, c nhiu phng thc c trng ring m cc nh cung cp Gateway ng dng trong vic s dng vi cc thit b ring ca h.
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Qun l kt ni l mt cng vic phc tp, c H.323 , SIP lin quan ti mt s cc tiu chun khc hon thin cc chc nng thch hp m chng phi cung cp thc hin cuc gi. Cc chc nng ny bao gm nng lc tng i, dn xp v nn v k hoch s ho. i vi mng VoIP s dng cc Gateway dng c bo hiu H.323 v SIP, mt thit b c th cn thit cho php cc dch v SIP v H.323 cng tng tc. Nh cp trc, trong khi thut ng Gateway c nh ngha trong ti liu chun, c nhiu chc nng m cc Gateway thng thc hin li c th c chuyn giao cho cc thit b khc trong mng VoIP. Bo hiu cng c coi l mt chc nng nh vy, cc Gateway c th s dng cc dch v ca gatekeeper thc hin vic thit lp cuc gi v duy tr chng, iu ny cho php bn thn Gateway tp trung ch yu vo d liu thc ca cuc gi.
Nn / S ho
S chuyn i tn hiu thoi t tng t hoc t dng iu ch sung m s(PCM) sang chui bit tc thp l chc nng chnh ca Gateway, chc nng ny khng bao gi c thc hin cc thit b ph tr. Vic chuyn i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s l khng ng , sau cc mng thoi s dng cc ng trung k s truyn i. Tuy nhin, thm ch PSTN ngy nay s dng cc phng php s ho c bn to ra tc d liu t 64Kb/giy (hoc thp hn l 32 Kb/giy), n thp hn nhiu so vi thc t ca vi in t ngy nay Nhiu s chng minh cho in thoi IP trong lnh vc thng mi c a ra bi chc nng nn vn thuc v Gateway mang li tc d liu cho mt cuc gi n t 5,3kb/giy n 24kb/giy. Do Gateway c th truyn d liu thoi vi tc tng gp 10 ln qua mt knh s cho nh l c th c thc hin trong vic gii m PSTN chun, iu ny cho php t mc hu dng cao hn v do tit kim c mc ln trn mng in thoi truyn thng (Tc truyn ti thc t ca Gateway thay i tu theo c ch nn c s dng cng nh mo u phn b cho chui d liu bi cc u khc nhau ca cc giao thc truyn ti). thc hin vic s ho v nn phi cn ti mt s lng ng k kh nng tnh ton, tuy nhin nh thit k Gateway phi c bit ch trng ti s cn bng gia cc yu t cnh tranh ca tc bit, kh nng x l Gateway (v c chi ph phn cng), cht lng m thanh, iu ny lun lun c mt mi quan h nghch vi tc bit. Hin ang tn ti nhiu loi b x l tn hiu s cho m ho tn hiu m thanh (DSP) mang n rt nhiu s kt hp ca cc phn t ny, m mi bin bn thn n thch hp vi mt kiu mng ring bit. V cc nh cung cp Gateway lun mong mun thit b ca h ph hp vi nhiu ng dng mng khc nhau, phn ln nn ca Gateway c th thay i c cu hnh (hoc trong phn mm hoc thng qua vic ci t thm cc modul DSP) p dng mt s cc k thut khc nhau nhm p ng nhu cu khc nhau ring ca h.
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Gi ho IP v vn chuyn
Sau khi Gateway chuyn i d liu thoi sang dng bit tc thp ca cc d liu s, cc d liu ny phi c truyn trong mng theo cch cng gn cng tt ging nh cht lng truyn ca mng chuyn mch knh PSTN. Trong khi dch v a ra bi PSTN v n cng c cung cp bi mng IP phi kt ni khng cn khc nhau na, c mt s cc th tc v giao thc cho php mi trng chuyn mch gi gi li cht lng cn thit cho mt ng truyn tt t c cht lng thoi tt. ng u trong s ny l phng php iu khin thi gian, c hai Gateway SIP v H323 s dng giao thc thi gian thc IETP (RTP) cho php Gateway ang nhn khi phc li dng d liu m thanh u vo khng nh hng ti thi gian, km hm s bin ng ca tr vn c trong cc mng chuyn mch gi. RTP da trn h thng cc b m jitter......trong b thu cho php d liu m thanh c lu tr trong mt thi gian ngn trong khi n ang ch mt thi gian thch hp a vo m ho m thanh, khi n c gii m ngc tr li sang tn hiu tng t. Mt khi mt chui m thanh c a vo cc gi RTP v c gn vi mt khong thi gian, n phi c truyn i ti Gateway ch vi tr nh nht m mng cho php. Trong nhng mng c thit k ch truyn lu lng VoIP, s cc cuc gi cho php ti mt thi im c th b hn ch khng trn rng bng sn c, mun vy phi a ra cc phng php iu khin cht lng thch hp. Tuy nhin, v c nhiu s quan tm ti VoIP c tp trung vo vic hi t lu lng thoi v d liu trn cng mt mng, vic xy dng cc mng IP vi mc ch thoi l mt gii php rt tn km v iu ny khng cho php ngi s dng thc y u t ca h vo cng ngh mng. Thay vo , thit b truyn dn lu lng thoi phi c mt cch nhn c dch v c thc hin cho gi ca chng. Kh nng ny thng c kt hp vi Gateway ang truyn dn v n ch l mt thit b c v hiu c ni dung ca gi mt cch r rng v do ch c thit b ny c kh nng phn loi d liu khi cn x l c bit. Cc IP ch (ging nh cc VoIP Gateway) c kh nng yu cu mt cht lng dch v no (QoS) t mng, trong khi quan tm n thit k IP t lc bt u (nhng khng nhn c nhiu s ch cho ti gia nhng nm 1990) v kt qu l mt s cc phng php khc nhau dnh cho vic nh ngha, vic cung cp v vic nhn c cht lng dch v ang cnh tranh s ch v vic trin khai trong cc loi mng khc nhau. Cc gii php ca cc nh cung cp n l thng ph hp v c tnh thc tin, mc d vic s dng chnh trong cc mng di s iu khin qun l thng l khng cn thit nht bi v lu lng trong nhng mng nh vy thng c qun l mt cch tp trung theo thit k mng. Cc Gateway VoIP c th c s trng mng nhiu nh cung cp khc khi cc phn quan trng ca mng p mc cho cht lng dch v ging dng mt cch hiu qu trong mi nhau nh mng Internet chng hn, dng giao thc mi da trn chun nh l diffserv coding v intserv
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Reservation Protocol (RSVP). Bn thn Gateway c th thc hin vai tr then cht trong hot ng ca mi giao thc ny: m ho mi gi VoIP vi mu bit ch ra QoS t c t mng (trong trng hp diffserv) hoc lin h vi cc B nh tuyn dc theo ng dn ti ch t trc mt s lng cn thit rng bng v cc ti nguyn cn thit khc cn cho cuc gi ca n (trong trng hp RSVP). Cui cng, hu ht cc nh cung cp phi ln ting ng h hoc cho c hai giao thc ny hoc sn sng tin hnh pht hnh cc tp con ca chc nng QoS trong Gateway ca h.
Bo hiu IP/PSTN tin tin

PSTN c pht trin nhanh chng qua hn 100 nm qua, t mt mang kt ni bng tay n gin da trn mch in truyn tn hiu thoi t mt im c nh n im khc cho ti mt tp hp cc thit b phc tp ln cung cp cc dch v nh dch v 800, gi nguyn s, nhn bit s gi ti, chuyn cuc gi...Kh nng cung cp cc dch v ph ny ph thuc nhiu vo vic xy dng mt mng c tch hp vo kim sot cc cuc gi n l nhng phi phn bit vi mng truyn ti thoi. Mng thng minh ny da trn giao thc gi ng tin cy gi l h thng bo hiu s 7 ( SS7). SS7 l phng tin bin vic truyn ti thoi n gin thnh dch v thoi vi tt c cc c tnh u vit ny m khch hng mong mun t mng thoi c in. Trong PSTN, cc tng i s dng SS7 xc nh cc cuc gi cn cc dch v thng minh v yu cu mt s cc im iu khin bo hiu (SCP) iu khin x l cuc gi V d, truyn n ti mt s khc vi s c quay (chuyn cuc gi) hoc kt ni trc tip vi h thng th thoi ( tr li cuc gi). Nhng yu cu ny c nh tuyn thng qua mt s cc im chuyn tip tn hiu/bo hiu SS7(STP), nhng im ny hot ng nh B nh tuyn a cc yu cu ny n im kim sot tn hiu cha cc thng tin cn thit. Tip SS7 c th iu khin chuyn mch cn thit thit lp cuc gi ti im kt thc thch hp. Khi bo hiu SS7 xut hin trn mng ring bit vi mng thoi ca n, vic tm kim c s d liu v thit lp bn tin m khng dng ti rng bng thoi, khng dng cng trn cc chuyn mch thoi v t phi x l hn so vi khi dng bo hiu knh kt hp. cho ngi tiu dng ng dng c VoIP trn din rng, c bit i vi nhng ngi lm cng vic kinh doanh ph thuc vo cc tnh nng thoi tin tin, Gateway phi c kh nng tn dng c kh nng ca SS7 s dng PSTN nh mng tr tu, iu ny khng n gin nh chn cc mch in a m thanh vo mng VoIP. Nhng tri li, cc nh cung cp mun tm ra mt cch cung cp dch v khng phi n gin ch lm va lng khch hng m bi v dch v ca mng thng minh em li mt phn ln li nhun, c tnh ln ti 50%. Tuy nhin, vic tch hp SS7 vo VoIP l khng d dng v khng c mt chun mc no c chp nhn cho vic truyn bn tin SS7 qua mng IP. Cc bin php hin nay l s hu c quyn ca cc nh cung cp
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Gateway ring bit v ph thuc nhiu vo vic truyn cc bn tin mt cch n gin qua mng IP ti chuyn mch u xa, n yu cu chuyn mch ny s dng cc bin php ca PSTN truyn thng cung cp dch v. Trong mt mng tch hp y , Gateway gc s c kh nng s dng mng SS7 nh l mt chuyn mch PSTN, yu cu SCP cho cc hng v cung cp dch v cn thit qua mng IP ( Hnh 8-2). Trn din rng, s nhn bit ny xc nh rng liu PSTN xem Gateway VoIP nh l mt im chuyn mch hay n gin ch l mt im cui khc ngoi cc dch v SS7.
Gateway VoIP Trung k thoi Trung k bo hiu Chuyn mch PBX hoc PSTN SS7 STP SS7 SCP Internet hoc cc mng IP khc
Hnh 8-2. Kt ni Gateway/SS7
Hin ang c nhng tranh lun lm th no tt nht tch hp SS7 vo Gateway VoIP v vo thit b Gatekeeper, vi vic tp trung vo hai giao thc: Giao thc IETF Media Gateway Control Protocol(MGCP) v mt giao thc cha c nh s ca ITU-T (H.248), n lin quan ti qu trnh x l nh H.gcp (giao thc iu khin Gateway). C hai giao thc ny ang c gng to cc Gateway VoIP xut hin nh nhng chuyn mch thoi truyn thng i vi mng SS7 song s dng IP thc hin cc hng c cung cp bi SCP. ng nh n c thc hin t min Internet, MGCP c xem nh l ng lng cn thit thc hin cc trng thi chun c kh nng tng tc v h tr n bi k hoch ca cc nh cung cp Gateway.
ng k, truy nhp v tnh cc

h tr vic cung cp kt ni thoi cho thu bao, chuyn mch PSTN phi c trch nhim i vi vn bo mt (v d: iu khin khng cho php truy cp t cc my in thoi xc nh), iu khin truy cp (ch cho php ngi dng c hp ng dch v), tnh cc (duy tr theo di cc dch v c s dng c th c tnh cc). Trong PSTN, tnh nng ny c s dng qua nhiu thp k ngc li vi th gii IP, ni m mi ch bt u thc s nhm vo thng mi in t hoc tnh cc cho bt c th g nhng ch c tip cn trong 5 nm gn y.
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Vic tch hp thc s cc thit b VoIP vo mi trng ca cc nh cung cp phi i hi cc dch v VoIP c th c tnh cc ging nh cc cch m h thng tnh cc in thoi ang tin hnh: l khch hng nhn c ho n n l vi cc chi tit ca mi cuc gi (thi gian, ngy , s b gi, di cuc gi...) c lit k khch hng c th xem xt k lng. Hin nay, mi tng i in thoi (LEC, i khi l IXC i vi cuc gi ng di, c khi l tng i quc t nu c yu cu) c trch nhim to ra bn ghi chi tit cho mi cuc gi v chuyn n ti trung tm tnh cc, thng c cung cp bi tng i ni ht ca thu bao ch gi. Cui cng, cc bn ghi chi tit cuc gi ca khch hng c gom li trong mt khong thi gian, c tnh cc theo t l c cung cp bi cc hng khc nhau, l ho n in thoi ca khch hng (Hnh 8-3).
Cc dch v c bit H thng VoIP H thng tnh cc Mng IXC Dch v mng thng minh
Mng LEC
Hnh 8-3. Dng CDR
thc hin c iu ny trong mng VoIP, cc Gateway (hoc l cc b nh truyn, server truy cp hoc thit b Gatekeeper, nhng thit b h tr chng trong kt ni cuc gi) phi c kh nng cung cp cc dch v ging nhau cho mng ca ngi cung cp m chuyn mch thoi PSTN ang lm. Bin php c th c s dng s ph thuc vo kiu tnh cc c nh cung cp s dng, vi vn ch c nh ngha khi nh cung cp VoIP quyt nh lm cch no a ra cc dch v. V d, cuc gi qua IP c th c cung cp theo cch m PSTN ang tin hnh: tng ng vi kiu thu bao in thoi nh l mt phn ca tho thun hng thng gia nh cung cp v khch hng. Hoc l n c th l mng VoIP c nhng kh nng thch hp vi vic xc nh ca cc kiu tnh cc mi, nh l h thng dng bao nhiu tr by nhiu trong cc ch gi c th la chn dch v (thm ch c mng nh cung cp) m h mong mun s dng trn c s mi cuc gi. Trong trng hp khc, cc giao thc tnh cc, ng k (authorization) v xc nhn (authentication) c IETF nh ngha trong cc COPS (Common Open Policy Specification) v giao thc
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Diameter phi c cc Gateway h tr cung cp kh nng to ra CDR (Call Detail Record) chun cho trung tm tnh cc s dng.
Cc tnh nng cn thit

Vi tt c cc chc nng ny v cc nhu cu khc ang c nhm ti, vic hiu su hn na cc thut ng nh chuyn mch thoi IP v Gateway a phng tin/b iu khin ang tin ti thay th nhng khi nim chung v Gateway v thit b Gatekeeper c nh ngha trong cc tiu chun. C nhiu ng dng trong VoIP, mi ng dng c nhng yu cu ring trong nhng phn c cp trn y. iu ny gy nn s bi ri trong mng cc sn phm Gateway, thm ch trong phm vi sn phm ca ch mt nh cung cp, khi m cc nh sn xut phn cng c gng sn xut cc nn sn phm p ng tt cc nhu cu ng dng ca ngi s dng ring bit.
S cn thit ca Gateway
Trc khi c gng phn loi phn cng Gateway v cc kiu kin trc giao thc, tht cn thit khi tin hnh kim tra tt c cc cu hnh Gateway nh nht: khng tr mt cu hnh no. Trong khi nghnh cng nhip tp trung nhiu vo vic hp nht hai mng PSTN v IP, c mt khuynh hng ngm ng h cho nhng ai b qua truy cp PSTN vi nhau v cung cp cuc gi qua nhng mng thun IP (Hnh 8-4). Trong khi tng v cc la chn kt ni c cho php d hiu nh l chng c thc hin trong PSTN, th khuynh hng trn l mt tng hp dn.
Multimedia PC Multimedia PC
B nh tuyn
B nh tuyn
IP telephone

LAN
LAN
Hnh 8-4. VoIP khng c Gateway (Gateway-lessVoIP)
iu g cn thit bin gic m thnh hin thc? Yu cu c bn l mng IP ton cu n tn ti theo mt chng mc no ging vi Internet - thay th PSTN ton cu. Ch gn y, Internet bt u ni ti cc vn v tin cy, kh nng cung cp dch v mi ni, kh nng tnh cc, nhng ci c coi l chun mc v c m bo trong PSTN, v v n lun lun c sa cha qua cc qua trnh hng hc, s cn mt khong thi gian no trc khi Internet sn sng cnh tranh vi mng in thoi truyn thng v nhng vn ny. Thm ch c gi thuyt cho rng vn tin cy ca mng Internet ang c gii quyt bi cc
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nh cung cp nng lng s dng chng cho vic cung cp cc dch v thoi, cc c tnh c mt khng hai ca mng l truyn ti c lu lng thi gian thc nh tn hiu thoi v lu lng d liu khng yu cu thi gian thc, n i hi thm cc kh nng nh cung cp QoS v cc th tc bo mt m ch tn ti trong thi k s khai ca chng. Tuy nhin, theo mt s quan im, dng nh chc chn rng trong s cc dch v ca n Internet s tin ti cung cp mt dch v mng m bo cht lng, bo mt v tin cy a ra cc kt ni tng t nh hin nay chng c PSTN cung cp. Trn quan im , khng c g ngn cn nhng ngi s dng Internet s dng nhng my tnh c nhn a phng tin hay my tnh c nhn trang b m thanh n gin thc hin cc cuc gi trc tip qua mng Internet ti nhng my tnh c nhn hot ng nh H.323 hoc cc u cui tng t v cung cp nn, gi ho, v bn thn cc c ch iu khin cuc gi. Nhng kh nng ny l hin nay c, t nht l trn danh ngha trong cc phn phn mm nh Microsoft NetMeeting v VocalTec Internet Phone. Khi s dng cc mng c nhn hoc mng bn-ring bit, nh mng LAN v mng din rng da trn Intranet IP, nhng phn mm ny c th to li cht lng thoi tt mt cch ng ngc nhin. Trong nhng mng nh th ny, cc thch thc ca Internet khng phi l mt yu t, bi v cc mng c nhn ny c thit k (thng l bi mt nh qun tr mng ring) bc l chnh xc cc c tnh m Internet ang thiu. Vic c gng s dng chng qua mng Internet trn din rng, tuy nhin, vn l vn v s bin i v khng th d on c cht lng. Ch khi hai thu bao ca cuc gi c kt ni ti Internet theo mt kt ni khng b nghn v ng dn mng gia chung cng khng b nghn, v tng i ngn th cc cuc gi c th c thc hin ging nh cht lng ca PSTN. Mc d cht lng rt quan trng nhng vn ch l mt na ca cng vic. Nhng ngi s dng phi xc nh v nhn ra thu bao khc m h mun lin h trong mt mng Internet thng dng no , mt ci g nh s in thoi truyn thng l hon ton khng ph hp. Do ch gi phi tm c a ch IP ca ngi b gi - a ch ny thng thay i c v cc giao thc qun l a ch nh giao thc Point-to-Point hoc giao thc Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), nhng giao thc gn cc a ch da trn mt c s cn thit. Ni cho cng, thm ch gia nhng ngi truy cp mng nhanh nht vn cn nhng tn ti nh vic ngng hot ng, chm tr v tc nghn, mng Internet vn ch l mng Internet. Do , nu ngi s dng my tnh c nhn a phng tin v in thoi Internet ch mong gi in vi nhau thng qua mng cht lng cao m h ang dng, th u cui VoIP ti u cui VoIP l c th thc hin c ngay. Cc cuc gi khc nh gi ti mng khc, thng qua Internet hoc gi ti nhng khch hng ch kt ni vi PSTN, phi s dng mt Gateway kt ni vi th gii bn ngoi.
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Cc kiu kin trc Gateway

Nh cp u chng ny, th trng ca Gateway VoIP v cc thit b khc l mt th trng pht trin nhanh chng, vi 25 nh cung cp sn xut tt c mi th t nhng gii php ch cho phn mm hot ng trn server da trn c s Windows NT Intel n thit b a phng tin PSTN/VoIP, c cc nh cung cp cho rng c kh nng thay th hon ton chuyn mch PSTN cp 5. kim tra v so snh cc gii php Gateway mt cch r rng, th rt cn thit phn loi cc thit b ny tng ng vi th trng m chng hng ti phc v. Trong mt vi trng hp, c bit mt s cc thit b ln hn, chc nng iu khin cuc gi c thc hin bi Gatekeeper, n c th c tch hp (hoc khng) trong Gateway. T khi s tng tc gia Gateway v b Gatekeeper thng xuyn c tin hnh tng thch vi H.323, c ghi r trong giao thc H.225 v H.245, c nhiu trng hp trong Gateway ca nh cung cp ny c th hot ng tng tc vi b Gatekeeper ca nh cung cp khc, nhng n li khng hot ng c vi Gateway ca chnh nh cung cp . Cui cng, cc loi c lit k di y cho cc lp Gateway khc nhau khng c nh ngha mt cch r rng bi hoc cc nh cung cp hoc nn cng nghip trn din rng. C rt nhiu cch nh ngha nhng loi ny, thng c dng theo n v tnh nh s cc cuc gi c x l ng thi hoc kiu th trng c trng, ni m cc nh sn xut nhm ti. Nhng loi di y l dnh cho c s phn cng m Gateway c xy dng, v cn lu rng c rt nhiu kiu lai v cc kiu khc c th m rng ra nhiu hn mt loi.
Cc Gateway trn nn tng PC (PC platform Gateways)

Chng thng bao gm mt hoc nhiu bng mch dnh cho PC server hoc my tnh a nng, cng nh phn mm iu khin cc bng mch v qun l cc cuc gi lin quan ti Gateway. Mi mt bng mch thng cha mt hoc nhiu giao din s hoc giao din tng t cho PSTN v i lc cho c IP ca mng, cng nh c trng ring ca phn cng dnh cho vic nn v s ho thoi; l b chp x l tn hiu s (DSP) in hnh. Nn PC cung cp mt mi trng cho card, cho ngun cung cp, cho b x l x l (b x l PC chnh), thit b vt l m cc bng mch c t trong , i khi cho giao din mng IP. Kt qu cui cng l mt cu hnh m i khi trng ging nh trong Hnh 8-5.
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Chng 8. Gateway thoi IP Card giao tip Ethernet Card DSP Card giao tip PSTN (T1-E1)
PC MotherBoard
Hnh 8-5. Cu hnh ca nn PC
Mt kin trc c xy dng trn nn tng PC b hn ch bi bn thn cc c tnh ca PC, trong c tiu chun cng nghip h tr nhiu c im c th c thit k cho Gateway. V d, bng mch PC in hnh c t 3 cho n 6 khe cm lp t DSP hoc card giao din, lm cho vic thu nh cc kin trc ny l rt kh ngoi tr cu hnh nh nht. c tnh khng cn tt h thng nh l h thng bus thay i nng l c tnh qu gi v s hu c quyn ca dng PC server, mc d v mt ny cng v ngun cung cp cng tr nn tt hn. Cui cng trong cc c tnh k thut a nng cung cp mt nn cho hng nghn ng dng khc nhau, nn PC khng c nh gi lc quan trong nhu cu v phn cng v phn mm ca VoIP. Trong cc ng dng mc nh, iu ny c th khng phi l yu t hn ch, n nh hng ti h thng c th pht trin ln n mc no v h thng c th hot ng nh th no trong tnh trng ti cao. Vi nhng ng dng c mt thp v nh nht, mt s cc nh cung cp a ra cc gii php phn mm chy trn Pentium- hoc cc my trm trn c s SPARC, thc hin x l cuc gi v cc chc nng khc trong bn thn b x l trm lm vic m khng cn s gip ca DSP. Tt c cc phn cng cn thit cho gii php ny c cung cp bi my trm, ngoi tr giao tip vi h thng in thoi. D c s phn mm hay phn cng, cc Gateway PC hay my trm thng a ra t hn cc c tnh c s m nhiu gii php truyn thng vn tng lm. Thun li c bn ca Gateway da trn PC t c l gim gi. Vic s dng nn PC cho cc hot ng phi thoi ca Gateway, nhu cu thit k, kim tra, xy dng phn cng khch hng ngoi tr cc giao din v cc chip u b loi ra, cho php gi ca gii php phn mm v bng mch gim i rt nhiu so vi thit b phn cng c xy dng vi mc ch hot ng c lp. Vi server PC cht lng cao sn c nh l mt mt hng thng thng, bn thn gi nn cng rt nh. Kiu Gateway trn nn PC c a ra u tin bi nhng nh cung cp m: Xem Gateway VoIP nh mt thit b phn mm vi mt s lng nh phn cng thng thng. Khng mong mun to ra nn phn cng thng thng.
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Duy tr gi thnh sn xut thp bng cch dng tiu chun thit k PC v tng thch chng vi phn cng thng thng theo nhu cu ring ca h. Do l th trng VoIP hon thin, ni chung l gi thnh ca phn cng ca Gateway gim, v thm ch nhng ngi s dng trn din nh bt u quan tm ti cc ng dng khc ca VoIP nn c l th trng Gateway trn nn PC s co li. iu ny l v phn ln nn ny khng c ting v tin cy- c mt s vn lin quan ti vic s dng h iu hnh ca server a nng hn l mt my in thoi ch to theo n t hng v s hn ch ca bn thn cu trc phn cng PC.
Cc B nh tuyn Gateway
Cc nh phn phi chnh sn xut cc b nh tuyn v phn cng kt ni c khuynh hng xem xt cc c tnh ca Gateway nh l xu th phn cng, mt quan im ph hp vi dng sn phm ca h v kiu kinh doanh, khng ging nh dng PC, m trn b nh tuyn c thit k cung cp cc kt ni vi mng ngoi thng qua kt ni cc mng ni ht (thng l mng LAN) vi mng din rng WAN cng nh mng Internet. Bt k mt thit k no ca b nh tuyn th bn thn n cng cung cp chc nng ca Gateway VoIP hn l mt PC. B nh tuyn tr nn c nhiu kch thc khc nhau, t b nh tuyn nh c hai cng cho ti b nh tuyn c th m rng ln hng trm cng tc cao. Cc kiu b nh tuyn c tun theo hoc tng thch vi vic s dng nh l nn ca Gateway VoIP a ra cc c tnh sau: Chng c xut hin mc trung bnh ca cc sn phm b nh tuyn, khng qu t xy dng mt Gateway c kh nng cung cp chuyn tip lu lng nhanh v cc c tnh tin tin (hng i thng thng, qun l lu lng...) cn thit cho mt Gateway. Chng l cc module trong cc kin trc vt l, cho php b sung cc giao din thoi s hoc tng t theo cc khe m rng trong khung ca n. Mt trong nhng im thuyt phc nht ca nn b nh tuyn Gateway VoIP l c s ca b nh tuyn v lp tng thch vi ngi iu hnh mng (v phng IT h tr chng). C mt cch gii quyt c a ra i vi s khc bit trong nhn thc gia vic trin khai mt server mi hon ton cho VoIP cng vi cu hnh phc tp v cch x l li thch hp ca n v b sung thm mt card vo b nh tuyn c sn hoc nng cp bn thn b nh tuyn. Trong thc t, mc kh khn v nhng rc ri tim n c l l ging nhau, nhng s nhn thc l mt thch thc ln- v k thut vin mng, ngi thch hp vi nn b nh tuyn c th quan tm ti s cung cp thoi nh giao thc khc h tr trn mt mng c nh tuyn tng i n gin. Yu t ny c th chng li b nh tuyn, tuy nhin bi v nhn thc rng b nh tuyn dnh cho cc gi v do trang b cho chng b x l ting ni bn trong ang lm m rng kh nng ca chng
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hn na - c bit b qua ci m mt vi chuyn gia mng thoi coi l mng d liu phi kt ni. Th trng nh tuyn VoIP tp trung hng ti chuyn i thoi t mt s tng i nh cc cng vt l, v cc loi b nh tuyn c cp trn him khi c kh nng h tr hn hai giao din T-1 trong mt khung n.
Cc Gateway server truy cp t xa

V c bn y l phn chuyn mn ho ca th trng nh tuyn VoIP, ni mt cch tng t, nhng ngi quan tm ti truy nhp t xa xut hin v a ra mt loi c trng ca b nh tuyn mt cng cao vi mc ch kt hp cc lu lng t mt s lng ln cc ngun trn mt h thng chnh. Cc b phn vt l l ng dng vi nhau: cc modul tng hp thoi phi va vn vi mt khung. S khc nhau c bn gia chng l server truy cp, bi v kin trc khung tc cao v h thng qun l card, h tr mt s lng ln cc card, nhng card n lt n h tr cho cc cng trn card . iu ny c ngha l trong khi chc nng ca hai loi nn v c bn l ging nhau, th cc server truy cp l thch hp hn vi mng c thit k cung cp h tr cho nhiu ngi s dng. Mt kiu thng dng v kin trc vt l ca server truy cp t xa c trnh by trong Hnh 8-6. Module qun l/gim st Module giao din Router/IP
Modul DSP Modul card thu bao PSTN
Hnh 8-6. Khung Server truy nhp t xa
Cc server tuy cp t xa cng a ra cc phng php tin li m nh c th tch hp kh nng thoi vo kiu trang Web mi h tr thoi, v c hiu nh l dch v n v ni.Cc dch v ny v cc dch v khch hng mi m h c kh nng a ra s lm tng ng k mi quan tm m nghnh thng mi in t a ra trong VoIP v c cp ti chng 6.
PBX VoIP Card

Cc gii php trc c mt c im chung l: Chng u c gng tng thch cc thit b c kt hp trong cc d liu mng vi th gii mng thoi, v bn cht a mng d liu vo trong mi trng thoi. Tin trnh ny hon ton ph hp vi cc t chc m vic iu hnh cc
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mng d liu c coi l quan trng nht nh mng thoi nhng chu nhiu trch nhim v iu khin dng thoi cho thit b ca nh qun l trong phm vi tn hiu thoi. i vi cc doanh nghip ang tm mt gii php trin khai VoIP trn mng thoi ca h, mt s nh cung cp PBX truyn thng sn xut ra cc card ph hp vi khung cc thit b ca h cho php thc hin vic nn v s ho tn hiu thoi. Bng cch ci t card VoIP (thng c cc nh cung cp PBX gi l card trung k thoi IP) trong mt PBX, mt ngi qun l thoi phi cn thit thu c kh nng s dng mng IP thc s nh nhng trung k T-1 v ISDN PRI c s dng qua nhiu thp k. Cha k mng IP s c trin khai truyn ti thoi, vic gii m v cc chc nng nn cn thit cho VoIP trong PBX, chu s iu khin v qun l ca ngi qun l dch v thoi. Trong doanh nghip c s cnh tranh gay gt gia phng d liu v phng thoi, card VoIP ca PBX cho php phng thoi nm khi u vic thu li nhun t mng phi kt ni. Cc nh qun l thoi nhn ra nhiu im gi tr khi ch ra s tin tin ca nhng qu trnh nh vy. im u tin l tin cy: PBX, nh l mt b phn ca PSTN, c mt lch s lu di v tin cy cao v tin dng cao, vi cc c tnh nh nhiu ngun cung cp ph, u vo ngun tch hp trnh b mt ngun, card bus h tr chuyn i nng, v mi trng vt l n nh. Duy tr qu trnh x l cuc gi trong PBX cng nhiu cng tt l mt cch trnh tn hiu thoi khng b nh hng bi khng n nh ca mng d liu. im th hai l cc th tc iu hnh v qun l cn thit h tr VoIP c h tr hon ton bi tt c PBX, vic thm mt card trung k IP khng lm nh hng ti iu ny. V d, cch cc bn ghi CDR c to ra cho tnh cc v qun l c th c tin hnh theo nhiu trng hp m khng phi sa i khi lp t card VoIP vo PBX. Tng t nh vy, vic tch hp bo hiu SS7 vo VoIP da trn PBX d hn l pht trin mt ci mi m n phi lm cho b nh tuyn IP truyn thng hiu n, bi v SS7 l mt phn ca PBX trong nhiu thp k nay. Cui cng v c l l quan trng nht, khin bn thn PBX l mt Gateway VoIP cho php tch hp cht ch hn gia mng d liu v mng thoi, iu ny khin cho cc cuc gi (ti thiu cng l mt phn) c truyn qua IP trong sut ti ngi s dng dch v. V d, ngi s dng ca cc Gateway n, cha k n kin trc c th, thng phi quay mt m c bit truy nhp vo mng VoIP. Trong khi cc bc n gin ny ging nh l mt nhim v bnh thng, khi so snh n vi tit kim gi v cc li nhun khc ca VoIP, n hon ton chng minh c rng rt kh hng dn ngi s dng vt ra khi nhng gii hn ca my in thoi bnh thng thu c nhng li nhun m khng th nhn ra ngay trc mt h (phn ln nhng ngi cng nhn t quan tm ti gi cc cuc in thoi m h thc hin). Vic PBX h tr VoIP c th la chn trung k VoIP hoc PSTN truyn thng truyn ti mt cch linh ng, trn c s cc s b gi, cng sn c, v cc yu t khc m khng cn s hiu bit ca
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ngi s dng, v h khng i hi mt tc ng c bit no, l mt li ch to ln i vi nhng ngi qun l, nhng ngi mong mun trin khai dch v VoIP m khng chia r lc lng lao ng m h phc v.
Chuyn mch in thoi IP

Loi cui cng ca Gateway VoIP l mi nht hin gi v n gii thiu nn tng tch hp ca in thoi IP v PSTN. Nhng chuyn mch ny, cng c bit nh cc Gateway truyn ti v cc thit b a phng tin, cc chuyn mch in thoi c xy dng vi mc ch c gng to ra ranh gii gia hai loi mng nhng v hnh bng cch cung cp cc c tnh tt nht cho khch hng v ngi qun l mng ca mng thoi. Chuyn mch IP c phn bit vi cc phng thc khc hot ng cn bn tng tc IP/PSTN bi nhng iu sau: Mt Gateway rt cao. Nhng chuyn mch ny c cc nh sn xut nh dng thay th hon ton chuyn mch cp 5, n c kh nng h tr hng ngn Gateway u vo. Phn mc cao. Mt chuyn mch IP c th bt u t nh nht cho ti ln nht m khng cn thay th nhng phn chnh trong kin trc ca n. S tch hp tng th thnh mng thng minh SS7, vi s h tr cho cc kt ni d phng vi IN, cng nh xy dng h tr cc c tnh ca IN cha k n loi mng trung k m s dng cho cc cuc gi c bit. Truyn dn trong sut ti mng PSTN trong c hai mng thoi v mng SS7. Mt chuyn mch IP nn c kh nng xc nh chnh xc chuyn mch truyn ti tring phm vi nh tuyn cuc gi, cc dch v tin tin. Truyn dn trong sut ti cc ch gi. Ngi s dng mng khng th phn bit c cc cuc gi IP vi cc cuc gi PSTN. c tnh qun l v tnh cc hon ton tng thch vi h thng tnh cc CDR chun. Dung sai li cao v c kh nng khi phc li t cc hng hc ca cc thit b khc nhau m khng lm nh hng ti cc dch v. Vic tun theo NEBS hot ng lin tc trong cc tnh hung khc nhau, v d nh trong cc tnh hung u vng dng in li xung t cho ti ng t. M rng ra, mt chuyn mch hoc Gateway a ra cc c tnh , n c php hi trng thi ca cc lp truyn ti, mt khi nim m, nhng n c nh ngha nh l c kh nng trin khai mc ln trong mng dch v ca cc nh cung cp dch v chnh. Ch mt s t cc nh cung cp yu cu tt c cc c im trc cho sn phm ca h, phn ln cc c tnh ny ch ra s khc nhau ca cc kiu kin trc trc , mi kiu vi c tnh ring ca n ch ra chnh xc
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ci g to nn mt lp truyn ti chuyn mch VoIP. Trn quan im no chng ta s nhn nhn mt cch chc chn nhng chuyn mch da trn kin trc IP k t nn, vi di sn in thoi hoc giao din PSTN nh mt la chn thm v gi. Bc pht trin chnh ca cc sn phm ny ang i mt s chng minh rng in thoi IP c th lm vic trong cc mng truyn ti din rng c mt s vn s ch tr thnh nh l kt qu ca s th nghim ca nh cung cp, a ra cc dch v, v cui cng kim tin vi cc ng hu km n nh hn.
Cc b phn ca Gateway v c tnh

Mt Gateway c bit thch hp vi tt c cc loi, th phn cng v phn mm ca n phi phn chia cc c tnh chung vi cc Gateway khc, bi v nu b qua kch thc mng, cc chc nng ca chng l ging nhau trong cc mng m n phc v. Mt s b phn to nn Gateway VoIP c lit k di y, bao gm cc c tnh m i lc thit lp nn cc phn ca Gateway khi so snh cc phn tng t.
B x l tn hiu s
B x l s l tri tim ca Gateway, l phn cng thc hin vic m ho v gii m tn hiu thoi, v thng l c cc chc nng khc, l chc nng chnh ca n. X l tn hiu s, nh l mt th tc thc hin bn trong phn cng, c t nhng nm 1960, nhng s t ph trong thit k v sn xut vi in t trong vng 10 nm li y cho php p dng thnh cng nhng k thut ny vo VoIP. Nhng c gng u tin tnh ton cho cc thut ton DSP c thc hin trn cc bng mch nhiu chp hoc thm ch ton b my tnh dnh cho cc chc nng m ho, iu ny lm cho chng c kch thc ln v rt t ch to. Cui nhng nm 1970, s tin b trong lnh vc sn xut VLSI cho php tt c cc chc nng ca DSP nh nh a ch, iu khin, s hc, vo-ra, v lu tr c tch hp trn mt chip. Nhng c gng u tin trn cc chp n DSP c thc hin bi cc hng AMI, Intel, NEC, Bell Labs vo u nhng nm 1980. DSP l trung tm hot ng ca nhiu thit b vin thng ngy nay v in t dn dng nh chuyn mch trung tm, in thoi t bo, my nghe nhc CD, v cc ng dng khc. Chp DSP gn tr thnh mt th hng ho, cc nh sn xut a ra cc chp DSP a nng v cc ng dng c th trong phm vi sn phm ca h. Trong khi nhiu Gateway c xy dng trn nhng chp a nng thc hin chc nng m ho, chip DSP ring bit dnh cho th trng ca Gateway VoIP c bt u xut hin t mt s cc nh cung cp v thng a ra cc tiu chun m ho cho tn hiu thoi nh G.723.1 v G.729a, cng nh m ring ca cc nh sn xut . Ph thuc vo kiu kin trc c s dng trong Gateway ring bit, dung lng (s cc cuc gi ng thi) c th c tng ln bng cch thm cc card DSP. S pht trin ca thit k DSP cho thy khng phi s cc DSP l tng ng vi s cuc gi ng thi, khi m nhiu DSP mi c th x l nhiu cuc gi trn mt chip.
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Cc cng vt l
Nhng kt ni dnh cho my in thoi ca mng, thng l PBX, nhn chung c thc hin thng qua cc knh T-1 hoc E-1 cho php kt ni 24 hoc 30 ng thoi s PCM 64/kbps. Cc Gateway vi h tr ISDN s thc hin kt ni thoi vi tc c bn (BRIs) hoc tc c s (PRIs). Mt s Gateway c sn giao din tng t, n cho php kt ni ti cc h thng chnh v cc PBX nh hn. Vic kt ni T-1 v E-1 c thc hin bng cc connector ng trc BNC -75 hoc RJ-48C 120 trn cc bng mch, giao din ISDN thng dng RJ-48C. V pha IP, cc kt ni mng thng s dng thng qua giao din 10100Mbps Ethernet, cho php d dng hot ng tng tc vi bt k thit b kt ni mng nh thit b truy nhp frame-relay hoc b nh tuyn. Mt s dng Gateway, c bit cc kiu da trn b nh tuyn, c kh nng nh tuyn IP trc tip ti cng ni tip ng b theo giao din V.35 hoc RS232.
Giao din v cc khe phn cng

Vic m rng phn cng b nh hng trc tip bi kin trc phn cng ca thit b lp t Gateway. Cc Gateway trn c s PC b hn ch bi s cc khe cm PCI, ISA, EISA c sn trong cc my tnh ch, mc d nhng hn ch ny c nhn ra khi thit k Gateway v chng c th xy ra trc c nhng hn ch ch yu ca bn thn phn cng. Cu hnh phn cng linh ng nht c a ra bi cc Gateway loi server truy nhp, n cc khung c xy dng chp nhn (trong cc thit k ln) nhiu card hn cu hnh PC, mi th trong c th cung cp kt ni mt cao bi v kch thc ln ca n. V d, cc Gateway PC thng ch cung cp mt ng T-1 hoc E-1 trn mt khe cm, trong khi kiu server truy nhp c th cung cp ti 8 kt ni trn mt khe cm.
Cc cch thit lp cu hnh

Tt c cc Gateway, t loi dng cho vn phng nh da trn PC n gin nht cho ti loi cp 5, u yu cu mt cu hnh c th. C cc tham s c nh, nh a ch IP ca giao din Internet v trng thi bt/tt ca mi mt Gateway ring, m tt c cc Gateway phi c t cu hnh hot ng c trong phm vi mng c lp t. V mt s c tnh c thm vo cho cc nn, do cc la chn cng tng ln, chng c chn v c thit lp cu hnh mt cch tng th. V d, mt tp hp cc la chn cho cu hnh ca Gateway c kch thc trung bnh c th bao gm: Tham s giao tip IP: a ch IP, subnet mask, b nh tuyn ngm nh. Thut ton m ho: theo tiu chun hoc theo hng c quyn. Cc th tc ghi d liu cuc gi: d liu cha ng v nh dng CDR.
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Phng tin chun on: ghi li li v cc cng c xc nh li khc H tr quay s: quay s cp 1 hoc cp 2. Cch nh a ch: cc bng a ch v bng nh tuyn, bng a ch PSTN/Gateway . Bo mt cuc gi: cc s v cc m vng cho php hoc khng cho php. X l li: c cu d phng, nh nh tuyn PSTN. Cc Gateway ph thuc vo h iu hnh thit b mng, nh cc Gateway nh tuyn hoc cc Gateway da trn server truy nhp, thng tch hp cc lnh cn thit t cu hnh cho tt c s la chn ny vo ngn ng thit lp cu hnh h iu hnh, do vy m bo hot ng lin tc trong phm vi sn phm ca chng. Khi vic qun l t xa ca h thng l mt yu cu c bn ca cc thit b ny, vic qun l t xa cc Gateway xa cng n gin nh a ra mt telnet hoc mt phin WWW ti mt cng trn Gateway v n hot ng nh l cc Gateway c t gn. Cc Gateway ring bit, c bit l cc Gateway c xy dng trn nn PC, phi c thit k v s dng phn mm qun l ring ca n. Vic s dng phn mm ny kh hay d l rt quan trng i vi h thng, bi v chng rt kh thit lp cu hnh l cha k b thuc tnh m khng th trin khai theo cch hu hiu nht. Cc Gateway da trn PC c thit lp cu hnh theo chng trnh iu khin ho, n hot ng nh mt ng dng trn h iu hnh ca PC, chng trnh cho php qun l t xa phi c xy dng theo tiu chun hoc c tnh cht h tr truy nhp t xa. Mt s nh cung cp, mun trnh s phc tp ny, yu cu cc Gateway dng chng trnh iu khin t xa nh SymantecspcAnywhere truy cp Gateway t xa.
H thng ghi bn tin

Hu ht cc Gateway tch hp vi kiu h thng ghi bn tin cuc gi, mc d cc thng tin thu c t mi cuc gi thay i nhiu. Cc Gateway cung cp dch v loi ln c nhiu s la chn nht, bao gm thi gian bt u v kt thc ca mi cuc gi, xc nh cng ra v vo, a ch IP dng trong cuc gi, cc gi, cc byte v cc li c tnh trong cuc gi, cng nh cc tham s QoS nh tr trung bnh v s bin i tr c tnh trong sut cuc gi. Cc Gateway dnh cho doanh nghip nh hn thng a ra t thng tin v cuc gi, n ghi li thi gian cuc gi v thng tin v cng. ITSP c l ang tm thm cc c tnh cho cc Gateway ny v xem chc nng ghi li bn tin ny rt quan trng nh chnh kh nng ca Gateway bi v chng cn thit cho tnh cc. Thm vo , lu lng thit k v iu khin cuc gi l rt cn thit cho hot ng hng ngy ca nh cung cp dch v thu c li ch t cc thng tin m chng cung cp.
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H iu hnh
Cc Gateway hoat ng trn PC hoc my tnh a nng khc hoc ch hon ton phn mm hoc vi s gip ca phn cng c bit cho vic s ho v nn thng hot ng nh mt ng dng ca h iu hnh chun. l cng vic ca h iu hnh qun l ti nguyn ca my tnh, iu khin phn mm v phn cng truy cp ti b vi x l hoc cc b phn khc ca h thng. Do , trn thc t OS tr thnh mt phn ca bn thn Gateway. Phn ln cc Gateway trn c s PC hot ng trn mt trong cc h iu hnh Microsoft - chun cho phn ln PC Intel. Nhiu h thng nh s dng h iu hnh Windows 95 v 98. Nhng h iu hnh ny rt r (thc t kh c th tm c mt ngi lm trong phng thng tin m khng bit ci t mt chng trnh ng dng trn my tnh Windows 95), nhng km linh ng v n nh hn cc h iu hnh khc. H iu hnh ph bin nht cho th trng Gateway c s PC l h iu hnh Windows NT. Windows NT khng phi chu p lc t nhng vn v tnh tng thch, iu rt phc tp i vi Windows 95 v 98, v do n tn dng c thun li ca thit b, cho php hot ng n nh hn v nhanh hn ngang hng vi nhng g m phng IS mong mun h thng p ng cho d liu v dch v ca h. Trong khi bo dng v mua t hn Windows 95 v 98, Windows NT cng thu c li t c s khch hng ln, iu ny m bo cht lng h tr cho h thng. Trong khi Windows NT chim th phn ln, nhiu Gateway ln hn da trn phn cng a nng chy trn cc bin th ca h iu hnh UNIX, ng k nht l Sun Microsystems Solaris (c kh nng chy trn c Intel v Sun SPARC). UNIX c mt s thun li hn cc h iu hnh khc l: N l s la chn cho mi trng hot ng pht trin v nghin cu N l la chn truyn thng cho cc server ng dng (phn cng thit k h tr cho mt ng dng ring quan trng) bi v sc mnh v linh ng ca n N l mt trong nhng h iu hnh n nh nht v rt t hng hc N c s k tha ng k trong lnh vc in thoi, l h iu hnh ca cc cng vic phc tp trong PSTN v chuyn mch 5ESS Do nhiu nhn vin IS nhn thy rng UNIX l h iu hnh chnh dng cho in thoi, v c cm gic rng k c mt nh qun l thoi i lp vi VoIP cng cho rng nu ti tin tng vo dch v thoi trn mt my tnh th ti thiu n cng phi chy trn mt my tnh UNIX.
H tr giao thc chun

Nhiu nh cung cp pht trin cc phng php ring ca h cho bo hiu, m ho, v cung cp cc dch v gi tr gia tng x l cuc gi bng cc Gateway ca h. Phn ln cc nh cung cp cc sn phm ny c
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th bng nhiu cch ch ra rng h thng cc giao thc v c tnh ca h tt hn giao thc H.323 chun ITU-T hin nay, ti thiu l i vi mt s ng dng nht nh. Phn ln cc nh cung cp thit k Gateway ca h c kh nng chuyn i gia phng php ring v cc chun chung cho php khch hng ca h nm quyn kim sot chnh xc cc Gateway thc hin cc chc nng nh th no v cho php chng tng tc vi h thng ca cc nh cung cp khc.
H tr QoS
Cho n gn y, ng ngc nhin khi nhiu nh cung cp cho rng cht lng mng nm ngoi s quan tm ca h, thc t, c nhiu ngi vn duy tr theo li suy ngh ny, thay v da vo kin trc ca mng thit k c s h tng IP n cho php lm gim tr v gim ri ro, iu ny rt cn thit cho mt mng in thoi hon ho. Vi mt thit k nh th, nh trin khai dch v VoIP phi nm c cc c tnh mng ca h v qun l chng vi lu lng thoi mt cng vic c l d hn trong cc mng dnh cho VoIP nhng rt kh chuyn i gia cc mng thoi v d liu. Vic u tin lu lng thoi trn lu lng d liu l cng vic ca bn thn mng, hoc bi u im u vo ca n (mt cng vt l ring bit trn b nh tuyn c thit lp cu hnh vi hng i u tin) hoc bi vic phn loi cc lu lng thoi ti b nh tuyn bng cch dng s cng hoc bng cch nhn ra s khc bit ca n vi lu lng khc. m bo cht lng truyn ti lu lng thoi ca Gateway, nhiu nh cung cp i theo mt trong cc nguyn tc QoS. Trong khi khng c s thng nht v phng php u tin cho lu lng thoi, th th trng c phn chia gia RSVP v diffserv, vi rt t Gateway h tr cho c hai. VoIP c l l v d r nht trong cc ng dng IP v s cn thit ca QoS, nh qun l mng phi lun suy ngh v s la chn Gateway khi thit k c cu QoS.
Bo mt
Trong bt k h thng in thoi no cng c kh nng b s sng tri php. H thng in thoi truyn thng c kh nng hn ch gi ra v gi vo cho tng cng (cho tng my in thoi), cho php mt s my in thoi c gi ni ht hoc ch gi c mt s cc s c bit. Nhiu PBX doanh nghip cn yu cu c s nhn dng c nhn (PIN) khi thc hin cuc gi, do vy ch nhng ngi c php mi thc hin c (v d, ch ngi qun l mi c gi ng di) v cung cp bn ghi ai thc hin cuc gi (bt k my in thoi no). Kh nng ny cng ang c a vo cc Gateway VoIP. Vi Gateway VoIP c th thc hin chc nng bo mt IP bng cch kt hp a ch IP ring bit, hoc mt chui cc a ch, vi vic cho php cc cuc gi ti. Vi cch ny, Gateway s t chi cc c gng kt ni t cc Gateway tri php hoc cc in thoi PC tri php (VoIP crack call).
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Thit b Gatekeeper
Hin nay c nhiu Gateway tch hp cc chc nng ca thit b Gatekeeper, bi v vic trin khai cc Gateway l nh khng cn yu cu dch v ca mt thit b Gatekeeper ring bit. Tng t vi H.323, thit b Gatekeeper l mt thit b la chn, cc dch v ca n s c s dng nu nh sn c nhng khng y nh mt mng VoIP a nng. Ch trong nhng mng ln nht (c hng triu cuc gi trong ngy) mi mong mun loi b cc tnh nng nh quyn truy nhp, ghi bn tin gim st, thit lp cuc gi, qun l ra khi Gateway. lm c iu ny, h thng phi t c kh nng tp trung cc tnh nng ny v nh th cung cp cho vic qun l n gin hn, nhng phi tn chi ph cho vic duy tr mt s thit b ph thm. Phn ln cc thit b Gatekeeper c lp c xy dng trn mt my tnh PC hoc trn nn mt thit b vi tnh khc v c b sung cho cc Gateway cng mt nh cung cp. Trong khi H323 nh ngha rt r v vai tr ca thit b Gatekeeper, n b qua vic khng kim tra nhiu tn nng rt quan trng cho nh cung cp dch v nh tnh cc v gim st trng thi Gateway. Do cc nh cung cp cng tch hp nhng dch v ny vo thit b Gatekeeper ca h, n tr nn n gin hn nhiu nh nh ngha trong H.323, thm vo chng tr thnh nn qun l c y cc c tnh hot ng nh bng iu khin (control panel) cho ton b mng VoIP V d, cc Gateway c kh nng hot ng nh cc thit b iu khin a nng, n s nh tuyn li cuc gi ti PBX v ra khi PSTN nu nh khng cn kh nng VoIP trong h thng Gateway x l n. Chc nng quay li PSTN ny cn thit cho php nh cung cp a ra dch v ca mnh mt cch lin tc trong trng hp mng IP b tc nghn hoc hng hc. Thit b Gatekeeper cng c th a ra iu khin hi ngh, cho php v iu khin nhiu cuc gi hi ngh tng ng vi vai tr c nh ngha l iu khin a im trong H.323. Cui cng thit b Gatekeeper hot ng nh giao din ca h thng VoIP vi c s d liu ngoi nh LDAP, RADIUS v cc ci khc, bi cc th tc phc tp cho truy cp d liu ngoi khng cn trong thit b Gateway na, Gateway ch tp trung x l tn hiu thoi. Khi nim thit b Gatekeeper trong mng IP hin nay phi c coi l thit b dch v ph tr v iu khin cuc gi, v nhng yu cu cho thit b Gatekeeper trong mng ring bit ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc dch v duy nht c yu cu bi ngi s dng mng v nh qun l nh n c nhim v loi b chc nng iu khin cuc gi khi Gateway.
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Chng 9 in thoi LAN
Chng 9. in thoi LAN
Vo nm 1992, cc cng ty xuyn quc gia nh Apple, IBM, National Semiconductor a ra mt cng ngh c gi l mng Ethernet ng thi (IsoEnet) s dng s m ho lun phin cho php cc knh B ISDN 96 cng tn ti vi knh Ethernet 10-Mbps chun trn cng mt cp hai i xon loi 3. T khi ISDN cho php mt dch v ng thi (c thi gian ging nhau), IsoEnet c dnh cho php cc nh qun l mng LAN tch hp cc mng d liu chun ca h vi thoi, hi ngh video v cc mng. Kt qu c th l mt mng LAN tch hp cho php h tr d liu Ethernet chun (khng ng b), hi ngh a phng tin, cc dch v video, dch v in thoi - tt c trn cng mt cp. Vic gii thiu IsoEnet vo ng thi im thch hp ng thi vi k hoch trin khai ISDN trn din rng ti nc M v trn ton th gii, v vy giai on ny dng nh to iu kin (trn quan im ca nh cung cp) cho IsoEnet tr thnh cng ngh ch cht kt ni mng LAN v hng s tp trung vo cc dch v thi gian thc v d liu trong cc x nghip a phng. Tng lai gn nh sng sa khi IEEE chnh thc ho cc c tnh k thut bng cch tiu chun ho chng nh 802.11 vo ma thu nm 1995. Vo cng khong thi gian , cc nh cung cp ATM pht trin theo cch ring ca h nh a ra cc dch v thi gian thc (real-time) v cc dch v d liu khng thi gian thc (non-real-time) trn cng mt loi ca cp hai i xon bng cch gii thiu cc b tng thch hai i xon 25-Mbps v cc chuyn mch nhm (workgroup) gi thp. Kt hp vi cc phng php phc tp v ci tin a ra mng h tr truyn thng qung b nh LAN (c gi l LAN Emulation LANE), cu hnh ny dng nh khng nh c nhng ha hn ca ATM v vn chia s d liu v mng a phng tin t desktop n desktop. T chc ATM d on rng ATM c th s dng cho tt c cc loi lu lng, vt qua cc khong cch a l. V vic s dng n kt ni cc my tnh vn phng, cc u cui a phng tin, cc my in thoi dng nh ch l vn v thi gian. Tuy nhin, nhng nh qun l LAN li c mt tng khc. Khng b hp dn bi s ha hn ca IsoEnet, ATM, hoc mt s cc cng ngh mi khc, nhng ngi thit k v vn hnh mng LAN trong cc vn phng trn ton th gii pht trin c mt s la chn cho cng ngh c a thch ca ring h: Ethernet. c pht trin vo u nhng nm 1970 ti Trung tm nghin cu Xeroxs Palo Alto, Ethernet c thit k vi nhng mc ch r rng m ISDN, ATM v IsoEnet khng c, l tnh gin n trong vic qui hoch, trin khai v bo dng ng thi gim gi thnh lp t. Khng c g ng ngc nhin khi nhng c im ny c xem l tin tin trong cc sn phm ca ngnh cng nghip mng LAN ang pht trin nhanh chng, v iu dn ti IEEE ph chun v Ethernet nh l mt tiu chun - c gi l IEEE 802.3 vo nm 1995. Vo nm 1990, Ethernet pht trin mnh m theo dng m ngy nay tr thnh quen thuc: l phng thc truyn ti d liu LAN khng tin cy vi tc 10-Mbps v n lc kt ni ti a, hot ng ch yu trn
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
cp hai i dy xon. Nhng nm 1990 ghi nhn nhiu s ci tin ln hn v h thng, bao gm cc tc d liu 100 v 1000Mbps, kh nng s dng cp quang (tng rt ln di c th ca on cp n), tnh nng c ring bit ho, v c l l quan trng nht l vic gim gi rt nhanh ca thit b Ethernet. Nhng c tnh ny gii thch ti sao Ethernet l cng ngh mng LAN duy nht tn ti trong hu ht cc ng dng. Vn t ra l trong nhng cng ngh , cng ngh no thch hp nht cho vic kt ni mng my tnh a phng tin? Thc ra hu ht cc nh phn tch nhn thy rng cc cng ngh trn u thch hp cho vic chuyn ti d liu thi gian thc nu nh h coi rng tt c mi th khc l tng ng nhau. Tt nhin, tt c mi th khc l khng tng ng nhau, v Ethernet c nhng thun li quan trng ring, c bit l c s h tng rng ln ca n ng thi c tha nhn c kh nng lm vic chnh xc trong nhiu mi trng khc nhau y l c im lm cho hu ht cc nh qun l LAN yu thch. Trong bt c trng hp no, thi im xut hin ca cc cng ngh cnh tranh l rt quan trng; h iu nhn thy trc c s cn thit phi tch hp d liu v thoi LAN trc khi phn cng v cc ng dng sn sng h tr loi lu lng ny v trc khi nh cung cp dch v tin rng h c th a ra cc sn phm da trn n. V th nhng vic trin khai IsoEnet v ATM desktop ch tn ti trong mt s lng hn ch. Chng ang c pht trin bi cc nh qun l nhn xa trng rng l nhng ngi khng quan tm ti thi gian v tin bc ch vi mc ch tr thnh ngi u tin s dng cc ng dng m mt ngy no s tr nn thng dng. Trong s cc mng ny mt s thc s thnh cng, tit kim tin cho cc ch nhn bng cch hng cc li nhun thng qua vic tch hp d liu/thoi m s c trnh by trong quyn sch ny. Cc mng khc vn c duy tr v tnh cht lch s ca chng tuy nhin chng ngy cng xung cp v s thay th khi c iu kin. V xut hin s chng li ca th trng, cc ng dng video v thoi nn i cho ti khi Ethernet sn sng cho chng. Vo cui nhng nm 1990, Ethernet sn sng cung cp cc ng dng ny, v cc ng dng thoi c u tin hng u trong cc ng dng ny. Chng ny s gii thch ti sao Ethernet c th c s dng nh l xng sng ca mt h thng thoi qua IP da trn LAN v nghin cu mt vi phng php tip cn ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau cng nh mt s tiu chun c lin quan.
Xu hng hi t d liu v thoi trong mng cc b

Vo cui nhng nm 1990, p lc ca th trng v vic tch hp d liu v thoi tc ng ti phm vi hot ng ca mng. Nguyn nhn l rt n gin: trong mng truyn ti din rng chng ta c th tit kim c nh trn cc loi lu lng khc nhau vy th trong mng cc b chng ta cng phi t c mt iu g tng t. Khng c l do g bin h cho cc chi ph m cc cng ty hng nm phi b ra mua cc tng i PBX hoc cc h thng quan trng khc ng thi duy tr chng song song vi vic duy tr mt mng LAN m c th hon ton tng t nh mng
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
in thoi. Cn phi c s u t thch hp trong h thng in thoi gim chi ph. Tuy nhin khng nn coi nh h thng in thoi. Trong khi phn ln nhng ngi s dng cc ti nguyn tnh ton trn mng lun phi i mt vi cc hng hc c th xy ra i vi mng ti bt c thi im no th nhng ngi s dng in thoi hon ton khng phi lo lng v iu ny. Vic d phng v khc phc li c xy dng cho tt c cc im chuyn mch ni ht v chuyn mch IXC to nn tin cy ca h thng mng trn ton th gii. Thc s l kh chu khi nhc my m khng c m mi quay s, nhng ngi s dng tr nn quen vi tnh tin cy hon ton m h thng in thoi a ra. chng t n khng phi l mt mt xch yu trong dy chuyn, h thng in thoi c quan trng ging nh cc chuyn mch trung tm thu nh vi cc b phn chuyn i nng, cc qut lm mt ph v ngun cung cp, h thng d phng ngun bo v cc dch v trong trng hp mt in km theo loi giy chng nhn khc nhau m bo cho tnh tin cy ca chng trong nhng vng thng xut hin cc s c v thin tai. Ngi s dng th mun tnh tin cy cao hn na, ng thi ngoi ra cc chc nng gn nh hon ho ny, h thng in thoi ca h phi h tr nhiu loi dch v khc nhau t dch v nghe nhc trong khi ang gi my cho ti hp th thoi cho call forwarding. Cui cng, nhng tnh nng ny phi cng d s dng cng tt v khng yu cu ngi s dng hc thm nhng cu lnh mi. R rng l, mong c ny thuyt phc cc nh qun l vn phng bin h thng in thoi ca h gn ging vi h thng my tnh nhm gim bt s lng cng vic cho h. Nhng thch thc i vi nhng ngi ang nghin cu pht trin cc sn phm VoIP s dng cc thit b mng LAN thay th cc tng i PBX v cc h thng in thoi vn phng khc l: Tip tc m bo tin cy cao ca h thng hin ti a ra cc c tnh ging nh vy hoc tt hn Lm cho ngi s dng khng thc c s thay i v cng ngh Gim ng k gi thnh Cui cng, nm bt nhng thun li ca vic trn hai mi trng d liu/thoi h tr cc ng dng quan trng m hin nay khng th thc hin c (hoc c th thc hin c nhng gi thnh kh t) i vi cc h thng hin ti
Cc mi trng in thoi c quan

C hai loi h thng in thoi m c dng ch yu trong c quan: h thng KEY (KS) v tng i nhnh ring (PBX). Chng thng c phn bit theo cc cch sau:
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
H thng KEY thng c trin khai trong cc vn phng nh c phn bit bi s hin din ca mt s cc ng dy vo phn bit mi ng dy xut hin trn mt my in thoi. Nhng ng dy ny c cung cp bi cc nh cung cp tng i ni ht (LEC) hoc cng ty in thoi trn mch vng ni ht ring, c nhm li thnh mt nhm v xem l mt s in thoi n. Nu mt c cuc gi n th n s chim ng dy ri u tin. V nu cuc gi n c tr li, ngi tr li s chuyn cuc gi ti ng dy lin quan. Ngi s dng thc hin cuc gi ra ngoi bng cch chn ng dy ri v quay s. Cc cuc gi bn trong vn phng c tin hnh theo h thng intercom tch hp vo h thng KEY hoc n v iu khin. H thng PBX bao gm cc n v iu khin m v bn cht l cc chuyn mch in thoi knh nh kt ni vi LEC theo mt hoc nhiu ng trung k T-1, E1, hoc ISDN PRI. Cc cuc gi vo c tr li mt cch t ng hoc thng qua m thoi vin ngi c trch nhim chuyn cc cuc gi ti my l thch hp. Mi my l ny nm cui i dy ring ca n. Cc cuc gi ra c thc hin bi cc thao tc sau: 1. Nhc my v nhn m quay s t chuyn mch PBX 2. Quay m truy cp ra ngoi (thng l 9) 3. Nhn m mi quay s to bi chuyn mch LEC 4. Quay s mong mun H thng PBX cho php giao tip trong vn phng bng cch quay trc tip s my l m khng cn quay m truy nhp ra ngoi. Ngoi kh nng kt ni trc tip ti my in thoi b gi (nh l s dng cc c tnh intercom ca mt h thng key), cuc gi c th c chuyn mch bi chuyn mch PBX ti my l b gi ging nh l hai my in thoi trong tng i PSTN. Mi quan h gia chuyn mch v my in thoi c gi l tng i c quan (Private Branch Exchange - PBX). C rt nhiu cuc tranh lun cho nh ngha ny cng nh cc cuc tranh lun gia cc nh cung cp sn xut ra cc h thng in thoi kinh doanh nhm mc ch phn loi ng cc sn phm c th. C nhiu h thng key mi hn c kh nng hot ng nh h thng PBX trong qu trnh kt ni vi PSTN, v v cc c tnh v tnh nng ca mi loi c xu hng xch li gn nhau hn nn cc h thng key c kh nng h tr nhiu chc nng hn thng c gi l h thng lai (hybrid systems). y l h thng tch hp cc c tnh tt nht ca tng loi. Trong phn cn li ca chng ny, cc h thng in thoi vn phng truyn thng c gi l PBX, s phn bit gia chng vi h thng key s ch c a ra khi cn thit. Mt h thng PBX in hnh tng t nh trong Hnh 9-1.
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
PBX switch
Tng i Trung tm PSTN Bu in
Hnh 9-1. Mng PBX in hnh
Ngoi tr tnh chnh xc ca h thng, tt c cc h thng in thoi vn phng c gng t ti cung cp cc c tnh ngoi cc kt ni PSTN chun. Mt s cc c tnh nh vy bao gm: Gi hi ngh (Call Conference). Kt ni mt hoc nhiu my in thoi ni ht ti mt hoc nhiu ng dy ra cho php cc cuc gi nhiu ngi. Hng cuc gi (Call Forwarding). nh hng li cc cuc gi vo ti mt my l ti mt my khc hoc ti mt my nm u trong PSTN. Ngi s dng c th s dng chc nng ny hng cc cuc gi ti my in thoi di ng khi i ra ngoi vn phng do vy cc cuc gi theo h ti mi ni. Nht cuc gi (Call pickup). Nhn cuc gi my in thoi ang chung t mt my l khc. Nghe nhc trong lc i (Music on hold). Ngi gi ti c th nghe nhc trong khi h ang i mt my l tr li. Nhn dng ch gi (Caller ID). Nhn dng ngi gi vo vi s ch gi hoc tn ngi gi trn mn hnh tinh th lng gn trn my. Night bell. Mt dng ca call pickup trn tt c cc my in thoi cho php tt c cc cuc gi ti s chnh s c tr li bt k ch no trong vn phng. Cng nn gii thiu v hai c tnh khc m khng phi lun lun c tch hp vo tng i PBX l: Th thoi (Voice mail). Di dng n gin nht l dch v tr li ring cho mi mt my ph. c tnh ny c pht trin thnh nhiu dng khc nhau bao gm nhiu loi dch v khc nhau nh l chuyn cc bn tin hay gi li li nhn. B phn tr gip t ng. Mt phng php da trn my tnh xc nh my ph mong mun v hng chuyn mch PBX hon tt cuc gi. Thng thng n lin quan ti vic hng dn cho ch gi cc bc tip theo (rt ging vi cch mt ngi vn hnh bng chuyn mch thc hin) i loi nh quay s 1 gp b phn bn hng, quay s 2 gp b phn dch v,... H thng ny c th c
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
rt nhiu loi t h thng n gin n h thng phc tp hn, cho n cc h thng y c tnh cung cp thc s kh nng phn b cuc gi t ng (ACD). Tt c cc c tnh ny phi c thit lp cu hnh v qun l thch hp vi chnh sch ca cng ty ng thi m bo c thun tin v bo mt. V d, mt khu l cn thit hn ch truy cp hp th thoi v i lc dng hn ch gi ng di. Do thit b PBX phi c mt bn iu khin (management console) m cho php t cu hnh mt cch thun tin nht. c tnh d dng s dng cng l iu quan trng c bit i vi cc cng ty nh, bi v c nhiu h thng rt phc tp nhng c th c thit k sao cho ngi s dng tng chng nh l hon ton n gin. Cc cng ty c nhu cu s dng mt h thng h tr cc dch v tng t nh PBX nhng h khng c chuyn mn v nhn vin iu hnh hoc mong mun trin khai h thng ring ca h c th mua Centex, mt dch v PBX o hot ng ging nh PBX s dng ng dy chun hoc ng ISDN. Centex h tr cc cuc gi min ph trong vn phng v cc c tnh tin li c bn nh l chuyn hng cuc gi v gi cuc gi. Ngoi ra c th b sung cc c tnh khc vo dch v Centex, bao gm cc c tnh nh hp th thoi v tr li t ng. iu lm cho dch v Centex cnh tranh thc s vi cc h thng c y tnh nng nh h thng Key hay cc tng i PBX.
Cc thnh phn ca h thng in thoi LAN

cung cp dch v in thoi tng t hoc tt hn cc h thng c nu trn, cc tnh nng m mt h thng PBX cung cp phi c gn vi cc thnh phn tng ng trn mng LAN, mi thnh phn ng vai tr ring ca n trong h thng in thoi. Mt h thng in thoi LAN c bn c a ra trong Hnh 9-2.
in thoi Ethernet
Gateway truy nhp PSTN
PSTN
Ethernet LAN
in thoi Analog Gateway bin i
B nh tuyn IP
WAN hoc Internet
in thoi trn my tnh
Gate keeper
Hnh 9-2. H thng in thoi LAN c bn
Phn tip theo s cp ti tng thnh phn v chc nng ca n trong h thng in thoi LAN.
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
Mng cc b (LAN)
Nh cp phn u ca chng, c rt nhiu n lc pht trin cng ngh LAN c kh nng h tr lu lng thoi v lu lng a phng tin, nhng vn cha ai thnh cng trong vic ginh th trng chng t vai tr quan trng ca vic trin khai in thoi mng LAN trn din rng. Thc t ny khng ch l do cc vn gi c v tip th m cn v s qu ph bin ca tiu chun Ethernet v mng LAN. Vi vic chim n hn 90% th trng LAN, Ethernet tr thnh mt mng tn ti trong hu ht tt c cc mi trng vn phng. Ngoi ra, cng ngh Token Ring ca IBM cng kh ph bin, c bit nhng vn phng ln. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng lm cc nh cung cp in thoi LAN phi lo lng nhiu v h thng ca h ch nhm vo nhng mi trng vn phng va v nh. S pht trin ca Ethernet c tin hnh tng t nh giao thc Internet (IP): t s khi u khim tn nh l cc th nghim nghin cu v pht trin, c hai i theo mt con ng chm ri v chc chn, ng thi trin khai din rng, cho d bn cht phi kt ni ca chng. Thc t c hai cng ngh ch h tr phng thc chuyn ti d liu theo kiu n lc ti a v ch thch hp cho cc ng dng thoi di mt gc nht nh. Trong bt c trng hp no, vic nhn thc rng mng Ethernet l km tin cy hn mng PBX l mt sai lm. Phn ln vic pht trin Ethernet tri qua hai thp k gn y u nhm ti vic tng tin cy ca n. S b sung cho lp vt l ca ch tiu k thut Ethernet a n kt qu l trong Ethernet nu c mt vn xy ra vi mt my tnh hoc mt phn no th cng khng nh hng ti ton b mng y tng l tai ha i vi mng c cu hnh bus vt l thi k u. Tng t nh vy, cht lng ca i dy xon c s dng cho kt ni cc thit b Ethernet c ci tin ng k v kh nng h tr cp quang m bo lu lng ca Ethernet c th chuyn ti trn mt ng dn thng sut ti ch, do lm cho mng ngy cng hon ho hn. Mc d nhng ngi s dng, c bit trong cc vn phng nh khng c nhn vin qun l mng thng xuyn, rt hay phn nn v tnh trng ngng hot ng ca mng nhng iu ny rt t khi ng v bn thn c s h tng ca mng ang hot ng sai chc nng ca n. Mt vn tng t thng xy ra l xut hin s c vi my tnh ring ca ngi s dng hoc vi ti nguyn m h ang tm cch truy cp. Cc s c vi bn thn mng ni chung l do tc nghn y l kt qu ca qu nhiu khung Ethernet ganh ua nhau trn cng mt phn mng ging nhau hoc thit b ging nhau vo cng mt thi im. Hu qu ca vic tc nghn ny l mt nhiu thi gian truyn cc tp i v cc thit b phi c gng truyn li hoc ch cho vic tc nghn gim i. iu ny gy kh chu cho ngi s dng v mt s ng dng rt kh hoc khng th hot ng c, nhng mng vn duy tr cc chc nng mc d tc chm cho ti khi s tc nghn c gii quyt. i vi lu lng thoi, khi xut hin tc nghn nh th, nu nh n khng ngn vic kt ni cuc gi ngay t u th s ri vo tnh trng b treo tng t.
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
Do , hu ht nhng vn ca lp vt l nh hng trc tip ti mng cho n thi im hin ti u c xem xt. Gn y, s pht trin Ethernet c tp trung ch yu vo cc phng php lm gim tc nghn. C ba phng php thc hin nh vy, v c ba u c nhng tin b ng k trong nhng nm gn y: Phn on (Segmentation). Ethernet c pht trin ngay t u theo m hnh cho php cc thit b dng chung mt cp n. V cc thit b phi truyn vi mt tc nh sn, bn thn dung lng ca cp phi c phn chia cho cc thit b theo mt k hoch iu khin thng nht truy nhp c th no . Ethernet s dng phng php truyn ti a truy nhp vi phng php pht hin ng (CSMA/CD) ca iu khin truy nhp, trong cc thit b chim mt cch t nhin rng bng sn c theo xc sut, m bo rng, ngoi thi gian ang truy nhp, mi thit b nhn c xc sut ngang nhau. Tnh trng ca vic ny hin ang cn tn ti trong phn ln cc h thng Ethernet hin i trong cc thit b vn c xu hng chim rng bng kh dng. Trong mt h thng nh vy, dung lng bng thng kh dng i vi mi thit b c th c tnh ton mt cch n gin bng cch chia tc ca phn on mng (network segment) s dng chung vi s lng cc thit b s dng n. V d, mt phn on c tc 10-Mbps c dng bi 10 thit b th kt qu l mi thit b s nhn t hn 1Mbps. S d t hn 1 Mbps l do vic cnh tranh v phn mo u ca khung trong bn thn h thng Ethernet. Mt trong nhng thng thng tng dung lng bng thng kh dng l gim s thit b trn mi phn on mng, do s lm gim cc min tranh chp gia cc thit b. Mt phng php hin i t c iu ny l s dng b chuyn mch LAN: l im kt ni trung tm cho cc phn on Ethernet c s dng chia mng LAN thnh cc phn on vi mc ch gim thiu s tranh chp ng thi vn cho lu lng chuyn ti gia cc phn on khi cn thit. im c bn ca iu khin tranh chp l cung cp cho mi thit b mt phn on ring ca n kt ni vi chuyn mch, mt s la chn vi gi rt cao cho ti gn y nhng mt khi gi ca thit b gim th thm ch c th c trin khai cho cc mng nh hn. Trong mt mng nh th, thit b s nhn c tc ti a (wire speed) ca phng tin m n kt ni vo. N cng c kh nng truyn d liu vo bt c thi im no m khng cn tranh chp truy cp ti phng tin. Hnh 9-3 so snh hai kiu trin khai cc b chuyn mch trong mt mng Ethernet dng chung truyn thng. S pht trin gn y nht ca chuyn mch LAN l kh nng kt ni LAN o, trong cc thit b ring c gn nh l thnh vin ca mt nhm v nhm ny c kt ni vi cc nhm khc v lu lng ca n khng b trn ln vi cc lu lng khc khi n truyn qua cc mng ng trc, chuyn mch xa hay v cc Hub dng chung. Nhiu nhm ny, hay cn gi l vLAN c th cng tn ti trn cng mt c s h tng mng. Vn v in thoi LAN cng c quan tm, trong gii hn phn cch
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
gia lu lng thoi v d liu c th qun l bng cch t thit b in thoi trn vLAN khc t thit b d liu. Cu hnh nh vy c m t Hnh 9-4.
Ethernet HUB Ethernet HUB Ethernet HUB Ethernet SWITCH Ethernet SWITCH Ethernet SWITCH
(a)
(b)
(c)
Hnh 9-3. Cc kiu trin khai thit b chuyn mch LAN: (a) topology phn chia, (b) topology chuyn mch cc b, (c) topology chuyn mch ton phn
in thoi Ethernet Ethernet SWITCH
Ethernet SWITCH
Telephone Gate keeper Gateway truy nhp PSTN Kho d liu
Hnh 9-4. Cc mng LAN o h tr VoIP
Trong khi m t cch gii quyt vn tc nghn, th s phn on cng khng phi l cch n gin nht tng dung lng d liu ca mngg LAN. Tng tc . Nu rng bng thng kh dng c th c c tnh bng cch chia ton b rng bng cho s cc thit b tranh chp chng, th mt cch khc n gin hn tng phn ca mi thit b l cung cp nhiu bng thng hn cho ln u tin. Trong khi Ethernet thi k u tin chy vi tc 3Mbps, cng ngh tng tc nm ton b th trng di dng cung cp vic chuyn ti d liu vi tc 10Mbps mt tc d liu nhanh mt cch ng ngc nhin trong cc mng nh nhng cng tr nn bo ho nhanh chng khi cc mng pht trin ti hng chc hoc hng trm thit b. Cc nh cung cp lin lc a m rng c tnh k thut 10Base-T IEEE (Ethernet i dy xon, vi cc thit b ni ti Hub trung
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
tm) bao gm cc tc d liu 100Mbps, mt n lc m IEEE ph chun nh 802.3u. Ngoi vic thm vo cc tc d liu cao hn, tiu chun ny cng b sung cc ch tiu k thut v vic tho thun tc trao i d liu t ng trong cc mng h tr c hai hai loi tc : 10 v 100Mbps. 100Base-T yu cu thay i mt s hn ch v cu trc vt l tuy nhin dng nh n vn l Ethernet c nhng nhanh hn v do phi hp hot ng hon ho vi 10Mbps. Vo nhng nm cui thp k 1990, mt b phn cc nh cung cp khc b sung vo tiu chun k thut 802.3 tc truyn d liu m thc s vi nm trc khng ai c th tin c l: 1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet gi li cu trc khung v cc b phn c bn ca mng tc thp hn trong khi lm thay i nhng min m ngi bnh thng khng nhn ra c: kch thc khung r rng, di mng ti a, phng php m ha, v tc ng h truyn dn. S trin khai u tin ca Gigabit Ethernet ch chy trn cp quang, nhng mt tiu chun cho vic s dng cp xon i c IEEE a ra vo gia nm 1999. Vo thi im , Gigabit Ethernet c u tin hng u khi trin khai cc lin kt chuyn mch v nhng vng c lu lng cao. Ngoi tc chuyn ti d liu ca bn thn ng truyn, xut hin s i mi khc ha hn c bit cho vic cung cp cc dch v thi gian thc chng hn nh thoi thng qua Ethernet: l kh nng song cng (full duplex). Ngay t u, Ethernet hot ng nh mt cng ngh bn cng (half duplex), chu s rng buc ca ngun gc cp dng chung. o tng ca hot ng song cng ch c th c thc hin trn Ethernet truyn thng nu nh n c tc chuyn ti d liu cao, v o tng ny b ph v khi s tranh chp tng ln. Tuy nhin, v cc chuyn mch LAN xut hin to nn mt phn quan trng nht ca kin trc LAN v trong nhiu trng hp chng c s dng to ra cc phn on mng m ch cha hai thit b: hoc l hai chuyn mch hoc mt trm u cui nh l mt PC v mt chuyn mch. Mt phn on mng nh vy, vi u im thit b vt l ca n (hai i dy ni hoc hai cp quang, mi mt dy dnh ring cho truyn dn ca mi thit b) c th trnh c tranh chp, v mi thit b c th truyn m khng lin quan ti thit b khc trn phn on v mi thit b c i dy hoc cp ring ca n. Gi s rng c hai thit b u c kh nng t cu hnh cho hot ng song cng, th mt phn on mng c th chuyn ti nhiu gp i lng d liu trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. S phn nhnh ca n c li c bit cho cc ng dng thi gian thc nh thoi, bi v kt ni song cng chuyn mch gia hai thit b Ethernet c th cnh tranh vi mi trng chuyn mch knh v mi kha cnh. u tin ho (Prioritization). Mc d vy, ging nh Internet lu lng trong mng LAN Ethernet khng th c tng mi, thm ch ngay c trong mng c thit k tt nht. Trong khi cc nh qun l mng tip tc nng cp thit b mng h tr chuyn mch LAN, LAN o, v tc chuyn ti d liu cao, th xu hng ny vn b hn ch v l do tnh tng thch hoc gi thnh.
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
Nhng gii php u tin ho lu lng LAN (cho php mt s kiu lu lng c u tin cao hn mt s khc) tng t nh trong lnh vc IP gy c nhiu s ch v thng qua , vic tch hp truyn thng a phng tin/thoi/d liu c th tr thnh hin thc trong th gii mng LAN. Trong khi cc nh cung cp trang b phng php u tin ho trn c s mc thit b cho thit b chuyn mch theo cch ring ca h trong nhiu nm nay th iu khon v vn nhiu nh cung cp, phng php a mng phn quyn u tin da trn c s gi ch mi c a vo gn y di dng tiu chun k thut IEEE 802.1p/Q. Mc d trn danh ngha n rt hu ch i vi hu ht cng ngh LAN tuy nhin mc tiu ln nht ca 802.1p/Q l cung cp cc dch v a phng tin qua Ethernet. Vic s dng 802.1p/Q c a ra trong hnh 9-5.
12 Thng tin a ch Ethernet 4 nhn 802.1p/Q 2 Loi hoc di 46 - 1500 D liu 4 Kim tra
Nhn dng 802.1p/Q 16 bit
u tin 3 bit
CFI 1 bit
Nhn dng VLAN 12 bit
Hnh 9-5. VoIP trong Ethernet theo tiu chun 802.1p/Q
802.1p/Q nh ngha mt mo u 32 bit c chn vo mo u ca Ethernet, cho php xc nh cc mc u tin, thnh vin vLAN, iu khin truyn thng qung b v multicast. Phn p ca c tnh k thut (lin quan ti u tin) nh ngha mt trng 3 bit m c th thit lp bi cc chuyn mch hoc cc trm u cui, bao gm cc in thoi hoc cc u cui a phng tin, cho php ti 8 mc u tin. S xut hin ca trng ny vi gi tr u tin cao nht l mt tn hiu cho cc chuyn mch, b nh tuyn (router) x l cc gi vi cht lng dch v c qui nh sn (QoS). V nhn cha thng tin u tin ca khung c thc hin trn c s mi khung, n cung cp mt phng php m nh thm ch mt my tnh a phng tin m c kh nng ng thi gi c lu lng thoi v d liu c th ch ra mt cch linh ng cc khung no nn x l mt cch c bit v khung no c x l bnh thng sao cho t c hiu qu cao nht. Mc d h thng ny c nhiu ha hn nhng cho n nay n vn cha cung cp s chuyn i c th gia cc mc u tin trong khung v cc tham s cht lng dch v QoS c yu cu bi cc ng dng c bit nh VoIP. Ni chung gi tr trong trng u tin mang ngha cng cao cng tt. Bi vy, trong khi hu ht cc nh sn xut ch to chuyn mch h tr c tnh u tin 802.1p/Q, h thc hin theo cch ring ca mnh, nh hng gn nh mu thun ti quyn u tin qua mng bao gm nhiu nh cung cp thit b khc nhau. Hn na, cha c cc ch tiu k thut c th cho s chuyn i gia mc u tin 802.1p/Q ti cc cc tham s QoS (v d: tr thp, vo cao,...) m c a ra i vi mng IP trong mi
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
trng mng gm nhiu nh cung cp. iu c ngha l cc mc u tin ny - bt k mc ch cui cng ca chng - tr nn gn nh v ngha i vi cc gi d liu khi ri khi mng LAN i vo Internet hay cc mng IP din rng khc. Mt mng Ethernet thch hp vi thoi (voice) m bao gm cc thit b chuyn mch, vLAN, cc knh tc cao, v s u tin cng thc hin cung cp tim nng thp, mi trng bng thng cao cho VoIP hon ton c kh nng tr thnh hin thc. Dch v VoIP c th d dng trin khai trong nhng mng nh vy ni chung ch cn c cc my tnh PC h tr m thanh v phn mm VoIP trn my trm l c th thc hin c. Thch thc i vi nhng ngi qun l mng trong vic thay th h thng PBX bng in thoi LAN lin quan n vn la chn cng ngh trong qu trnh thit k v qun l LAN ng thi phi la chn c nhng c tnh phc v tt nht cho cng vic ca h.
My in thoi LAN
Ngi ta c th cho rng thnh phn th hai ng gp vo s thnh cng ca h thng in thoi LAN l chnh bn thn my in thoi. Nhng sn phm ny c mt s dng, t ci t hp nhn n gin c gn bn cnh my tnh bn PC n nhng thit b c lp hon chnh (Phn tip theo chng ta ch bn v cc thay th PBX gn nh trong sut cn vic s dng PC nh "my in thoi" s cp phn sau ca chng ny). Mc d in thoi Ethernet c th khng khc nhiu lm so vi in thoi PBX chun hnh dng bn ngoi nhng phng php tip cn cung cp dch v thoi l khc nhau ng k. Th nht, ngun in cn thit cho my in thoi PBX chun hot ng thng ly t h thng chuyn mch PBX v y cng chnh l ngun cho ton b mng in thoi. Nu nh chuyn mch c ngun d phng, v d nh c qui, th chc chn rng ton b h thng in thoi s hot ng lin tc trong trng hp mt in hoc thm ch nghim trng hn. Kh nng hot ng lin tc l tiu chun ca mng PSTN v y l c tnh m ngi s dng lun lun i hi v nh gi cao. Tt nhin l Ethernet khng cung cp bt k ngun in n nh no do in thoi Ethernet phi nhn ngun t mt ngun khc. La chn n gin nht l s dng b nn dng (ac/dc) ni ti in xoay chiu gn vi my in thoi, b nn dng ny c u gic ra mt chiu (loi 48V) ni ti my in thoi. Tr phi ngun cung cp hay u ra ca n c bo v chng li s mt ngun nu khng th ngun in s khng c m bo. La chn th hai m ang c nhiu nh cung cp in thoi mng LAN h tr c gi l ngun i th t. H thng ny s dng mt hay nhiu loi ngun c cung cp phn phi 48V qua i dy th t ca chng loi cp Ethernet (mt s ngu nhin may mn l dy cp Ethernet trong nh l loi cp c sn 4 i trong khi trn thc t ch c 2 i c s dng cho tn hiu Ethernet). Nh trong Hnh 9-6, phi ni rng vic s
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
dng mi c lin quan n cc i dy trc y khng s dng c kim tra vi tt c cc chng loi mu m thit b mng, v mt vi HUB v thit b kt ni khc chc chn khng c 48V xut hin trn giao din - mt cch chi tit th cc HUB ny t ng chuyn i hot ng gia hai v bn i (TX -T4). Thm vo phng php cung cp ngun ny s nh hng ti nhng c tnh tng tc ca thnh phn cn li.
Ethernet HUB hoc SWITCH
Khi ngun
in thoi Ethernet
Mt i cho D liu truyn i Mt i cho D liu nhn v Mt i Khng s dng
Mt i cho Ngun 48VDC
Hnh 9-6. Ngun Ethernet s dng i dy th t
C sn ngun cung cp, thoi Ethernet hon ton tr thnh mt nt mng v cn cc a ch: 6 octet cho a ch MAC s dng Ethernet, cng nh 4 octet cho a ch IP. Card mng LAN c m ho vi mt a ch duy nht t nh my, nhng a ch IP phi c gn bi nh qun tr mng ph hp vi t chc ca mng. Qun l a ch IP truyn thng lm au u cc nh qun l mng LAN, nh s ca cc thit b mng tng v sc p cung cp mt h thng a ch m qun l tt c bng mt cch c t chc C th thay th vic t cu hnh a ch IP bng tay cho tng nt mng LAN bng cch s dng giao thc cu hnh a ch IP ng (DHCP), trong s dng my ch trung tm hay nhm my ch cung cp a ch v thng tin IP khc n cc my trm da theo mt c ch nht nh. Tiu chun DHCP c h tr tht s bi nhng nh sn xut in thoi Ethernet, nn s cung cp a ch cho mt my in thoi mi n gin nh vic cm n vo v a ch s c cung cp bi mt my ch DHCP. Hu ht in thoi Ethernet c kh nng t cu hnh a ch IP bng tay, tuy nhin nu lm nh vy th khi di chuyn my in thoi t mng ny n mng khc bt buc phi t cu hnh li cho n. V th, iu kin tin quyt trin khai cc dch v thoi Ethernet l mng phi h tr dch v DHCP thng qua vic s dng mt my ch DHCP cung cp a ch. Sau khi c cu hnh a ch IP, my in thoi Ethernet VoIP c y chc nng tng t nh mt thnh phn ca mng LAN v theo l thuyt c th gi cc gi IP ti bt k my in thoi tng thch no hay gateway v h tr mt s cch thc chuyn i t s in thoi sang a ch IP thch hp. Kh nng ny c cung cp bi b qun l cuc gi s c cp phn di y.
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
Dng gi VoIP ra cng nh dng gi vo u cha d liu thoi c m ho theo mt trong s cc phng php m ho VoIP, hoc theo dng c bit hoc theo dng tiu chun. Mt vi in thoi c kh nng a m ho theo nhiu c ch khc nhau; v d cc cuc gi truyn ti theo LAN v knh WAN bng thng cao c th m ho theo c ch PCM G.711 64kb/s, nhng ngc li nhng cuc gi phi truyn ti qua Internet hay mng khc phi ch ti bng thng c th s dng m ho 6kb/s G.723. Chi tit hn v kh nng a m ho ny c m t trong tiu chun k thut H.323. Nu in thoi v mng h tr kh nng , nhng gi d liu thoi ra nn c gn nhn u tin mng c th bit cch x l thch hp. Cch thc gn nhn c th da theo ch tiu k thut Q.802.1 hoc mt trong nhng phng php IP QoS, hoc c hai. Mc d cc nh ch to in thoi LAN u ng rng c mi lin h gia mc u tin v QoS trong mi trng mng LAN, tuy nhin vic trin khai cc in thoi LAN h tr nhng ch tiu k thut mi ny vn cn rt him. Mc d cch thc cc in thoi hot ng theo tiu chun c kh nng xc nh v nhn cuc gi cng nh vic tip nhn v gii m tn hiu m thanh hon ton l do kin ch quan ca cc nh sn xut tuy nhin in thoi Ethernet rt ging vi in thoi PBX tiu chun v n cung cp tt c cc loi chc nng "thun tin" khc nh: chc nng speakerphone (m thoi bng loa v micro), c cc phm c kh nng lp trnh, cc kiu chung c bit, n bo trng thi ng dy v i bn tin, mn hnh hin th tinh th lng LCD. Ngoi ra mt chc nng quan trng khc ca in thoi Ethernet l kh nng cung cp l chuyn mch Ethernet hai cng c tch hp trong cng mt my in thoi. S kt ni vt l n gin ny cho php in thoi v my tnh vn phng c th s dng chung mt si cp Ethernet m hu ht cc my tnh PC vn phng u c sn, do khng cn thit phi thm cp cho in thoi. S tr gi ca vic ci t ny l khi hu b kt ni my in thoi hay chuyn dch n ti cm khc ng ngha vi vic phi gin on hot ng ca my tnh. Ngoi vic thit k cc my in thoi Ethernet VoIP, mt s nh sn xut cng a ra cc b chuyn i cho php s dng mt hoc nhiu ng in thoi chun trn mng LAN Ethernet bng cch cung cp giao din chun cho tt c cc loi my in thoi v mng di dng mt thit b nh h tr ng thi kh nng kt ni t my in thoi truyn thng ti mng thoi hoc t my in thoi LAN n mng Ethernet. Mc d nhng thit b nh vy c kh nng lm gim gi thnh kt ni tuy nhin v bn cht chng l nhng gateway thu nh v do lm tng phc tp v cu hnh v bo mt mng. Cui cng, cng c cc phn mm m phng "my in thoi o" do cc nh cung cp in thoi LAN a ra. Cc phn mm ny c th c s dng trin khai cc b gatekeeper v mt s b phn khc ca h thng m khng cn phi mua thm phn cng in thoi Ethernet. Nhng phn
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
mm ny c th chy trn hu ht cc my tnh PC no c Ethernet, ng thi h tr chc nng m thanh cng nh tt c cc chc nng ca my in thoi thng thng c th hin thng qua "bn phm o" xut hin trn mn hnh ca ngi s dng. Trong khi hu ht ngi s dng u quen thuc vi dng t hp thoi truyn thng nhng cc t hp gn vi PC theo kiu BUS ni tip tng hp (USB) hoc cng ni tip tiu chun (COM) cng hot ng gn ging vi in thoi thng thng. S bt li ca vic mt my in thoi (thit b chc chn v n nh) ph thuc vo mt my tnh PC (thit b c n nh rt km) dn n nhu cu cn phi bit thm mt cch thc s dng in thoi mi v y l mt vn hon ton n gin i vi nhng ngi chu kh hc hi nhng i vi mt s ngi khc th li tr nn rt phc tp. Nhng kh khn ny cng c nhn ln gp bi do hn ch v kh nng s dng chung khe Ethernet ca dch v thoi v d liu ng thi cng b nh hng bi vic s dng ln ln cc my in thoi cng v o (phn mm). Nhng l do ny ni ln rng in thoi o nn c xem nh cn phi b sung ch khng phi l thay th ca nhng my in thoi truyn thng trong tt c ngoi cc trung tm cuc gi v th trng in thoi truyn thng.
Gatekeeper hay b qun l cuc gi (call manager)

H.323, giao thc khi to phin (SIP) v mt s gii php khc nh ngha cc thit b a phng tin l nhng thit b c kh nng hot ng theo tng cp hoc theo nhm thc hin kt ni v hon thnh cc cuc gi VoIP. i vi in thoi LAN, v nhng i hi v mt gi thnh v giao din phi n gin ng thi c kh nng hot ng theo kiu in thoi thng tiu chun nn ni chung chng khng c kh nng ny ngoi tr mt t l phn trm rt nh. Ch khi ngi s dng (hay ngi qun l mng) lp trnh cho mt nt bm no l a ch IP ca my in thoi hay gateway khc th khi ngi s dng mi xc nh c thit b m anh ta mun quay s ti. Vic quay s ng n gin (v d nh kh nng quay s ti bt k s my no v cho n t kt ni) cng nh bt k chc nng no cn s phi hp hot ng vi cc thit b khc (chng hn cc cuc gi hi ngh) u i hi phi s dng cc dch v ca mt thit b x l cuc gi. Thit b ny c gi bng nhiu tn khc nhau. H.323 bao hm mt s yu cu di dng nh ngha gatekeeper; nhng nh cung cp thit b s dng thut ng "b qun l cuc gi" (call manager) v "trung tm thng tin" (communication center). Trch nhim ch yu ca mt gatekeeper PBX l thit lp cuc gi v bc th nht trong qu trnh ny l phn tch a ch. Khi ngi s dng nhc my in thoi Ethernet v quay s (hoc khi bn tin thit lp cuc gi c nhn qua mng), thng tin s b gi c chuyn ti gatekeeper. Qua vic so snh s b gi v mt c s d liu ch danh b (c th nm trong danh b hoc l c cung cp thng qua dch v danh b nh LDAP), thit b gatekeeper c th xc nh cch thc tt nht kt ni cuc gi. Nu nh thu bao c gi l ni ht th gatekeeper s tr v mt a ch IP no trn cng mng LAN, ngc li nu thu bao l mt s my thnh
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
ph khc th thng tin tr v s l a ch ca gateway nm thnh ph m in thoi LAN ca ch gi c th kt ni ti thng qua mng WAN ring hoc mng IP hoc Internet. i vi nhng s my m khng tm thy gateway hoc in thoi no tng ng th gatekeeper s c th khng tr v bt c a ch no c v do phi s dng mng PSTN nh tuyn cuc gi. Cc cuc gi c nh tuyn bi PSTN s cn s h tr ca cc dch v gateway truy nhp PSTN - y l mt loi thit b ngc vi gateway VoIP m chng ta s cp di y. Sau gatekeeper s bt u khi to cuc gi bng cch s dng giao thc H.225, SIP hoc bo hiu khc lin lc vi s b gi. Sau khi thnh cng, thit b gatekeeper "b mc" cuc gi c kt ni cho hai thit b in thoi hay cp in thoi-gateway. Nu cuc gi khng ni thng c, v b gi bn hay khng c kh nng thc hin kt ni, gatekeeper s thng bo ti ch gi tn hiu bo bn hoc chuyn cuc gi ti bn khai thc t ng hoc h thng th thoi. c xem nh l "b no" ca LAN PBX, thit b LAN gatekeeper c trch nhim cung cp tt c cc dch v tng t nh thit b chuyn mch PBX truyn thng cung cp. Gatekeeper c th h tr hu ht cc dch v c bn nh: gi cuc gi, chuyn cuc gi, chuyn tip cuc gi, v ch cuc gi v ton b s iu khin v thit lp cuc gi u do n thc hin. C khong 500 chc nng khc nhau m cc h thng PBX truyn thng c kh nng cung cp v ni chung khng bao gi s dng ht nhng chc nng ny. Mt s trong c th tr nn rt quan trng i vi mt vi th trng hay cc nhn vin vn phng no . Cc nh nh qun l khi thay th cc h thng PBX ca h cn phi cn nhc nhng chc nng ny. Cc chc nng chung ca PBX l cn thit nhng c phn t gy hng th cho nhng ngi ang tm li gii p cho vn v vic kinh doanh da trn h thng in thoi ca h. Mc d vy, iu th v l ch c th pht trin c mt lot ng dng tch hp thoi-my tnh (CTI application) trong mng thoi LAN. S xut hin ca nhng ng dng nh dch v trao i thng tin thng nht (unified messaging) v dch v hi ngh d liu/thoi l nhng vn rt c quan tm trong lnh vc thoi tuy nhin cho n ngy nay vn ch l mt s lp ghp ng tht vng ca cc sn phm phc tp v rt kh c th p dng ng thi gi thnh pht trin li tng i t. Bng cch thc y nhanh qu trnh hi t thoi/d liu trn mng LAN, LAN PBX c th l c s h tng pht trin cc ng dng CTI. Nhng c tnh ny s c m t chi tit phn sau.
Cc thit b truy nhp PSTN

Chng ta c th nhn thy trc trong tng lai vo mt ngy no tt c lu lng thoi s c c mang trong nhng gi IP, v khi h thng in thoi LAN phi cung cp kh nng kt ni vi PSTN khi yu cu kt ni ca cc cuc gi khng th nh tuyn qua mng IP. Thit b thc hin kh nng ny c gi l gateway truy nhp PSTN (cng c gi l chuyn mch truy nhp), v trong mi trng hp n l mt gateway thc
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s mc d trong qu kh thut ng ny mang ngha gim gi thnh chuyn ti.

Ethernet LAN
Gateway truy nhp PSTN
PSTN
Ethernet Phone
PBX Switch Internet, WAN

Analog Phone
Gateway VoIP
Hnh 9-7. Nhng gateway c hai hng
Hnh 9-7 ch ra mi lin h i nghch gia cc mng LAN, WAN trong khi s dng gateway truy nhp PSTN hoc khng truy nhp PSTN. Trong h thng in thoi LAN, gateway truy nhp PSTN l thit b m gatekeeper s nh hng cc cuc gi ra khi: Khng tm c gateway xa (gn pha b gi hn l pha ch gi) tng ng vi s b gi. Gateway ch khng c kh nng tip nhn cuc gi IP n v bt k l do no, nh: tt c cc cng u bn, hay v gateway ang tt bo dng. Khng tm c mt tuyn IP ti im ch v li hng hc kt ni mng, li giao thc nh tuyn, hoc li ca nt mng chng hn nh b nh tuyn (router). Mt vi li ca loi ny, c bit l nhng li do gateway xa bn hay khng hot ng, c th c khc phc (mc d khng l tng lm) bng cch kt ni ti mt gateway gn thu bao b gi hn. Tuy nhin, c nhiu li khc na yu cu kh nng d phng (fallback) PSTN (kh nng lun thc hin c kt ni bt k trong trng hp no) nh h hng knh kt ni chnh ti WAN hay do tc nghn trn mng Internet. (Trn thc t, mi ngi iu nhn thc c s cn thit ca kh nng d phng ny v hu ht cc nh cung cp thit b in thoi LAN cho rng cn c rt nhiu vic phi lm trong lnh vc chuyn mch gi m bo c tin cy nh mng PSTN). Cng vi chc nng thit lp cc cuc gi truyn thng khi cn thit, gateway truy nhp PSTN cng cung cp kh nng cn thit kt ni cc cuc gi t PSTN ti PBX LAN. Thit b chuyn mch truy nhp phi ng thi thc hin hai chc nng l chuyn thng tin bo hiu ti gatekeeper khi nhn cuc gi t PSTN v sau khi kt ni th phi m ho v gii m chui m thanh thay cho ngi gi xa.
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
S dng gateway truy nhp PSTN c th gy ra mt s im bt hp l chng hn khi mt b nh tuyn (router) khng hot ng c th lm cho mt cuc gi ng l ra s c nh tuyn bnh thng thun tu qua mng IP nhng li c chuyn mch ti PSTN v do phi chu cc ph ng di v n i qua mng IXC, v cui cng n li c ng gi bi gateway truy nhp xa in thoi IP c th nhn c. Nhng ngi bi quan c th ni rng chi ph cho nhng cuc ng di ny r rng l nhng g m VoIP ha hn s trnh; tuy nhin ngi lc quan c th nh chnh rng t nht cuc gi c chuyn ti ch v chng t c sc mng ca h thng in thoi tch hp. Nhn chung cng vic ca gateway truy nhp PSTN l t th v nht trong ton b h thng in thoi LAN. Song song vi kh nng h tr kt ni cho mt s lng ln ngi s dng, nhng c tnh v tin cy m thoi LAN cung cp chng hn nh d phng PSTN cng l mt phn thit yu lm tng sc mnh ca n v do c kh nng p ng c nhng i hi kht khe ca th trng.
Li ch ca in thoi LAN
Nh chng ta cp, c rt nhiu ha hn cho cc nh qun l mng khi t b cng ngh PBX hin ti chuyn sang s dng thoi LAN. Ngoi vic tit kim, tim nng cho cc ng dng mi cng l s hp dn ln ca in thoi LAN. Thm vo , nh nhng thun li sn c ca cng ngh chuyn mch gi nh d trin khai, qun l v thay i cu hnh ngy cng lm cho cc nh qun l quan tm hn n thoi LAN t nht cng l ti thi im cc h thng in thoi PBX (hoc dch v Centrex) ht hiu lc. Di y l nhng l do thuyt phc thay i h thng thoi.
D thay i v b sung
Mi quan h gia mt gatekeeper hoc thit b qun l cuc gi v nhng in thoi Ethernet hoc cc u cui l n hot ng trn nn mng logic thay cho mng vt l. Nhng chuyn mch PBX truyn thng phi lin kt cng vt l vi tng thu bao mt, qun l cp v cu hnh vt l mt cch chnh xc, ng thi phi sp xp li v tr vt l ca in thoi khi cc nhn vin thay i v tr vn phng. V cc thnh vin trong mt PBX IP da trn c s thng tin logic - a ch IP ca my in thoi - c th c thay i t thit b qun l trung tm, vic t cu hnh vt l li ca chuyn mch l khng cn thit na. Thc vy, trong nhiu mng in thoi LAN, ngi s dng c th mang in thoi ca mnh n cm vo bt k cm Ethernet no trong vn phng v sau khi nhn dng c thit b u cui, (trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn) v nh vo a ch c thit lp my in thoi cho php cc nt mng khc c th nhn dng c n. Kt ni t nhin logic ca LAN cng cho php thm ngi s dng v cc cuc gi ti mng mt cch n gin hn nhiu, v khng c yu cu no i vi s ring ca mt cng vt l trn chuyn mch PBX. i vi chuyn mch PBX truyn thng, ch c mt cch duy nht tng dung
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
lng ca mt h thng chuyn mch l thm khi m rng cng (extra port module) nhng s rt lng ph nu nh ch cn thm mt hoc hai my in thoi truyn thng.Tuy nhin, i vi cc gatekeepers mc d s lng u cui t ti gii hn khuyn ngh nhng cng khng nh hng nhiu lm nu chng ta b sung thm mt my in thoi mi.
Kh nng ca thit b u cui a phng tin

Mc d chng ny c tp trung vo vic s dng in thoi Ethernet thay th h thng PBX hin ti m khng cn thay i cch s dng, in thoi Ethernet cung cp ch mt phn nh cc chc nng thng qua cc giao thc m in thoi LAN c th h tr. Ly H.323 lm v d: n va h tr tn hiu m thanh ng thi cng cung cp kh nng cho php nhiu dng lu lng a phng tin khc nhau gia hai hay nhiu thit b u cui. Hi ngh truyn hnh di gc ca ngi s dng LAN n thun ch l s tn ti ca dng lu lng thng tin khc gia hai khi. V vy H.323 cng h tr hi ngh T.120 qua mt hay nhiu dng d liu, cho php chia s ng cc tp d liu, tho lun trn bng v mt s ng dng tin tin khc. V do h tng c bn ca in thoi LAN c th cung cp nn tng cho vic pht trin ng dng mi nh o to t xa, truyn hnh qung b hoc truyn hnh cp, hay "hi ngh o". tn dng li th ca c s h tng ny, my in thoi phi c thay th bng cc thit b c kh nng s dng cc dng d liu v thng tin . Rt nhiu vn phng chun b sn sng nhng thit b nh vy di dng nhng my tnh PC v trang b cho chng cc thnh phn cn thit cho vic s dng nhng ng dng mi ny. C t nht hai t chc quan tm n vic ph bin thng tin a phng tin bn ( l Hi ng tip th PC a phng tin v T chc pht trin o to cng ngh thng tin) a ra nhng yu cu ti thiu cho thit b nh vy. Mc d cc yu cu ti thiu thay i tu thuc vo ng dng c th, nhng nhn chung nhng i hi nh sau: Mt b x l nhanh va phi, yu cu Pentium - hoc Power PC - tc chip t 133Mhz tr ln Ti thiu 8MB RAM cng t 540MB tc truy nhp 1,5MB/s CD-ROM tc 600kB/s Mt Card video c kh nng hin th MPEG1 Mt card m thanh (sound card) 16 bit cho m thanh cht lng cao Mt micro v loa hoc thit b chuyn dng cho in thoi LAN Hu ht nhng my tnh PC p ng c cc yu cu ny u c th s dng cc dch v a phng tin trong vng vi nm ti. Ngoi ra, chu k tn ti ngn ca my tnh PC (c nhiu thay th trong vi nm) ng ngha vi vic cc my tnh a phng tin s gia tng vi tc nhanh chng. Thc vy, gn nh khng tm thy my tnh PC no mi c bn trong
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
nm 1999 m khng vt qu xa cc tham s c trng trong nhng my tnh trc . Mt mc cn li t lin quan trong c s pht trin PC l mt camera video. Mc d khng cn thit cho tt c cc loi hi ngh video (mt ng video vi hai ng ting thch hp cho o to t xa v mt vi loi hi ngh khc) nhng mt camera cho php c ngi gi ln ngi nhn u nhn thy c tn hiu video. Ht cc nh sn xut my tnh PC hin ti khng c k hoch tch hp camera vo cu hnh chun m ch xem nh l mt b phn ngoi v bn vi gi khong 100 la M. C rt nhiu phn mm cho my tnh bn h tr kh nng kt ni mt s loi camera khc nhau. Thm vo nhng yu cu phn cng va lit k, mt my tnh PC hot ng nh mt thit b u cui a phng tin phi c kh nng chy phn mm cung cp cc chc nng ca thit b u cui v cc giao thc truyn thng c h thng in thoi LAN h tr. Mt s ln cc gi phn mm c kh nng h tr hi ngh a phng tin chun c bn nh H.323. Microsoft NetMeeting m hin nay c phn phi nh l mt phn ca h iu hnh Microsoft cho my bn l phn mm my trm a phng tin tng thch H.323 sn sng cho tt c cc my tnh mi hin nay. Ngoi phn mm ny cn c mt s phn mm a phng tin cho tt c cc h iu hnh, c phn phi min ph hay kiu share-ware.
Tch hp my tnh-in thoi

Trong nhiu nm qua, cc trung tm cuc gi v cc ng dng khc s dng mt s chc nng tch hp my tnh - my in thoi (CTI), nh b phn phi cuc gi t ng (ACD). Tuy nhin v vn kh khn v chi ph nn nhng chc nng ch p dng cho mt s khch hng tim nng. Vic chuyn ti thng tin iu khin cuc gi v d liu thoi s dng cng mt giao thc lm cho thoi IP c xem nh cng ngh thch hp thc y tc pht trin ca CTI. Li ca CTI chnh l kh nng ghi, nh, phn tch, x l ca my tnh v nhng hot ng khc v tn hiu in thoi, bao gm cc m DTMF, v tt nhin bao gm c d liu thoi s ho m c khi trung tm ca CTI (gi l khi bin i li m thanh VRU) thng dch. Trong khi thng tin bo hiu thoi thng thng c xem l qu trnh nm bt cc s DTMF th phn mm bin i m thanh tng tc (IVR) c th c s dng thu m thanh phn hi ca ngi gi v phn tch kt qu cho ph hp vi mu ca t c hay khng, hay nhng t t khng n chn... Cc dng phc tp hn ca x l m thanh ang c pht trin v m rng nhng hin ti nhng chc nng ny cn rt him. Sau khi c VRU bin dch, thng tin iu khin c th c chuyn ti my tnh v c s dng xc nhn mt khu hoc la chn chc nng menu chng hn nh nh tuyn thng minh cc cuc gi v ghi nh hay pht li cc bn tin. Mt ng dng ph bin ca CTI s dng menu
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
iu khin l phn phi t ng cc trang fax (nh l bn cc thng tin h tr k thut v vn hc); n c th nh dng s trong my tnh v c in ra mt cch n gin bng cch la chn trn menu my fax pha ch gi. Trong thoi IP, cc vn bn tng t ny c th c gn trong mt khun dng chun ca n ti bn tin th in t v truyn i trc tip qua IP. Cc u cui in thoi LAN h tr CTI trong qu trnh nhn thng tin s gi t gatekeeper c th s dng thng tin ny lm c s d liu tm kim thng tin ca ch gi trong mt c s d liu trn mng hoc thng qua phn mm qun l thng tin c nhn (PIM). Kh nng ny lun c tch hp trong mt s phn mm my tnh qun l thng tin (PIM). Trong thc t, xut hin nhiu giao din lp trnh ng dng (API) cho cc dch v thoi do ngi lp trnh c th da trn cc thng tin cuc gi n thc hin nhiu thao tc phc tp.
in thoi tng t
in thoi Ethernet
FAX
Ethernet LAN
Message Center
PSTN
WAN Internet
Hnh 9-8. Dch v trao i thng tin thng nht trong mng thoi LAN
Cui cng, sau vic ng dng CTI l tng v vic pht trin dch v trao i thng tin thng nht UM (h tr kh nng tm kim, gi e-mail v i khi truyn fax t c my in thoi ln my tnh) cho d trong vi nm qua gp nhng tr ngi v ti chnh v phc tp ca h thng. Trong mi trng UM, nhng ngi s dng c kh nng truy nhp tt c cc bn tin ca h t mng IP hay mng PSTN. Hu ht cc h thng UM lm vic da trn trung tm thng tin (message center) - l ni giao tip vi tt c cc mng v ng vai nh mt kho trung tm cho tt c cc bn tin vo. Trong cc mi trng truyn thng, y chnh l mt server kt hp cc thnh phn chuyn mch in thoi, cc b phn h thng th thoi, cc b phn h thng th in t (e-mail) v cc giao din khc cng hot ng trn mt mi trng h iu hnh thng nht. in thoi IP lm n gin ho vic thc hin tng xy dng UM bi v tt c cc bn tin t cc ngun khc nhau u s dng khun dng IP thng nht. Nh trong Hnh 9-8, cc bn tin e-mail vo c th c lu trong server mt cch chnh xc, ngc li cc bn tin th thoi m va mi nhn c t trung tm thng tin theo khun dng c s ho bi giao din Ethernet cng c th c lu trong cng hp th . Mt s phn mm gatekeeper in thoi LAN cng thc hin chc nng ny chng
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
nh dng cc bn tin m thanh di dng tp m thanh c ui .WAV v nh km theo bn tin e-mail do c th c lu trong h thng e-mail theo dng chun. khi phc nhng bn tin ny, ngi s dng c th ti e-mail ca h v v bm trn biu tng tp nh km v nghe bn tin cha trong . Ngi s dng cng c th gi in n trung tm thng tin v sau khi c kim tra quyn truy nhp v mt khu c kh nng nhn c hai loi bn tin: cc tp .WAV s pht tn hiu m thanh ging nh h thng th thoi v e-mail "c" theo cch tng hp ting ni. S tch hp cc bn tin fax hi phc tp hn v khi nh ca fax c qut gi km e-mail, th kch thc tp rt ln v cht lng cc bn fax rt ti thm ch khng th c c sau khi qut. Khi ngi nhn mun nhn bn fax th hoc l ngi khai thc c v dch bn fax ti ngi gi hoc phn mm nhn dng cc c im quang c th "c" bn fax (gi s rng n c khun dng vn bn) v chuyn thnh e-mail. Mc d s hot ng ca UM trong mi trng in thoi LAN d hn trong mi trng truyn thng, n vn l cng ngh mi cn phi c tip tc pht trin trc khi n a ra nh mt ng dng chun. mang li li nhun thc s h thng UM phi n gin, ng tin cy, v khng tn nhiu chi ph khi trin khai din rng.
Nhng thch thc v tng lai ca in thoi LAN

R rng l c nhiu li nhun mang li t vic trin khai trn din rng ca dch v in thoi qua LAN. Khi in thoi API tr nn ph bin hn v bt u thch nghi vi kiu in thoi LAN, nhiu ng dng c nhn chun nh: email, x l vn bn, v cc ng dng bng tnh s c kh nng s dng mng in thoi cho tr gip trc tuyn, bao gm gii p thng tin v th trng. Cc ng dng trong tng lai s tch hp nhiu chc nng vo dng hp th thng nht. Cc nh iu hnh c th c hp th thng nht cho php gi v nhn cc thng tin c nhn. Kh nng ny cng tr gip cho cc nh cung cp thit b h tr khch hng tt hn bng cch s dng nhiu dch v h tr t ng. cho in thoi LAN tr thnh i th thc s trong th trng PBX, mt s kin cho rng vic tch hp LAN/PSTN v thng tin thoi gi ni chung phi c khc phc. Nhng vn nh m bo cht lng QoS t Internet cho ti mng din rng WAN (hoc Internet) v quay v Ethernet cng phi c xem xt v a vo tiu chun. Kinh nghim v thit k v lp t h thng in thoi LAN phi c nghin cu thm v pht trin cc mi trng khc. ng thi phi cho php thoi LAN c th hot ng song song vi cc h thng khc lm gim chi ph cho cc c quan m s dng h thng thoi truyn thng. V c k hoch c th do cc nh cung cp v nh qun l IT ra chuyn i h thng. Cui cng, s tin cy phi t c nh h thng PBX truyn thng ngy nay. tng tin cy, mt s nh cung cp thit b gii thiu mt s
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Chng 9. in thoi LAN
chc nng bo v hng hc trong tng i ca h nh s dng rle vt l d phng cung cp kt ni th cp. Khi mt ngun in nhng tng i ny c kh nng ni thng cc cuc in thoi ra nhng ng dy bn ngoi. y ch l bc khi u trong qu trnh pht trin mt mng VoIP tin cy tuyt i. Thnh cng ca in thoi LAN ph thuc vo mc nhn thc ca th trng v n i hi nhng ngi qun l phi lm quen vi LAN, cc my tnh bn PC cng vi chuyn mch knh ca Tng i PBX. in thoi LAN ng vai tr nh l mt "thit b mi ti nh khch hng" ng thi cng l mt phn c bn ca thoi IP.
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Chng 10 Dch v Fax qua Internet
Chng 10. Dch v Fax qua Internet
Hu ht mi ngi u ngh rng my Fax c lin quan n nhng pht minh, n nguyn l truyn dn hnh nh v vn bn tn ti t th k 19. Nh tm l hc ngi Scot-len tn l Alexander Bain xut mt phng php s dng" dng dng in...trong in in v in tn" c cp bng sng ch ng dng nm 1843, ch 7 nm sau c nhiu sng ch v in tn in t c xut bi Samuel Morse. Trong pht minh ca Bain s dng 2 con lc kim loi c ng b t xa, mi mt con lc chuyn ng gia cc trc kim loi ng nht, qua trang giy c y i mt cch chm chp. Pha trang giy gi i c nh du bng mc dn in, qua cho php dng in truyn t trc kim loi ti con lc khi con lc vt qua cc t v cc hnh nh. Theo cch xung lc in c sn sinh ra trn con lc vt qua dy dn kt ni hai my vi nhau, v truyn vo con lc th hai, ni n nh du trang giy nhy cm vi nh sng v vt qua trc kim loi th hai ni kn mch in. u tin vic thng mi ho s dng phng php ny c cha trng tu vin ngi Italia tn l Giovanni Caselli pht trin, ngi h tr vua Napoleon III a ra dch v "in tn theo phng php qut" gia cc thnh ph nc Php nm 1865. Tht tr tru l, s truyn b cng ngh ng ch ny b chn li bi s thnh cng xy ra ng thi ca vic pht minh ra in tn, y l phng php c quan tm c bit v theo phng php ny th c th gi c cc trang vn bn gia hai ni cch xa nhau. Vi cc con s t nhin theo phng php truyn tin bng in tn, trong cc s la tinh v Arp c m ho theo m Morse, h tr vic hin th chnh xc bn tin gc khi gi qua mt on ng di v nhanh hn theo phng php in tn qut. V vy vic thng mi ho phng thc truyn ti ny thu c thnh cng, v phng php in tn Morse tr thnh dch v vin thng u tin c qung b rng ri. Trong khi th c v Trung quc th cng ngh Fax ang trong giai on th nghim trong phng th nghim ( y th bn cht hnh nh minh ho c to ln ph hp hn so vi phng php m ho Morse trong vic ti to li ch vit ca ngi Trung quc), v n khng tn ti c cho n nhng nm 1920 khi m cc sn phm Fax thng mi xut hin, trong khi gi thnh ca sn phm li t, v tt nhin n ch ph hp cc cng ty, nh bng c nhu cu s dng dch v ny. Cuc cc mng in t trong nhng nm 1960 to ra nhng cng ngh vi gi thnh h cho php cc cng ty nh v thm ch cc gia nh cng c th s dng c sn phm Fax. Cng ty in thoi ca Nht bn NTT l nh cung cp u tin gii thiu dch v cho php kt ni thit b Fax ti cc ng in thoi quay s thng thng. Nm 1970 t 50.000 my Fax trn ton cu, mt cuc cch mng thc s v Fax xut hin trong nhng nm cui th k 20, v n ngy nay th trn th gii c hng chc triu my Fax.
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Ti sao vn cn tn ti xu hng s dng my Fax

Vi s trn ngp ca th in t v Internet, cc cng ngh cho php truyn dn cc vn bn v hnh nh i mt khong cch rt xa (thng qua cc bn tin), dng nh bo hiu thi k thoi tro ca dch v Fax. Tuy vy doanh thu bn my Fax vn tip tc tng ln, thm ch khi m Internet pht trin v thng trc hng ngy trong cuc sng ca rt nhiu b phn dn chng. T quan im v giao tip d liu, th vic s dng my Fax gi hu ht cc loi giy t l hu nh khng cn kh dng na. V d, nu s dng cng ngh Fax hin ti, th mt my Fax mt 1 pht truyn mt trang vn bn n vi kch thc b nh khong 150 Kb. Nhng vi cng mt trang vn bn nu c truyn bng dch v E-mail th ch mt di 2 giy, ng vi tc truyn ca Modem nhng phn ln l ph thuc vo vic hin th trang vn bn nh th no, v nh d liu s t u n cui, yu cu khng c s chuyn i s - tng t hoc qut my v in n. Ngy nay tc truyn ca cc my Fax nhanh hn rt nhiu, mt phn l do c s thay i trong cng ngh. My Fax u tin ca Bain xut hin vo nm 1843, cng gp rt nhiu tr ngi nhng m n vn tip tc tn ti v pht trin. Vy th ti sao xy ra hin tng ? thc ra c rt nhiu l do lin quan n vn , v sau y l mt s l do chnh khng nh dch v Fax vn tn ti v pht trin: Chng d s dng. Cho trang vn bn vo, quay s in thoi v sau nhn phm "Send" gi i- y ch c th thi v y l ton b cc thao tc cho nhng ai cn bit s dng my Fax. C nhiu thit b vi mt s c im phc tp hn Fax, v mt s cng ngh da vo Fax (v d nh Fax tng tc p ng hay Fax qung b) th ging mt h thng my tnh hn l ging mt my Fax. Nhng hu nh vic truyn dn Fax th n gin hn rt nhiu so vi vic s dng dch v Bu in. Chng lun lun ging nhau. Trong khi c hng t cc nh sn xut my Fax, th giao din khch hng cng khng bao gi thay i trong tt c cc my Fax Gi thnh r. Cc h thng my Fax vi y c im ca "my Fax dng cho gia nh", c thit k vi gi thnh thp hn so vi gi thnh ca cc my Fax dng cho cng vic thng mi , gi thnh ph bin ca n l thp hn $ 200, trong khi gi thnh ca cc my Fax dng cho thng mi th cng khng t hn l my. Cht lng ca chng chp nhn c. Vi qui nh cht lng tt v ph hp vi khun dng ca kt ni in thoi, cht lng ca trang vn bn v cc hnh nh sau khi gi i, l c th chp nhn c i vi hu ht cc khch hng. Chng ph bin khp mi ni. Hu nh tt c cc cng ty trn th gii u c mt hoc nhiu my Fax dng cho cng vic thng mi ca h. Cc khch sn, cc trung tm thng mi, cc phng ch sn bay v rt nhiu cc phng ch khc u c cc my Fax cng cng s dng min ph hoc vi gi cc thp. Thm ch cc cng ty
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hng khng trang b cc my Fax khng dy trn my bay cho cc khu vc gh ngi hng nht khch hng c th s dng trong khi ang ngi trn my bay. Vi s pht trin ca thit b Modem PC kt vi kh nng ca my Fax (c gn lin trong hu ht cc modem c sn xut sau nm 1996), th rt l kh m c ai c th phn nn l khng th c mt ci my Fax tm thi s dng c. Chng lun lun lm vic tt. Mt trong nhng li ch c bn d hiu nht ca cng ngh Fax l chng l nhng chic my lm vic rt tt, thm ch chng cn c hot ng vi cng lm vic rt cao. Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh in t to ra nhng con vi mch (chip) cho my Fax, v tn ti trong rt nhiu my Fax ca cc hng sn xut khc nhau. Hin tng giy b nhy v cc li khc lin quan n qu trnh iu khin giy l nhng li chung ca ca my Fax. c im chung nht ca cc my Fax nhm 3 l chng lun m bo tnh tng thch gia cc sn phm ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau v gia cc phin bn khc nhau. Chng c cng nhn v mt php l. Mc d xu th pht trin ca cng ngh in t hng v s ho tn hiu v th in t E-mail cng vi tnh hp php ca cc ti liu khc, nhng ngha ca cc ng truyn dn Fax vn c duy tr v n lun m bo tnh hp php. Khng c mt vn g l phi thc t xung quanh chng. Nhn chung, trong th gii pht trin ca vic phn phi thng tin bao gm cc phng thc phn phi khng th quan st c, th rt nhiu ngi cm thy yn tm hn vi nhng ti liu, thng tin m h nhn c qua vic dng my Fax. Cc ti liu Fax th c th c vit bng bt v c lu tr trong t, bn.... Chng l nhng thc th vt l m rt n gin v thun tin cho nhng ngi lm vic vi chng. Nh vy, trong khi tnh hiu qu khng cao v tc hot ng thp ca my Fax c l lm cho cng ngh ca my Fax t c quan tm v km "hp dn" ( t c th c s dng m t bt k cng ngh giao tip d liu no) hn so vi mt s gii php khc, th li ch ca my Fax em li l rt thc t i vi hng trm triu ngi dn s dng chng. Trong thc t, c mt s kin cho rng trc thi k ca th in t, trang Web ton cu, v cc cng ngh Internet khc tr ln qung b khp ni, th nhiu ngi li coi my Fax l dch v d s dng v thun li.
Ti sao cn phi c s thay i trong dch v Fax

Mc d dch Fax c nhng u im c trnh by trn, tuy nhin dch v Fax cng c mt s mt hn ch c trnh by di y: Ph tn truyn dn. Trong khi gi c ca cc my Fax l khng cao, cng ngh Fax hin ti khng lm nh hng ti mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN) v cc truyn Fax tnh cng gi vi cc ca cc cuc in thoi. Trong khi nu s dng my Fax truyn
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ti liu trong vng ni ht th gi cc thp, thm ch l min phph thuc vo dch v in thoi, cn nu dng my Fax truyn ti liu i quc t chng hn th s tng i t khi m Fax nhiu trang ti liu. Bi vy c nhiu k hoch xy dng gi cc ca pht u tin ca thi gian kt ni bao gi cng t hn nhng pht tip theo. V d, gi Fax s l khong $10 nu s dng trong gi hnh chnh. C rt nhiu tnh ton c lng s tin phi tiu hng nm cho vic s dng truyn ti liu bng my Fax, vi khong 500 cng ty tng i ln th s tin h phi chi hng nm cho dch v Fax l hng triu la. iu ny thc t thc y s pht trin v la chn kh nng tt hn vi cc cng ngh hin ti. Thiu tnh linh hot. iu ny l h qu tt yu trong vic d dng s dng my Fax. C mt s gii hn v cc ng dng thng minh i vi cng ngh Fax hn ti, l chng khng c kh nng phc v phn phi cc bn Fax theo yu cu (Fax- on- demand) v khng c kh nng phc v vic Fax qung b, m chng ph thuc vo gi cc ca mng PSTN qui nh v lm cho chng kh ph hp vi a s ngi dn s dng. Vic kt hp thng mi km hiu qu. S rt khng cm thy d chu khi s dng my Fax truyn cc ti liu v chng gy ln nhiu phin phc trong th tc hnh chnh. Cc ti liu in t thng thng phi c in ra trc khi Fax i, sau b bn gc i tr khi n cn lu tr. Trong khi nu dng Fax qua modem s cho php truyn trc tip cc trang ti liu t my tnh ti cc my Fax xa, tuy nhin phng thc ny phi c s dng thng dng v rng ri bi v c mt s khc bit trong th tc hot ng gia Fax qua modem v cc my Fax thng thng v n lm mt rt nhiu li ch ca my Fax trong giai on u. Tnh bo mt km. Nhn chung th vic s dng my Fax mang tnh cht tp trung, thng thng th nhng ni my Fax thng l hnh lang cng s hoc l ch b phn th l, iu c ngha l tr phi c mt ngi gi v ngi nhn, cc ti liu u ra v u vo my Fax s b ai c c ni dung ca bn Fax. Nhn chung, vic s dng giy trong qu trnh Fax s mt hai bn copy cho mi ln truyn (mt bn ti pha ngi gi v mt bn ti pha ngi nhn) nh vy s phi qun l tnh bo mt cho c pha gi v pha nhn. Trong khi cc mt hn ch ca my vn tn ti th dch v Fax cng vn khng b mt tnh thng mi trn thng trng thm ch l b gim gi. Nu ni v c u im cng nh khim khuyt ca dch v Fax th mt ngy no dch v Fax c th s mt tnh cnh tranh so vi k thut s ang pht trin trn th gii, nhng mt iu r rng l n vn l mt b phn khng th thiu c trong cng vic kinh doanh thng mi trong tng lai. iu ny cng khng c ngha l cc khch hng khng nhn thc c iu ny. C th l, mc tiu ca rt nhiu cng ty l lm th no gim gi thnh khi Fax cc ti liu i mt khong cch xa trong mng
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PSTN. V dch v Fax vn tn ti nn bn thn cng ngh Fax phi c s thay i theo bt k mt cch no c th ph hp v gi c vi ng truyn dn ca mng IP, c th l Interenet.
Nguyn l hot ng ca mt qu trnh trao i thng tin qua Fax

Nhng thnh phn ch yu ca cng ngh Fax khng thay i qua nhiu nm, nhng bc ci tin k thut v tc truyn v cht lng hnh nh vn tip tc gia tng u n. Gi y, nhng ci tin c cp rt r trong hai khuyn ngh ca ITU-T v cc th tc trong hot ng ca my Fax. Khuyn ngh th nht l T.30 qui nh cc th tc i vi vic Fax ti liu trong mng in thoi chuyn mch chung v khuyn ngh th hai l khuyn ngh T.4 qui nh v vic chun ho cc u cui Fax nhm 3 cho qu trnh truyn Fax ti liu. Ni chung, khuyn ngh T.30 nh ngha v cc phng thc qun l giao tip cn khuyn ngh T.4 nh ngha v tiu chun trang Fax v lc m ho c s dng m t hnh nh c truyn i. Hai khuyn ngh u p dng cho cc my Fax nhm 3, v cc tiu chun ny c p dng i vi tt c cc my Fax ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau t u nhng nm 1990.
Pha A
Pha B
Pha C
Truyn d liu Fax
Pha D
Pha E
Th tc Fax Yu cu Fax
Hnh 10-1. Cc cng on truyn Fax trong mng PSTN
Pha A: thit lp cuc gi

Pha ny ch n gin l quay s v tr li cuc gi in thoi c s dng cung cp ng ni thng m vic truyn Fax s c thc hin qua , mi bc c thc hin bi ngi vn hnh my Fax theo phng php nhn cng hoc t ng (v d nh theo thi gian hoc theo tn hiu). Theo phng thc vn hnh t ng (khng c ph bin), th my Fax ch gi s gi ngay lp tc mt chm xung m quay s b gi (CNG) vi tn s 1100 Hz ti my Fax b gi thng bo cho cho bn pha b gi phn bit y l mt cuc Fax ch khng phi l mt cuc thoi. Trong rt nhiu phng thc hot ng, th my Fax b gi c yu cu truyn xung nhn dng cuc gi Fax (CED) vi tn s 2100 Hz ti my Fax ch gi thng bo kt ni.
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Pha B: Th tc trao i bn tin trc khi truyn ti liu

Qa trnh ny bao gm c phn nhn dng v phn lnh. Tip theo qu trnh kt ni cuc gi trong pha A, hai my Fax s trao i thng tin xc nh chng loi, c im ca mi my cng nh cc thng tin nhn dng. Qu trnh trao i ny xy ra theo cc th tc sau y: 1. My Fax b gi truyn ti my Fax ch gi mt khung thng bo v kh nng ca n (v d nh kch c, phn gii, tc truyn...). Khung ny hoc cc bn tin khc c gi gn trong cc khung HDLC. 2. My Fax ch gi truyn ti my Fax b gi mt khung tng t thng bo cc tham s truyn dn m s c thc hin trong ti liu cn truyn. Tt nhin, sau khi la chn my Fax b gi s truyn mt khung tr li ti my Fax ch gi nh bc 1. 3. Gi y hai my Fax c th trao i cc thng tin nhn dng, nhng thng tin ny s cn thit hin th ID v s in thoi, v thng thng n c in pha u ca trang giy hoc c hin th trn mn hnh tinh th lng. 4. Tip theo, hai my Fax s xc nh tc truyn ti a c kt ni chng trong mt thi gian di c th.
Pha C: Truyn ti liu

Gi y bn tin hay nhng ti liu c th c gi t my Fax ch gi ti my Fax b gi theo khun dng v cc th tc c qui nh trong khuyn ngh T.4 ca IIU-T. Khuyn ngh T.4 qui nh kch c chun ca cc trang giy, cng nh hng ca trang giy m bo tnh ng b cho c ni gi v ni nhn. My Fax ch gi s bt u qut ti liu t tri sang phi, thc hin t u n cui trang giy. phn gii khi qut (theo c chiu ngang v chiu thng ng) c th t 200, 300, hoc 400 pixel/inch, ph thuc vo kh nng trao i v cc thng s c chn trong pha B. Phn d liu thc khi Fax s rt l ln nu n c m ho n gin di dng cc chui cc s 1 v s 0. Phn kch thc trang giy sau khi qut c gi nguyn trng thi ca n, v n s yu cu dung lng rt ln c hn 0.5 Mbyte nu c truyn theo cch ny- thm ch phn gii ca n cng s rt km. Ngoi ra, v cc ti liu cn Fax thng cha rt nhiu cc im pixel mu trng hoc en (nh phn mp ca trang giy hoc khong trng gia cc ng ca dng ch), chng c m ho theo lc m ho (RLE), ni m lun phin "hot ng" (phi hp cc nhm pixel) ca mi im pixel trng hoc en c m ho nh l cc t nh phn n nht.
Pha D: Th tc trao i bn tin sau khi truyn ti liu

Sau khi hon thnh truyn xong mt trang ti liu, khi th tc trao i bn tin sau khi truyn xong mt trang ti liu s cho php my Fax ch gi
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thng bo yu cu ca n ti my Fax b gi, bao gm ch r kt thc truyn Fax hoc tip tc truyn sang trang khc. Ph thuc vo ni dung, khi my Fax b gi c th d dng xc nhn trang giy hoc thng bo sn sng nhn trang tip theo. Lc ny hai my Fax c th tip tc trao i theo cc pha B, hoc C hoc nu kt thc truyn ti liu th chuyn sang pha E.
Pha E: Gii phng cuc gi

y l cc th tc gii phng kt ni m thoi gia 2 my Fax.
Cc tiu chun i vi dch v Fax qua Internet

Da vo cc yu t c bn ca dch v in thoi qua IP (VoIP), mi quan tm ch yu ca dch v Fax qua giao thc Internet (IP) l lm th no c gim gi cc khi s dng cng ngh mi ny. Do , cu hnh c trng ca mng Fax qua IP gn lin vi tn hiu nhn bit phn bit cuc gi Fax ca VoIP, vi cc my Fax tiu chun thay th cho cc in thoi theo chun PSTN ti c pha ch gi v b gi, v bn thn n c hon thin bi mt hoc nhiu cng vo ra (gateway) c ch ra trong Hnh 102.
G3 Fax PSTN hoc PBX
IP Fax gateway IP Fax gateway
PSTN hoc PBX
G3 Fax
IP
My Fax IP
My tnh c phn mm Fax
Hnh 10-2. Mng my Fax c trng s dng cng ngh IP
Khi m hnh thit k "cc my Fax qua IP" m kt ni trc tip ti mng IP thng qua mt giao din Ethernet ti "cc trm ch Fax qua IP" l c th hot ng nh cc cng gateway in ti liu. c tnh k thut c bn ca cu trc cc sn phm Fax qua IP c trnh by trong khuyn ngh T.38 ITU-T vi tiu ca khuyn ngh l cc th tc i vi giao tip Fax nhm 3 thi gian thc qua mng IP. Tn gi "thi gian thc" l rt quan trng bi v n qui nh vic duy tr cht lng l mt trong nhng c im rt quan trng ca cng ngh Fax truyn thng: kh nng ca pha ngi gi bit rng qu trnh truyn Fax hon thnh khi my Fax ch gi t my. Mt khuyn ngh khc ca ITU-T l khuyn ngh T.37 qui nh cc a ch c th c trong qu trnh lu tr- v -
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chuyn tip nhng khng bao hm cc cng ngh c trnh by trong khuyn ngh T.38. Khuyn ngh T.38 xc nh hai phng php ng gi d liu Fax, phng php th nht s dng giao thc iu khin TCP v phng php th hai s dng giao thc (UDP). Vi mi phng php u c nhng thun li v nhng bt li ring, nhn chung chng c tm tt ngn gn trong Hnh 10-3. IP TCP
(a)
IFP
IP
UDP
(b)
UDPTL
IFP/FEC
Hnh 10-3. Tm tt cc phng php Fax qua IP (a) Cu trc gi Fax TCP/IP (b) C trc gi Fax UDP/IP
Phng php TCP c thun li l c th t gii phng li, vi cc gi hng hoc mt c truyn mt cch t ng ti lp truyn ti do i vi Fax th khng bao gi c qui nh c d liu hng m cn thit phi truyn li. Tht khng may, qu trnh khi phc li ny c th s lm tr hon qu trnh truyn lung d liu. Tuy nhin phng php TCP cng c bt li l giao thc u tin b b qua bi a s cc b nh tuyn trong trng hp b tc nghn (vic thc hin b qua cc b nh tuyn gn nh l ngu nhin), thit lp s cn thit khi phc li nhiu hn so vi phng php UDP. Phng php UDP khng th t gii phng li, yu cu t hn vic phn phi cc bn tin mo u v khng yu cu cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi, do thi gian truyn bn Fax s nhanh hn so vi phng php TCP. Vic thiu chc nng sa li c ngha l ng dng Fax cn phi b sung chc nng ny, sa cc li sinh ra trong qu trnh truyn Fax v cc li sinh ra bi mng gi. Hu ht cc nh sn xut phn mm v phn cng cc thit b Fax qua IP u d on rng vi t l li thp ca cc mng IP ang c s dng ngy nay s cho php cc sn phm ca h c th thc hin vic sa li ti lp d liu dng ring cho Fax v do n c th cung cp cc dch v Fax c s s dng phng php truyn ti UDP. Tuy nhin vic sa li v cc dch v TCP khc c cung cp bi cc giao thc dng cho Fax hoc bi cc giao thc ring. D liu Fax truyn trong cc bn tin theo phng php TCP hoc UDP l cc gi giao thc Fax qua Internet (IFP) v n gm hai loi gi l: T.30INDICATOR v T.30-DATA. C hai loi gi u c khun dng n gin ca cc bn tin giao thc T.30 chun c s dng trong giao tip Fax chun trong PSTN. C hai loi gi c th c s dng trong cc h thng theo phng php UDP, ni m qu trnh thc hin TCP cng c th
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ch s dng mt loi d liu v s dng cc phng tin ring nh CNG, CED v cc bn tin iu khin loi T.30 khc. Bn tin IFP truyn gia cc cng vo ra (gateway) theo cng mt th tc chung ging nh vic truyn gia hai my Fax trong mng PSTN, ngoi tr cc th tc ph c s dng xc nh tc t truyn (pha B trong T.30). Bi v vic giao tip thnh cng (hoc t nht l c hiu qu) th ph thuc vo c cc kt cui PSTN ca cuc gi Fax hot ng ti cng mt tc v ph thuc vo thng tin b sung cn thit truyn qua mng gi. Th tc ny, c gi l qun l tc d liu trong khuyn ngh T.38, c th c yu cu bi mi mt cng vo ra (gateway) hoc gia hai my Fax. Mt khi tc truyn d liu c thit lp, th cc gi d liu T.30 c th bt u truyn t ni truyn ti ni nhn. Khi s dng phng php UDP, mi gi d liu bao gm mt gi UDPTL (lp truyn ti UDP) cha mt s tun t xc nh v tr ca n trong lung d liu, v c km theo bi mt hoc nhiu gi IFP, m cc gi IFP ny cha d liu T.30. Ph thuc vo thng tin truyn lc khi to cuc gi, d liu khi c th c bo v da vo cc li hoc l d tha (theo rt nhiu ln d liu T.30 c truyn trn mi gi UDP), hoc bi vic sa li pha trc (hoc FEC, theo mt s cc gi c gi trc i theo vi gi hin ti bo v trong trng hp c th xy ra mt gi). Bi v bn thn ca TCP c th t bo v vic mt gi d liu, nn vic phi hp vi cc gi tha v gi FEC l khng cn thit khi s dng phng php ny.
Quan im ca IETF v dch v Fax

IETF l t chc c c quyn xut bn ti liu v c tnh k thut c bn ca dch v Fax lu tr- v - chuyn tip, v c ti liu v cc dch v Fax "phn phi tc thi" (dch v tng t nh dch v c a ra t khuyn ngh T.38). C hai ti liu v cc c tnh k thut ca Fax u s dng chun ho th in t qua Internet, giao thc truyn ti bn tin n gin (SMTP), cng nh vic thm vo cc c ch truyn ti v nhng giao thc, th tc mi iu khin vic nh a ch v cc chc nng cn thit khc hon thin qu trnh truyn Fax. IETF chn qu trnh pht trin khung Fax da vo m hnh th in t vi mt k hoch c th. Trong khi ITU-T hu nh khng quan tm vic pht trin cc tiu chun v vic phi hp hot ng gia cc gateway Fax, th IETF li n lc tp trung nghin cu giao tip gia th in qua Internet v khch hng s dng Fax. Hng nghin cu ny s rt c ch, v d, mt khch hng mun gi mt bn tin ti mt nhm cc khch hng khc, trong nhm mt s thnh vin s dng Fax v mt s thnh vin khc s dng a ch e-mail nhn bn tin ny, khi hon thnh qu trnh truyn bn tin ti tt c cc khch hng. IETF nh ngha mt s trng hp giao tip c bn chng hn nh t a ch e-mail ti my Fax hoc t b phn hnh mng ti a ch e-mail. Bng cch nh ngha cc trng hp
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nh vy, ti liu khung Fax (framework) cho php thc hin phi hp hot ng gia cc gii php Fax/e-mail. IETF nh ngha mt thit b Fax qua Internet (IFax) l mt nt IP n gin c kh nng gi hoc nhn cc bn Fax qua Internet. Cc thit b IFax cng c th l cc my Fax vi cc giao din mng ni ht (LAN) hoc cc cng vo ra (gateway) cho vic kt ni cc my Fax chun nhm 3 (G3) ti mng IP. Bt k m hnh IFax no cng u phi thit lp theo cc bn tin Fax trong khun dng Internet-mail chun RFC 822. Bn thn cc bn tin Fax c nh ngha theo cc tiu chun kt hp nhiu thnh phn Internetmail (MIME) v c m ho nh mt khun dng file hnh nh lp i lp li (TIFE-F). Hot ng ca h thng Internet- mail l phn phi cc bn tin ging nh thc hin vi cc giao thc tn ti trong mt thi gian v c thc hin trong tt c cc mng mt cch thc s, iu c ngha l cc phng php vit li, xc nhn chun v cc vn bo mt d liu khc cng c th c s dng m khng gy nh hng g. Cc cng vo ra (gateway) hoc cc my tnh gi d liu Fax ti cc my tnh IP s dng cc a ch Internet-mail chun, theo khun dng user@host.domain. Khi my Fax PSTN b gi c kt ni ti gateway th bn tin mo u phi cha s in thoi ca my Fax dng quay s thit lp cuc gi Fax. Nhng im khc nhau ng k gia ITU T.38 v IETF v cc th tc Fax IP l s tng tc gia hai h thng ny khng th cng thc hin trn mt giao din chun.
VoIP v FoIP
Trc khi i vo chi tit cu trc giao thc ca Fax IP th s hp l hn nu tr li c cu hi c t ra: Ti sao cc cuc gi Fax Internet khng th s dng nhng giao thc v nhng thnh phn ging nh nhng cuc gi trn Internet? Bi v Fax PSTN s dng cu trc h tng ging nh thoi PSTN, iu c l gii thch cho l do cc d liu Fax c th d dng truyn mt cch t do thng qua mng VoIP. Vn rc ri ny sinh vi phng php ny l d liu Fax G3 c m ho theo cch gi nh v s c mt ca di bng tn cao PSTN c lin quan hot ng c bn nh mt thnh phn analog. Trong khi cc mch s c th ti c mt thnh phn rt ln dung lng cuc gi, m hnh s ho c s dng trong cc mch s theo tiu chun 64 Kb/s PCM. Phng php gii m ny cho php qu trnh truyn thng sut ca hu ht cc tn hiu tng t, bao gm c nhng tn hiu biu hin cc c tnh k thut khng bao gi xut hin trong li ni ca con ngi. Cc my Fax v cc modem chun c thit k nh chng s dng cho mng PSTN, chng li dng cc kh nng ny nh s dng cc phng php gii m m bo vic s dng dch pha v cc thnh phn bo hiu khc trong mng PCM 64 Kb/s s ti to li chng mt cch y . Vi mc ch to ra cc lung bit nh hn lun PCM tc 64 Kb/s, bi vy cc nh thit k m cho VoIP tp trung vo ti to li mt cch chnh
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xc ch nhng phn ph m thanh (v cc thnh phn tng t) m hu ht l m t c tnh ting ni- vn c dng cho Fax v lu lng modem c truyn i da trn cc tn hiu ny. Kt qu l trong khi m G.723 c th cho php cht lng ting ni tt trong gii bng tn rng 1/10 do PCM yu cu, th m ny s tin hnh loi b dng d liu trong Fax G.3. V th cc nh pht trin Fax Internet phi tp trung vo vn gii m Fax theo mt cch khc vi gii m ting ni. C hai gii php cn thit cho vn ny, c hai u cho php kt ni lu lng VoIP v FoIP vo gateway, cho d theo nhng cch khc nhau. Gii php th nht ph thuc vo gateway ch gi phn bit cc cuc gi thoi v cc cuc gi Fax c thit lp thng qua chng (mt vi phng php c th dng phn bit cc cuc gi l m tn hiu tn s 1100 Hz c truyn i ti thi im thit lp cuc gi Fax). Sau khi c s phn bit ny, cc gateway c th la chn m ph hp nht cho loi cuc gi c thit lp, v d G.723.1 cho cuc gi thoi v chun G.711 (64 Kb/s PCM) cho cuc gi Fax. Trong khi gii php ny dng nh mang li hiu qu th n li loi b u im quan trng nht ca FoIP trong bc u tin: l vic ch s dng mt lng cn thit bng tn chuyn i mt lng d liu no . Khng c g l c hu v nhng ti liu Fax yu cu s dng tc 64 Kb/s, ch n gin l nhng c tnh ca mt phng php gii m m thi, bi vy gii php ny c xem l rt n gin nhng khng hiu qu trong nhng cch cung cp cng sut pht gii hn thng qua h thng VoIP. Trong gii php th hai, mt gii php s dng T.38 chun v rt nhiu cc gii php c quyn khc na hon thnh mt cch c hiu qu cuc gi Fax ti gateway ch gi, m bn thn n s lm bin i pha ca cc tn hiu tng t ngc tr li dng d liu gc, ng gi n vo trong IP v gi n ti gateway b gi, sau gateway b gi s ti bin i d liu ny ngc tr li thnh cc tn hiu Fax, truyn thng qua PSTN hoc PBX ti my b gi. Qu trnh ny cng yu cu phn bit cuc gi thoi v cuc gi Fax, bi v gateway ny dng bin i tn s ting ni s c th to ra thnh phn nhiu. u im ca phng php ny l rt hiu qu, bi v ch nhng d liu Fax c qut mi cha trong IP m khng c bt k thnh phn mo u no tn ti trong qu trnh s ho. Tuy nhin gii php th hai ny li to ra mt tnh hung khc l nhng trang Fax c qut s i qua v s nhng trng thi tng t v nhng trng thi s khc nhau trc khi n c a ti my Fax cui cng. Hnh 10-4 ch ra cc h thng truyn tin v minh ho phc tp ca cu trc FoIP in hnh.
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1. Ti liu tng t 13. Chuyn thnh ti liu tng t (sp sp) 12. Phn on in
2. Phn on thnh tn hiu quang
My Fax ch gi
3. Bin i thnh cc tn hiu tng t 11. Gii bin i (mt ln na) 10. Ti truyn qua mng tng t 4. Truyn qua mng tng t 9. Bin i li
My Fax b gi
Gateway ch gi
5. Bin i ls thnh cc tn hiu s 6. ng gi vo trong IP
Gateway b gi
8. Gii gi
7. Truyn qua mng IP
Hnh 10-4. Cc trng thi ca mt cuc gi FoIP
Cu trc ca h thng Fax qua Internet

Hu ht cc nh bn hng u nh ngha rng h thng Fax qua Internet l thnh phn c bn ca cc h thng FoIP, h thng gateway Fax T.38 (cng lin quan ti h thng Fax relay, khi giao din Fax, hoc khi n cu to ln h thng bi s kt hp gia h thng VoIP/FoIP- h thng Fax module). Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng gateway c ch ra trong Hnh 10-5.
2. Fax modem Thit b Fax 3. iu khin giao thc Fax 4. iu khin mng Fax
PSTN/PBX
1. Giao din PSTN Gateway FoIP
Giao thc mng gi IP
Mng Internet hoc IP
Hnh 10-5. Cc thnh phn ca gateway Fax
H thng gateway FoIP c s thit b yu cu t nht (n c th c m rng bi nh sn xut) v n c th c phn chia theo cc cu trc tng t. Cu trc c xem xt y xut pht t quan im v h thng gateway, mc d n cn phi tha nhn l h thng gateway nhn cuc gi qua mng gi, theo cc th tc c thc hin i chiu.
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Giao din PSTN

Giao din ny kt ni thit b Fax truyn thng ti gateway giao din mng FoIP. Vi cc khi nh nht, cc kt ni ny cng c th c thc hin mt cch n gin bng cch gn my Fax vo mt jack chun RJ-11 pha gateway, qua c th cung cp tn hiu xung quay s ti thit b Fax v c th cnh tranh vi PSTN. Cn vi cc gateway ln hn th cc jack c phn chia cho nhiu my Fax cung cp kt ni vi PBX thng qua giao din analog hoc giao din s.
Fax modem
Ti pha nhn tn hiu Fax t giao din PSTN, modem cn phi iu chnh li cho ph hp vi d liu Fax l khung HDLC ban u. Bi v my Fax ch gi c th s dng bt k giao thc m phng no trong cc nhm 1, 2 hoc 3 (ITU-T V.21, V.17, V.27 ti V.29 hoc V.33), cc modem chun c th cung cp tt c cc giao thc ny v c th truyn vi tc ln nht c th my Fax ch gi. Bi v trong bn cht ca modem hin hu thit b nhn Fax v gii hn phn c iu chnh li ca cuc gi, tuy nhin n cng cung cp cc xung quay s v dch v nhn dng s ch gi ID.
iu khin giao thc Fax

Module ny cung cp giao thc x l cc th tc trong Fax nhm 3, thc hin bo hiu thay cho mt trong hai bn ch gi hoc b gi (thng qua modem ti my Fax ch gi v thng qua giao din gi Fax ti my Fax b gi). Tuy nhin n h tr phn tr hon ca mng gi i vi my Fax ni ht bng cch gi cc khung HDLC rng ging nh cc bn tin tht v cng yu cu (khi nhn d liu t mng gi) truyn cc khung mt hoc hng vi khung CRP (lp li lnh).
iu khin mng Fax

Ging nh mt thnh phn c s ca khuyn ngh T.38, b iu khin mng Fax xy dng ln cc gi giao thc Fax Internet u ra (IFP) v iu khin chng ti lp IP. Khi iu khin cc gi IFP u vo, lp ny cn phi m d liu u vo v hin th chng di dng giao thc Fax theo nh cch di chuyn tri pha t lung d liu u vo. Mt s gateway c cu trc s dng bo hiu ring hoc bo hiu theo tiu chun thc hin iu ny. Mt s gateway khc th thc hin vic iu khin u vo bng cch hin th chng di dng giao thc Fax theo trnh t lin kt theo tc truyn d liu Fax.
Giao thc mng gi (IP)

Sau cng, lp IP cn phi gi gn gi IFP trong mt gi d liu IP v truyn chng ti gateway xa. Cc yu t ca cu trc dch v FoIP c th c biu din theo mt kiu chun hoc nh mt phn ca ton b gii php VoIP/FoIP. Nh
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c ch ra trong Hnh 10-6, khi c kt hp vo trong mt h thng ng thi cung cp dch v VoIP chun, giao thc T.38 s chim gi mt v tr trong m hnh H.323 tng t nh trong cc khuyn ngh G.7xx v m ho ting ni, yu cu phng php gii m lun phin ting ni da vo tiu chun H.323. iu ny c ngha l vic nh a ch, thay i cc kh nng v cc th tc khc c s dng trong VoIP c th c s dng thit lp, iu khin v gii phng cc cuc gi Fax. Cc gii php c lp mang li li ch t vic s dng cc th tc tng t m khng cn s pht trin theo c th ring ca Fax.
Gateway My Fax H.323 Fax T.38 IP Voi ce IP Gateway H.323 Fax T.38 IP Voi ce My Fax
Hnh 10-6. Kt hp VoIP/FoIP
Cc chng loi sn phm Fax s dng Internet

Trong khi cc khuyn ngh T.38 v IETF ch nh ngha cc thit b vo ra ca Fax v cc thit b Fax cho php s dng cng ngh IP, nhng c hai khuyn ngh u khng a ra cc c tnh k thut l lm th no cc thit b c th cung cp c cc dch v Fax. Cc nh sn xut phn cng, cng nh cc nh cung cp dch v tp trung nghin cu v s khc nhau trong qu trnh khai thc mng, mi chc nng trong c th thc hin tng nhim v ring bit.
Cc trm ch Fax
Khi cc my Fax l cc thit b rt d s dng, th bn thn chng cng c mt s mt hn ch khi s dng phn phi ti nguyn Fax- chng cn phi c kh nng phc v ng thi nhiu khch hng khc nhau. Bn cnh nhng vn ring lin quan n qu trnh phn phi thit b vin thng tng ln, th tr ngi ln nht v khng thun tin khi s dng my Fax l lin quan phn cng ca chng. Cc trm ch my Fax cho php khch hng gi cc ti liu trc tip t b phn lu tr ca chng, trnh c vic phi in cc ti liu ra giy ri mi gi i, sau ly c cc ti liu ra t my in, sp xp vic phn phi ti liu cho tng my Fax, v cung cp nhn cng cc trang giy cho tng my Fax. Cc trm ch Fax hot ng kt hp gia phn cng v phn mm, bao gm mi gi d liu khc hng c ti ra t mi b phn lu tr ca cc my PC yu cu s dng dch v, cng nh mt trm ch Fax tp trung hot ng theo rt nhiu cch khc nhau ging nh vic i chiu mt cng vo ra ca dch v Fax qua Internet. Khi trm ch Fax xut hin ti cc my tnh
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khch hng th n ging nh mt my in chun, khi khch hng s la chn cng ngh ny thay th my in trong cu hnh my in i km vi my tnh v in cc ti liu. Khi ny ti liu c gii m theo cc giao thc Fax v c truyn ti trm ch Fax tp trung. Trm ch Fax nhn lnh truyn ti liu v quay s in thoi PSTN c yu cu bi khch hng khi khch hng a ra lnh in. Cc trm ch Fax l mt trong nhng cng ngh c s dng trong gia nhng nm 1980, nhng gn y chng bt u c s dng c ch truyn ti IP. Trong khi c ch truyn ti IP mi ny t hoc khng hu ch vi vng ni ht th chng li cho php cc trm ch Fax c th c nh v qua mt mng Internet hoc mt mng IP khc cch xa trm ch gi. Do cc bn Fax c gi i theo phng thc ny c th trnh c vic s dng cc b nh tuyn PSTN v khng b tht thot khi truyn i mt khong cch xa hoc truyn qua i dng. Cc trm ch Fax cng d dng chng thc cc ng truyn dn Fax bng cch cho php mt hp th Fax tp trung u vo ca cc bn Fax. Mt khi c chp nhn bi trm ch th cc bn Fax c th c nh tuyn phn phi cho my in hoc thm ch phn phi ti cc hp th ring ging nh th in t nu dch v thch hp u vo PSTN c nh dng. Vi mc ch thc hin vic nh tuyn ny mt cch thng minh, dch v quay s vo trc tip (DID) c s dng cho php trm ch nhn cc bn Fax trn cc ng PSTN c phn phi, hn na n cn phn bit s khc nhau gia cc bn Fax.
Cc my Fax cho php s dng cng ngh IP

Trong s bin i ln ca th trng thit b Fax xut hin mt sn phm my Fax vi cc giao din Ethernet kt hp. Gii php mi ny hon ton da vo phn cng v a ra giao din khch hng c th khng th phn bit c t my Fax nhm 3. Khi s dng cng ngh PSTN khch hng a ti liu vo my Fax, quay s v gi ti liu ny ti my Fax khc. Nhng vi my Fax qua IP th my Fax s thc hin vic trao i c s d liu bn trong, thc hin trao i cc chng trnh trc , lin kt cc s in thoi ti cc my Fax IP khc v cc a ch IP ca chng hoc l cc tn min DNS. Khi n tm c trong s thu bao b gi c chc nng IP tng ng, khi my Fax c th tip xc vi thit b Fax xa thng qua T.37, T.38 hoc giao thc Fax Internet khc v truyn bn Fax thng qua IP. Nu my Fax ch gi khng tm thy trong my Fax b gi c chc nng IP tng ng n c th s dng giao din PSTN ca n gi bn Fax qua PSTN theo cch thng thng. Xut hin cng vi tng ch to my Fax qua IP l tng ch to cc thit b "cng" PSTN/IP, m cc thit b ny cho php gn giao din IP v cc chc nng c s d liu cn thit trong cc thit b c kt hp vo cc my Fax nhm 3.
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Vic tip cn cc cng ngh mi ny mang li nhng li ch ln cho khch hng s dng, thm ch i vi khch hng th h cng bit l vic truyn ti tn hiu Fax ca h qua mng IP tt hn so vi truyn ti qua mng PSTN. Do h khng cn thit phi hc cc th tc mi gi Fax i. Tuy nhin nhng bt li khi s dng cng ngh mi ny li c lin quan vi nhng thun li ca n. Bi v cc my Fax qua IP lm vic "ging nh cc my Fax bnh thng", do n cng lin quan n qu trnh sp sp th t khch hng s dng, v iu khin giy in. N cng c th c nh dng , thng thng l nh dng nhn cng, tm kim c s d liu ca cc my Fax khc m n c th tip cn thng qua IP. Nhng s thay i trong s phi hp ny cho php ngi gi Fax c th a vo mt a ch th in t qua Internet t bn phm ca my Fax v vi cch th h c th nh tuyn ng i ca bn Fax ging nh mt th in t ti bt k hp th Internet no.
Cc cng vo ra chuyn dng (gateway) cho h thng Fax qua IP

Vi cc cng s hoc cc t chc thng mi m mun s dng kh nng ca my Fax qua IP trong cng vic kinh doanh, th rt nhiu nh bn hng c th cung cp cho h cc h thng vo ra (gateway) chuyn dng m cc h thng gateway ny c th phc v cho cc kt ni IP cn thit vi mt s lng ln cc my Fax ni vng, v cc my Fax ny li c kt ni ti cc gateway thng qua h thng in thoi kt hp- thng thng l cc h thng PBX. Cc h thng gateway c trng c th cung cp cc dch v tng t nh cc dch v trc khi c h thng gateway, nhng n c th m rng cc kh nng ca h thng Fax nh kh nng iu khin hng chc thm ch n hng trm cuc gi Fax mt cch ng thi. Do , cc h thng gateway Fax chuyn dng thng cho php duy tr danh mc ca cc gateway v s Fax/a ch IP, nhng tham s thng trc tuyn trn mt trm ch chuyn phc v cho mc ch ny. Cc h thng gateway Fax thng thng c th in ra cc bn tin thng bo cuc gi Fax chi tit, nhng bn tin ny khng nhng cung cp nhng thng tin kim chng cuc gi Fax m n cn cung cp c cc thng tin v cc ph ca cc cuc gi Fax . Khng ch dng li kh nng ca cc gateway ch phc v nhiu cuc gi Fax ng thi, vi mc ch nm bt nhng c hi cnh tranh thun li trong tng lai, nhng nh bn sn phm gateway tip tc a vo mt s dch v vo cc sn phm gateway trong cc th h sn phm tip sau, kt qu l mt danh sch di cc c im k thut v d nh truyn ti th in t e-mail qua my Fax, kh nng qung b (kh nng gi ti liu t mt my Fax ti rt nhiu my Fax qua IP khc mt cch ng thi), v thm ch s dng c cng ngh nhn dng c im quang hc (OCR) nhn dng ngi nhn trn ng Fax n. Cc gateway chuyn dng thng thng c s dng nh cc sn phm phn cng v phn mm v cng lin quan n qu trnh lp t trong PSTN
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v cc card giao din Ethernet, cng nh giao thc Fax/card x l c lp t trong mt bng mch ca trm ch PC. Nhn chung nhng ng dng ca phn mm gateway c th hot ng trn nn ca cc h iu hnh PC chung, nh cc h thng Microsoft Windows hoc UNIX. Cu trc m ny cho php truy nhp tng i d dng vo trong qu trnh x l Fax t h thng phn mm, v rt nhiu cc gateway ca cc nh bn hng c th cung cp giao din lp trnh ng dng h thng in thoi (TAPI) cho php cc nh lp trnh c th a ra nhng ng dng phn mm mi.
Cc gateway kt hp VoIP/FoIP
Khi th trng VoIP tip tc pht trin, cc nh bn sn phm gateway vn ang c gng cung cp cc sn phm ca h sao cho n " gn nh l PSTN". Tuy nhin mt trong nhng sn phm m PSTN cung cp l cc kh nng Fax, do cc nh bn sn phm gateway coi khuyn ngh T.38 nh cc phng tin cung cp cc dch v Fax thng sut qua mng gateway VoIP. Mt gateway kt hp phi cn c kh nng phn bit cc cuc gi thoi t cc cuc gi Fax v thc hin phng php m ho thch hp xc nh cc trng thi ca cuc gi. Vi mc ch thc hin iu ny, hu ht cc gateway u da vo cc m CNG c pht ra t cc my Fax nhm 3 khi chng hot ng theo phng thc khng gim st. Khi m ang s dng s c nhn dng bi gateway u xa da vo cc kh nng bin i ca H.323 xy ra ti thi im bt u cuc gi, v dn ti vic cc gateway u xa hon thnh kt ni theo cng mt kiu vi kt ni c thit lp. Trc khi khuyn ngh T.38 chun c ban hnh, rt nhiu nh bn hng c sn cc sn phm gateway VoIP v mt s sn phm trong s khng c kh nng h tr cc cuc gi Fax hoc nu c chc nng h tr Fax th l cc giao thc c bit, v kt qu l xut hin rt nhiu cc sn phm gateway ca cc nh bn hng khng c kh nng tng thch vi nhau. Khi khuyn ngh T.38 c pht hnh th n h tr rt nhiu cc c tnh k thut ca gateway cho Fax thng qua m G.711, nhng cng khng mang li hiu qu cao (khng quan trng trong mng gi thng sut cng nh Internet) i vi kh nng iu khin dch pha v cc tn hiu khc trong gii m Fax T.4 ph thuc. Khuyn ngh T.38 ra i cho php h tr cc sn phm gateway Fax pht trin theo cng mt tiu chun cng nh h tr cho thoi.
Cc nh cung cp dch v Fax qua IP

Sau cng th cc nh cung cp dch v mng cng tn dng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca khch hng v cc dch v Fax xy dng cc mng qun l cc gateway cho dch v Fax qua IP. Cc dch v c bit hp dn i vi cc cng ty khng c cc phng tin hoc khng cn thit xy dng cc mng Fax ring ca h nhng h vn c th c c nhng thun li l vic tit kim c chi ph khi s dng dch v Fax qua IP. Thm ch vi nhiu t chc ln hn th h cng c th mua cc dch v Fax qua IP t cc nh cung cp dch v mt cch d dng hn l vic h t xy dng mt
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mng Fax qua IP ring bit. Cc nh cung cp mng thit k cc mng ring ca h bng cch lp t cc gateway ch yu cc khu vc thnh th, ri kt ni chng qua Internet hoc qua mng IP chuyn dng. Hn na, da vo gi thnh thp ca Fax, cc dch v c th cung cp cc chc nng: C nhiu phng php biu din bn tin Fax thng qua modem Fax, th in t E-mail (SMTP), hoc thng qua cc cuc gi Fax PSTN n gin. Thm ch mt s phng php cn cung cp phn API khch hng kt hp vo trong cc ng dng cp cao nht cho php gi cc bn Fax t khch hng ti gateway u vo thng qua mng IP. Hin th v phn phi cc bn Fax di dng cc file ho gn vo cc bn tin e-mail Dch v lu tr- v- chuyn tip, ni s lu tr bn tin Fax gi i nu my Fax b gi bn hoc hot ng c lp v c gng phn phi cc bn tin trong mt khong thi gian. Cc dch v Fax qung b, dch v ny s dng mng IP ng thi phn phi rt nhiu bn tin Fax ging nhau ti nhiu gateway thng qua ng truyn dn PSTN ti rt nihu my Fax. Cc dch v Fax li (Faxback), dch v ny cho php cung cp thng tin h tr khch hng ng lc hoc thng tin bn hng thng qua mng Fax qua IP. Nh vy cc nh cung cp dch v Fax qua IP thu c nhiu thnh cng bi vic tit kim c chi ph cho khc hng hn so vi s dng cng ngh Fax qua mng PSTN.
Tng lai ca cng ngh Fax qua IP

Dch v Fax qua IP v cc dch v Fax ni chung l hai cng ngh c gn kt cht ch vi mng Internet trong tng lai. Trong tng lai, mng Internet ha hn cc dch v Fax min ph khng tnh n khong cch truyn c th cung cp nhng dch v hp dn Fax qua IP, v n cng cung cp cc dch v s thay th cc my Fax ang hin hu ngy nay. Tuy nhin, vi tt c nhng l do a ra t u n cui chng ny th tng lai cng khng d g n nhanh c. Trong khi y, s thnh cng ca dch v Fax qua IP dng nh c m bo, mc d vn cn mt s vn i vi vic a ra cc dch v kh thi trong tng lai nhng phi m bo tit kim chi ph khi s dng cc dch v . Thc ra, cc tranh lun v vic gim gi thnh s dng dch v Fax ch bt u lng xung khi cc ph/1 pht i vi cc cuc gi ng di qua mng PSTN tip tc gim xung. Cc nh bn hng v cc nh trin khai d n tm ra mt phng thc mi khai thc mt cch c hiu qu dch v Fax qua IP- bng cch s dng APIs cho php dch v khch
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hng hin th tc thi thng tin Fax ti cc thnh phn c lin quan v khi li ch ca dch v Fax qua IP s tr ln r rng hn. V cng nh s kt hp gia mng PSTN vi Internet v cc mng IP khc, dch v Fax qua IP ngy cng tr thnh mt dch v rng ri cung cp cho mng ton cu.
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Chng 11 International Internet Bypass
Chng 11. International Internet Bypass
Ni dung chng 11
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Chng 12 Cht lng dch v trong VoIP
Chng 12. Cht lng dch v trong VoIP
Mt trong nhng l do chnh khin cho mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network) c gi l mng chuyn mch knh l v "tt c bng thng tt c thi gian". Ch n gin l a tn hiu thoi vo mng, cht lng thoi ra s ph thuc ch yu vo kh nng duy tr tr thp v n nh trn sut dc ng tn hiu truyn qua. Cch d nht (v tng l cch duy nht trong mt khong thi gian di) m bo tr nh v n nh (hay gii hn jitter) l thng qua chuyn mch knh. Bng thng v tr l hai thng s cht lng dch v quan trng nht (QoS), chng xc nh c im ca mng, v trong mt vi trng hp c th ni rng chng l hai thng s ng quan tm duy nht. Tuy nhin, ngy nay, thoi khng phi l dch v duy nht trn mng PSTN. Fax c xem nh loi dch v thoi c kh nng chu li cao, v n khng ph thuc vo n nh ca tr nh thoi. Mng d liu nhy cm vi gii hn bng thng hn l vi tr nh v gii hn tri pha. y l mt trong nhng l do chnh khin cho trong qu kh mng thun d liu c xy dng c lp vi mng thoi. Ngy nay, tt nhin l tt c cc mng u c s dng cho dch v thoi, d liu, v mt s cn cho c Fax v Video. Cc mng ring c th c xy dng p ng cc yu cu c bit v bng thng hay tr, tuy nhin mng cng cng li hp dn kha cnh thun li cho vic kt ni. Cng vi vic Internet v Web ang ngy cng tr nn khng th thiu c trong cuc sng hng ngy, th p lc cho vic s dng mt mng IP (Internet Protocol) ton cu cho tt c cc loi dch v ngy cng ln v cp thit. Tht ng tic QoS li khng phi l bn cht vn c ca mng IP. Bn thn IP l mt mng "c gng ti a" v "khng tin cy", theo mng s c gng chuyn giao cc gi tin, nhng nu c gi no b mt gia cc b nh tuyn v bt c mt l do g, th IP khng c nhim v phi truyn li gi . V thut ng khng tin cy i vi mng IP cng l mt vn kh gii quyt. Thm vo , nu mt b chuyn mch thoi b hng th tt c cc cuc thoi ang c chuyn mch qua n s b kt thc ngay lp tc. Trong khi, nu mt b nh tuyn IP trn mng hng, th cc gi s nhanh chng c t ng nh tuyn li vng qua b nh tuyn hng , mc d c th b mt mt vi gi. Ti sao PSTN li c coi l "ng tin cy" cn Internet li "khng tin cy"? L do chnh bi v thut ng ng tin cy trong ng cnh ny khng phi p dng cho cc c tnh sn sng ca mng m l kh nng mng c th tin tng c chuyn giao QoS cn thit cho ng dng hay khng. Vi ngha ny, mng PSTN tt hn mng IP nhiu khi n m bo c QoS cho cc ng dng, khng phi ch l QoS ca thoi. Cn IP (Internet v Web) cung cp dch v mng khng tin cy gia cc b nh tuyn. Tuy nhin, nu mt mng IP khng c mt m bo no v QoS cho ng dng, th lm th no Internet c th c s dng tin cy cho thoi? Ngi s dng c th d dng thm cc thit b vo mng c c QoS cn thit
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hay khng? V mng s ng vai tr g? Chng ny s cp n cc vn ny.
Cht lng dch v l g?

Mi ngi u ni v QoS v mng, nhng QoS li l mt trong nhiu khi nim m h b qua c nh th l h bit r n l g mi khi ch v QoS xut hin. Khi b hi, th cc nh ngha v QoS li thng ch c coi n gin l mt loi bng thng. Tuy nhin, nu nh bng thng l tt c i vi QoS, th ti sao li khng gi l bng thng thay v QoS. Mt vi nh ngha khc thm vo cc thng s tr. Mc ny nh ngha cc thng s QoS theo tt c cc quan im c th. iu ny c ngha l cc nh ngha khc c th b qua mt vi thng s c lit k y. Tuy nhin, cch tip cn ny m bo rng khng c thng s QoS no khc c th c thm vo mt nh ngha QoS. Vi mc ch ging dy, cch tip cn ton b em li hu ht ngha. Bn thn QoS cn phi c nh ngha. Vi mc ch ca chng ny, QoS mang ngha l kh nng ca mng m bo v duy tr cc mc thc hin nht nh cho mi ng dng theo nh cc yu cu c ch r ca mi ngi s dng. Mt vi thut ng s dng trong nh ngha ny l cha kho hiu c QoS l g t gc nhn ca nh cung cp dch v mng. Nh cung cp dch v mng m bo QoS cung cp cho ngi s dng, v thc hin cc bin php duy tr mc QoS khi iu kin mng b thay i v cc nguyn nhn nh nghn, hng hc thit b hay li lin kt... QoS cn c cung cp cho mi ng dng ngi s dng c th chy ng dng , v mc QoS m ng dng i hi ch c th c xc nh bi ngi s dng, bi v ch ngi s dng mi c th bit c chnh xc ng dng ca mnh cn g hot ng tt. Khng phi l ngi s dng t ng c th bit c mng cn phi cung cp nhng g cn thit cho ng dng, nhng cng ging nh cc yu cu cho cc ng dng phn mm ca my tnh c nhn (v d "64 MB RAM, 100 MB cng trng..."), h phi tm hiu cc thng tin. Chc chn rng, mng khng th t ng t ra QoS cn thit cho mt ng dng ca ngi s dng. V quan nim th QoS l mt ti nguyn ca mng, hay ng hn l mt nhm ti nguyn mng, v d nh bng thng v tr. Quan nim QoS l ti nguyn mng nh c ch ra Hnh 12-1. QoS "bn trong" mng v mng s cung cp QoS thch hp cho cc ng dng khi cn thit.
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QoS
QoS
QoS
Best effort "Khng tin cy" QoS
QoS Khng c QoS trong mng tt c cc ng dng phi t lm ly (Cch tip cn IP/Internet) QoS trong mng, cc ng dng yu cu mng cung cp (Cch tip cn PSTN)
Hnh 12-1. Gn lin QoS hay thm QoS
Cc nh cung cp dch v mng a ra thng tin c t v gi tr thc t ca cc thng s QoS theo mt trong hai cch sau. Vi mi trng knh o c nh (PVC: Permanent Virtual Circuit), cc gi tr ca cc tham s QoS c th ch n gin c ghi trn mt mu giy v trao cho i din ca nh cung cp dch v mng. Fax, th in t, v thm ch c cc cuc gi c th c s dng cung cp cng mt thng tin, min l khch hng v nh cung cp dch v thng nht c vi nhau v cch thc s dng. QoS c hiu lc trn PVC khi PVC sn sng. Vi mi trng knh o chuyn mch (SVC: Switched Virtual Circuit), cc gi tr ca thng s QoS c gi cho nh cung cp dch v trong bn tin bo hiu thit lp cuc gi, n l mt phn ca giao thc bo hiu c s dng cung cp dch v chuyn mch trn mng. C hai phng php u c th c s dng trong mi cch kt hp trn mng. Phng php PVC cho php QoS c cung cp rnh rang hn, trong khi phng php SVC i hi QoS trn mt kt ni cho trc c thit lp lin tc. Nu mt mng c ti u hon ton cho mt loi dch v, th ngi s dng t phi xc nh chi tit cc thng s QoS. V d, vi mng PSTN, c ti u cho thoi, khng cn phi xc nh bng thng hay tr cn cho mt cuc gi. Tt c cc cuc gi u c m bo QoS nh c quy nh trong cc chun lin quan cho in thoi. Nu MODEM c s dng truyn d liu trn kt ni thoi, th cc thng s c cung cp bi PSTN vn khng th b vi phm. PSTN thch hp cho thoi do bn cht ca n, tuy nhin n li khng hon ton ph hp cho nhiu ng dng ngy nay, c bit i vi kha cnh bng thng. Tuy nhin, c nh tt c cc thng s QoS trong mng PSTN rt ph hp cho thit lp cuc gi v nh tuyn kh n gin, hiu qu, v nhanh.
Phn cp cht lng

Mt cch t nhin, c nhiu mc QoS khc nhau cng ging nh l c nhiu ng dng vy. Cc ng dng li thay i rt ln thm ch c vi nhng yu cu n gin v bng thng. Thoi s c th yu cu bt k tc no trong khong t 8 n 64 kb/s. Video th c th chp nhn c tc 1,5 Mb/s, nhng s tt hn nhiu nu l 6 Mb/s. Truy nhp Web v truyn tp tin s dng bng thng cng nhiu cng tt trong phm vi c th,
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nhng li khng cn lin tc... Tuy nhin, bng thng trn PSTN v ca mng d liu nhn c t cc ng thu ring da trn PSTN li ch phc v gii hn ti tc 64 kb/s. Mt ng dng cn 100 kb/s th hoc l c gng hot ng 64 kb/s, hoc l b ph 28 kb/s trong 128 kb/s. y l mt hn ch ca cc mng chuyn mch knh "tt c bng thng tt c thi gian". Mt mng chuyn mch gi c th chia bng thng ra thnh nhiu phn rt thch hp cho cc ng dng d liu bng n, nhng khng phi l tt c. Mt mng cn phi c kh nng cung cp QoS yu cu cho mi ng dng, khng cn bit bng thng cn thit l c nh hay khng. Kh nng v pha mng cp cho cc ng dng cc m bo QoS, v d nh l m bo bng thng, c xem l phn cp QoS ca mng. Phn cp l mt kha cnh quan trng ca QoS. Phn cp xc nh cc thng s QoS tt n mc no m ngi s dng c th nh r cho mt ng dng c th. Nu mng cung cp QoS khng mn, th n c th gii hn ngi s dng truy nhp vo mng. Ly mt v d n gin, xt mt nh cung cp dch v mng thit lp nhiu loi lp dch v cho cc ng dng ca ngi s dng. C nhiu lc lp dch v c dng ng ngha vi QoS, nhng y s dng thut ng lp dch v vi ngha l mt tp hp ca cc gi tr thng s QoS c kh nng cung cp cho mt lp, hay loi ng dng no . Nh cung cp dch v c th a ra mt lp dch v thoi trn mt mng gi m n m bo bng thng 64 kb/s gia cc im cui v tr 100 ms vi jitter nh hn 10 ms. iu ny tt, min l tt c ngi s dng thoi u cn 64 kb/s. Nhng nu mt ng dng thoi mi ch yu cu 8 kb/s thi th sao? Hay thm ch ch 4 kb/s. Bi v ngi s dng c m bo 64 kb/s, nn lng bng thng ny ni chung phi c chia ra t ton b bng thng trn mng. Nh th bi v mng c th khng bao gi ch ra khi no 64 kb/s c th c yu cu. Theo , ngi s dng tr cho phn bng thng khng s dng, v nh cung cp dch v d tr bng thng c th dng cung cp cho nhng ngi s dng khc. Phn cp QoS tt hn s cho php ngi s dng thoi, thm ch trong cng lp dch v, xc nh bng thng h yu cu chnh xc hn. S chnh xc ny mun t c th phi tr gi bng phc tp ca mng, y l l do chnh cho vic gii hn cc gi tr thng s QoS v t ra cc lp dch v trong giai on u.
m bo cht lng
iu g s xy ra nu mng khng thnh cng trong vic m bo v duy tr QoS chnh xc cho mt ng dng cho trc? iu ny tu thuc vo s tho thun gia ngi s dng v nh cung cp dch v trong trng hp dch v c qun l bi hp ng, hay l gia nh cung cp dch v v b phn iu chnh trong trng hp dch v bng gi. Ly mt v d, mt vi bang M pht cc nh cung cp dch v chuyn mch ni ht (LECs:
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Local Exchange Carriers) trong trng hp dch v thoi chuyn mnh knh st xung di mc QoS nh trc cho dch v . iu ny ch c ngha vi LEC bi v LEC thng c quyn vi cc dch v ni ht v b phn iu chnh hot ng thay cho ngi s dng. Cc bng gi in hnh u nhim mt mc cht lng dch v c bn, gii hn nghim ngt i vi thi gian sa cha, cng nh cc vn khc. Nu LEC gp li khi cung cp m bo thi hnh ny cho khch hng ca h, th b phn iu chnh c th pht, gim gi cc, hay c hai nu b phn iu chnh thy thch hp. m bo cht lng cng l phn quan trng ca hp ng cho cc dch v mng gia khch hng (i din cho ngi s dng) v nh cung cp dch v. Thng thng th khch hng phi tr tin hng thng cho cc dch v. m bo cht lng c th thit lp mt h thng pht di hnh thc gim bt gi tin dch v mt thng nu nh cung cp dch v khng cung cp ng cht lng yu cu trong thng . Trong nhng trng hp nghim trng nu vn v mng xy ra trong ton b thng , khch hng c th nhn c dch v min ph.
Tho thun mc dch v

m bo cht lng mng trong mt mi trng dch v hp ng thng c biu hin theo hnh thc tho thun mc dch v (SLA: Service Level Agreement) c thit lp gia khch hng v nh cung cp dch v. SLA c th l mt phn ca hp ng dch v hay l mt ti liu c lp hon ton. SLA a ra cc yu cu ca khch hng v cc hnh pht i vi nh cung cp trong trng hp xy ra s c. SLA cng cung cp mt phng php thun tin cho khch hng so snh cc dch v do cc nh cung cp dch v khc nhau a ra. SLA l mt phn thng thng ca cc dch v mng cng cng Frame relay hay ATM. Mt vi khch hng s n o khi k hp ng s dng dch v ATM hoc Frame relay nu nh khng c SLA. Trong thc t, din n Frame relay c mt tho thun thc thi tiu chun, lin kt v k thut tt c cc thnh vin ca din n, to ra mt khung tho thun SLA chun gia cc khch hng v cc nh cung cp dch v. Vy trong tt c nhng iu nu v phn cp QoS, m bo cht lng v SLA, iu no phi c thc hin vi VoIP hay thoi Internet? Vn y l trong khi m bo v iu chnh QoS tr thnh mt lnh vc c kho st tch cc gia cc nh cung cp dch v mng cng cng, Internet nhn chung vn tng i khng b nh hng trong vn QoS. Mt trong nhng l do l bn cht Internet nh hng IP l mt mng "c gng ti a" do "khng tin cy" khi n tin ti m bo v QoS. Tuy nhin, thm ch nu tt c cc ISP (Internet Service Provider) t ngt tr nn quan tm ti QoS, th vn khng d g thm QoS vo mt mng IP ti mc IP. Cch tip cn gn nht cc nh cung cp dch v IP c th t ti m bo QoS hay SLA gia khch hng v ISP l vi dch v mng IP c qun
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l (managed). Thut ng c qun l y l bt c ci g m nh cung cp dch v qun l thay mt cho khch hng. Vy th ci g ang thc s c qun l trn mng IP? l QoS m mng IP cung cp. iu ny in hnh c thc hin bng cch cch ly cc b nh tuyn, cc lin kt.... s dng cung cp dch v IP cho mt khch hng c th v s dng cc ti nguyn ny trn mt nn tng dnh ring mt phn phc v cho mnh khch hng . Trong vi trng hp, cc b nh tuyn v cc lin kt vn c chia s, nhng ch gia nhng khch hng chung vn c hp ng cho qun l cc dch v IP. Hu ht cc nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) ln a ra c kt ni Internet cng cng dng chung v dch v IP c qun l. Phn IP c qun l ca cc ISP thng s dng kt ni ch vi cc v tr c iu khin bi khch hng. Khng ai c th d dng m bo bng thng hay bt k mt thng s QoS no khc trn mng Internet cng cng, n c bn bao gm cc "m my" ISP lin kt ca bng thng v ti nguyn bin i trong phm vi ln. Ch c th bng cch gii hn cc kt ni n mt ISP th ISP mi c th a ra thc t mt dch v IP c qun l. Cc lin kt n mt mng Internet cng cng, ton cu c th c cung cp nh mt phn ca dch v IP c qun l, nhng tt nhin l tt c cc m bo QoS khng xut hin trn phn ny ca mng. Tuy nhin, lin kt gii hn c c trng bi cc dch v mng IP c qun l ny vn c th c s dng em li li ch cho khch hng. V d, mng ring o (VPN: Virtual Private Network) thc s c li t cc m bo QoS v cc kt ni hn ch v tr v y chnh l du xc nhn cht lng ca cc dch v mng IP c qun l. Vn y l ngy cng c nhiu ng dng nh thoi v video hot ng trn Internet v Web ton cu, do cc m bo QoS khng ch n thun l xa x m thc s cn thit. Mc d vy, Internet ngy nay tuy cung cp lin kt ton cu nhng li rt c rt t cc m bo QoS, c chng ch l cc ngoi l ca cc dch v mng IP c qun l.
Cc thng s QoS
Tnh n thi im ny cc khi nim ca cc thng s QoS mi ch c tho lun bng nhng thut ng chung nht, v vn cha c mt c gng no nh ngha r rng cc thng s QoS. Tuy nhin, hy suy ngh n tm quan trng ca QoS trong VoIP v in thoi Internet, phn ny s a ra mt nh ngha ton b su thng s QoS. Mt s kho st k lng v QoS s c trnh by chi tit cng vi mt s hoc thm ch c su tham s. Phn ny nh ngha QoS nh l c t k thut ca cc gi tr trn nn tng ng dng vi ng dng i vi mi mt trong su thng s. Su thng s, cng vi cc gi tr v d, c lit k trong Bng 12-1. Bi v danh sch ny bao gm c cc thng s khng thng thy trong nhiu tho lun v QoS, c bit l thng s bo mt, nn c th c thm mt vi ch thch.
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Thng s QoS Bng thng (nh nht) Tr (ln nht) Jitter (bin ng tr) Mt thng tin (cc nh hng ca li) Tnh sn sng (tin cy) Bo mt
Cc gi tr v d 64 kb/s, 1.5 Mb/s, 45 Mb/s 50 ms tr vng, 150 ms tr vng 10% ca tr ln nht, 5 ms bin ng 1 trong 1000 gi cha chuyn giao 99.99% M ho v nhn thc trn tt c cc lung lu lng
Bng 12-1. Su thng s ca QoS
Bng thng
Kh nhiu vn v QoS u bt u v kt thc vi bng thng. V tr ca bng thng s c xem xt chi tit phn sau ca chng ny. Bng thng r rng l thng s quan trng nht ca QoS, nhng n cng khng th l thng s duy nht xc nh QoS. Trong nhiu phn ca mng, bng thng vn l "mt hng xa x", mc d c cc ha hn "bng thng gn nh khng gii hn" trn si quang. Khng may rng, nhng tht vng vi cc cuc th nghim hu nh khng c s tham gia ca in v "phn cng gn nh t cu hnh" to ra cc hoi nghi v kh nng sm t c bng thng nh yu cu. Bng thng ch n gin l thc o s lng bit trn giy m mng sn sng cung cp cho cc ng dng. Cc ng dng bng n (bursty) trn mng chuyn mch gi c th chim tt c bng thng ca mng nu khng c ng dng no khc cng bng n vi n. Khi iu ny xy ra, cc bng n phi c m li v xp hng ch truyn i, do to ra tr trn mng. Khi c s dng nh l mt thng s QoS, bng thng l yu t ti thiu m mt ng dng cn hot ng. V d, thoi PCM 64 kb/s cn bng thng l 64 kb/s. iu ny khng to ra khc bit khi mng xng sng c kt ni 45 Mb/s gia cc nt mng ln. Bng thng cn thit c xc nh bi bng thng nh nht sn c trn mng. Nu truy nhp mng thng qua mt MODEM V.34 h tr ch 33.6 kb/s, th mng xng sng 45 Mb/s s lm cho ng dng thoi 64 kb/s khng hot ng c. Bng thng QoS nh nht phi sn sng ti tt c cc im gia cc ngi s dng. Cc ng dng d liu c li nht t vic t c bng thng cao hn. iu ny c gi l cc ng dng gii hn bng thng, bi v hiu qu ca ng dng d liu trc tip lin quan ti lng nh nht ca bng thng sn sng trn mng. Mt khc, cc ng dng thoi nh thoi PCM 64 kb/s c gi l cc ng dng gii hn tr. Thoi PCM 64 kb/s ny s khng hot ng tt hn cht no nu c bng thng 128 kb/s. Loi thoi ny ph thuc hon ton vo thng s QoS tr ca mng c th hot ng ng n.
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Tr
Tr lin quan cht ch vi bng thng khi n l mt thng s QoS. Vi cc ng dng gii hn bng thng th bng thng cng ln tr s cng nh. i vi cc ng dng gii hn tr, nh l thoi PCM 64 kb/s, thng s QoS tr xc nh tr ln nht cc bit gp phi khi truyn qua mng. Tt nhin l cc bit c th n vi tr nh hn.
"ng bit" Khung = X bit
t1 = bit u tin vo
t1 = bit u tin ra
(a) "ng bit" Khung = X bit
t1 = bit cui cng ra
t1 = bit u tin ra
(b)
Hnh 12-2. (a) Tr v (b) bng thng trong mng
Mi quan h gia bng thng v tr trong mng c ch ra trong Hnh 12-2. Trong phn (a), t2 - t1 = s giy tr. Trong phn (b), X bit/ (t3 - t2) = bit/s bng thng. Nhiu bng thng hn c ngha l nhiu bit n hn trong mt n v thi gian, tr tng th nh hn. n v ca mi thng s, bit/s vi bng thng hay giy vi tr, cho thy mi quan h hin nhin gia bng thng v tr. Bng thng v tr ca mng c quan h vi nhau v c th tnh ton ti nhiu ni trong mng, thm ch t u cui ti u cui. Thng tin truyn i di dng mt chui cc khung truyn, (gi IP cng c th c s dng cho mc ch ny). Khong thi gian tri qua t khi bit u tin ca mt khung i vo mng cho n khi bit u tin ri khi mng gi l tr. V con ng ca khung qua c b chuyn mch v b nh tuyn, nn tr c th bin i, c cc gi tr ln nht, nh nht, trung bnh, lch chun... Bng thng c nh ngha l s bit ca mt khung chia cho thi gian tri qua k t khi bit u tin ri khi mng cho n khi bit cui cng ri mng. Trn thc t, y ch l mt trong nhiu cch o c th. V cc khung c ng i t lin kt truy nhp ti mng xng sng, nn bng thng m khung c truyn i c th bin i ng k. Cc mng chuyn mch gi cung cp cho cc ng dng cc bng thng bin i ph thuc vo hot ng v bng n ca ng dng. Bng thng bin i ny c ngha l tr cng c th bin i trn mng. Cc nt mng
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c nhm vi nhau cng c th ng gp vo s bin i ca tr. Tuy nhin, thng s QoS tr ch xc nh tr ln nht v khng t bt k gii hn nh hn no cho tr ca mng. Nu cn tr n nh, mt thng s QoS khc phi quan tm n yu cu ny.
Jitter (Bin ng tr)

Thng s QoS jitter thit lp gii hn ln lng bin i ca tr m mt ng dng c th gp trn mng. Mt cch ng n hn th jitter c xem l bin ng tr, bi v thut ng jitter cng c s dng trong mng vi ngha s khc bit thi gian mc thp trong k thut m ng dy. Tuy nhin, s dng thut ng jitter ng ngha vi bin ng tr cng l ph bin, v ng cnh s lun phn bit ngha no ang c cp. Jitter khng t mt gii hn no cho gi tr tuyt i ca tr, n c th th tng i thp hoc cao ph thuc vo gi tr ca thng s tr. Jitter theo l thuyt c th l mt gi tr thng s QoS mng tng i hay tuyt i. V d, nu tr mng cho mt ng dng c thit lp l 100 ms, jitter c th t l cng hay tr 10 phn trm ca gi tr ny. Theo , nu mng c tr trong khong 90 n 110 ms th vn t c yu cu v jitter (trong trng hp ny, r rng l tr khng phi l ln nht). Nu tr l 200 ms, th 10 phn trm gi tr jitter s cho php bt k tr no trong khong 180 n 220 ms. Mt khc, jitter tuyt i gii hn cng tr 5 ms s gii hn jitter trong cc v d trn trong khong t 95 ti 105 ms v t 195 ti 205 ms. Cc ng dng nhy cm nht i vi gii hn ca jitter l cc ng dng thi gian thc nh thoi hay video. Nhng i vi cc trang Web hay vi truyn tp tin qua mng th li t quan tm hn n jitter. Internet, l gc ca mng d liu, c t khuyn ngh v jitter. Cc bin i ca tr tip tc l vn gy bc mnh nht gp phi i vi cc ng dng video v thoi da trn Internet.
Mt thng tin (Cc tc ng ca li)

Mt thng tin l mt thng s QoS khng c cp thng xuyn nh l bng thng v tr, c bit i vi mng Internet. bi v bn cht t nhin c tha nhn ca mng Internet l "c gng ti a". Nu cc gi IP khng n c ch th Internet khng h b li v lm mt chng. iu ny khng c ngha l ng dng s tt yu b li, bi v nu cc thng tin b mt vn cn thit i vi ng dng th n s phi t yu cu bn gi gi li bn sao ca thng tin b mt. Bn thn mng khng quan tm gip vn ny, bi v bn sao ca thng tin b mt khng c lu li ti bt c nt no ca mng. Ti sao cc mng, khng ch Internet, li mt thng tin? Thc s l c nhiu l do, nhng hu ht trong s chng c th truy nguyn t cc nh hng ca li trn mng. V d, nu mt kt ni b hng, th tt c cc bit ang truyn trn lin kt ny s khng, v khng th, ti c ch. Nu mt nt mng v d nh b nh tuyn hng, th tt c cc bit hin ang
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trong b m v ang c x l bi nt s bin mt khng li du vt. Do nhng loi h hng ny trn mng c th xy ra bt c lc no, nn vic mt vi thng tin b mt do li trn mng l khng th trnh khi. Tc ng ca mt thng tin l tu thuc v ng dng. iu khin li trn mng l mt qu trnh gm hai bc, m bc u tin l xc nh li. Bc th hai l khc phc li, n c th n gin l bn gi truyn li n v b mt thng tin. Mt vi ng dng, c bit l cc ng dng thi gian thc, khng th t hiu qu khc phc li bng cch gi li n v tin b li. Cc ng dng khng phi thi gian thc th thch hp hn i vi cch truyn li thng tin b li, tuy nhin cng c mt s ngoi l (v d nh cc h thng qun s tn cng mc tiu trn khng khng th s dng hiu qu vi cch khc phc li bng truyn li). V nhng l do ny, thng s QoS mt thng tin khng nhng nn nh r mt gii hn trn i vi nh hng ca li m cn nn cho php ngi s dng xc nh xem c la chn cch sa li bng truyn li hay khng. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc mng (c bit l mng IP) ch cung cp phng tin vn chuyn th ng, cn xc nh li, khc phc li thng c li cho ng dng (hay ngi s dng).
kh dng (ng tin cy)

Cc mng tn ti phc ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, mng cn c bin php bo dng phng nga nu cc tnh hung hng hc tim tng c pht hin v d on trc. Mt chin lc ng n bng cch nh k tm thi tch cc thit b ra khi mng thc hin cc cng vic bo dng v chun on trong mt khong thi gian ngn c th gim thi gian ngng hot ng do hng hc. Tt nhin, thm ch vi mt bit php bo dng hon ho nht cng khng th trnh c cc li khng tin on trc v cc li nghim trng ca kt ni v thit b theo thi gian. Khng lu trc y, mng PSTN c lch trnh thi gian v bo dng nghim khc hn nhiu mng d liu. PSTN phi c kh nng truyn cc cuc gi c ngy ln m v tt c cc ngy trong nm. C nhng khong thi gian ch c rt t cuc gi, nh khong t 3 dn 4 gi sng, nhng li c cuc gi hu nh tt c cc khong thi gian. ng nhin, phi c nhng nguyn tc bo dng phng nga vi mng PSTN. Mt s hot ng c th thc hin lc lu lng c bit trc l tm lng, v mt s hot ng c th khng bao gi c thc hin trong cc gi hoc ngy bn... Mng d liu thc hin cng vic d hn. Hu ht mng d liu dnh cho kinh doanh, v do hot ng trong nhng gi kinh doanh, thng l t 8 gi sng n 5 gi chiu, t th Hai n th Su. Hot ng b tr c th thc hin "ngoi gi", v mt tp kim tra y vi mc ch pht hin ra cc vn c th chy trong ngy ngh. Internet v Web thay i tt c. Mi mng ton cu phi gii quyt vn rng thc s c mt s ngi lun c gng truy nhp vo mng ti
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mt s a im. V thm ch Internet c th thm ch c ch nh vo 10 gi ti hn l c quan vo 2 gi chiu. Tuy nhin, nu ngi s dng nhn thc r rng h khng th c mng nh mong mun trong tt c thi gian (vi ngi khng hiu iu ny mt cht no), bao nhiu th ? V khi no hng hc xy ra, dch v phi c khi phc nhanh n mc no? C hai l kha cnh ch yu ca thng s QoS kh dng, hay tin cy ca mng. Mt nm c 60 * 60 * 24 * 365, hay 31.536.000, giy. Gi thit mt mng kh dng 99 phn trm thi gian. iu ny cho php mt nh cung cp dch v c 315.360 giy, hay 87,6 gi mng khng hot ng trong mt nm. Khong thi gian ny l tng i ln. Gi tr 99,99 phn trm s tt hn nhiu, v thi gian ngng hot ng ca mng gim xung ch cn khong 50 pht trong mt nm. Tt nhin nh cung cp dch v cn nhiu c ch d phng v khc phc li hn t c iu ny. Bng 12-2 cho thy phn trm sn sng c biu din di dng thi gian ngng hot ng hng nm.
Tnh sn sng ca mng 99% 99.5% 99.9% 99.95% 99.99% 99.995% 99.999% Tng thi gian ngng hot ng trong mt nm 3.65 ngy 1.825 ngy 8.76 gi 4.38 gi 52.56 pht 26.28 pht 5.25pht
Bng 12-2. Tnh sn sng ca mng v thi gian ngng hot ng
Ngy nay, thng s QoS kh dng ca mng thng vo khong 99,995%, hay khong 26 pht ngng hot ng trong mt nm, kt ni khi phc nh hn 4 gi. Cng c s khc nhau gia kh dng v tin ca mng t gc nhn ca tng ngi s dng v t gc nhn mng tng th. Ngy nay, ton b mng khng hng tt c v v do lm cho tt c ngi s dng b c lp cng mt lc. Thng s QoS kh dng thng c quy cho mi v tr hoc lin kt ring l. Mt ngi s dng kh tnh c th than phin rng mt lin kt ch sn sng 99,7% trong thng s c nhc nh rng 99,99% sn sng nh c qung co v ha hn l p dng cho ton b mng.
Bo mt
Bo mt l mt thng s mi trong danh sch QoS, nhng li l mt thng s quan trng. Thc t, trong mt s trng hp bo mt c th c xt ngay sau bng thng. Gn y, s do e do rng ri ca cc hacker v s lan trn ca virus trn mng Internet ton cu lm cho bo mt tr thnh vn hng u.
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Hu ht vn bo mt lin quan ti cc vn nh tnh ring t, s tin cn v xc nhn khch v ch. Chng ny s khng i su vo chi tit v vn mng v bo mt, m ch nhc nh rng cc vn lin quan n bo mt thng c gn vi mt vi hnh thc ca phng php mt m, nh m ho v gii m. Cc phng php mt m cng c s dng trn mng cho vic xc nhn (authentication), nhng nhng phng php ny thng khng lin quan cht no n vn gii m. Mt cch ngn gn, ring t v b mt c lin quan ti cc k thut m ho ring t hay cng khai. Vic xc nhn tnh hp l ca khch hng ("bn ng l ngi nh bn ni") thng c quy nh bi mt mt khu n gin, nu s dng ch k s th phc tp hn, v thm ch cn phc tp hn na nu s dng cc h thng sinh trc hc nh kim tra vng mc. Vic xc nhn tnh hp l ca my phc v ("bn ang trang Web chnh thc ca Rolex") thng c quy nh bi mt chng ch s c a ra bi nh cp chng ch v c qun l bi mt nh qun l ng k. Ton b kin trc u xut pht t vic b sung thm tnh ring t hoc b mt v s xc nhn hoc nhn thc cho mng Internet. Giao thc bo mt chnh thc cho IP, gi l IPSec, ang tr thnh mt kin trc c bn cung cp thng mi in t trn Internet v ngn nga gian ln trong mi trng VoIP. Tht tr tru l mng Internet cng cng ton cu, thng xuyn b coi l thiu bo mt nht, a vn v bo mt tr thnh mt phn ca IP ngay t khi bt u. Mt bit trong trng loi dch v (ToS: Type of Service) trong phn tiu gi IP c t ring cho ng dng c th bt buc bo mt khi chuyn mch gi. Tuy nhin li ny sinh mt vn l khng c s thng nht gia cc nh sn xut b nh tuyn khi s dng trng ToS. Ngi s dng v ng dng c th thm phn bo mt ca ring mnh vo mng, v trong thc t, cch ny c thc hin trong nhiu nm. Nu c cht no bo mt mng, th n thng di dng mt mt khu truy nhp vo mng. Cc mng ngy nay cn mt c ch bo mt gn lin vi n, ch khng phi thm vo mt cch ba bi bi cc ng dng. Nu khng th, kh nng kt hp ca tng tc khch-ch gm c bo mt s tr thnh mt cn c mng. Mt thng s QoS bo mt in hnh c th l "m ho v nhn thc i hi trn tt c cc lung lu lng". Nu c la chn, th truyn d liu c th ch cn m ho, v kt ni in thoi Internet c th ch cn nhn thc ngn gian ln. Ngy nay, tm quan trng ca bo mt nh mt thng s QoS l rt ln, khng th nh gi ht c.
Vai tr quan trng ca bng thng

Mt s danh sch cc thng s QoS ca mng c th rt ngn. Mt s ch gm bng thng, tr, v jitter l cc bin hp php m ngi s dng v ng dng c th nh r trn mng. Phn cn li ch l nhng g m mng
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cp cho mi ngi, do ngi s dng khngcn thit phi xc nh cc gi tr cho bo mt hay bt k mt thng s no khc. Mt s danh sch ch c mt mc - bng thng. By gi thm ch tr v jitter ch l nhng g m mng c th a ra, khng phi nhng g m ngi s dng v ng dng cn hay mong mun. Cho trc bng thng dng th tt c cc thng s QoS lin quan khc s tr nn m nht. y l mt l l c y sc thuyt phc. nh hng ca vic tng bng thng n gim tr c cp phn trc. Ngi s dng c th ch cn chn tr, jitter... no m h cn, v mt bng thng ln s gii quyt tt c. Khng cn phi nh r bt k mt thng s QoS no khc tr bng thng. V d, bng thng ln cho php cc gi tin n ch hu nh lp tc, do ti thiu tr. Khng bao gi c hng i, nn jitter cng bin mt. Li khng cn l vn bi v ngi s dng c th gi mi th nhiu ln trong cng mt thi im, v vic s dng nhiu b nh tuyn s gim thiu li. Bo mt khng l vn g v ngi s dng c th thay i nh tuyn cc bit nu h thch trn cc knh v ng dn khc nhau. Cui cng, nu bng thng l tt c nhng g quan trng nht, sau khi tt c c c cp v thc hin, bt c ai c bng thng ln nht s thng. Cc nh cung cp cp quang v thit b ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng v cc nh cung cp dch v vi cc ng trc cp quang ln c khuynh hng tr thnh nhng ngi ng h tch cc nht ca trit l QoS "ch cn bng thng" (only bandwidth). iu duy nht cn quan tm trn mng l cc cng ty ny s bn ci g. Khng cn c cuc tranh lun no c. C hai phng php tip cn u c rt nhiu gi tr. Tuy nhin, cho n khi bng thng thc s khng b rng buc th vic thm mt vi thng s QoS khc bn cnh bng thng s cn phi c quan tm.
B sung QoS vo mng

Nu mt mng thiu QoS th ngi s dng phi t thm vo cc phng php ca mnh c c QoS cn thit. Vic thm bo mt vo trn ti cp ng dng c cp n phn trc. Khi thc hin VoIP trn mng Internet cng cng, cc b m jitter thng c s dng ti bn nhn. Qu trnh ny c th t v tn thi gian. S tt hn nu mng c th chuyn giao t nht mt vi m bo QoS trong lnh vc ny. Trong tt c cc thng s QoS, thng s m ngi s dng kh t thm vo nht l tr. M thoi li l ng dng rt nhy cm vi tr mng. Tuy nhin, nu ngi s dng khng sn sng chi tin thm QoS cho mi ng dng, th nh cung cp dch v nn lm g ci thin QoS ca mng? Ngi s dng khng th h thp tr mng, nhng nh cung cp dch v c nn quan tm ti vic u t lm gim tr trn ton b mng khi m ch c ng dng yu cu tr thp nh l thoi to ra li nhun? Ti sao
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khng gi ly tin ny v xy dng mt mng khc? y l l do v sao cc mng thoi v d liu cng tn ti lu n th trong giai on u. y thc s l mt l do c bn khc cho tip cn QoS "ch cn bng thng". Thc t n gin l s hiu qu hn nu khc phc nhc im ca QoS bng cch thm bng thng hn l bng bt c cch no khc. Thm vo bng thng, v t nht tr v jitter s c ci thin. Nu bng thng c thm vo ng n, th thm ch c li, tnh sn sng, v bo mt cng s c ci thin. V kt qu ca vic thm bng thng l c th d on c. u t tin vo bng thng nhn c cc kt qu bit trc th tt hn l u t vo mt cch mi no vn chuyn li i vng quanh v sau nhn ra rng khng c g tt hn trc .
Tch hp hay b sung QoS vo mng?

Nh vy c hai la chn nhn c QoS cho ngi s dng v cho ng dng, tch hp QoS vo mng hay l thm QoS ln trn mng. iu ny thc cht khng c g khc hn l cn nhc gia vic c sn QoS trong mng v vic thm QoS cp ng dng bn ngoi mng. Hai cch tip cn ny c tho lun phn trc. Cch tip cn th nht, trong ngi s dng ni vi mng h mun g, l cch tip cn c thc hin bi hu ht cc nh cung cp dch v PSTN. Cch tip cn th hai, trong ngi s dng thm QoS ca chnh h v ch tin tng mng khng g hn l cc kt ni, y chnh l trit l ca Internet. Tt c cc ng dng u ri vo mt trong mt s t cc loi ln. Theo , ch c ba hoc bn lp dch v (cc nhm cc gi tr thng s QoS) l cn thit, khng phi n hng trm.
Chia phn truy nhp v/hoc cc dch v cho ngi s dng S dng xp hng theo gi
Mng IP c gng ti a, khng tin cy (VD: Internet)
S dng cc k thut mi (VD: DiffServ, RSVP, etc.)
S dng phng php tip cn IP c qun l
Hnh 12-3. B sung QoS vo mng
y tranh ci khng gii quyt c vn g c. Tt c nhng g c th lm c l ch ra cho cc nh cung cp dch v thy c rng ngoi cch n gin l thm bng thng th ch c ba cch gii quyt nghn v thiu ti nguyn trn mng. V ch mt trong cc cch ny cng i hi phi tiu tn mt s tin ln thm mt thng s QoS c th vo mt mng nh mng Internet. Cc cch tip cn ny c a ra trong Hnh 123.
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Mt nh cung cp dch v c th 1. Chia phn truy nhp v/hoc cc dch v cho ngi s dng. Cch tip cn ny i hi nh cung cp dch v phi kim sot c mng v bit c ai ang s dng phn ti nguyn no ca mng. Hin ti khng c cch no d dng thc hin iu ny trn Internet, tr cch c gng xc nh cc MODEM dial-up ri v a chng ra ngoi v ng nhin phng php ny khng c a chung trong cng ng ngi s dng. 2. S dng xp hng theo gi v/hoc qun l IP. Cch tip cn ny buc ngi s dng phi tr nhiu tin hn s dng nhiu ti nguyn mng hn. Cc l trnh tnh c th c c bit thit lp kt ni cc im s dng VoIP ti thiu tr, nhng s phi tr gi cao hn ph kt ni ISP. Trong trng hp cc oan, xp hng theo gi bao gm cc b nh tuyn IP c qun l hon ton v cc lin kt dnh ring cho mt hoc mt s gii hn cc khch hng ln. 3. S dng cng ngh mi. Ngi s dng khng thch chia phn truy nhp, v khch hng khng nht thit phi tiu mt lng tin ln qun l mng IP. Cch t c QoS cui cng l s dng mt hoc nhiu cng ngh mi lm cho mng IP tr nn tt nh PSTN khi cung cp thoi. Cu hi t ra l cng ngh mi no? C nhiu cng ngh v chng s c xem xt phn sau ca chng ny. Ngi s dng c th lm g vi mt mng IP cung cp QoS ca ring h nu QoS y cho ng dng khng sn sng t mt ISP? Bng 12-3 lit k mt s iu c th lm thm cc thng s QoS t mt ISP.
ci thin thng s QoS... Bng thng Tr Jitter Mt thng tin Tnh sn sng Bo mt Ngi s dng c th ... Dn knh theo hng ngc tng kh nng cho nhiu cuc gi Khng lm g nhiu tr c gng ti thiu cc bc nhy gia cc b nh tuyn (nhng lm th no?) Thm cc b m jitter Thm phn tin sa li vo gi thoi (t dng) S dng nhiu lin kt n ISP, thm ch s dng nhiu ISP Thm cc phng php nhn thc v m ho ca chnh h (hay dng)
Bng 12-3. Thm QoS ng dng vo mt mng IP
Hu ht cc hnh ng ca ngi s dng u khng cn gii thch g thm, nhng nn nh rng nhng hnh ng c p dng trong chng ny ch yu lin quan n VoIP. Him khi thoi s 4 hoc 8 kb/s gy ra vn v bng thng cho ngi s dng trn Internet, tr trng hp mng b nghn nng. Dn knh ngc c th cn cung cp nhiu lung lu lng VoIP thay v kt ni VoIP ring l. Cc b m jitter c s dng rt rng ri vi bt k hnh thc VoIP no khng cn bit c bao gm Internet hay khng, bi v ch c PSTN trn c s knh mi c gii hn cht ch v jitter tho mn thoi. nh hng ca li c th c ti thiu mt phn bng cch s dng m FEC (Forward Error-Correcting Code), nhng iu
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ny him khi c thc hin. FEC yu cu tnh tng thch nn do gii hn s la chn ca ngi s dng, v FEC cng khng gip c g khi ton b gi b mt trn Internet. Tnh sn sng c tng cng bng cch s dng nhiu lin kt ti mt ISP hoc thm ch s dng nhiu ISP. Cui cng, bo mt theo truyn thng l mt vn cn s quan tm v QoS ca ngi s dng, v VoIP hay in thoi Internet c th s dng mt trong nhiu cch m bo tnh ring t v nhn thc, mc d kh nng hot ng cng vi nhau vn cn l mt vn cn gii quyt.
Cc vn lin quan ti b nh tuyn VoIP

Khi cp n VoIP, c nhiu iu cn xc nh vi QoS hn l su thng s QoS nh c t ra phn trc ca chng. C nhng vn ni ln ch n gin bi v Internet v tt c cc mng IP v bn cht u l tp hp ca cc b nh tuyn phi kt ni, chng nh tuyn mi gi tin c lp vi nhau ch trn c s cc thng tin mng cc b. Theo mt b nh tuyn c th gi mt gi tin ti mt b nh tuyn lin k gn ch hn. Thng tin ton cc m b nh tuyn chia s ch l thng tin kt ni c bn tr khi cc bng c bit c xy dng v tham kho, iu ny s lm chm qu trnh nh tuyn. Ngoi tr, jitter, v mt gi, th trong mt mng s dng VoIP ch cn cc vn v b nh tuyn l cn quan tm. Trong thc t, mt gi trn mt mng IP khng ch t nh hng ca li trn lin kt hay do nghn trong b nh tuyn. Tiu gi IP cha trng thi gian tn ti (TTL), trng ny gii hn s bc nhy (s b nh tuyn) m mt gi tin c th i qua trc khi n c ch. Mi b nh tuyn s gim bin m TTL trc khi x l gi. Nu trng TTL bng 0 sau khi gim th gi s b loi b v bn gi s c thng bo. iu ny khng gip c g nhiu cho cc ng dng thi gian thc nh VoIP, v cc ng dng ny khng th gi li gi. Hu ht cc k thut VoIP to ra t 20 n 40 gi tin trong mt giy cho mt cuc gi. Mi gi cha t 10 n 50 ms tn hiu thoi, vi cc gi tr ph thuc vo kch thc gi v phng php m ho. Vic cc gi i qua t 20 n 30 b nh tuyn n ch khng phi khng hay xy ra. Hu ht cc b nh tuyn, c bit l cc b nh tuyn c, ch dn thun nh tuyn cc gi tin m khng ch ti ni dung ca gi hay ng dng no pht ra gi . Chng ch c nh tuyn cng nhanh cng tt theo ng nh th t n. Theo cc gi thoi c x l cng ging nh cc gi d liu. Tn hiu thoi vn c hiu lc nu t 8 n 10 phn trm gi tin b mt, ph thuc vo s mong i ca ngi s dng, v mt gi t 3 n 5 phn trm c th c b bi mt b m ho phc tp. Vi ng dng Fax, 4 phn trm l gii hn li trc khi bt u bo li. Cc vn c trng vi b nh tuyn IP bao gm: 1. nh tuyn khng i xng. Tt c c ISP u c gng ti thiu thi gian truyn gi, v do cc b nh tuyn s c nh tuyn cng
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nhanh cng tt. V vy, nu cc im cui ca mt cuc gi VoIP c phc v bi cc ISP khc nhau, th tr ra ngoi v vo trong c th rt khc nhau, hay l khng i xng. Nh vy do mi ISP c gng chuyn cc gi nhanh nht n ch nh c th, nhng mi ISP li c ti khc nhau, s bc nhy gia cc gateway cng khc nhau, v cn nhiu nguyn nhn khc na. Vn y l hu ht cc cng c IP u ch bo co tr v li gi theo mt chiu, v d nh mt na ca tr vng (round-trip delay) v mt gi. Thm ch cn c th l cc con ng khc nhau m cc ISP s dng ti mi chiu. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng 50 phn trm thi gian cc ng i qua cc thnh ph khc nhau, v 30 phn trm thi gian thm ch c dng i qua cc ISP khc nhau. 2. Vng nh tuyn. Cc b nh tuyn c th hng mt gi tin t mt b nh tuyn ny ti mt b nh tuyn khc v kt thc nu gi bt u quay vng li. iu ny xy ra khi lin kt mng v b nh tuyn b hng trc khi bng nh tuyn c cp nht li chnh xc cc thng tin mi. Gi tin vn bit c phi i u, bi v mt khi gi tin quay li b nh tuyn u tin ca vng, th bng nh tuyn gi y ng. Nu vng lp khng b loi tr nhanh chng, th bin m TTL c th gim v 0, v gi tin b hu. Trc kia hu ht cc vng lp b nh tuyn Internet u nh hn 3 gi, ti vi VoIP, nhng mt vi thm ch ko di n 12 gi. 3. Chuyn tuyn. S thay i tuyn ng nhanh chng trn Internet c gi l chuyn tuyn, hay i lc c gi l b thay tuyn. Trong cc mu cc oan, l trnh c th thay i gia gi gi t M ti Australia qua Nht hay Chu u tng pht mt. Cn bng ti t c cho cc ng dng d liu c th gy ra jitter tiu cc cho thoi v iu ny kh ph bin mt vi phng php nh tuyn IPv4. Ngy nay, cc giao thc nh tuyn mi c s dng gia cc ISP gn nh loi b c nhc im ny. 4. nh tuyn khng n nh. Cc b nh tuyn c th t ng nh tuyn li vng qua cc lin kt v b nh tuyn hng. Theo , ngi s dng c th vn thy ng dng ca mnh hot ng tt, mc d cc gi tin phi i qua mt qung ng rt di v rt khc nhau n c ch. Do , n nh ca tuyn ng qua mt mng ca cc b nh tuyn ISP l khng tt i vi thoi. Tuyn c nh nhau t ngy ny qua ngy khc khng? T thng ny qua thng khc khng? Kh nng mt tuyn khng i theo thi gian gi l s bt bin tuyn (route prevalence) trn mng Internet. Thi gian bao lu trc khi b nh tuyn thay i ng i c s dng c gi l s bn vng tuyn (route persistence). S bt bin c th coi nh l i lng o lng ngn hn ca n nh tuyn ng so vi thi gian ca gi tin, v s bn vng nh l i lng o lng di hn ca n nh tuyn ng. Mt cch t nhin, s bt bin v s bn vng tuyn qua mt mng ca cc b nh tuyn l iu mong mun ca VoIP. Trn Internet, hu ht cc b nh tuyn u rt bt bin
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(hng nghn gi tin i qua cng mt ng), nhng s bn vng tuyn c th thay i t vi giy n vi ngy ph thuc vo ISP. Khng c nhiu iu ngi s dng c th lm ngn cc tc ng ca b nh tuyn lm gim gi tr ca cc cuc gi. Tuy nhin, vn u tin c xc nh v c lp vo mt ISP c th. Ngi s dng VoIP c th lm g o v nhn bit c cc vn ny ca b nh tuyn? May mn rng c sn mt s cng c. C nhng cng c tng t c s dng cho vic qun l mng IP ni chung, nhng ngy nay chng c p dng c th cho cc vn ca VoIP. Mi ngi quan tm n QoS ca VoIP trn mt mng ca cc b nh tuyn c th v nn s dng nhng cng c ny o lng vic thc thi QoS trong bn loi nh lit k. Cc a ch IP gateway thoi nn u n c pht ra o tr li vng v mt gi. Nu c th, pht ra theo hai chiu c th xc nh s khng i xng nh tuyn. nh tuyn vt nn c s dng theo chu k theo c hai chiu gia cc im cui VoIP xc nh vng nh tuyn v chuyn tuyn. Lp li qu trnh d tm kim tuyn cng s o c cc thng s s thng thy v s bn vng.
Thm QoS vo IP
C nhiu th c th lm vi mt mng nh tuyn cung cp VoIP cng vi QoS cn thit. i khi, tt c s c gii quyt nu s dng cc k thut mi thm QoS vo cc my ch hay cc b nh tuyn hoc c hai. Tt c u ng rng Internet cung cp cc kt ni ton cu v khng c mt cht QoS no c. QoS trn mng Internet nh mt cu chuyn ci m mt RFC a ra vo ngy 1 thng T (ngy ni di) vi tiu "IP qua Avian Carriers vi QoS" (RFC 2549). Cu chuyn ci ni rng QoS c th thm vo IP d nh l s dng chim b cu chuyn cc gi IP. Hu ht cc nh quan st Internet s ng rng mt trong cc cch sau s tr thnh phng php c chp nhn thm QoS vo mng IP. Tuy nhin, hin nay, khng c phng php no ni tri r rng, v chng cng lun thay i theo thi gian. Danh sch ny khng c nh cp t tt c cc kha cnh, m ch nu ln i din cho cc cch tip cn c th nghim hay xut trong mt vi nm tr li y. Danh sch ny c xp theo th t trong trong bng ch ci v khng c khng nh phng php no tri hn cc phng php cn li. Tc truy cp cam kt (CAR: Committed Access Rate). Phng php ny l mt chc nng ca "b nh tuyn chuyn mch" ca Cisco. Cch tip cn c trng ca nh cung cp thit b c a ra y khng c nhiu gii hn nh cm gic u tin, bi phn ln cc b nh tuyn trn mng u ca Cisco. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc b nh tuyn ca Cisco u c th chy CAR. CAR gii hn lng bng thng s dng trn mt lin kt cho bt k ng dng no. Theo , trn mt lin kt 1.5-Mb/s, CAR c th gii hn truy cp Web vo 50% ca lng ny, 50% cn li
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cho cc ng dng khc v d nh thoi. CAR khng thm QoS nhiu nh gii hn cnh tranh cho bng thng. CAR c th c b sung vo mt b nh tuyn truy nhp v ci thin ng k hot ng ca mng thm ch trong trng hp cc b nh tuyn khc khng bit cht g v hot ng ca CAR. Xp hng trn c s lp (CBQ: Class-Based Queuing). Phng php ny l mt k hoch cng cng-vng c xut bi Network Research Group ti Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Theo mi ngi c t do thc hin cng ngh qun l lu lng ny. CBQ nm lp 3 ca b nh tuyn kt ni truy nhp ca mng LAN v mng WAN. CBQ chia lu lng ca tt c ngi s dng ra thnh cc loi v n nh bng thng cho tng loi. Cc lp c th l cc lung ring bit cc gi tin hay i din cho mt loi tng th ca ng dng, ngi s dng, hay my ch. Bn thn cc lp c th c xc nh bng cch kt hp a ch IP, cc giao thc nh TCP hay UDP, v cc cng i din cho cc ng dng nh truyn tp tin, truy nhp Web... CBQ c th lm gim bt hiu ng c chai gia LAN v WAN, iu ny rt linh ng, v khng yu cu nhng thay i ln i vi h tng mng Internet. Lp dch v (CoS: Class of Service). Trong chng ny, lp dch v c ngha l mt nhm ca mt hay nhiu gi tr ca cc thng s QoS i din cho mt loi ng dng chn vn. Tuy nhin, CoS cng l mt khi nim LAN mi c nh ngha trong tiu chun IEEE 802.1p. Tiu chun ny c s dng to ra cc mng LAN o (VLANs) c th m rng cc vng kt ni trong mt WAN song hot ng li nh mt mng LAN n l. CoS s dng 3 bit trong phn tiu ca mt khung LAN. Cc mc CoS c th nh x vo cc mc loi dch v (ToS) ca IP hay c h tr trong cc b nh tuyn vi mt s c ch khc. Cc dch v phn bit (DiffServ: Differentiated Services). K thut ny, c cp y trong chng 7, gn b cht ch vi VoIP v in thoi Internet v c cng b rng ri. DiffServ nh ngha li 6 trong s 8 bit trong trng ToS ca phn mo u trong gi IP cho php cc bit ToS c s dng phn bit cc ng dng. 6 bit ny t hp ra 64 lp dch v, n i din cho cc loi ng dng khc nhau v s c chun ho gia tt c cc ISP v c b nh tuyn. Chun DiffServ rt hp dn, nhng tt nhin l tt c cc b nh tuyn phi hiu v tun theo cc loi QoS ca DiffServ. DiffServ khng c cc m bo thc hin QoS hon ton. V d, DiffServ tt nht c th lm cho VoIP l m bo rng cc gi thoi c xp hng u tin ti cng ra. Quyn u tin IP. Mt trong nhng vn vi QoS trn Internet l thng xuyn c nhiu ISP ch quan tm n truyn gi IP t ni ny n ni kia. Mt ISP thng khng c mt cht nim no rng lu lng no l quan trng khi n n t mt ISP khc. Quyn u tin IP cho php 3 bit trong trng ToS ca phn mo u IP c t vi gi tr t 0 ti 7. Khong ny xc nh quyn u tin ca cc gi tin khi n chuyn t ISP ny ti mt ISP
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khc, vi 7 l quyn u tin cao nht. Theo , ISP tip theo c th x l gi vi quyn u tin c cho bit. Phng php ny xung t vi phng php DiffServ do trng ToS khc nhau v i hi tt c cc ISP phi hiu cch s dng cc bit ny. Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MPLS: MultiProtocol Label Switching). Phng php ny cng l mt chun ca IETF, nhng n c th hot ng d dng vi cch tip cn DiffServ. DiffServ t ra mt c ch nhn bit CoS ca IP nhng li mt khong hot ng li cho nh cung cp dch v. MPLS cung cp mt c ch nh vy bng cch yu cu cc b nh tuyn tr thnh cc b chuyn mch lp 3. C nhiu cch bin mt b nh tuyn thnh mt b chuyn mch lp 3, v mt cch trong s l gn b nh tuyn vo mt mng ATM v bin i mt cch hiu qu b nh tuyn thnh chuyn mch ATM. Trn c s mt phng php ca Cisco gi l chuyn mch c, MPLS i hi cc ISP xy dng mt c s h tng MPLS mi x l cc nhn v do gi c tt c cc c trng ca mt b nh tuyn IP v mt b chuyn mch ATM trn mt thit b. MPLS s gii quyt c vn ring t v kh nng m rng cng nh s dng knh o (ATM l mt mng knh o) v cc b x l gi. Xp hng theo VC. Cc b nh tuyn thng c kt ni bi cc mng knh o (VC) nh l Frame relay hay ATM. Nhiu nh cung cp thit b chuyn mch Frame relay v ATM s dng mt b m u ra n cho tt c tt c lu lng cho cng mt cng ra. Xp hng theo VC s dng cc b m ring cho cc knh o. Mi b m c th c cp cho mt mc u tin, do cc knh o thoi, v d, c th c c quyn u tin hn cc knh o mang d liu. Phng php ny khng thit lp mt quan h chc chn gia cc lu lng IP v bn thn cc s lng knh o, do mc u tin lu lng cn phi c xc nh bi cc c ch khc. nh tuyn theo chnh sch. y l mt khi nim c cp n trong mt khong thi gian v cng c xy dng thnh cc giao thc nh tuyn nh OSPF. Ngi qun l mng phi quyt nh chn la mt hoc nhiu chnh sch p dng khi cc b nh tuyn xy dng cc bng nh tuyn cho chng. Ly mt v d, bo mt c th l mt chnh sch nh tuyn c th c s dng d ch dn b nh tuyn chn tuyn ng bo mt nht u tin (v d nh l lin kt s c dng m ho) v t tuyn ng t bo mt nht lm la chn cui cng (nh cc lin kt trn viba hay cc cc phng tin qung b khc). Mi mt chnh sch yu cu mt bng nh tuyn ring v c duy tr bi mi b nh tuyn. Thng th trng ToS trong phn mo u IP c s dng quyt nh bng nh tuyn c dng cho mt gi c th. c hiu qu, cc chnh sch phi c ng dng ph hp trn tt c cc b nh tuyn v s dng cng mt nguyn tc. Cc hng QoS. Cng c gi l cc hng lp dch v (CoS Queues), theo phng php ny cc nh cung cp b nh tuyn v b chuyn mch thit lp mt s lng nh cc hng i cho mi cng ra v chia lu lng ra vo
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nhng hng i trn c s QoS cn thit. y l mt loi "Xp hng theo VC khng c cc VC". Khng c VC xc nh QoS cn thit, QoS yu cu phi c t cho mt lung gi c bit bng mt c ch khc, v d dng trng ToS. ToS ny c th c s dng nh x gi vo mt lp QoS ca mt h tng c s mng di. Cc b chuyn mch ATM thng c bn hng i cho lu lng ra, nhng cp ca nhng hng i QoS dnh cho chuyn giao gi IP ny l thuc v tin ch b gii hn, bi v tt c cc gi IP c xu hng ri vo cng mt loi QoS ca ATM. Loi b sm ngu nhin (RED). Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc xc sut ch dn mt b nh tuyn bt u b qua gi tin khi vt qu ngng xp hng c thit lp trc. V d, mt b nh tuyn RED c th bt u ngu nhin b qua cc gi khi mt b m ra t n 80 phn trm dung lng. Mc ch l ngn chn chn b m v kh nng b mt nhiu gi c mc u tin cao ca cng mt ngun. Theo , khi bt u b nghn, thay v kh nng b mt nhiu gi thoi, mt b nh tuyn RED c gng lm mt mt vi gi t nhiu ngun khc nhau, v chng c th c mc u tin thp hn. RED c th kt hp vi nhiu phng php khc v khng cn bt buc phi c s dng trn tt c cc b nh tuyn th mi mang li hiu qu. Giao thc d tr ti nguyn (RSVP). Mt vi nm trc RSVP l phng php dn u b sung QoS vo mt mng IP. Mt my ch IP h tr RSVP c th yu cu rt r rng cc gi tr thng s QoS (64 kb/s, 100 ms tr n nh...) t mng, v cc b nh tuyn RSVP c th cung cp QoS cn thit. Theo , cc yu cu RSVP thay i khng nhng trong cc b nh tuyn m cn trong tt c cc my ch, khng ging nh hu ht cc phng php QoS khc ch cung cp trong b nh tuyn. RSVP thc s d tr trc ti nguyn c yu cu, do , v d mt lin kt 1,5 Mb/s c th cung cp ti 24 yu cu 64 kb/s v khng hn. Trong RSVP thng bn nhn (ch) l thit b yu cu QoS, khng phi l bn gi (khch). Khng c c ch no lm cho my ch tr li ti nguyn cho mng trong bt k khung thi gian no, iu ny gy ra kh khn khi t t l RSVP vo mt mi trng c hng ngn my ch ang cn bng thng. Hu ht nhng im quan trng ca RSVP c chuyn vo DiffServ. Kiu dch v (ToS). Tiu IP cha trng 8 bit gi l kiu dch v c s dng ra mc u tin ca gi trong mt vi phm vi QoS. Cc nh cung cp b nh tuyn thng b qua ToS bi v phn mm thc hin trn my ch IP khng bao gi thc s t cc bit ny. IP lun l "c gng ti a", cho n khi mt s nh sn xut bt u s dng trng ny cho mc ch ring ca h. Trng ToS c nh ngha li trong DiffServ. nh hnh lu lng (Traffic Shaping). C nhiu b nh tuyn IP c lin kt vi nhau bng Frame relay v/hoc ATM. Vi ATM, cc gi IP i vo mng ATM c nh hnh ti thit b truy nhp ngn chn mt s bng n lu lng do nghn mng xng sng. nh hnh bao gm chp nhn bng n t thit b vo, m lu lng, v sau "san bng" lu lng
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ra theo kiu l phn b bng n trong mt khong thi gian di, khong thi gian c t trn c s cc thng s cu hnh. Bng n lu lng qu mt gii hn nht nh th s b thit b vo b qua, v gi tr gii hn vo ny cng da trn cu hnh. Trong mng Frame relay, nh hnh lu lng l mt phn ca khi nim t l thng tin cam kt (CIR: Committed Information Rate) v t l thng tin vt qu (EIR: Excess Information Rate). Xp hng hp l theo trng s (WFQ: Weighted Fair Queuing). Phng php ny cng c th kt hp vi cc cng ngh khc v thng c cp n trong cc tho lun v MPLS. WFQ gn vo bng thng mt ng dng nhn trn mt lin kt u ra. Mi lung gi tin m WFQ c gn vo c m ring bit v nhn bng thng bin i, trn nn tng trng s. V d, 100 gi d liu v 100 gi thoi c th n ti hai cng trong cng mt khung thi gian v c xp hng vo cng mt cng ra. Thng thng, cc gi s c xp hng cng nhau v c a ra lin tip m khng quan tm n mc u tin. Tuy nhin, WFQ s xut cc gi thoi trc v sau l cc gi d liu. Phng php xp hng ny l trng s trong thin v cc gi thoi v vn hp l bi v 100 gi d liu vn c gi i trc bt k mt gi thoi tip theo no.
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Chng 13 V d v trin khai thoi IP
Chng 13. V d v trin khai thoi IP
Nh chng ta bit c rt nhiu cc tiu chun, cc sn phm v cc gii php xut hin trong cng ngh in thoi s dng giao thc Internet (IP), iu chng t rng khng c mt gii php no c coi l duy nht khi chng c s dng trong cng ngh in thoi qua Internet (VoIP). Trong khi tt c cc gii php in thoi IP u c chung mt giao thc Internet (IP), th li xut hin nhng khc bit ln tn ti trong hu ht cc thuc tnh v phn cng v phn mm ca cc hng cung cp khc nhau. c im k thut ca giao thc H.323 l h tr vic thit lp cc h giao thc s dng cho VoIP nhng khng c s c no cho rng lm th no c th kt hp cc giao thc trong mt sn phm theo yu cu hoc thc hin trong mt mng c th. Nhng mu thun ny hu ht c pht hin khi kim tra cc sn phm khng nhng t cc nh cung cp cc sn phm khc nhau m cn c th thy trong cc dng sn phm ca cng mt nh cung cp, chng hn nh cc nh sn xut thit b cng Gateway c gng cung cp ra th trng cc sn phm ph hp vi tt c cc loi hnh t chc c quan t cc x nghip nh cho ti cc nh cung cp dch v Internet ton cu (ISP). Chng ny nghin cu mt cch ngn gn v nhu cu ca ba t chc, mi t chc ny mong mun trin khai cng ngh VoIP theo tng cch c th: T chc Gaba & Sweeney Engineering l mt t chc t vn xy dng gii php cung cp cc dch v thoi v d liu kt hp gia cc cng s. T chc Helena Fabrics l nh phn phi sn phn a quc gia trong lnh vc h thng in thoi lin kt cc khu cng s mi vi nhau. T chc CCK Network l cc nh qun l ISP quc gia lin quan n qu trnh thc y s u t ln trong cng ngh IP c s bng vic cung cp cc dch v thoi v Fax gi r khi thc hin cc cuc gi thoi v Fax ng di. i vi ba t chc trn, trong khi h c th cng chia s ngun khch hng tit kim hoc to ra ngun ti chnh bng cch cung cp cc dch v thoi v dch v khc thng qua IP vi nhau, th gia h li c mt s khc bit rt ln trong tng i tng khch hng thng mi c th, do mi t chc ang c gng khm ph ra cc cng ngh mi cho ring h. t c mc tiu ny, cc t chc s phi trin khai cc gii php khc nhau t cc nh cung cp sn phm khc nhau. Ba gii php c gii thiu trong chng ny s cung cp mt cch tng quan v cc vn m cc cng ty s phi i mt v khng c ngha l chng s chng thc cho nh sn xut v nh cung cp c th no .
T chc Gaba &Sweeney Engineering

Hin trng. T chc Gaba &Sweeney Engineering (G &S) qun l 7 cng ty: mt tng hnh dinh thnh ph New York vi cc chi nhnh
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Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Dallas, Chicago, Los Angeles, v thnh ph Salt Lake City. T chc ny cung cp cc dch v v t vn xy dng cho cc nh xy dng v cc nh thit k thuc cc cng trnh t nhn v thng mi. Mi chi nhnh l mt c quan hot ng c lp v ngun khch hng, cc d n v c cu t chc nhng khi cc khch hng cn tm hiu v cc dch v v cc t vn xy dng c th th s c phc v bi c quan u no thnh ph New York. Cc chc nng qun l cng ty v d nh cng vic qung co, tin lng tr cho nhn vin cng c qun l tp trung t tng hnh dinh New York. Nh chng ta bit thng trng l chin trng, nhng trong khi tt c cc cng s u bn bu vi cc d n v k hoch hin ti th h li khng ngh n vic b sung thm cc cng s mi trong tng lai gn. H qu ca hin trng ny l phn lu lng thoi xut hin mu thun trong ni b ca t chc, iu ny c cnh bo bi ngi ng u ca IT v CFO. Bi v Chicago l cng s ln th hai v trn thc t phc v khch hng th n nh tng hnh dinh th hai, n c mt ng trung k ni b kt ni thoi ring cung cp 4 knh thoi gia New York v Chicago, v n nh l mt nh phn phi cp PBX. Trong khi G&S khm ph ra cc tng v cc ng trung k ni b kt ni cc cng s vi nhau, th t chc ny li khng mun lin can n cc hp ng s dng cc ng trung k ni b vi gi s dng cao v khng chc chn trong qu trnh thc hin. Hin nay, t chc G&S h tr c rt nhiu cho cc dch v in thoi ng di, v nh cng ty AT&T h k kt hp ng s dng th hai trong thi hn 5 nm v trn thc t n cng khng gy nh hng ln n hng CFO, t chc thng lng v gi c vi G&S trong vic tnh cc in thoi ng di/pht. Cui cng kt qu ca vic cnh tranh v gi cc ph/pht cng c dn xp v cc nh cung cp cng ang tm cch ngy cng gim cc ph ng di bt u bng vic cung cp dch v thng qua VoIP v y s l cuc cnh tranh trc tip vi cc dch v ca cng ty AT&T. Ti tng hnh dinh New York v Chicago cho thu cc h thng chuyn mch PBX Lucent Definity cung cp cc dch v thoi m cc h thng chuyn mch ny c th c ti 70 ng in thoi ring ti mi mt v tr. Cc h thng chuyn mch kt ni ti cc tng i ni ht tng ng cp trn thng qua mt ng trung k T-1 cung cp 24 ng thoi, v mi h thng chuyn mch ny li c kh nng m rng thm 2 hoc nhiu hn cc ng kt ni T-1 nu cn thit. Mi b gm bn v tr li c mt h thng qun l chung gi l phone key system qun l cc vn v chun ho, tt nhin l qun l c v nhn mc ca cc hng khc nhau, kh nng, v tui i ca cc h thng. Trong khi khng c mt h thng Key System c th c xem nh mt "lp chuyn ti" th n li rt kh dng i vi vic cung cp cc dch v ph hp vi cc cng s. V mt c c d liu G&S s dng, cng ging nh rt nhiu hng khc, h cng tp trung vo cc m hnh sn phm c thit k tinh xo v cc
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phn mm my tnh h tr thit k (CAD) trong cc trm lm vic. Cc tp d liu thng thng c kch c ln c th truyn c t cng s ny sang cng s khc bng cch s dng mng WAN c trin khai trong G&S. M hnh ca mng WAN bao gm 6 kt ni Frame-relay c cung cp bi ng truyn c tc truyn ti tng hnh dinh l 1.5Mb/s v 256 Kb/s ti tng chi nhnh. Cc mch kt ni c biu din di dng hnh sao m tng hnh dinh ti New York ng vai tr trung tm. Bi v mng WAN hin ti ch cung cp nhng g lin quan n dch v truyn tp thi nn cc knh Frame - Relay c dnh ring cho tc truyn thng tin lin quan n bit 0 (CIR) nh c trnh by trong Hnh 13-1.
Chicag Salt Lake City
256 kb/s
Tng hnh dinh New York 256 kb/s

1,5 Mb/s
Frame Relay 256 kb/s
256 kb/s
Washington DC
256 kb/s
Los Angeles
256 kb/s
Atlanta
Dallas
Hnh 13-1. Mng d liu hin ti ca Gaba & Sweeney
Ti tng hnh dinh New York, trong khi mi mt trm lm vic v mi Server c s dng mt mng Ethernet (LAN) vi tc truyn 100 Mb/s, th ti cc khu vc qun l v cc my tnh PC thnh vin h ch s dng tc truyn c 10 Mb/s. Ngoi tr chi nhnh ti Chicago, ni thng thng c u t h thng chuyn mch Ethernet nn c cung cp ng truyn tc cao, cn tt c cc chi nhnh khc u phi chia s s dng mng Ethernet vi tc truyn ch c 10 Mb/s cho cc kt ni. Tt c cc mng Ethernet nhnh c kt ni ti mng Frame Relay bng cc b nh tuyn IP- mt s mng Ethernet nhnh c kt ni ti mng Frame Relay bng cc h thng nh tuyn ca Cisco nhng ch vi cc mng Ethernet c. Trong khi cng ty gi nguyn phng cch tip cn i vi cng ngh in thoi th trung tm IT thuc G&S c xem nh l nh tin phong v mng d liu. Trung tm IT c 6 thnh vin vi nng lc rt tt v 2 trong s l cc k s h thng mng c cp bng ca Cisco v tt c h u c mt mc ch chung l quan tm n kh nng s dng cng ngh mi gii quyt cc vn v thng mi. Trung tm IT c nhim v lm th no gim gi cc s dng dch v in thoi, v pht trin cng ngh hin ti, gim c trung tm IT cho rng cng ngh IP nh l mt thnh phn khng th thiu cho gii php ny.
324
Cc phng php tip cn khng c chp nhn. Trc y t chc G&S a ra ba gii php c th tip cn mc tiu, nhng tt c cc gii php u b t chi v cc l do sau: K kt hp ng in thoi ng di mi. Hin ti chi ph c th ln ti 20.000 USD mua cc hp ng thu cc ng trung k i vi in thoi ng di, nhng ph tn ny li khng mang li li ch g i vi G&S trong vic la chn cht lng dch v tt hn. Trong khi khng cn nghi ng g na l mt hp ng mi phi c thng thuyt mt mc gi thp hn th vic chi ph cho vic mua mt hp ng nh hin nay s loi b hon ton kh nng tit kim. Thm vo cc ng trung k ni i gia cc phng ban. iu ny c th lm gim i c mt s lng cc cuc gi ng di nhng li xut hin mt s lng ln cc cuc gi lin i gia cc cng s vi nhau (c th l gia Chicago v cc chi nhnh khc), v khi s yu cu thm mt s lng ln cc mch in t hoc yu cu tt c cc cuc gi i u phi qua trung tm qun l tp trung New York. Chnh cc ng trung k kt ni gia cc chi nhnh vi nhau lm cho chi ph tng ln, v gii php ny b t chi v vn gi c v v thiu tnh linh hot. Tch hp in thoi my tnh. Mt s thnh vin ca trung tm IT xut mt gii php mi l a ra m tch hp in thoi my tnh bao gm c cc in thoi thuc mng Ethernet v phn mm in thoi trong PC cho php cc thnh vin bt k mt chi nhnh no gi ti cc thnh vin cc chi nhnh khc th u gi qua ng Frame Relay. Cch tip cn ny xem ra c nhiu trin vng khi n c xut t trung tm IT ni m lm ch c vn phn tch lu lng thoi mt cch rt c th v h cng cho thy ng truyn hin ti c th cho php nhiu di tn khc c th c truyn qua h tr cc cuc gi lin i gia cc chi nhnh vi nhau. Tuy nhin, khi m xu hng ny c trin khai gia ba chi nhnh vi nhau th hu ht mi ngi trong cng s u cm thy khng thoi mi vi m hnh tch hp in thoi- my tnh ny. Gii php in thoi qua Ethernet c chp nhn bi a s khch hng, do vi chi ph ti 300 USD lp t th gii php mi ny cng khng kh quan. Cc gii php khc. T nhng kh khn k trn xut hin mt s gii php i vi G&S trong vic qun l v tip cn cc cng ngh mi l: Gii hn s lng cc chi nhnh. Ch vi 6 chi nhnh l v s chi nhnh ny khng nn tng thm, v vi s lng chi nhnh nh th th vic iu khin cuc gi v nh tuyn cc cuc gi gia cc chi nhnh vi nhau s d dng hn. Tn ti mt mng WAN cht lng cao. Mng Frame Relay c s kt ni 6 chi nhnh vi nhau s cung cp mt di tn ln thi im lu lng d liu ln nht v phi d tha thi im lu lng thp,
325
v iu ny s m bo ng truyn ca khch hng lun lun kh dng mi thi im. Nng cao nng lc cho cc thnh vin ca trung tm IT (cp giy chng nhn CCIE). Giy chng nhn CCIE ca cng ty Cisco cho cc thnh vin ca trung tm IT chng t rng cc thnh vin ny chng minh c kh nng ca h trong vic qun l v bo dng mng bao gm c cc sn phm ca Cisco. V c kim chng cht lng t trc nn gim c trung tm IT cho rng cng ngh VoIP c th phc v rt tt cho cc hot ng thng sut gia cc Gateway nh tuyn mi pha. ng ta cng cho rng cc nh cung cp sn phm l nhng ngi chn gii php t cc h thng ca Cisco, da vo cc c tnh k thut ca sn phm cng khng nht thit phi qua qu trnh thc tp v phi c cp giy chng nhn CCIE ca hng Cisco m vn c th thc hin c gii php ny. Trn thc t mi chi nhnh u c trang b mt h thng in thoi c quan vi y cc chc nng v v th m cc thnh vin trong cng s ny u ang hi lng vi h thng hin c v h cng khng c l do g thay i sang mt h thng khc. V vi vic to ra mt s thay i trong s dng dch v in thoi VoIP cho cc cuc gi ng di th khch hng cn phi c trang b mt s kin thc s dng cc thao tc ca cng ngh mi v vic s dng cng ngh mi ny c th s phi thm mt s b phn qun l mi cng nh cc chi ph khng cn thit khc.
Chicago 2600
2600
Salt Lake City
3600
2600 Los Angeles 2600 Dallas 2600
2600 Washington DC Atlanta
Hnh 13-2. Gii php mng WAN VoIP ca Gaba & Sweeney
Tuy nhin, cc thnh vin ca trung tm IT trong G&S quyt nh mua mt lot cc b nh tuyn Series 3600 v 5 b nh tuyn Series 2600 ca Cisco, h s dng cc h thng ny thay th cc b nh tuyn c s hin ang tn ti. Cc b nh tuyn ang tn ti s c b i hoc bn cho cc c s khc hoc bn cho khch hng no trong mng. Cc b nh
326
tuyn mi s cung cp dch v d liu tng t nh cc b nh tuyn c v cng s kt ni thng qua module giao din Analog hoc T-1 ti cc h thng in thoi c quan khc (Hnh 13-2). Trong khi tt c cc thnh vin trong cng s quen vi vic s dng in thoi gi ra ngoi bng cch quay 9 ch s, v gi cc thnh vin trong cc chi nhnh th h ch cn quay 8 ch s. (Cc thnh vin cc chi nhnh New York v Chicago tng c s dng h thng ny khi h gi cho nhau gia 2 chi nhnh, bi v gia 2 chi nhnh ny c kt ni vi nhau bng cc ng trung k ni b). H thng in thoi mi ny nh tuyn cuc ti giao din ca b nh tuyn VoIP, y l ni phc p tn hiu mi quay s v thu bao ch gi v i cc tn hiu DTMF t khch hng ch th hng ca cuc gi. Khi b nh tuyn VoIP nhn cuc gi ti thng qua mng IP n s thc hin nhim v iu khin cuc gi ti tng i ni ht PBX hoc ti h thng Key System, l ni s trc tip iu khin cuc gi ti cc chi nhnh vn phng, chung thu bao b gi hoc gi n ti hp th thoi ni b. V lu lng thoi qua mng l nguyn nhn gy ln hin tng tc nghn, do G&S quyt nh dng cc knh o c nh (PVC) trong cc kt ni Frame Relay ti cc thi im lu lng thoi cao trnh hin tng tc nghn ny. Kt qu l lu lng thoi gia tt c cc chi nhnh u c nh tuyn qua tr s ti New York, v cng t gii php ny th cc thnh vin ca trung tm IT ci tin c phn cng nng cao tc ca mt lot h thng Cisco Series 3600. Cu trc ca h thng nh tuyn thoi Cisco n gin nht c G&S chn phc v cho hot ng thoi l cu hnh quay s ng ng (Dial peer) v cu hnh ny lin kt gia ng dy thu bao b gi v cc s thu bao theo cc a ch IP c th - a ch IP ny chnh cc b nh tuyn Gateway nh v ti vn phng ang c gi. Cu trc cc b nh tuyn ca Cisco cho php s dng quyn u tin theo a ch IP ca cc gi VoIP bng cch gn cc gi tr cao hn i vi lu lng thoi VoIP. iu ny cho php m rng quyn u tin trong mng i vi lu lng thoi v d liu v cho php phn tch gia hai loi lu lng ny.
T chc Helena Fabrics

T chc Helena Fabrics (HF) l mt cng ty chuyn cung cp nguyn vt liu, thit k, bn hng v qun l cc chi nhnh vn phng thnh ph Kansas v cc phng tin sn xut Minnesota, Mexico v Honduras. Tr s chnh ca hng c tnh s b c khong 300 thnh vin ang trong qu trnh xy dng li vi khun vin gm ba to nh sau khi cng vic kinh doanh ca hng pht trin vt bc v vi mt to nh nh trc y tr ln qu nh.
327
Trong vng 6 nm trc y, t chc HF tng s dng dch v Centrex ca US West lm h thng in thoi vn phng, h s dng h thng ny khng phi v vn kinh t m bi v s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh in thoi mi ngoi thng trng c th c nhng cng ngh mi hn nhng th m h ang dng nhng cha chc cng ngh mi ny mang li hiu qu cao phc v cho cng vic ca h. Tt nhin cng c mt phn lin quan n vic h s dng cc dch v Centrex l vn gi c. Cc dch v Centrex c th pht trin vi hu ht mi kch c khc nhau nhng xu hung s dng dch v ny kinh t nht l dng cho khong 100 vn phng hoc 100 s in thoi tng ng. Bn thn cc chi ph v dch v khng mang li hiu qu kinh t so vi h thng tng i PBX tp trung. Tuy nhin ti t hn l gi c v s bt tin v nhng thng tin qung co, dch chuyn v thay i c chng ca nhng hot ng mang tnh hnh chnh ca cc nhn vin vn phng, mt cuc gi n cng ty thoi, v s chm tr khng th trnh khi c c dch v. Bi vy gim c k thut ca HF (CTO) quyt nh vic di chuyn n khun vin mi s l thi im thch hp chuyn sang s dng h thng PBX, mt s sp xp dch chuyn mang li hiu qu cao i vi h thng in thoi vn phng cho vic tch khi dch v Centrex ca US West v cho nhn vin di quyn. Tuy nhin cu hi cn tn ti l dng thc no ca PBX s c trin khai. Cc thng s cho vic trin khai h thng PBX trong cc khun vin mi c HF c k hoch c th v gim c k thut CTO cng a ra phng n lp t cc ng truyn cho thoi v d liu. Ngay t ban u ng gim c k thut CTO xut phng n xy dng ng truyn d liu vi tc cao nht c th v mang tnh kh thi v mt kinh t tt c cc b phn ca h thng mng v v vy ng c phng n xy dng ng truyn cp 5e c lp t tt c cc v tr ng nm ngang, si quang a mt (Multimode- MMF) c lp t tt c cc v tr ng thng ng v cc si MMF cn li s c kt ni 3 to nh vi nhau. Nh c ch ra trong Hnh 13-3 ng trc chnh ca mng s c chuyn mch hon ton vi s kt hp ca lin kt tc 100 Mb/s v tc 10 Mb/s. Hot ng ca h thng trong ni b to nh c xy dng thng qua cc knh Ethernet tc cao cho php chuyn i a nng t ng kt ni tc 100 Mb/s ti 200 Mb/s hoc 400 Mb/s v ngc li. Cc to nh c kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc ng truyn ny v nh v trn h thng chuyn mch Cisco 5000. Khi ngi cho hng VAR ca cng ty gi nn xem xt gii php VoIP th ng gim c k thut CTO ny t ra rt ngc nhin, nhng s tin tng ca ng y vo cu trc h tng c s ca mng Ethernet buc ng ta phi lng nghe kin ny. Ngi cho hng VAR a ra gii php s dng h thng in thoi Ethernet ca Cisco, phn mm qun l cuc gi ca Cisco v cc cng Gateway truy nhp s ca Cisco. H thng ny h tr cc dch v PBX thng mi v nh dch v gi ng, truyn cuc gi, nhn bit s ch gi
328
(Caller ID) v dch v chuyn cuc gi. Cc c im ny nm trong cc c tnh k thut ca H.323, m nh ngi cho hng VAR khng nh s cho php HF giao din vi cc khch hng dng phn mm NetMeeting ca Microsoft thng qua mng Internet vi cc cuc gi ng di gi r. Trong khi chc nng ny cha sn sng cho cc doanh nghip s dng, th n tn ti nh l mt gii php hp dn v lu di i vi HF, mt cng ty tiu tn hng ngn Dollars chi ph cho cc cuc gi ng di. Bi v s tin cy v truy nhp Internet mt vi v tr trong cng s khng ng tin cy nn vic s dng VoIP gia cc vn phng s phi tr hon mt thi gian.
To nh A Ethernet Hub
5000 To nh B To nh C Ethernet Hub Ethernet Hub Ethernet Hub Ethernet Hub

5000
Cp quang a mt tc 100 Mb/s
5000
Hnh 13-3. Mng LAN ca Helena Fabrics
im ct li ca h thng Cisco l phn mm qun l cuc gi, s dng trn mi trng Window - NT . Phn mm ny hot ng nh mt h thng qun l trung tm i vi tt c cc thit b VoIP trong h thng v c s dng cho vic nh dng cc cuc gi, cc k hoch nh tuyn ca cc Gateway v tt c cc chc nng khc. N cng cung cp cc dch v qun l cuc gi cho tt c cc thit b Cisco trn h thng mng. Phn mm qun l cuc gi hot ng nh l vic la chn cc trang ch kch hot (ASP) chy trn nn cc Server i vi cc thng tin v Internet (IIS) c kt hp vo NT , m cc Server ny cho php vic qun l c s trnh duyt Web t bt k my tnh c nhn no. Cu hnh d liu c lu tr trong c s d liu ca h thng NT. Vic trnh din tng quan ca h thng ny vi nhng c im k thut ca n v cht lng thoi tuyt ho gy n tng vi ng gim c k thut CTO. Sau khi xem xt cn thn ng gim c CTO ny quyt nh
329
mua h thng in thoi LAN da trn cc thnh phn c bn . Quyt nh ny l mt quyt nh to bo i vi h thng in thoi v d liu b phn tch by lu ny ca HF. Tuy nhin, cui cng th gii php v cht lng h thng ca Cisco thuyt phc CTO mua h thng ny, c bit l s m bo v qu trnh bo hnh m ngi cho hng VAR a ra vi ng gim c k thut CTO rng ng ta s nhn c nhng dch v ti u.
To nh A Ethernet Hub
Qun l cuc gi
PSTN
To nh B Ethernet Hub Analog
Access gateway Access gateway Access gateway
5000
To nh C
Ethernet Hub Ethernet Hub Ethernet Hub Analog Cp quang a mt tc 100 Mb/s 5000
5000
Hnh 13-4. Gii php v mng in thoi ca Helena Fabrics
Cu hnh thc ca h thng ny c m t trong Hnh 13-4. Mi to nh trong khun vin ba to nh ny cha khong 100 ngi, mi ngi u c trang b mt my tnh c nhn v mt in thoi Ethernet ca Cisco trn bn lm vic ca h. Cc my tnh c nhn ch yu c s dng cho cc ng dng kinh doanh ca vn phng mc tng nhm ngi lm vic mt, m cc my tnh ny c kt ni vi nhau bi c s d liu trung tm trong to nh v cc Server chy trn phn mm Novell NetWare 5. Mt h thng AS 400 c t to nh A cung cp truy nhp i vi c s d liu ca khch hng v phc v cho vic t hng. Kt ni Internet c cp thng qua ng truyn ca h thng Cisco 4500 v E-mail ch Linux cng c t trong to nh A. Cc dch v cu hnh a ch ng DHCP c cung cp bi ba Server ny, mi ci c t trong mt to nh. Vic kt ni vi cc my Fax v cc Modem c iu khin bi cc trm Gateway Analog ca Cisco m cung cp module giao din dch v thoi th h c trn tng n v my. Cc Gateway ny cho php cc thit b tng t truyn thng v nh thit b Fax v cc my in thoi cm tay theo tiu
330
chun c s dng ging nh cc thit b theo tiu chun H.323 i vi vic qun l cuc gi. Mi quan tm ch yu trong vic thit k h thng in thoi mi ny ch yu l tin cy ca n to ra v tr quan trng ca Server qun l cuc gi. Cui cng th ngi ta quyt nh t Server ti trung tm d liu trong to nh A v qun l cht lng kinh doanh nh vo cc thit b khc nh cc cng di ng v cc chc nng khc c thit k lm cho Server ny p ng c nhng nhim v quan trng. Vic kt ni vi cng ty in thoi a phng c kim sot bi 3 Gateway truy nhp s ca Cisco kt ni ra ngoi nh vo 3 ng truyn tc c s PRI trong mng ISDN, cung cp 69 ng gi ra v vo. Phn mm qun l cuc gi s cung cp tt c cc kt ni v cc dch v ti tt c cc thit b trong h thng mng. Khi mt cuc gi c thit lp gia hai thit b (in thoi Ethernet ti in thoi Ethernet hoc in thoi Ethernet ti cng vo truy nhp cho nhng cuc gi ra bn ngoi) vic thit lp cuc gi s c thc hin thng qua phn mm qun l cuc gi. Nhng cuc gi Ethernet s chuyn s quay v nhng yu cu ti Server qun l cuc gi, Server ny s xc nh v tr ch n ca s b gi v sau chuyn cuc gi ti . Mt khi cuc gi c thc hin gia 2 u cui, th tt c lu lng thoi k tip s c truyn trc tip gia 2 u cui . Phn mm qun l cuc gi cng s cung cp cc dch v th thoi, c qun l trn cng mt Server- cho php qun l ni b trong nhng iu kin bn.
T chc qun l mng CCK (CCK Networks)

T chc CCK Networks ch l mt ISP v c mng li kt ni ti nc M, chu u, v Nam M. Trc y t chc ny kinh doanh v dch v kt ni mng v dch v qun l mng IP ca 17 chi nhnh thng mi (POP). Trong lc cng vic kinh doanh ca t chc ny tin trin tt p th nhng nghin cu v th trng khch hng ch ra rng hin ang tn ti mt s lng khch hng ang c hng cc dch v thoi i quc t s dng mng IP vi gi cc r hn rt nhiu so vi nhng b phn khch hng khc trong cng mt khu vc. Cc mng IP ca t chc CCK c cung cp thng qua cc knh o c nh (PVC) trong mng ATM vi tc truyn l 155Mb/s (OC-3c). Vi tc truyn ny th cc k thut vin ca t chc CCK Networks c th lm ch c cng ngh mng trong vic cung cp cht lng thoi i vi tt c cc cuc gi ng di k c cc cuc thoi xuyn i dng cho khch hng. Tuy nhin, t chc CCK quyt nh th nghim dch v quay s truy nhp (Dial- access) cung cp m thanh cht lng cao qua c s h tng ca mng WAN ang tn ti. Trc tin dch v ny s c th nghim 6 thnh ph c cc chi nhnh ca CCK Networks v dch v ny s c m rng ti cc chi nhnh khc nu vic th nghim dch v ny mang li hiu qu. Hu ht cc khch hng gn cc v tr c lp t VoIP v nh New York, London, Caracas, Sao Paulo v Rio de Janeiro u mong mun s
331
dng s dng dch v mi ny. Tuy nhin 6 chi nhnh thng mi POPs ni trn s l nhng t chc u tin c trin khai dch v mi ny. (Hnh 135)
London
New York
OC-3c ATM
Hamburg
Caracas
Rio de Janeiro Sao Paulo
Hnh 13-5. Cu hnh mng ca CCK
CCK la chn h thng vin thng ca hng VocalTec, da vo kinh nghim trong lnh vc VoIP ca hng ny, v da vo kh nng cung cp dch v v gi c cnh tranh. VocalTec a mt gii php da trn s phi hp cu trc tng th ca n, bao gm h thng bo v VocalTec, 6 Gateway thoi VocalTec, v mt h thng qun l mng VocalTec c th iu hnh, qun tr, qun l v gim st h thng mng (OAM&P). H thng bo mt VocalTec l h thng hot ng da trn Windows NT, h thng bo mt s dng cc c tnh k thut ca H.323 c th cung cp kh nng thit lp cuc gi, nh tuyn cuc gi v bo mt. N cng cung cp giao din cho vic lu tr cc thng tin chi tit ca tng cuc gi (CDR), cho php tp trung ti khon v cc thng tin v cc ph. H thng bo mt ny c t ti London cng vi mt trong s cc Gateway. Cc Gateway cn li s c t ti cc ni tng ng ca POP cung cp kh nng quay s qua mng PSTN ni ht thng qua giao din a ng trung k T-1 hoc E-1, v gi cc gi thoi v Fax ti cc b nh tuyn POP thng qua ba giao din chuyn mch Ethernet tc 100 Mb/s. Nh qun l mng VocalTec cung cp cu hnh thit b trung tm v iu khin cc Gateway cng vi b phn bo mt. Nh qun l ny cng cung cp h thng gim st cc trng thi i vi tt c cc thit b v quan trng hn na l s gim st kh nng v cng sut ca cc ng truyn. Hnh 13-6 a ra s h thng ca VocalTec i vi h thng mng ca CCK POP London.
332
PSTN Trung tm qun l mng
H thng bo v ca VocalTec
Gateway dng cho in thoi
Chuyn mch Ethernet
B nh tuyn
ATM
Hnh 13-6. Mng CCK ca POP London
333
Chng 14 Tng lai ca thoi qua IP v in thoi Internet
Chng 14. Tng lai ca thoi qua IP v in thoi Internet
Vic tin on v tng lai l cng vic kh khn v mt nhiu thi gian m hiu qu ca n th cng cha th khng nh c. Nu mt ngi c gng tin on v tng lai da trn php ngoi suy theo xu hng hin ti th kt qu thu c cng chnh xc nhng rt t hu dng. Mt nh tin tri khng th nhn chm chm vo mt qu cu thu tinh v phn mt cch qu quyt rng Bn thy y, Internet s pht trin ln mnh hn. Mt khc, vic suy on hin nay vn dng ch da vo cm tnh v ci ch ang nhm ti. C nhiu ngi d on rng my tnh c nhn PC s tr nn thng dng v c trang b thm cc thit b a phng tin, nhng khng ai tin on v Web. y vy m con ng i ti Web c thc hin d dng hn theo cch m cc nh tin tri ny loan bo v mi trng DOS. Cui cng, trong thc t, vic d on v tng lai l kh c th khng nh c l hon ton chnh xc, nhng nu c bo th gi nguyn nh xu hng hin nay l mt iu ng ch trch. Nhiu ngi ci nho khi ngi Ken Olsen gim c ca Cng ty Digital (DEC) tuyn b v khi u ca my tnh c nhn l khng ai mun mt thit b nh vy trong nh mnh. Nhng Olsen mi ch nhn thy bc tranh mt chiu s khai v my tnh c nhn, khi mi ch thc hin c nhng k nng lp trnh s ng. V iu ny th Olsen hon ton ng. Khng ai c th ci nho ngi kim tra my bay Wright u tin v cui cng, Chic my bay khng th a 300 hnh khch t New York ti Atlanta su ln trong ngy. Ci g tr nn r rng ca ngy hm nay th cng l nhng iu b n ca ngy hm qua. Trong chng ny, chng ta s c gng d on v tng lai ca thoi qua IP (VoIP) v in thoi Internet. V chng ta cng khng th khng nh mt cch chnh xc v r rng v iu g. Bi v ch c thi gian mi tr li c chnh xc. Tht k l l tng lai ca thoi qua IP v in thoi Internet khng ging nhau. Thoi qua IP yu cu giao thc Internet cn in thoi Internet th yu cu mt mng Internet. Hin nay, IP v mng Internet ang gn cht vi nhau, nhng iu ny khng c ngha l n s mi mi tn ti nh vy. Trong thc t, vo u nhng nm 1990, mng trc ca Internet l NSFNet hot ng di s qun l ca t chc khoa hc quc gia, v rt t khch hng thng thng truy nhp vo mng. Khi cha tn ti Web. V IP khi ch c khong mt phn ba tnh nng k thut nh by gi. V tr ca IP cng nh giao thc mng c la chn bi khch hng v server ca cc mng hot ng tng tc c th d on c tng i chnh xc trong tng lai. Thm ch ngy nay, IP c a vo mng xng sng ATM v frame relay. Liu iu ny c ngha l trong mt ngy no cng ngh mng li ny s thay th IP lp ngi s dng? V mng Internet s l mt phng tin truyn b cc kt ni ton cu. Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp, vic truy cp Internet ph thuc vo cc kt ni c cung cp bi mng PSTN. Cui cng, c phi mng PSTN s nm tay trn? Cu tr li cho c hai cu hi ny l khng.
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c im ln nht m c hai IP v mng Internet c a chung l tnh tng thch v kh nng thay i nhanh chng. Ban u IP l mt dng ca ch v gi X.25 nhng ngy nay c thay i hot ng vi video thi gian thc, lung thng tin a phng tin, mng gigabit, router tc cao... Vic m rng IP l mt nhn t quan trng i vi nhng ngi nghin cu v X.25 v hng trm hng nghn ngi nghin cu v IP. iu ny cng ng vi frame relay v ATM. Mng Internet cng thay i nhiu ging nh IP. Mng Internet tng l mng ARPANet cng nh mng xng sng NSFNet (Khi khi nim Internet c gii thiu ln u tin) v ngy nay l Internet (mc d ngy nay, khi nim hp l nht t tn cho mng ny l mng ISP-grid-net). Thm ch nu mng Internet c thay i cu trc ca n mt ln na th mi ngi vn c gi n l mng Internet. Tng lai ca VoIP v in thoi Internet l rt chc chn. Nhng c th nhn thy rng khng phi mi th trong tng lai u r rng. V thm ch nu nhng d on chi tit l khng chnh xc th nhng m t v tng lai c ch ra di y cng lm sng t c mt phn.
Tng lai ca ngi s dng

iu g m bo cho cc khch hng s s dng VoIP v mng Internet trong tng lai? Liu mi ngi s b qua my in thoi m dng mt my tnh c nhn PC tr chuyn vi ngi khc? C th th nhng khng hon ton nh vy. Cc thit b chuyn dng tn ti v hai l do: th nht, l hn ch v mt k thut tch hp cc chc nng trn mt thit b c bn mang li li nhun, v th hai l mi ngi thch cc thit b chuyn dng. Yu t th hai ny nh hng ln n th trng. V d, vic kt hp my git v my sy tn ti nhiu nm mc d c nhng hn ch v kch thc, nhng cc thit b my git v my sy ring bit c mt nh hng ln ti th trng. Khi nim s hi t c dng trong vin thng a tt c cc th nh video v cc dch v d liu vo cc thit b ca ngi s dng (v d, trang Web cho php xem TV) th khng phi lun lun l mt tng tt. Cc modem cap s dng mng cp TV cho c hai loi dch v d liu v video, nhng khng phi mi ngi u nhm my tnh ca mnh vi chic TV. Ngi tiu dng c nhng thay i l thng trn quan im v thit b v dch v khi nhng quan im ny dng chn lc v la chn th no s thnh cng hoc tht bi. Cc thit b v dch v c th khng hot ng c nh qung co nhng ti thiu cng phi hot ng c nh yu cu. Liu VoIP v in thoi Internet c th to nn mt sn phm p ng c nhu cu ca ngi s dng?
Cc thit b in hnh
Mt yu t quan trng l trong tng lai VoIP v in thoi Internet s khng th tip tc c xy dng da trn nn PC na, m ti thiu phi
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hn nn PC hin ang tn ti. Mt a tr nm tui c th s dng c in thoi. Tuy c gng a my tnh vo trng mu gio, nhng ch mt s t chu c th khi ng c my tnh c nhn PC. Mc d phn ln cc my tnh dnh cho la tui mu gio c bn phm v giao din c bit, nhng my in thoi th d dng nhn ra v tin dng cho tt c mi ngi. Do , thnh cng th VoIP v in thoi Internet phi trng ging nh mt my in thoi. Trong mt s trng hp th my in thoi c th tng t nh my in thoi o trng ging nh my in thoi treo tng v nm mt gc thun tin trn mn hnh Window desktop sn sng nhn v thc hin cc cuc gi, nhng ch l mt ngoi l ch cha phi l mt thi quen. Hnh 14-1 a ra kin trc ca thit b VoIP v in thoi Internet.
Nh cung cp dch v
Phone
PC Phone
N I D
Gi IP
Chuyn mch gi hoc router PSTN Gateway
Interne
PSTN
Hnh 14-1. Kin trc sn phm in thoi Internet v VoIP
Ti u cui ca ng dy truy nhp l thit b giao din mng. Nhng ng dy thu bao by gi c dng chung cho c my in thoi v my tnh, nhng n ti thiu cng phi c cc im ging nh ca chuyn mch knh. My in thoi by gi l mt thit b x l gi thoi chuyn dng. My tnh c nhn vn l thit b x l gi a nng trn mng. Kin trc ny khng phi l mng s tch hp a dch v m ch l mng gi VoIP. Khng c chuyn mch thoi thc no c cung cp cho ng dy truy cp. Cc gi c gi ti PSTN phi thng qua mt Gateway. Cc thit b ring bit cho VoIP v in thoi Internet c mt s thun li. Kh nng x l cuc gi khng ph thuc vo s c mt ca my tnh PC ang chy. Nng lc x l gi cn thit cho s ho v m ho thoi khng lm tiu hao nng lc x l ca my tnh. m thanh c truyn i cho nhu cu in thoi th khng cn thit ging nh m thanh cht lng cao truyn i bi my tnh PC. C th thc hin c iu ny bng cch lp thit b VoIP vo trong my tnh, cho php tin x l cc gi thoi mt cch c lp vi x l ca my tnh. Khi ng nghe ca my in thoi vn l mt thit b ring c cm trc tip vo my tnh, m khng cm vo cc cm tng. Tht l tr tru khi kh khn trong vic s dng my tnh li l iu khch l i vi cc loi sn phm ny. Nhng sn phm ny d dng bo v trnh
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vic s dng trm thng qua mt khu, mc d cc thit b ring bit khc cng c th c bo v nh vy. Hin nay c nhiu sn phm gn ging nh VoIP v in thoi Internet. N ch l phn mm trn my tnh. Bn cnh vic kh s dng, n cn chim ht nng lc x l ca my tnh khi x l tn hiu thoi. iu ny khng phi cp ti kh nng x l ca my tnh (k c my tnh c tc GHz) bi v ch cn s dng mt cht l c th gy ra mt ti tng i cao cho b vi x l.
Thoi gi tc 1-kb/s
Phi lm g thc hin gi ho vi tc 1kb/s? Tn hiu thoi c th chuyn t 64 n 8kb/s m khng gy ra vn ln. Ti sao khi chuyn t 8 sang 1kb/s li khc? chnh l do thoi gi vi tc 1kb/s phi m bo c m thanh trung thc. T gia nhng nm 1990, nhng sn phm VoIP v in thoi Internet u tin c cht lng rt thp. Tn hiu thoi b mo v b ct, b nhiu n mc khng chp nhn c. Vic ci tin cc b trit ting vang, trit nhiu v nn, vn c tip tc cho ti khi ton b bng thng c s dng cho mt cuc gi vi tc l 1kb/s. Trong khong lng bng thng khng b chim dng. Do bng thng trung bnh c s dng khong 400kb/s trn mt hng v s khng bao gi vt qu 1kb/s trn cc hng khc. S xut hin ca cc gi thoi 1-kb/s s lm thay i nhiu th, c bit l trong kha cnh thng mi ca VoIP. Ngy nay nhn c VoIP cht lng tt cn bng thng khong 150kb/s. iu ny ni ln rng cn 64kb/s cho mi hng m ho theo G.711, cng nh 22kb/s i vi H.323. Do vic thm VoIP cht lng cao vo mng l d dng thc hin c mng c modem tng t hot ng tc 56kb/s v thm ch cn d dng hn i vi mng c cc ng dy truy cp s tc 64 hoc 128kb/s. Tuy nhin, 1-kb/s khng ch h tr mt cch d dng cho cc mng m n cn p ng c cht lng cn thit cho cc mng . Hin nay, nhiu nh iu hnh mng bt buc phi a cc gi thoi vo mng ang chu s qu ti ca thng mi in t v cc trang Web. Nhng 1-kb/s l mt thnh tu v cng ngh. Nhiu nh iu hnh b thuyt phc bi nguyn nhn n ch l mt ng dy 1kb/s v quan tm nhiu hn ti nhng vn v gi thoi. Phn ln cc vn phng kinh doanh s dng mng ni b vi t l c nm my in thoi ni b th tng ng vi mt ng dy trung k, v thm ch vi bn mi ngi trong vn phng cng ch cn mt bng thng VoIP l 8kb/s. Vi tn hiu thoi 64kb/s th bng thng cn thit l 512kb/s. Thm ch tn hiu thoi 8kb/s c th dng ng dy truy cp 64 kb/s. Qu trnh ny c th hin trong Hnh 14-2.
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40 nhn vin 5-to-1 trung k 8-kb/s thoi
8 cuc gi s dng 64kb/s ng dy truy nhp 64kb/s (a)
Nh cung cp dch v
40 nhn vin 5-to-1 trung k 1-kb/s thoi
8 cuc gi s dng 8kb/s ng dy truy nhp 64kb/s (b)
Nh cung cp dch v
Hnh 14-2. nh hng ca tn hiu thoi 1-kb/s (a) Hin ti: Khng c nhiu khong cho d liu (b) Tng lai: C nhiu khong cho d liu
Do v l thuyt th bn mi ngi c th dng 512 hoc 64 cho ti 8kb/s. V khi gi ca thit b bng rng gim cng nh xut hin cc phng php truy nhp bng rng c xu hng nh ADSL, UDSL, HDSL2, th ti ca tn hiu thoi tr nn nh so vi kh nng x l ti ca mng. Mt vn tim n l phi lm 1-kb/s thch hp vi cc tiu chun hin ti. H.323 c th c sa i chp nhn gi thoi 1-kb/s, nhng n cng khng gii quyt c tt c mi vn . H.323 cho php nhiu k thut m ho khc nhau. Do , thm ch khi c hai u ca cuc gi VoIP u s dng thit b H.323 v c th thit lp gi in thoi Internet th cuc gi vn khng th thc hin mt cch thnh cng ngoi tr c hai u s dng phng php m ho thch hp.
TelePC v in thoi Ethernet

Vi s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip in t hin nay, my tnh c nhn c th c s dng cho in thoi IP v my in thoi cng tin cng vo cc mng cc b (LAN) v n c vi tnh nng cho x l s liu, nhng iu ny cng khng c ngha l cc cch s dng in thoi IP ny s tr nn thng dng. Nhng iu ny cng khng c ngha l cc thit b ny s khng xut hin hoc khng tin dng. C hai telePC v in thoi Ethernet s xut hin trong tng lai. TelePC s khng c kch thc ca my tnh bn hin ti v k c kch thc ca my tnh xch tay loi nh. Hu ht telePC s c kch thc kt hp v c hnh dng nh cc sn phm bn hin ti v mt in thoi t bo nh. Liu c bao nhiu ngi dng c hai thit b trn? Cc thit b chuyn dng thch hp cho h khi thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau, nhng n khng thch hp khi h phi s dng ng thi nhiu dng v nhiu tnh nng. Hy xem telePC nh l mt my in thoi t bo gn vi mt thit b bn. Bn mun gi in t mt sn golf? Hy vo trang Web ca bn t
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telePC, v truy cp vo th mc in thoi (ng qun m nhn dng). Cc s c t chc di dng tn, v tr, cng ty... Nu s b gi khng c trong telePC m nm trong my tnh c quan hoc nh, th telePC cng c th truy cp vo nhng trang Web ny hoc trang Web trong Nin gim in thoi nhng trang Vng. Ch cn n nt, cuc gi s c thc hin. Do n l mt my tnh PC nn nu s b gi bn, n c th t ng quay li s, Bn cng c th ghi li mt tin nhn Ti ang n lt nh, xin ch mt giy. By gi chng ta cp ti in thoi Ethernet. L do c bn ca vic xut hin cc thit b ny l rt n gin. Ti sao cc cng ty li lp t v bo dng mng ni b ring bit cho tn hiu thoi v cho s liu? Thm ch c hai mng thoi v mng s liu cng dng i dy trn (UTP). Hai h thng thng c lp t ring bit l do rt kh trn tn hiu thoi v cc gi d liu mt cch c hiu qu. Tuy nhin, khi tn hiu thoi tr thnh gi IP ging nh cc gi d liu khc th h thng ng dy dnh ring cho thoi s tr nn v dng. Khi cc ng dy ca mng thoi s dng cho truyn s liu. in thoi Ethernet s trng ging nh my in thoi c quan, c b nh quay s nhanh, mn hin th, phm bm Redial v phm Hold. Thay cho cm RJ-11 ca cc tng i PBX, in thoi Ethernet dng RJ-45 Ethernet ni vo mng LAN ging nh my tnh PC. Hnh 14-3 ch ra kin trc ca in thoi Ethernet.
Loi 3/5 UTP vi connector RJ-45
Ethernet hub
Tn hiu thoi trong gi IP nm trong khung Ethernet
LAN-based VoIP PBX
Hnh 14-3. in thoi Ethernet
Do tng i PBX s l cc thit b ca mng LAN. Khng c g ngc nhin y v in thoi Ethernet xut hin. Nhng d on lin quan ti y khng phi ch l s tn ti ca in thoi Ethernet m cn l s ph bin rng ri ca n trong mi trng cc doanh nghip. nh khng c PBX, do th trng ny thuc v telePC.
Nghe, ni, nhn v s dng

S khng c mt kin no cho rng thit b in thoi Internet s trng ging nh mt my in thoi. c chp nhn, thit b ny ch hi ging vi nhng thit b c trc . Tuy nhin, khi sn xut mt thit b c tnh nng hon ton mi th th trng lun rng m. C th thy r xu
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hng ang pht trin l sn xut thit b nh hn v tt hn. Cc thit b mi khng ch dng hin th s liu v dng ni chuyn vi ngi khc, m chng phi bit lng nghe v tr li c. Cc thit b s c sn xut s v cm nhn nhng khng phi g nh bn phm. V ngi s dng c th nhn thy trn thit b ny cc du hiu m trc c nm m cng khng trng thy. V vn ny th khng c g l mi m c. Tt c cc tnh nng s dng trn u c, nhng khng cng trn mt thit b. C thit b bn cho php vit ln. Phn mm bn GPS nhc nh li xe (v d: Hy gim tc , bn chun b r phi). My quay a DVD xch tay xem phim. Ti sao chng ta li khng tch hp tt c cc tnh nng ny ln cng mt thit b v tuyn cm tay nh m khng ch ni chuyn qua n m cn ni chuyn vi n? iu ny vn cn kh, bi v ph thuc vo cng ngh v c bit l gi c. Tuy nhin, hy tng tng bn ang ngi sn bay v s dng mt thit b hin th c mn hnh l 8 inch v ch dy nh mt quyn s. Mt tai nghe c th s dng mt cch kn o. Bn ni vi n yu cu kim tra email, dng n gi in v nh, xem cc thng tin v sn bay ngay trn n v c th xem phim. Tt c mi th c th thc hin bng gi IP.
Tng lai ca nh cung cp dch v

Sn phm min ph thng m ch ti cc sn phm khng c gi tr vi c ngi bn v ngi mua. Nhng iu ny khng hon ton ng vi cc cuc gi khn cp trong mng vin thng. Ph tn khng phi nh hng trc tip ti ngi tiu dng. Cc cuc gi khn cp (v d nh gi 911) rt c gi tr nhng l nhng cuc gi min ph dnh cho khch hng. Tuy nhin phi tn nhiu tin xy dng c s h tng dnh cho dch v ny. Vic u t c s h tng cho dch v ny l hon ton c th trong mng IP, nhng n khng ging nh cc dch v in thoi IP c h tr bi cc ngun kinh ph khc. Cc nh cung cp dch v Internet c th dng ngun vn ng gp dnh cho nng cp c s h tng mng a cc Gateway PSTN v cc kh nng x l cc gi thoi vo mng. Cc nh cung cp dch v mng c th dng thu nhp tch lu c t vic kinh doanh cc ng dy d liu u t vo vic m rng dung lng v thit b mng. Tuy nhin i vi nhiu nh cung cp dch v Internet, c bit l cc nh cung cp nh, th qu u t cn thit khng phi d dng thu c thng qua cc knh thu nhp ny. Cn nhiu cc khon vay v cc ngun kinh ph khc m rng ti nguyn thch hp x l ti a cho cc gi thoi, nhng nhiu nh cung cp dch v Internet sn sng thc y cho vic thit lp v m rng vic kinh doanh cc ng dy d liu mc cao nht. iu ny khng b qua cc dch v khc, nhng i vi phn ln cc nh cung cp dch v Internet s dng li nhun thu c t vic kinh doanh u t cho m rng dch v thoi. Do in thoi IP khng th min ph cho khch hng. Chi ph trn gi bao gm chi ph cho hot ng kinh
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doanh s c tnh vo cc ph phi thanh ton. Chi ph ny khng th thay th cho cc ph. Cui cng cc ho n cc ph cho in thoi IP s cung cp cc mc tnh chi tit cho khch hng ging nh trong PSTN m h quen thuc. (trong mt s quc gia, him khi cc c tnh chi tit v ring bit, do vic pht trin tnh cc nh in thoi IP s mang li s thay i cn thit cho tng vng). Cc nh cung cp in thoi IP khng nhng l cc nh cung cp dch v Internet m cn l cc cng ty in thoi truyn thng v h cn cung cp cc tng i ni ht hoc tng i quc t. Cc cng ty in thoi ni ht c cc thit b tnh cc v phn mm ly v ghi cc cho cc cuc gi. Tuy nhin khi nh cung cp dch v Internet l chi nhnh ca cc nh cung cp dch v tng i ni ht M, v l cc chi nhnh ring bit, th cc chi nhnh ny phi tr tin s dng h thng tnh cc phc tp ny. Do , trong nhiu trng hp, cc nh cung cp dch v Internet phi s dng thit b tnh cc ring ca h. Vn ln nht cn quan tm khi xem xt v tng lai ca in thoi IP trn quan im ca cc nh cung cp dch v l quy tc s c thc hin trong kin trc c bn ca cc nh cung cp dch v in thoi IP. Trong chng ny ch quan tm ti cc nguyn tc thc t m khng quan tm ti liu n tt hay xu hoc im no lm cho n tt hn. Vn c t ra cho tt c nhng ngi quan tm ti v nghin cu v n. C th ch ra mt cch r rng v xu hng loi b cc rng buc trong ngnh vin thng hin nay. iu ny khng c ngha l khng c s lm dng xy ra trong mi trng cnh tranh. Tuy nhin trong xu hng hin nay, bt k s t do cnh tranh no cng tt hn l mt rng buc cht ch m khng quan tm ti cht lng thc t v s hon ho v mt l thuyt. Tuy nhin, cc quy tc s vn xc nh xu hng cnh tranh. Khi cc quy tc khng hon ton mt i, th vn quan tm l mt trong nhng yu t cnh tranh s pht trin trong mi trng iu chnh ny, m khng quan tm ti bao nhiu dch v c yu cu cho s cnh tranh. V d M, mi trng cnh tranh v LEC c gim st bi Telecommunication Ack 1996 (TA96) b sp hon ton hoc l c trin khai rt chm theo cch qu thn trng ca cc nh hoch nh c lin quan, ph thuc vo vn m h ang quan tm. Tuy nhin khng ai c th tranh lun rng tc trin khai TA96 l hon ton ph thuc vo vai tr ca cc nh hoch nh, m nhng quy tc thu nh ca h gn ging nh TA96
Cc kh nng trong tng lai

Nhng quy tc c to ra rt c ngha i vi cc ngnh cng nghip dch v s dng nhiu vn v ti nguyn. Cc quy tc hin i xut hin u tin trong ngnh xe la. Khng ai cn v mong mun c s cnh tranh ging nh v d c su ng xe la chy ra khi thnh ph lm mt cnh quan t nhin v cng i n mt ni. Nhng nguyn tc ny l s c quyn ca ngnh xe la, nhng n cng qun l v li nhun thu c v
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ph chun gi v. Thng thng, cc ngnh cng nghip nh giao thng, in thoi, ngn hng, bo him vi cc c im chung v tim lc kinh t th c iu chnh qun l cn thn. Mc d c s t do ho trong cc nghnh cng nghip nh Ngn hng, bo him, hng khng M, nhng cc quy tc vn ng vai tr quan trng khi cc ngnh cng nghip dch v a cc dch v ton cu ra th trng. Nh nc phi bo v trnh cc hot ng cu th nhm thu c ti a li nhun trong khi li cung cp dch v mc ti thiu. Cc nh hoch nh phi a ra cc tiu chun v cc th tc mi ngi tun theo. M, ngnh cng nghip giao thng vn ti vn b qun l mt cch cht ch v kch thc v trng lng ca xe, s gi cho php li xe lin tc v chia x cc tuyn ng cho cc xe. Vn c s cnh tranh ln trong ngnh cng nghip vn ti M nhng n lun c iu khin v qun l. Mt b phn cung cp dch v cho khch hng ca ngnh sn xut t l phng tin lu ng c nhn. Cc quy tc a ra cc nguyn tc lin quan ti an ton cho ngi s dng khi cng chng khng dng phng tin di ng ny na. Cc c tnh nh knh ca s an ton, loi knh khng th v thnh nhng mnh lm chm v dy ci trong xe t tr nn bt buc i vi tt c cc xe. Mt s nh sn xut khng mun phi tng gi xe do cc c tnh an ton c thm vo, tr khi ton b ngnh sn xut cng lm nh vy. Mt nh sn xut ln khng b bi ri bi cc cuc tranh lun v vic cc ca knh an ton s bo v tnh mng v cn c lp t trong xe t. C mt cu chuyn v CEO l Cng vic ca ti khng phi l bo v tnh mng m l i kim tin cho cc c ng. Nhng m bo an ton cho ngi s dng th phi a cc cng ngh trn vo ngnh sn xut ny. Quan im y l VoIP hoc in thoi Internet mong mun trnh cc quy tc. Cu hi l quy tc mc no l cn thit v c hiu lc nh cc nh hoch nh mong mun. Thm vo , cc cng ngh c s dng ging nh c s h tng ca in thoi IP c th thay i: in thoi IP c th da trn cp quang ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng (DWDM). Mt si quang DWDM c th a ra bng thng ln hn cc si quang trc m khng nh hng ti cc cht lng dch v khc lin quan (a ra rng bng va th lm gim QoS khc). Nhng in thoi IP c th da trn cng ngh v tuyn, truy cp v tuyn vo mng xng sng v tuyn. Nhiu quc gia ang pht trin khng quan tm ti vic pht trin c s h tng mng cp t tin cho mng vin thng, nhng li mun chuyn sang mng v tuyn, v th trong nhiu trng hp v tuyn c v nh l mt ln sng mi. Phn ny chng ta khai thc cc vin cnh dch v trc v sau xem xt cc cng ngh c a ra cho in thoi IP.
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Vin cnh v dch v

Vin cnh dch v in thoi IP trong tng lai c chia lm hai loi. Th nht, in thoi IP trong tng lai trong mi trng ca cc nh cung cp dch v ging nh mi trng ca cc nh cung cp dch v in thoi ngy nay. l, vi quc gia s c mt nh cung cp dch v in thoi IP quc gia v chng nh l mt t chc c quyn, hoc nhiu quc gia s c hai cng ty c quyn cng phn chia th trng (trong mt s trng hp l ba cng ty) v mt s t quc gia c nhiu nh cung cp dch v in thoi IP c bn nh hn v cnh tranh vi nhau. Th hai in thoi IP trong tng lai vi vin cnh nh mi trng ca nh cung cp dch v Internet ISP hin nay trn phn ln cc quc gia trn th gii. l trn tt c cc quc gia c mt s cc nh cung cp dch v in thoi IP, chng hu nh c lp vi nhau v khng yu cu cc quy tc qun l cht ch. p lc ca th trng t do s loi b cc nh cung cp dch v yu km v gi mc gi chp nhn c cho khch hng. Vic thay i cng ngh lun lun a ra cc c hi cho vic thay i trong cc nh cung cp dch v. Nhng khng mt chung nga no c th bin thnh trm bn xng, khng mt ng xe la no c th bin thnh ng hng khng. S pht trin ca cc nh cung cp dch v in thoi IP khng phi l nh nh. Thc t cn c nhiu cu hi nh cu hi v an ton nu trn. Bn cnh trong s cc nh cung cp ny, ai s l ngi quan tm ti vin cnh no s c thnh hnh. Thc t, cu trc tng lai ca th gii in thoi IP s nh hng ti ngi s dng v nh cung cp thit b theo cc cch khc nhau ph thuc vo vin cnh no s tr thnh hin thc. V vai tr ca cc nh hoch nh s thay i da trn cc kh nng ny trong tng lai. S khc nhau trong cc chi tit quan trng c xem xt tip theo. Ln hn th lun tt hn. Cc nh cung cp dch v u tin nh h thng Bell trong qu kh lun sn sng tr li cho cu hi ti sao khng c mt dch v no c th ni chng ta l tt nht v khng ai c th cnh tranh c. Liu mt h thng nh c th m bo cc cuc gi ng di c thc hin tt qua n? H thng ln hn thng tt hn h thng nh khi n a ra cc dch v ton cu. Cuc tranh lun s c tip tc v c m rng thm. Ngy nay, nu mi ngi cn mt dch v in thoi IP tin cy, lm cch no tt nht a n ti tay ngi tiu dng? T trc ti gi c s h tng mng cp l mt ngnh kinh doanh cn nhiu vn, v thm ch c s h tng v tuyn s r hn nu n ph sng c ti tt c cc ni, vng trong ton quc. Vn y l cng ngh ngy nay c tiu chun ho v tinh vi cho php dch v in thoi IP c pht trin theo kiu Internet. Nhng cng ty nng ng c th lm c nhiu vic ln hn nhng cng ty khc.
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Trong m hnh ln hn th lun tt hn, cc nh cung cp ln th thng tr tng lai ca in thoi IP. S cnh tranh cha bao gi thc s chim u th, v cc cng ty ton cu lin minh vi nhau chng li s xut hin bt k mt cng ty mi trn th trng. M hnh ny c lin quan ti tt c ngi s dng, chin lc nh cung cp, vai tr ca nh hoch nh. Khi n c a ti cho khch hng, th ch mt c thc hin. Nu in thoi IP khng ging nh iu m ngi s dng mong mun v khng c mt s thay th no khc, th ngi s dng s ch bai, than phin, e do. Nhng nu khng c g thay i th h s phi chung sng vi cc dch v m h nhn c. Khi n c a ti cc nh cung cp thit b, cc nh cung cp ln s c iu kin thun li thc hin ging nh xu hng hin nay. Ch c rt t nh cung cp thit b ln trn th trng m c i ng k thut vin ton cu cung cp dch v trn ton th gii. Ch c khong na t nh cung cp cc thit b chuyn mch. S tng tc hot ng trong mi trng nh vy khng b nh hng nhiu bi cc tiu chun. Cc nh cung cp c th rt sng to, c cc tnh nng tng tc c bn gia cc dch v quan trng tn ti trong cc thit b ca h. l giao din c to ra v duy tr gia nm nh cung cp, n hon ton khc vi giao din c to ra gia nm mi nh cung cp khc nhau. Vi nhiu nh cung cp, tiu chun k thut l mt iu cc k quan trng. i vi mt s t nh cung cp th cc c tnh k thut c t ln hng u, h khng quan tm ti phi tp trung vo nn tng no v s nh hng ca th trng khu vc. Trong phm vi cc nh cung cp ln nh vy, cc nh hoch nh phi thc hin vai tr truyn thng ca h nh l gim st cc dch v. Tt c mi th phi c chi tit t gi c cho ti cc nh ngha dch v, trnh s lm dng gi c v m bo lm khch hng hi lng cc mc khc nhau. Vai tr ny i hi nhiu thi gian nhng khng thng xuyn c hiu qu. Nhng n l s la chn duy nht cho vin cnh ny. S cnh tranh v xo b cc quy tc s chim u th. C hi thay i ln trong phm vi cc nh cung cp dch v b nh hng bi vic chuyn sang s dng in thoi IP c th c nhn thy bi xu hng m s cnh tranh quyt lit hn v cc quy nh c loi b nhiu hn so vi trc y. Thc t in thoi IP s y nhanh tc xo b cc quy tc v thc y cnh tranh da trn cc m hnh hin nay v v d nh l cc ISP. Mt v d tt i vi vn ny l th trng gi in thoi ng di M. S cnh tranh lm cho gi cc cuc gi ng di M gim xung rt thp v trong mi trng cc cng ty vn c th lm n pht t v c mt qung co trn v tuyn l ch 7 xu mt pht. Vn ct li trong mi trng ny l s hp tc. Cc nh cung cp ln vn tn ti, nhng h phi chp nhn s c mt ca cc cng ty nh hn v cng hp tc vi nhau. Thm ch cc cng ty ln cn nhn ra rng h khng th lm tt c mi th tt c mi ni trong mi lc, do cc cng ty ln s phi ra th phn nht nh cho cc cng ty nh hn. Cc cng ty
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nh s a ra cc dch v ph thng hoc chuyn dng v d dng hp tc vi cc nh cung cp ln hn. Khi n c a ti nh cung cp thit b, mi trng cng tc s m ra mt th trng ln. S c khch hng mua cc thit b nh c thit k cho khch hng c nh v c nhng sn phm ln dnh cho cc nh cung cp c ln, c quc gia. Mt s nh cung cp ch cung cp thit b cho cc khch hng c nh, v cc nh cung cp thit b khc s bn hng cho cc nh cung cp dch v ln. Cn mt s nh cung cp th c gng bn hng cho c hai. Th trng s tr nn si ng v mnh lit. V ngnh cng nghip ny s lin quan nhiu ti cc tiu chun v kh nng tng tc. Khng mt nh cung cp no c th kim tra tnh tng thch ca thit b vi tt c cc thit b tng t ca cc nh cung cp khc. Cc c tnh v s la chn c to ra, tnh tng thch ch cho php mc tng i. V th trng chung s tr thnh yu t xc nh cho s sng to , vi cc nh cung cp ln nht v mt t nh cung cp nh l nhng ngi sng to nht. Vai tr ca nh hoch nh cng thay i trong mi trng cnh tranh. S khng cn thit phi iu chnh tht chi tit khi m p lc cnh tranh s iu chnh gi c v chng li s lm dng. Nhng nhng quy tc vn cn thit bo v khch hng trnh cc th on di tr, nhng nhiu hot ng iu chnh ch lin quan ti khung cnh chung. Mt vai tr quan trng khc ca cc nh hoch nh l chng li vic mua li cc cng ty cnh tranh to nn mi trng nh cung cp dch v c quyn. Trong mt vi trng hp, nh hoch nh phi hp tc vi nh chc trch gy p lc i vi s lin kt v hp tc ny.
Vin cnh v cng ngh

Kin trc ca ngnh cng nghip cung cp dch v in thoi IP khng ch l th duy nht c tnh n khi in thoi IP tr thnh hin thc. Cc cng ngh c bn to nn mng c th thay i. S cnh tranh y l IP qua h thng cp quang s dng DWDM cung cp nhiu bng thng hn v cng ngh v tuyn mt cng ngh em n cho khch hng s thun tin (tnh lu ng) v tnh linh ng trong vic lp t. Mt u im ca IP l mt giao thc mng a nng c th hot ng trn tt c cc m hnh mng. IP c th hot ng d dng trn ng dy thu ring, mng chuyn tip khung cng cng, mng LAN Ethernet, v nhiu m hnh mng khc. Trn cu trc IP, cc mng ny t chc hai lp di cng ging nh hai lp cui cng ca m hnh OSI l lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu, IP lp mng cung cp cc gi cho nhng mng ny truyn i. Vn l IP khng t hiu chnh hot ng tt trn tt c cc mng ny. Vic hiu chnh ny c thc hin bng cch iu chnh cc tham s ca IP p ng cc c im QoS khc nhau ca mng truyn dn hoc da vo vic trin khai tiu chun k thut RFC gip IP thch hp vi mt mng ring bit. V d, IP hot ng trn mng ATM hoc mng
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chuyn tip khung yu cu thc hin y RFC cho php giao thc phn gii a ch (ARP) hot ng tt. C hai b thu v b pht phi c trin khai RFC theo mt kiu thch hp lm vic chnh xc. Nu mng IP c xy dng trn c s mng xng sng cp si quang th s rt khc vi mng IP c xy dng trn mi trng v tuyn. M hnh mng IP no s tr nn thng dng? y chnh l ct li ca vn . Nu mng IP c xy dng trn c s cp si quang th chng ta s tranh lun v nhng vn ca mng IP ny. Nu mng IP c xy dng trn c s ca cng ngh v tuyn th ta s xem xt cc vn ca mng v tuyn. Hin nay c nhiu ngi cho rng mng trong tng lai s da trn h thng mng cp si quang, thm ch a cp si quang ti tn nh thu bao. Nhng bn cnh cng c nhiu ngi cho rng mng s pht trin da trn c s cc kt ni v tuyn mi ni, khng ch s dng cho truy nhp m cn s dng cho mng ng trc. Trong khi mng thc t c th l mt mng kt hp gia c hai xu hng trn, nhng xu hng no s chim u th? Cu trc ca hai m hnh mng c m t trong Hnh 14-4.
Dinh th ca khch hng Nh cung cp dch v ni ht Nh cung cp dch v ng di
Cp si quang
Cp xng sng DWDM dung lng cao
(a) Mng xng sng v tuyn dung lng cao Nh cung cp dch v ni ht
Truy nhp v tuyn ni ht Dinh th ca khch hng
Nh cung cp dch v ng di
(b)
Hnh 14-4. (a) tng lai ca cp quang v (b) tng lai ca v tuyn
Bin php no s c dnh cho IP xut hin trong mt ngy gn y khi m ngi s dng, nh cung cp thit b, nh cung cp dch v phi la chn mt phin bn IP h tr nh l mt giao thc li v phin bn IP no s b loi b. Chng ta s tp trung nghin cu bt u t loi km ph bin hn. Nu IP trn cp quang chin thng tt c. Ngy nay, cc gi IP c th c truyn trn mng cp si quang, nhng ch thch hp trn mt s cc cu trc. in hnh l, mt gi IP c th nm trong mt chui cc t bo ATM, v sau nm trong mt khung SONET, v cui cng khung SONET (mng quang ng b hoc SDH) c truyn i lin tip trn lin kt quang. Trong vi trng hp, cc gi IP c th c t trc tip trong khung SONET/SDH v gi l cc gi trn SONET. Tuy nhin n vn gi cu trc khung ca SONET. Ngy nay, cc gi IP c th t trc tip trn
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mt lin kt si quang trong mt qu trnh m i lc c gi l gi trn si, gi trn knh, gi trn Photons, hoc thm ch l mt th lai ghp. Cc gi c t trc tip ln cc lin kt si b qua cc s h tr di dng qun l, vn hnh v bo dng (OAM) c a ra bi SONET/SDH v ATM, nhng c c cc mo u nh hn v vic x l ch yu tp trung vo vic nhn cc gi hai u si. Nu IP trn cp si quang chin thng tt c th danh sch cc vn lin quan n QoS s ngn i rt nhiu. Bng thng s b cho s thiu ht ca cc QoS lin quan nh tr hoc jitter. Khi cc gi c truyn trc tip trn si quang, nu c s dng cho in thoi IP, th li ch thu c chnh l t bng thng hu nh khng b hn ch. Do c th thm nhiu c tnh v cc chc nng vo m hnh IP ny m khng lo mng b qu ti hoc tc nghn. tr th khng ng lo, jitter th rt tt khi truyn qua cc thit b truyn dn (cc thit b chuyn mch vn lm tng thm jitter), do ch cn cc b m jitter nh. Cp si quang c t li v do s la chn IP trn c s cp si quang c th loi b c nhiu nhc im hin nay. Cp si quang c tnh bo mt cao, n l thit b truyn dn m bt k s nghe trm no cng c th b pht hin. Do IP trn photons ch phn vn v vic la chn cch bo mt c bn no. Nu IP v tuyn c la chn. Nu nh IP trn cp si quang khng c la chn, th s la chn chnh l mi trng v tuyn cho IP. Mc d IP trn lin kt v tuyn vn cha c ph bin nh IP trn cp si quang, nhng cng xut hin v tn ti mt s sn phm. Hin nay, nhiu ngi cng ang mong mun cng ngh ny s c thng dng trn th trng. im quan trng l vic hot ng ca IP v tuyn s rt khc vi IP cp si quang. Bng danh sch cc QoS lin quan s tng i di. Bng thng v tuyn b hn ch bi B phn qun l. Mc d cc nh nghin cu lun lun tm ra cc cch tng s lng gi IP c th truyn trn di tn cho, nhng vic m rng bng thng trong mng v tuyn cng kh khn hn trong mng cp si quang. Do cc gi v tuyn, c dng cho in thoi IP s phi b gim st khi s dng bng thng. Vi m hnh IP ny th khng th m rng cc tnh nng v phi lun quan tm ti mng c th b qu ti hoc tc nghn. Mt s iu chnh nh nn gi (khng cn thit trong cp quang) c th l vn ct yu trong m hnh IP v tuyn. tr trong cc lin kt v tuyn nh lin kt v tinh a tnh l khng th b qua, c bit l tr xut hin trong qu trnh nn v gin nn. Do vic iu chnh l cn thit. Tuy nhin ging nh IP cp si quang, jitter qua cc thit b truyn dn l tt (cc chuyn mch vn lm tng jitter), do ch cn cc b m jitter nh. Ngc vi cp quang, cc lin kt v tuyn c t l li ln (c khi ln gp hng nghn ln so vi cp quang, n ph thuc vo iu kin kh hu). Do , vic s dng IP v tuyn s khng khc phc c cc nhc im v c th cn s gip di dng cc m sa li trc (Forward
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Error Correction-FEC), nhng n s lm tng thm tr v yu cu x l nhiu. V IP v tuyn d b tc ng bi cc iu kin mi trng v i lc do ma to, tnh kh dng ca h thng cng phi c quan tm. Tht k l l nhiu lin kt v thuyn c xy dng trn mch vng cp quang. Vic bo mt trong v tuyn l rt km, bt k ai vi mt b thu cng c th thu c tn hiu m khng ai c th pht hin c. Do IP v tuyn rt cn nhiu bin php bo mt. Cc tham s QoS v IP p ng cc tham s ny trong mi trng cp quang va mi trng v tuyn c a ra trong Bng 14-1.
Tham s QoS Bng thng Cp si quang c Bng thng gn nh khng hn ch tr thp Tt khi qua cc thit b truyn dn t li Mch vng n nh Bo mt tt Do IP Phontons s Thm nhiu chc nng cn thit Khng quan tm S dng b m jitter nh B c nhiu nhc im Khng quan tm V tuyn c Bng thng b hn ch Mt s tr ln Tt khi qua cc thit b truyn dn Nhiu li Nhiu vn Do IP v tuyn s B hn ch
tr Jitter
Phi iu chnh S dng b m jitter nh S dng FEC S dng cp quang d phng Yu cu thc hin nhiu
Mt thng tin Tnh sn sng hot ng Bo mt
Thc hin phng php c bn
Ch nhiu
Bng 14-1. QoS, IP cp quang v IP v tuyn
S khc nhau gia IP Photons v IP v tuyn

Tm li, nhng s thay i cn thit cho IP trin khai IP Photons c th rt khc vi nhng thay i i vi IP v tuyn, m n cng c th c tnh cho cc m hnh IP khc. Tt nhin cui cng th vn c l IP. Cng nh vy, mng LAN Ethernet cng vn l Ethernet, nhng n c mt s im khc bit r rt. Khi nim Ethernet c th p dng cho Ethernet cp ng trc, Ethernet cp xon i 10base-T, chuyn mch Ethernet song cng c mt s c tnh ca Token Ring, hoc Ethernet gigabit m ch yu l mt LAN knh si quang truyn cc khung Ethernet gigabit. iu quan trng l nhn Ethernet ch khng phi l cc c tnh k thut. IP trn cp si quang v IP v tuyn s khc nhau ti thiu nhng im sau: 1. IP photons c th rt d dang s dng, cn IP v tuyn th ngc li 2. IP v tuyn cn iu chnh tr truyn qua v tinh GEO 3. IP v tuyn cn phi c kim tra li trc (FEC) (IP photons th khng cn thit) 4. IP v tuyn khng th ti u hon ton
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By gi chng ta s so snh v jitter v tnh bo mt. Cc b m jitter l cn thit mc d n khng quan tm ti loi mng no c s dng, bi v phn ln jitter xut hin nt mng ch khng trong bn thn lin kt. Mc d cc kin trc bo mt hin nay lun c nhn mnh rng hon ton c th bo v c tt c cc loi lin kt, th cng ngh IP v tuyn bo mt thng tin km hn cng ngh IP cp si quang. Cc logic ging nhau cng s a ra cc li nh nhau, do IP photons (mc d c t l li cc k thp trn cc lin kt quang) cng vn s dng phng php FEC loi b s xut hin cc li m thm ch rt him khi sy ra, nhng iu ny l khng bt buc. (Trong mt mi trng IP photons thun tu, do khng cn khong trng a thng tin FEC vo gi IP nn FEC thng c truyn trn mt knh DWDM ring c nh dng truyn cc khung SONET/SDH. Ni dung chnh trong cc khung ny l FEC kim tra cc knh khi ri). Cui cng, h thng v tuyn phi chu ng cc s c thng k do iu kin mi trng. Mt s s c c th d on c nh s c do mt tri gy ra khi mt tri i ngang qua qu o ca v tinh a tnh, nhng nhiu s c khng th on c nh ma to hoc chi ca mt tri. Bt k khi no s c sy ra, lu lng v tuyn s c chuyn ti lin kt quang trnh s c v dch v. Do , IP v tuyn s khng bao gi c la chn tn ti c lp. Mng c th c to ra t vic kt hp cc c tnh truy nhp v tuyn v mng ng trc cp quang. Nhng vn c bn l IP c la chn xy dng nn mt mng nh th no. Nu IP c s dng cho tt c mi th t thoi cho ti video v s liu, th tt hn khng chn IP cho ring mng ny hay mng khc. iu ny ni ln l ngi s dng, nh cung cp thit b, nh cung dch v v cc sn phm thch hp s xy dng nn mt mng ca tng lai.
Liu PSTN s b loi b?

in thoi IP s thay th chuyn mch knh trn ton cu? Hay liu c cn ch cho chuyn mch knh khi th gii b chi phi bi cc gi? C l khng. Nhng iu ny khng c ngha l PSTN s khng bao gi bin mt. Khi so snh vi cc dch v chuyn mch ca in thoi IP th PSTN km linh hot hn. V d, nhiu mng in thoi IP s tip tc cung cp cc ng dy ring im-ti-im t cc cng ty in thoi truyn cc gi IP thoi ca h gia cc b nh tuyn. Cc chuyn mch thoi s t phi chuyn mch cc cuc gi v do lu lng truyn ti cng gim. Thm ch, cc lin kt ti trung tm hoc cc tng i ni ht c a ti b nh tuyn nhiu hn l a ti chuyn mch thoi (iu ny s thnh s tht m khng cn quan tm ti ai l ch v iu khin b nh tuyn). Tuy nhin vi s pht trin ca cng ngh tin tin ngy nay th PSTN s tr nn li thi v s b loi b. Mng X.25 vn pht trin thnh vng trong th trng thch hp. Arcnet th vn pht trin trong phm vi Ethernet. Nu
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PSTN mt i, th s ra i ny phi lm th no cho mi ngi khng th cm nhn c (v n tng tn ti mt thi gian di trc .) Vn cn quan tm hn trong cc cng ngh hin nay th cng ngh no c kh nng a PC, truy cp Internet,... chuyn sang in thoi IP, loi b cng ngh lc hu ca PSTN. Tt nhin, vn c nhng ngi s dng PSTN, Gateway s c s dng trnh cho h khng c lp, nhng cng ngh cao s khng n c vi h. Do vy cn phi lm th no cho mi ngi nhn thy c li ch ca vic s dng cng ngh cao.
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Ch dn v t vit tt
A
AAL5 ATM Adaptation Layer 5.................... 220 ACD Automatic Call Distribution.... 19, 34, 35, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 198, 200, 213, 258, 272 ACK Acknowledgement .............................. 217 ADM Add Drop Multiplexer ........ 72, 73, 80, 81 ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation........ 72, 73, 77, 78, 79, 80 API Application Programming Language 273, 274, 294 ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode ....i, 30, 32, 33, 42, 90, 91, 106, 129, 133, 143, 153, 154, 166, 206, 207, 208, 217, 220, 253, 254 CLIP Calling Line Identification Presentation 7 CNG Comfort Noise Generation 144, 145, 281, 285, 293 COPS Common Open Policy Specification...237 CPE Customer Premise Equipment..........5, 54 CPU Central Processing Unit.......................27 CRM Customer Relationship Management .194 CSA Carrier Serving Area............................87 CSU Channel Service Unit .......... iv, 53, 54, 55 CTI Computer Telephony Integration 11, 179, 180, 187, 268, 272, 273
D
DCE Data Circuit Terminating Equipment 134 DEC Digital Equipment Corporation ...........26 DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ...................................... 219, 239, 265 DID Direct Dial-in.....................................291 DNS Domain Name Service....... 218, 219, 231, 232, 291 DOS Disk Operating System.........................29 DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation ....72 DRT Diagnostic Rhyme Test...................78, 81 DS Digital Signal 5, 6, 9, 64, 70, 95, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 115, 222, 226 DSL Digital Subscriber Line ..............180, 182 DSP Digital Signal Processor ....iv, 61, 64, 76, 78, 80, 233, 240, 241, 246 DSU Data Service Unit................iv, 53, 54, 55 DTE Data Terminal Equipment............54, 134 DTMF Dual Tone Multi-Frequency 61, 211, 230, 272
B
BGP Border Gateway Protocol .......... 166, 232 BRI Basic Rate Interface ....................... 54, 55
C
CBR Constant Bit Rate ................................. 95 CCS Common Channel Signalling ..... 116, 117 CD Compact Disct26, 49, 172, 184, 246, 260, 271 CDR Call Detail Record .... 237, 238, 244, 245, 247 CED Called Station Identification ...... 281, 285 CELP Code-excited Linear Prediction .... 76, 77, 79, 80, 81 CERN European Council for Nuclear Research ........................................................ 28 CGI Common Gateway Interface............... 170 CLEC Competitive Local Exchange Carrier ..iv, 125, 126
Ch dn v t vt tt DTX Discontinuous Transmission .............. 145 International Business Machine....13, 25, 26, 49, 50, 120, 140, 253, 259 IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronical Engineers ........ 13, 253, 261, 262, 263 IETF Internet Engineering Task Force vii, 164, 174, 203, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 225, 232, 236, 237, 285, 286, 290 IFP Internet Fax Protocol......... 284, 285, 289 IGRP Interior Gateway Routing Protocol...221, 222 ILEC Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier ..125, 126 IMP Interface Message Processor ...............90 IP Internet Protocoli, ii, iii, v, vi, vii, 1, 3, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 22, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 61, 81, 82, 84, 85, 90, 94, 95, 106, 108, 112, 113, 116, 117, 126, 128, 133, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 147, 154, 157, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 179, 182, 183, 189, 194, 197, 198, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 254, 259, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 273, 275, 281, 283, 284, 286, 287, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295 IPv4 Internet Protocol Version 4...vi, 226, 227 IPv6 Internet Protocol Version 6...vi, 226, 227 IRC Internet Relay Chat ............................179 ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ...30, 31, 32, 33, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 144, 145, 180, 182, 183, 207, 208, 217, 244, 247, 253, 256, 258 ISP Internet Service Provider .....ii, iv, 34, 35, 39, 60, 85, 86, 123, 124, 126, 148, 174, 180, 182, 205, 222, 225 ISS International Space Station..................81 ITSP Internet Telephony Service Provider.204, 205, 248 ITU
E
ESF Extended Superframe Format ............ 101
F
FAQ Frequently Asked Questionss ............. 185 FCC Federal Communications Commission ...................................................... 120 FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface ....... 220 FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing.. 96, 99, 102, 103 FEC Forward Error Correction................. 285 FTP File Transfer Protocol ....... 166, 167, 168
G
GEIS General Electric Information Services ...................................................... 134 GEO Geographic Earth Orbit........... 92, 93, 94 GIF Graphics Interchange Format............ 169 GLP Gateway Location Protocol ...... 206, 218, 219, 232 GSM Global System for Mobile Communications ................. 76, 80, 81 GUI Graphical User Interface .....................25
H
HDLC High Level Data Link Control... 158, 282, 289 HDTV High Density Television ....................... 30 HTML Hyper Text Markup Language .... 29, 168, 169, 219 HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol .... 168, 217 HUT High Usage Trunk................................ 90
I
IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority 226 IBM
353
Ch dn v t vt tt International Telecommunications Union .. vi, vii, 32, 79, 80, 81, 92, 94, 98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 134, 145, 203, 206, 210, 212, 214, 216, 217, 221, 232, 236, 250, 281, 283, 285, 286, 289 IVR Interactive Voice Response ................ 272 IXC Inter-Exchange Carrier..... 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 204, 230, 237, 255, 270 Mean Opinion Score ... 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 211, 212 MTP Message Transfer Protocol ................138 MTU Maximum Transmission Unit .....133, 223
O
OAM Operation, Administration and Management..................................103 OC Optical Carrier ..........................105, 106 OCR Optical Characteristic Recognition ...292 OSI Open System Interconnection....135, 138, 157, 165 OSPF Open Shortest Path First............166, 221
J
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts' Group ... 169
L
LAN Local Area Network ...ii, vi, vii, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 25, 26, 35, 42, 85, 86, 90, 97, 154, 158, 165, 166, 190, 192, 193, 194, 198, 199, 207, 208, 239, 242, 252, 253, 254, 255, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 286 LANE LAN Emulation................................... 253 LATA Local Access and Transport Area iv, 122, 123, 124, 125 LCD Liquid Crystal Display ....................... 266 LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol ...................................... 220, 251, 267 LEC Local Exchange Carrier....... iv, 122, 123, 124, 125, 204, 205, 230, 237, 256 LEO Low Earth Orbit................................... 94 LOS Line-Of-Sight........................................ 96 LPC Linear Predictive Coding... 75, 76, 78, 80
P
PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation... 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71 PBX Private Branch Exchange .i, vi, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 34, 35, 64, 87, 88, 100, 187, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 198, 230, 243, 244, 247, 250, 251, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 264, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 274, 275, 287, 289, 292 PC Personal Computer ..iii, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 70, 134, 179, 186, 188, 193, 194, 197, 199, 207, 208, 210, 218, 240, 241, 242, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 262, 264, 266, 267, 271, 272, 275, 279, 290, 293 PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect..247 PCM Pulse Code Modulation..iv, 5, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 77, 78, 79, 95, 136, 141, 143, 144, 145, 210, 233, 247, 266, 286, 287 PCS Personal Communication Services 79, 80, 81 PDH Plesio-Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ...................................... 103, 104, 106 PHB Per-hop Behavior ...............................226 PIM Personal Information Manager..........273 PIN
M
MAC Media Access Control 13, 14, 28, 29, 265 MBE Multi-band Excitation .......................... 77 MCU Multi-point Control Unit............ 207, 216 MGCP Media Gateway Control Protocol vi, 206, 219, 236 MIME Multi-purpose Mail Extension............ 286 MOS
354
Ch dn v t vt tt Personal Identification Number......... 250 PLP Packeet Layer Protocol...................... 157 POP Point Of Presence .. ii, 122, 123, 124, 125 PRI Primary Rate Interface............... 244, 256 PSPDN Packet-Switched Public Data Network ...................................... 157, 158, 161 PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network..i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, 4, 5, 7, 20, 21, 22, 30, 34, 35, 40, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 70, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 99, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 124, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 137, 139, 148, 149, 157, 158, 161, 172, 173, 179, 182, 187, 193, 197, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 207, 210, 219, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249, 251, 256, 257, 264, 268, 269, 270, 273, 274, 279, 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295 PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit . 134, 152, 159 RTSP Real Time Signalling Protocol ...........218
S
SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part .138, 139 SCP Service Control Point 117, 138, 139, 235, 236 SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ... iv, 104, 105, 106 SDP Session Description Protocol .....217, 218 SIP Session Initial Protocol vi, 206, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 232, 233, 234, 267, 268 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol..166, 167, 217, 285, 294 SONET Synchronous Optical Network......iv, 104, 105, 106 SPC Stored Program Control ....................115 SS7 Signalling System No. 7.iv, v, vi, 87, 116, 117, 124, 136, 137, 138, 139, 201, 235, 236, 244, 245 STM Synchronous Transfer Mode ......105, 106 STP Synchronous Transfer Point......117, 138, 219, 235 STS Synchronous Transport Signal ...105, 106 SVC Switched Virtual Circuit..... 134, 152, 159
Q
QoS Quality Of Service ii, vi, 34, 35, 159, 163, 208, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 234, 235, 239, 248, 250, 263, 266, 274
R
RAM Random Access Memory 26, 27, 172, 271 RAS Remote Access Service ............... 209, 214 RFC Request For Comment....... 164, 174, 220, 221, 222, 223, 226, 286 RIP Routing Information Protocol ............ 166 ROM Read Only Memory .............. 26, 184, 271 RPE Regular Pulse Excited.............. 76, 80, 81 RSVP Reservation Protocol. 222, 223, 224, 225, 235, 250 RTCP Real Time Control Protocol. vi, 209, 220, 221 RTP Real Time Protocol ...... vi, 144, 206, 209, 220, 221, 234
T
TAPI Telephony Application Programming Interface ........................................293 TCA Traffic Condition Agreement..............226 TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part ...............................................139 TCP Transmission Control Protocol...v, 6, 11, 12, 13, 85, 90, 135, 138, 140, 141, 144, 164, 165, 166, 167, 198, 205, 206, 209, 215, 217, 284, 285 TDM Time Division Multiplexing....... 5, 70, 99, 102, 103, 131, 132, 150, 151 TOS Type Of Service ..................................142
355
Ch dn v t vt tt
U
UDP User Datagam Protocol .... 141, 144, 165, 166, 167, 206, 209, 214, 284, 285 UDPTL UDP Transfer Layer .......................... 285 UM Unified Messaging ..................... 273, 274 UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply ........... 184 URL Universal Resource Locator ........ 28, 219 UUCP Unix-to-Unix Copy Protocol .............. 140
V
VAD Voice Activation Detection. 143, 144, 145 VLSI Very Large Scale Integration .......55, 246
W
WECO Western Electric Company.................120
X
XML Extensible Markup Language.............177
0913 044 181
356

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C s thoi Internet

Cc ph ca dch v in thoi ........................................................................ 2

Cc lnh vc c lin quan ................................................................................ 15

Tn hiu thoi tng t v d liu s ............................................................... 42

Cc knh tng t v knh s......................................................................... 51

Kt hp cc thit b.......................................................................................... 55 Ti sao li s ho ting ni ............................................................................. 55

B x l tn hiu s .......................................................................................... 61 Ba bc s ho thoi: Ly mu, lng t ho v m ho ............................... 62

H thng thoi PCM 64kpbs c bn ............................................................... 69

Ph v hng ro tc 64kbps ...................................................................... 70

Xem xt v cht lng thoi............................................................................ 77 Cc phng php s ho v cc tiu chun ................................................... 79

Mng in thoi ton cu................................................................................ 84

Bell System ................................................................................................... 117

Vic gii tn Bell System............................................................................... 121

Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi ...................................................... 128

ISDN.............................................................................................................. 144 G.729B .......................................................................................................... 145

Kt ni v knh ............................................................................................. 149

m thanh v hnh nh............................................................................................ 171

Mt mng Internet dnh cho thoi? .............................................................. 173

Ti sao xut hin trang web kt hp ting ni?............................................. 176

Mt cuc gi thoi IP..................................................................................... 204 Khung H.323 ................................................................................................. 206

Cc lp ng dng .......................................................................................... 212

Giao thc iu khin phin SIP..................................................................... 217

Cht lng dch v ........................................................................................ 221

Gateway v cc chc nng ca n ............................................................... 229

Cc tnh nng cn thit ................................................................................. 238

Cc kiu kin trc Gateway .......................................................................... 240

Cc b phn ca Gateway v c tnh ......................................................... 246

Thit b Gatekeeper....................................................................................... 251

Li ch ca in thoi LAN ............................................................................ 270

Nhng thch thc v tng lai ca in thoi LAN ....................................... 274

Cc chng loi sn phm Fax s dng Internet............................................ 290

Tng lai ca cng ngh Fax qua IP ............................................................ 294

Cht lng dch v l g?............................................................................... 300

Cc thng s QoS......................................................................................... 304

B sung QoS vo mng ................................................................................ 311

Tng lai ca ngi s dng ......................................................................... 336

Tng lai ca nh cung cp dch v.............................................................. 341

Liu PSTN s b loi b?............................................................................... 350

Gim cc ph dch v thoi ng di

Nhiu cuc gi hn vi bng tn thp hn

8 cuc thoi vi tc 8 kb/s thm cc gi IP gia hai Router

Hnh 1-2. Kt hp s liu v thoi trong VoIP

DS-0 (64 kb/s) Thoi v s liu PBX Router Router PBX

Hnh 1-3. PBX ng vai tr nh Server trong mng LAN

B nh tuyn Hub (t 4 n 1000 cng)

S dng IP mt cch c hiu qu nht

Cc lnh vc c lin quan

Trung tm tip th t xa PBX

My ch qun l c s d liu mng LAN

Kt ni s liu ly thng tin

Cuc gi n t mng PSTN

Trung tm cuc gi PBX

My ch qun l c s d liu mng LAN

Kt ni s liu ly thng tin

Nn kinh t ton cu v mng Internet ton cu

Bng 1-1. Tc pht trin ca PC t 1981-1999

S pht trin ca WWW

Hnh 1-7. V d v WWW nm 1991

Nhng c gng tch hp u tin: ISDN v B-ISDN

Hnh 1-8. Cc dch v ISDN phc v i tng gia nh

Mng ATM tch hp cc dch v thoi, hnh nh v s liu theo B-ISDN

Hnh 1-9. Cc dch v B-ISDN phc v i tng s dng gia nh

Ngun(1) Doanh nghip Doanh nghip-Doanh nghip

ch(2) Gia nh Doanh nghip-Gia nh