INTRODUCTION 1. General 1.1. Importance is intense interaction, high quality and quantity of materials 1.2.

Romans, highways, three layered pavements (compacted stones- small in mortar- massive blocks embedded), continued till 1800. 1.3. Arabs no significant contribution. 1.4. French (Pierre Tresaguet) small sized stones used. 1.5. British (Mac Adam), comparatively large single sized stones, drainage and compacted sub grade emphasized. 1.6. Today, roads and airport pavements 2. Major Activities 2.1. Planning 2.2. Design 2.3. Construction 2.4. Evaluation 2.5. Maintenance 2.6. Rehabilitation 3. Pavement Load Carrying Concept

3.1.

Flexible and Rigid Compared Flexible Rigid Essential difference is the way load is distributed Structural capacity by load Most structural capacity by slab distribution characteristics of the itself, major factor in design is layered system, highest quality structural strength. Relatively minor material at or near the surface. Load contribution to load carrying intensity reduces through depth and capacity by sub base. it is distributed over sub grade. Deep deflection basin Shallow deflection basin Low modulus of elasticity. High modulus of elasticity. More role of sub grade strength Minor variation in Sub grade strength, little influence. Arbitrary, basic purpose was to distinguish between AC and PCC pavements. Though generally AC (asphalt concrete) pavements are referred as flexible and PCC or RCC as rigid yet it is not true Thin PCC over granular behaves as Full depth AC pavement & chip seal flexible. over PCC behaves as rigid

3.2. Definitions 3.2.1. Flexible Pavement. A flexible pavement structure maintains intimate contact with and distributes loads to the sub grade and depends on aggregate interlock, particle friction, and cohesion for stability. 3.2.2. Rigid Pavement. Applied to wearing surfaces constructed of Portland cement concrete on sub grade or granular sub base 4. Pavement Design Procedures 4.1. Pre Road Test Design Procedures
4.1.1.

General. Based upon experience, rule of and soil mechanics principles.

thumb,

Limitation - set traffic conditions. Over designed, protecting sub grade.

4.1.2.

Group Index Method. Numerical indicator of

quality of sub grade, rugged, higher value more thickness.

4.1.3.

Pedological Methods. Soil classified based

upon formation and location. Poor soil requires more thickness. 4.1.4. Strength Based Methods 4.1.4.1. CBR, estimates quality of RBS, base and sub base materials- use empirical charts/curves. 4.1.4.2. Hveem vertical load, 4.1.4.3. Load deformation, Pavement performance depends upon deformation and not ultimate strength, Plate load test, vertical deflection is related to load repetitions for measured deflection. 4.1.4.4. Triaxial, confining pressure simulates actual conditions, correlated to required thickness through empirical equations and charts (R-value), Stabilometer, measures horizontal pressure as a result of

4.2. Road Test Design Procedure The most significant pavement research initiative was the AASHTO road test in 1958. In this project, special test sections of variable thicknesses were constructed in Ottawa, Illinois, and subjected to repeated loadings from traffic that included both single- and tandem-axle vehicles. Each test section was subjected to thousands of load repetitions. The research project dealt with both flexible and rigid pavements. The AASHO road test and subsequent research led to the publication of a series of guides for the design of pavements, first in 1961 4.2.2. Mechanistic Empirical Design Proceduresbased upon mechanics of material equations, input like wheel loads, output pavement response (stress, stress, deformation), predicts distress, improvement in procedure based upon field data. 5. Pavement Designs and inputs
4.2.1.

5.1. Structural Design 5.2. Materials Design 5.3. Paving Mixture Design. 5.4. Joint Design for rigid pavement 5.5. Design inputs are grouped: 5.5.1. Traffic Loadings 5.5.1.1. Magnitude of axle loads. Studied controlled and implemented for improvement

in designs. 5.5.1.2. Volume and composition of axle loads. Surveys, database and predictions. 5.5.1.3. Tire pressure and contact area. 5.5.2. Material Characteristics. May include gradation, strength or stability, and resistance to the effects of repeated loadings. 5.5.3. Climate or Environment 5.5.3.1. Temperature and its fluctuations affect asphalt concrete to lose stability whereas at low temperatures asphalt concrete becomes very hard and stiff. Also associated with frost heave freeze-thaw damage. 5.5.3.2. Moisture; Sub grade soils and other pavement materials weaken appreciably when saturated, and certain clayey soils exhibit substantial moisture-induced volume change. 6. Materials and Structural/ Functional Performance 6.1. What? Where? 6.2. Functional and structural performance 7. Causes of Failure
7.1.

Inadequate Design. Base data, traffic, axle loads tyre pressure etc, Substandard Materials. Sampling, specifications, test procedures, modern labs. Construction Practices and Quality Control. Inspections, rolling, vibrators etc.

7.2.

7.3.

8. Who are involved 9. Specifications