Calculus WIs

Lecture 5, L’Hospital Rule, asymptotes of functions

L'Hospital's Rules
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
lim± 𝑓(𝑥) = lim± 𝑔(𝑥) = 0 (±∞) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑔′ (𝑥) ≠ 0, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐼\{𝑎} 𝒂𝒏𝒅 lim± = 𝐿,
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥)
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 lim± =𝐿
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)

Being faced with indeterminate forms:

𝑓 𝑔
• 0· ∞, use the identity: 𝑓 ⋅ 𝑔 = 1 = 1 to obtain 0/0 or ∞/∞;
𝑔 𝑓
1 1
−
•
𝑔 𝑓
∞ - ∞, use the identity 𝑓 − 𝑔 = 1 to obtain 0/0 ( or f - g = f (1 – g / f ) or f - g = g (f /g –1)),
𝑓⋅𝑔
this operation is often simply finding the common denominator.

• 1∞, ∞ 0, 0 0 use the identity: 𝑓 𝑔 = 𝑒 (𝑔⋅ln 𝑓) to obtain 0·∞.

1. Apply the L’Hospital’s Rule to evaluate the following limits

0 ∞
𝑎) ,
0 ∞

𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 21 𝑥−5 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
𝟏. lim 2 𝟐. lim 2 𝟑. lim+
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 15 𝑥→5 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 10 𝑥→0 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 10√𝑥

𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 tan 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥
𝟒. lim 4 𝟓. lim 𝟔. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 − 3𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥2

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝟕. lim 𝟖. lim− 𝟗. lim
𝑥→0 sin 𝑥 𝑥→1 √1 − 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥2 + 1

ln 𝑥 ln(sin 2𝑥) 3𝑥 − 2𝑥
𝟏𝟎. lim 𝟏𝟏. lim 𝟏𝟐. lim
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 𝑥→0+ ln(sin 𝑥) 𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑥 cos 𝑥 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝟏𝟑. lim 5𝑥
𝟏𝟒. lim , 𝟏𝟓. lim
𝑥→0 𝑒 − 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑒 5𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥→1 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)

10
√𝑥 4 + 1 − 1 ln(𝑒 3𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 2𝑥
𝟏𝟔. lim 𝟏𝟕. lim , 𝟏𝟖. lim
𝑥→0 12√𝑥 4 +1−1 𝑥→∞ ln(𝑒 3𝑥 + 1) 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) ln 𝑥 𝑥2
𝟏𝟗. lim 𝟐𝟎. lim , 𝟐𝟏. lim −
𝑥→∞ ln(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥→∞ (1 + ln 𝑥)2 + ln2 𝑥 𝑥→∞ ln 𝑥
 𝑏) 𝟎⋅∞

𝟏. lim+ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 1/𝑥 𝟐. lim 𝑥 ∙ cot 𝑥 𝟑. lim+ 𝑥 10 ∙ ln 𝑥

𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0

3 𝜋𝑥
𝟒. lim 𝑥 3 ∙ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝟓. lim (𝑥 − 1) ∙ tan ( ) 𝟔. lim sin 𝑥 ∙ ln 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→1+ 2 𝑥→0+

𝟕. lim 𝑥(2 arctan 𝑥 − 𝜋) 𝟖. lim 𝑥 −1/2 ∙ ln(3𝑥)

𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞

𝑐) ∞ − ∞
1 1 1 1
𝟏. lim+ (tan 𝑥 − ) 𝟐. lim (𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥) 3. lim+ ( − )
𝑥→
𝜋 cos 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→1 ln 𝑥 𝑥−1
2

𝑥 1 1 1
𝟒. lim+ ( − ) 𝟓. lim+ ( − 𝑥 )
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 ln 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑒 −1

𝑑∗) 𝟏∞ , 𝟎𝟎 , ∞𝟎

1 3
𝟏. lim(1 + 𝑥)𝑥 𝟐. lim (1 + )𝑥 𝟑. lim 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→0+

4. lim+ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 , 5. lim+ (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 , 6. lim+ (1 − 2𝑥)1/𝑥

𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
1/𝑥 2
7. lim+ (− 𝑙𝑛 𝑥)𝑥 , 8. lim+ (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) , 9. lim (𝑒 3𝑥 − 5𝑥)1/𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→∞

10. lim (1 + 2𝑥)1/3𝑥 11. lim+ 𝑥 √𝑥

𝑥→∞ 𝑥→0
1
12. lim (1 + 𝑥)𝑥 , 13. lim 𝑥1/(𝑥−1) .
𝑥→ ∞ 𝑥→1

𝑒) sequence
1
ln 𝑛 ln (𝑛) 𝑛 nln 𝑛
𝟏. lim , 𝟐. lim , 𝟑. lim , 𝟒. lim
𝑛→∞ √𝑛 𝑛→∞ 1 𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 + ln 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + ln 𝑛
𝑛
1
1 ln cos 𝑛
𝟔. lim (𝑛 + 1)√𝑛 , 𝟕. lim .
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 2
ln cos 𝑛

𝑓) L’Hospital’s Rule 𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐟𝐮𝐥 for:

2
√𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝟏. lim , 𝟐. lim 𝑥 , 𝟑. lim 𝑥 .
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 + 2 𝑥→∞ 5 + 6𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑒

g ) You are not allowed to use L'Hospital, explain why?):

1
sin 𝑥 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥
𝟏. lim , 𝟐. lim , 𝟑. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 𝑥→∞ sin 𝑥

12.from HW03 Find all the asymptotes of the following functions

𝑔) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 arctan 𝑥
𝑥2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 1
𝑥−1
ℎ) 𝑓(𝑥) =
ln 𝑥
{ 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 1

𝑒𝑥
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑥−4
𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥) =
3𝑥 2
{𝑥 2 − 4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 2

1 ln(𝑥 − 3)
𝑗) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑘) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 2 𝑙) 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑒 𝑥−4 − 1

13. Is the following function continuous in its domain

1
𝑒𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 0
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = −1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0
3
sin(𝑥 ) − 𝑥
{ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0

MORE EXAMPLES

Evaluate each of the following limits using the de L'Hospital's Rule:

𝑥 − sin 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 π𝑥
𝑎) lim 𝑏) lim 𝑐) lim+(𝑥 2 − 1) tan( )
𝑥→0 𝑥3 𝑥→0 cos 3𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑥→1 2

3𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 2𝑥
lim 𝑥 3 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑) 𝑥→∞ 𝑒) lim+ 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥 𝑓) lim lim (1 − )
𝑔)𝑥→∞
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥

1 1 1 1 1
lim (1 + 2𝑥)3𝑥
ℎ) 𝑥→∞ 𝑖) lim+ ( − ) 𝑗) lim+ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑘) lim( 2
− )
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 tan 𝑥
1
arctan 𝑥 − arcsin 𝑥 𝑥+3 sin 𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑙) lim 𝑚) 𝑥→∞
lim 𝑥 ln( ) 𝑛) lim+ ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥(1 − cos 𝑥) 𝑥−3 𝑥→0 𝑥

1 1
lim (𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )𝑥
𝑜) 𝑥→∞ 𝑝) lim+ (sin 𝑥)ln 𝑥
𝑥→0

1 4
𝐴𝑁𝑆. : 𝑎) 𝑏) − 1 𝑐) − 𝑑) 0 𝑒) 0 𝑓) (ln 3 − ln 2) 𝑔) 𝑒 −6 ℎ) 1
6 𝜋
1
𝑖) 0 𝑗) 1 𝑘) ∞ 𝑙) − 1 𝑚) 6 𝑛) 𝑒 −6 𝑜) 𝑒 2 𝑝) 𝑒 .