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Base-2 (B2)
Emitter (E) p
Base-1 (B1)
The bar has a high resistance between the two base ends B1 and B2.
The total resistance, also known as the interbase resistance R BB of the bar
consists of two resistances in series: one from B2 to E, R B 2 ; and the other
between E and B1, R B1 . Thus, the total resistance is
R BB = R B 2 + R B1 (1)
The p-n junction behaves like a diode and has a forward voltage drop that
can be assume as 0.7 V. The detailed and simplified equivalent circuits of a UJT
are given in Figure-2.
(a) (b)
IV
IP
VEB
VV VP
Note that the peak-point voltage depends upon the applied voltage
between the two bases such that
R B1
VP = VBB + VD
R BB
It is commonly expressed as
VP = η VBB + VD
R B1
where η= (2)
R BB
is the intrinsic stand-off ratio.
The intrinsic stand-off ratio is usually specified by the manufacturer. For
example, for a 2N4948 or 2N4949 UJT, the following information is available.
Symbol Minimum Typical Maximum
η 0.55 ------ 0.86
R BB ,kΩ 4 7 12
I P , µA ------ 0.6 2
I V , mA 2 4 -----
VBB VBB
R2
R R2
B2 • v B2
B2 v B2 R
+ vD − R B2
E
E• •
+
B1 v B1 + R B1
C v C (t) C V
_ P B1•
R1 v B1
R1
_
•
At t=0, the voltage drop across C is VV as long as the circuit has been
oscillating for a long time. If the circuit is used as a delayed circuit (to be
discussed next), the initial voltage drop across C can be taken as zero.
V − VV
Thus, the charging time: TCH = RC ln BB (4)
VBB − VP
At this time the device will start conducting as long as I E ≥ I P .
VBB − VP
However, IE =
R
By equation the emitter current to the peak-value current, I E = I P , we can
obtain the maximum value of R that will ensure conduction as
VBB − VP
R MAX = (5)
IP
Once the device switches on, the base resistance R B1 falls to a very low
value and the capacitor discharges through R B1 + R 1 almost in no time. Thus, for
all practical purposes we can assume that the time period of the output pulse is
nearly equal to TCH .
1
TCH ≅ RC ln (6)
1 − η
This expression, albeit approximate, is independent of the applied voltage
VBB . When the capacitor voltage drops below VV , the device will shut off. In
other words, to turn off the device, we should ascertain that
VBB − VV
IE = ≤ IV
R
VBB − VV
or R≥
IV
If we select R such that R MIN < R < R MAX , the device will make the circuit
to oscillate with the oscillation frequency of
1 1
f≅ = (8)
TCH V − VV
RC ln BB
VBB − VP
When R < R MIN , the device will stay on forever. On the other hand, when
v C (t)
t (s)
v B1 ( t )
t (s)
VBB
v B2 (t )
t (s)
TCH 2TCH 3TCH 4TCH
V − VV
From (4): TCH = RC ln BB
VBB − VP
20 − 2
or 0.01 = R (1 × 10 −6 ) ln
20 − 10.58
R = 15.443 k Ω
For sustained oscillations, R must be within its minimum and maximum values as
computed below.
VBB − VV 20 − 2
R MIN = = = 1 .8 k Ω
IV 10 × 10 −3
VBB − VP 20 − 10.58
R MAX = = = 9.42 M Ω
IP 1 × 10 − 6
The circuit oscillates because R fulfills the requirements.