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Important Study Techniques Tips

Know the Core Curriculum (kursplan). It is the official publication of the Swedish Educational Department (Skolverket) that lists the topic that must be learned by the end of the course. Set a reasonable goal for yourself. What is expected from you? How are you going to reach your goal? Make a reasonable plan to achieve it. Avoid Last-Minute Study. Math must be studied continually. Devote at least half an hour a day for problem solving. Problem solving is the best way of learning mathematics. Ask questions. There is no wrong question. If you do not understand anything in the lecture, just ask! Math is the easiest subject if you understand it, otherwise it is difficult. Avoid missing your lectures. If you miss any lecture, you ought to find out from your friends and your teacher about the missed lecture. Missing lectures may make you insecure in asking questions. Avoid memorization! You have to understand mathematics to learn and master mathematics. Only by solving mathematical problem you can learn mathematics. You can not learn mathematics only by reading solved problems or memorizing them. Budget your Time. Avoid wasting your time with solving routine problems that you already know how to solve them. You have a limited time to study for a given subject. Take practice Exams under Exam Conditions. Most of my earlier test and their solutions are published in our home page. Use them to practice. Some National Tests and their solutions are also published. Use them to practice under exam conditions. The available solutions are most useful if used as a reference. Just reading the solutions may give you false hope and therefore can even be harmful. In taking practice exam do not spend too much time on any given problem.

Important Test-Taking Tips

Be well rested and come prepared on the test day. Do not forget pen, erasure, and calculator. You are not allowed to borrow anything from your friends during the test. You are allowed to use your cell (mobile) phone as a calculator. Your telephones must be turned off during the test. Avoid last minute study. Do not study the subject after 9.00 PM. Budget your time according to the grading weight of each problem. Do not spend too much time on any given problem, particularly, do not waste your time on any problem that is not weighted heavily in the test. Answer all questions. Do not omit any! Understand the problem. What is the problem after? Read the problem again if you do not understand it. Answer the Question That is Asked. Make your solutions clear, easy to read and understand.

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Important Problem-Solving Strategies

Read and reread the whole problem carefully before trying to solve it. Have you understood the problem? Do you know what the problem is looking for? Is it possible to estimate it? Do you have sufficient data to solve the problem? Is there any extra data? If so, have you forgotten to use them? Or may be they are not necessary in solving the problem. If you can not answer the questions above go back to the problem and read it again. Draw a diagram. Write down what quantities are known or given (data), and then what you are asked to find. Organize the data, in a table, pattern, graphical illustration, in such a way that any possible pattern may be recognizable. Think about what principles of mathematics are applicable to the problem. Use them! Make a plan. This step is as important as understanding and solving the problem. Without a proper plan you may end up in nowhere. In making the plan to solve the problem you may consider the followings: Is the problem familiar? Have you seen a similar problem earlier? If so, possibly the similar strategies may be taken in solving the problem. Is there any pattern? Is it possible to simplify the problem and first solve the simpler version? Is it possible to divide the problem to many different parts and solve them separately before joining the solutions up at the end? In what order are going to solve the problem? Be creative! Science, mathematics and logic are developed and still developing on the shoulder of creativity and those who dare to be creative! Perform the plan. It is very important to be consistent, show your calculations clearly, and use correct mathematical language. It is very important that any reader could read and could follow your reasoning and calculation. Keep the track of units. Note that the equal sign requires that the units on both sides must be identical. Results. Are they reasonable? Are they acceptable? Do they make sense according to your own intuition and estimation? Are there any other solutions? May be the alternative solution is easier. Is there any other point of view? Sometimes you can outsmart the problem and find easier and unconventional methods of solving the problem.

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Suggested solutions Test yourself MaA Arithmatics K1

Instructions Test period Tools The test

120 minutes Formula sheet, ruler and graphic calculator. For most items a single answer is not enough. It is also expected that you write down what you do that you explain/motivate your reasoning that you draw any necessary illustrations. After every item is given the maximum mark your solution can receive. [2/3] means that the item can give 2 g-points (Pass level) and 3 vg-points (Pass with distinction level). Items marked with give you a possibility to show MVG-quality (Pass with special distinction quality). This means that you use generalised methods, models and reasoning, that you analyse your results and account for a clear line of thought in a correct mathematical language. Problem 19 is a larger problem which may take up to 25 minutes to solve completely. It is important that you try to solve this problem. A description of what your teacher will consider when evaluating your work is attached to the problem. Try all of the problems. It can be relatively easy, even towards the end of the test, to receive some points for partial solutions. A positive evaluation can be given even for unfinished solutions.

Mark limits

The test gives totally at the most ___ points, out of which ____ vg-points and 1 MVG-pints. To pass the test you must have at least ____ points and to get the test character Pass with distinction (VG) you must have at least ____ points out of which at least ________ points on Pass with distinction level. Excellence (MVG) requires _________ points out of which at least ______ points and excellent quality presentation of the solutions . Have fun!

Name: ________________________

Class-School: NVC09 Sjdalsgymnasiet

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In each case, show how you arrived at your answer by clearly indicating all of the necessary steps, formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc.

Part I: You are not allowed to use calculator in this part. Write your answer to the first part on a separate paper. Only after the submission of your solutions to the part one you may be allowed to use your calculator. You may start working with part II before submission of your solutions to part I.

1. Simplify the following expressions to their simplest possible form: 38 x12 a. (1/0) 4x5 Suggested Solution: 38 38 x12 38 x12 = x125 = 9.5 x 7 = 9.5 x 7 Answer: 5 5 4x 4 4x
3 b. 4 Suggested Solution:
2

(0/1)
3 Answer: 4
2

3 4

4 2 16 4 = = 2 = 27 3 3
2

16 27

125 3 c. 8 Suggested Solution:

(0/2)
2 3 2 3
2 3

125 8

2 3

2 2 22 4 16 8 = = = 0.16 = 3 = 2 = 2 = 5 3 5 25 100 125 3 5

3

2 3

125 8

4 = 0.16 25

d.

a 3 b 3 5 2 b a

(0/3/)
2

a 3 b 3 a10 Suggested Solution: Answer: 5 2 = 16 b a b

a 3 b 3 5 2 b a
Using:
2

b3 b5 = 2 3 a a

b 5+3 = 2+3 a

b8 = 5 a
2

a5 a 52 a10 = 8 = 82 = 16 b b b

1 1 1 b8 3 n = n a = n a = 3 ; 5 a a a a

a5 = 8 ; a n a m = a n+ m ; a n b

( )

= a nm
4

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2. Calculate the value of each expression below: 4.5 10 5 210 7 a. Suggested Solution: 4.5 105 2 10 7 = (4.5 2 ) 105 10 7 = 9 105+7 = 9 1012

)(

(1/0)

)(

Answer: 4.5 105 2 10 7 = 9 1012 b. 4.5 105 3 10 7 Suggested Solution: 4.5 105 4.5 = 10 57 = 1.5 10 2 7 3 10 3 (1/0)

)(

Answer:

4.5 10 5 = 1.5 10 2 7 3 10

2107 c. Suggested Solution:

(1/0) Answer: 2 10 7

(2 10 )

7 5

= 25 10 75 = 32 1035

= 32 1035

25200 125100 d. Suggested Solution: Answer: 25200 125100 = 5700

25200 125100 = 5 2

(0/2)

( )
(

200

53

( )
)

100

= 5 2200 53100 = 5 400 5300 = 5400+300 = 5700

(0/1)

10100 1095 e. Suggested Solution: Answer: 10100 1095 = 9.9999 1099 10100 1095 = 1095 105 1 = 1095 (100 000 1) = 1095 (99 999)) = 9.9999 1099
3. If a = 5 and b = 1 find the value of the expression a 2b b 3 . Suggested solution:
a 2 b b 3 = ( 5) ( 1) ( 1) = 25 + 1 = 26
2 3

(1/0)

Answer: a 2b b 3 = 26

4. What is the sum of (a)

5 35a 2

2 3 , and ? 7a 5a 6 (b) 12a

(0/1) (c)

31 35a

(d)

6 35a

Suggested Solution: Answer: Alternative c:

2 3 2 5 3 7 10 + 21 31 + = + = = 7a 5a 7a 5 5a 7 35a 35a

2 3 31 + = 7a 5a 35a

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5. The expression (a) 8 7

63 + 175 is equivalent to
(b)

(0/1) (d) none

238

(c) 34 7

Answer: Alternative (a) Suggested Solution:

63 + 175 = 8 7

63 + 175 = 9 7 + 25 7 = 3 7 + 5 7 = 8 7

6. Explain why 5 5 a) is larger than 11 12 3 1 b) is larger than 8 3 Suggested solutions: a) Due to the fact that the denominator of

(1/0) (0/2)

5 5 5 , i.e. 11 is smaller that that of , is larger 11 12 11 5 5 . This may be explained also simply by arguing that five is divided by 11 in , than 12 11 5 5 5 , five is divided to 12 . Therefore is larger than . while in 12 11 12 b) 3 1 To compare to , we should find the least common denominator of these two 8 3 3 3 1 8 fractions. It is 8 3 = 24 . We may multiply by , and multiply by : 8 3 3 8 3 3 3 9 8 = 8 3 = 24 9 8 3 1 > > 24 24 8 3 1 = 1 8 = 8 3 3 8 24 7. What is the number which 3 a) divided by 24 gives ? (0/2) 4 2 3 (0/2) b) multiplied by gives ? 3 2 x 3 x x 3 3 = = = x = 3 6 = 18 24 4 46 4 6 1 2 3 2 3 9 b) x = x 6 = 6 x 4 = 9 x = 3 2 3 2 4
a)

3 . 4 9 2 3 Answer: x = multiplied by gives 4 3 2

Answer: 18 divided by 24 gives

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2 2 1 5 3 4 8. Calculate 2 1 5 6

(0/3)

2 2 1 1 5 3 4 = Suggested Solution: Answer: 2 1 14 5 6 2 2 1 2 2 4 1 3 2 83 2 5 2 12 5 5 24 25 60 1 5 3 4 5 3 4 4 3 5 12 5 12 5 12 12 5 60 = = = = = = 2 1 2 6 1 5 12 5 7 7 7 14 60 5 6 5 6 6 5 30 30 30 30

1 2+ 1 1 2+ 2 1 2+ 1 1 2+ 2 1 1 2+ 1 2+ 1 2 1

9. Calculate

(0/3)

Suggested Solution: Answer:

2+ 1 2+ 1 2+ 1 2 1 2+ 1 2+ 1 2 1 2+ 1 2+ 1 2

1 2+ 1 2

+ 2+ 3

1 2+ 1 2

+ 2+ 3

1 1 2+ 1 2 3

9 8

= 2+

1 2+ 1 2

= 2+

1 2 +1 2

2+

1 3 2

3 2+ 2 3

3 3 9 3 = = 6+2 8 8 3

10. Explain why

35 may not be simplified any further. (0/2/) 66 Suggested Solutions: We may first factorize the numerator 1 and the denominator 2 of the fraction to their prime factors: 35 5 7 = 66 2 3 11 Due to the fact none of the factors in the numerator and denominator of the fraction are 35 may not be simplified any further. identical, 66

1 2

Numerator: Tljare Denominator: Nmnare

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1 of the whole pizza. 6 1 1 1 Fredrik gets of the remaining. Teo gets of the remaining. Alexander gets of the 5 4 3 1 remaining, and Oscar gets of the rest. How much is left for you? (0/4) 2 Suggested solutions: gets Remaining pizza Diana 1 5 6 6 Fredrik 1 1 5 1 4 rest = = 5 5 6 6 6 Teo 1 1 4 1 3 rest = = 4 4 6 6 6 Alexander 1 1 3 1 2 rest = = 3 3 6 6 6 Oscar 1 1 2 1 1 rest = = 2 2 6 6 6 Me None 1 6
11. You and your friends are going to share a giant pizza. Dania gets 12. For a fraction B it is required that Suggested solution: First method: B 8 8 1 = B= 1 21 21 3 3
B 8 B . Find . = 1 21 2 3 3

(0/2/)

3 8 1 3 4 B / / = B = = 2 2 21 3 2 21 / / 3

Answer:

B 4 = 2 21 3

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13. Arrange the following numbers in order of magnitude without the aid of a calculator: (0/3/) i. 2 24 , 318 , 415 , 56 210 63 35 30 ii. 3 , 32 , 125 , 128 (0/3/) Suggested solutions: i. 2 24 , 318 , 415 , 56 In order to compare numbers in exponent form either we should find a maximum common exponent, MCE, to all of them and then compare the bases of the numbers, or find a maximum common base and compare the exponents of the numbers with each other. In this case we may choose a maximum common exponent. In the first glance we may assume that the MCE of the numbers24, 18, 15 and 6 is 3, which is fine, but we may rewrite one of the numbers as

415 = 2 2 = 25 = 32 6 Then the MCE of the numbers 24, 28, 6, and 6 is 6. We then may rearrange each of the numbers as power of 6: 2 24 = 2 46 = 2 4 318 415
36 2 35

( )

35

( )
6

32

( ) = 16 = 3 = (3 ) = 27 = (2 ) = (2 ) = 32
6 3 6 6 5 32

56 Therefore, the number with the smallest base, i.e. 56 is the smallest, and the one with largest base, i.e. 415 = 326 is the largest: 56 < 166 < 27 6 < 326 or Answer: 56 < 2 24 < 318 < 415
i. 3210 , 3263 , 12535 , 12830 Similar to the problem above we may first rearrange the numbers, using the prime factors of the exponents, and lowest base, as follows: 3210 = 32357

3263 = 25 12535

7 12830 = 2 2357 It is clear that 105 = 3 5 7 is the maximum common exponent, MCE of the numbers above. Therefore, we may rearrange the numbers above, changing the base of each exponent, and keeping the power 105:

( ) = (5 ) = (2 )

337

= 23357 = 5357

3 57

235

3210 = 32357 = 32 3263 = 25 12535 12830

( ) = (5 ) = (2 )

337

( ) = (2 )

357

= 9105 = 8105

3 357

3 57

= 5357 = 5105

7 235

= 2 2357 = 2 2

( )

357

= 4105

Answer: 12830 < 12535 < 3263 < 3210

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Part II
You may use your calculator in this part. Note that you should submit your solutions to the part I. 14. The value of a machine decreases every year to

4 of its value the year before. Today the 5

(0/2) (0/2)

value of the machine is 320 000 kr . What is the value of the machine in three years from now? a) b) What was the value of the machine in three years ago? Suggested solution
4 4 4 4 a) x = (320 000 kr ) = (320 000 kr ) = 163 840 kr 164 000 kr 5 5 5 5 Answer: The value of the machine in three years from now is x 164 000 kr
5 5 5 5 b) x = (320 000 kr ) = (320 000 kr ) = 625 000 kr 4 4 4 4 Answer: The value of the machine in three years ago was x = 625 000 kr
3 3

15. An identical object is on sale in two stores as illustrated below. Which one of them is cheapest? Explain. (2/2) Store A: 20% reduction. Save 130 kr. Store B25% reduction. Save 200 kr.
Suggested solution: Store A 20% reduction. Save 130 kr. Therefore, if the original price is A , / 130 13000 = = 650 kr . Thus, it costs 650 130 = 520 kr then 0.20 A = 130 A = / 0.20 20 Store B: 25% reduction. Save 200 kr. Therefore, if the original price is B , 200 = 800 kr . Hence, it costs now: then 0.25 B = 200 A = 0.25 800 200 = 600 kr Store A is cheaper now. It is 520 kr.

16. A curved road is replaced by a straight highway. The road, as a result, become 20% shorter and the speed may be increased by 25%. With how many percent is the driving time is changed as a result of the change? (0/3/) Suggested solutions: x 0.80 x0 80 x0 80 t= = = = t 0 = 0.64 t 0 v 1.25 v0 125 v0 125 Answer: The driving time is reduced by 36% .

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17. A sand shore is 2 km long, 30 m wide and 3 m deep. We may assume that an average grain of sand fits in a cubic box of 0.2 mm . How many grain of sand is in the sand shore? (0/2/) Suggested Solutions: 2 103 30 3 18 10 4 = = 2.25 10 4+12 = 2.25 1016 N= Answer: N = 21016 4 3 8 10 12 2 10

18. M is 30% of Q , and Q is 20% of P and N is 50% of P . Calculate

Suggested Solutions: M 0.30 Q 0.30 (0.20) P 0.06 6 / 12 = = = = = = 0.12 N 0.50 P / 0.50 P 0.50 50 100

M . N

(0/2/)

Answer:

M = 0.12 N

19. Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) is often called The King of Mathematics. As a child he learned how to add the first 100 terms of positive numbers through rearranging the terms as 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 48 + 49 + 50 + + 100 + 99 + 98 + .... + 53 + 52 + 51 Explain how the young Carl Friedrich may reasoned in finding the sum. What is the sum of the first 100 positive integer numbers? What is the sum of the first 999 positive integer numbers? Generalize the problem (2/4/) Suggested solutions: Answer: By rearranging the numbers in two rows, and rewriting them as above, Gauss creates a case of sum of fifty 101s: 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 48 + 49 + 50 + + 100 + 99 + 98 + .... + 53 + 52 + 51 = 101 + 101 + 101 + ... + 101 + 101 + 101 = 50 101 = 5 050 Answer: 1 + 2 + 3 + ...98 + 99 + 100 = 5 050

Similarly, we may break down the first 999 positive integer numbers into two groups as it was done by Gauss:
1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 489 + 499 + 500 + + 999 + 998 + 997 + .... + 502 + 501 = 1000 + 1000 + ... + 1000 + 500 = 499 1000 + 500 = 499 500 Alternatively, we may arrange the numbers as:
1+ 2+ 3+ 4 + .... + 489 + 499 + 500 +

+ 999 + 998 + 997 + .... + 503 + 502 + 501 + = 1 + 1001 + 1001 + ... + 1001 = 1 + 499 1001 = 499 500

Answer: 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 997 + 998 + 999 = 499 500

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Alternatively we may even rearrange the sum slightly different 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 997 + 998 + 999 999 + 998 + 997 + ... + 3 + 2 + 1 = 999 1000 = 999 000 And considering the fact that this sum is twice the original sum 999 000 Answer: 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 997 + 998 + 999 = = 499 500 2 The later method may be generalized to obtain the sum of an Arithmetic Progression, AP: If S n is the sum of the first n terms of an AP with the last term as l :

(a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + ... + (l d ) + l S n = l + (l d ) + (l 2d ) + ... + (a + d ) + a 2 S n = (a + l ) + (a + l ) + +(a + l ) + ... + (a + l ) + (a + l ) = n (a + l ) n (a + l ) n [a + a + (n 1)d ] n = S = = [2a + (n 1)d ]

Sn = a +
n

Sn =

n (a + l ) 2

l = a + (n 1)d

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