Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS TO THE FINAL TEST: MATHEMATICS COURSE C Spring 2010: MaCNVC08 If you are aiming to MVG, you may start from the last problem and going backward. Solving these problems are of the greatest importance for the grades VG-MVG Instructions Test period Tools The test 8:30-11:30 Wednesday 24 March 2010 Formula sheet, ruler and graphic calculator. For most items a single answer is not enough. It is also expected that you write down what you do that you explain/motivate your reasoning that you draw any necessary illustrations. After every item is given the maximum mark your solution can receive. [2/3] means that the item can give 2 g-points (Pass level) and 3 vg-points (Pass with distinction level). Items marked with give you a possibility to show MVG-quality (Pass with special distinction quality). This means that you use generalised methods, models and reasoning, that you analyse your results and account for a clear line of thought in a correct mathematical language. The last 4 problems are larger problems which may take up to 100 minutes to solve completely. It is important that you try to solve these problems. A description of what your teacher will consider when evaluating your work is attached to the problem. Try all of the problems. It can be relatively easy, even towards the end of the test, to receive some points for partial solutions. A positive evaluation can be given even for unfinished solutions. Mark limits The test gives totally at the most 61 points, out of which 32 vg-points and 4 MVG-pints. To pass the test you must have at least 18 points and to get the test character Pass with distinction (VG) you must have at least 36 points out of which at least 9 points on Pass with distinction level. Excellence (MVG) requires 40 points out of which at least 19 VG points and excellent quality presentation of the solutions .
Grade 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 3a 3b 3c 4 5a 5b 5c 5d 6a 6b 6c 7 8 9 Sum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 2 4 2 29 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 4 6 6 32

Name MaCFinalNVCO08 G VG G VG

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

1/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

Solve the following equations and answer with 3 significant figures. x 5 = 20 a. b. c. d. e. f.

[1/0] [1/0] [1/0] [0/1] [0/2] [0/2]

5 x = 20 log x = 2.5 log(2 x 6) log 5 = 2

2 1 =1 x +3 x 3

e 2 x + 21 = 10 e x

Suggested Solutions: a. b.

x = 20 x = 20 x = 1.82
5

1 5

Answer: x = 1.82

[1/0]

5 x = 20 log 5 x = log(20) x log(5) = log(20) x =

( )

log(20) x = 1.86 log(5)

[1/0] [1/0]

c. d.

x = 10 316 2x 6 2x 6 log(2 x 6) log 5 = 2 log( )=2 = 10 2 2 x 6 = 500 5 5 506 2 x 6 = 500 2 x = 500 + 6 2 x = 506 x = Answer: x = 253 [0/1] 2
2.5 2.5

log x = 2.5 x = 10

Answer: x = 1.86 Answer: x 316

e.

2 1 2( x 3) 1( x + 3) =1 = 1 2( x 3) ( x + 3) = x 2 9 (x + 3)(x 3) (x 3)(x + 3) x +3 x 3 x = 0 2 x 6 x 3 = x 2 9 x 2 = x x 2 x = 0 x( x 1) = 0 / / / [0/1] x = 1 Answer: x = 0 , x = 1 Both answers: [0/1], only one answer: [1/0]

f.

e 2 x + 21 = 10 e x Lets e x y y 2 + 21 = 10 y y 2 10 y + 21 = 0
y = 3 e x = 3 x = ln 3 Answer: x1 = ln 7 1.95; x2 = ln 3 1.10

[0/1]

( y 7 )( y 3) = 0

y = 7 e = 7 x = ln 7
x

[0/1]

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

2/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

2. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x : a. y = 7 x 3 5 x 4 20 x + 27 . 7 b. f ( x ) = 5 + 2 x 3 x c. g ( x ) = 7e 3 x + 77 . d. h( x ) = 7 3 x + 77 . e.

[1/0] [1/0] [1/0] [1/0] [0/2]

3 5 77 7x 3 Suggested Solution: a. y = 7 x 3 5 x 4 20 x + 27 y = 21 x 2 + 20 x 5 20 Answer: y = 21 x 2 + 20 x 5 20 Using y = Ax n y = A n x n1 y = Ax y = A y = A y = 0 7 b. f ( x ) = 5 + 2 x 3 f ( x ) = 7 x 5 + 2 x 3 f ( x ) = 35 x 6 + 2 x Answer: f ( x ) = 35 x 6 + 2 Using y = Ax n y = A n x n1 1 = x n ; y = A e kx y = A k e kx ; y = A y = 0 n x y=

c. g (x ) = 7e 3 x + 77 g (x ) = 21e 3 x d. h( x ) = 7 3 x + 77 h( x ) = (3 ln 7 ) 7 3 x . e. y =
7 x

7 x

[1/0]

[1/0]

Answer: g ( x ) = 21e 3 x Answer: h( x ) = (3 ln 7 ) 7 3 x

[1/0] [1/0]

3 5 3 1 3 1 77 y = x 1 5 7 x 77 y = x 2 ( 7 ln 5) 5 7 x 7x 3 7 3 7 3 3 7 ln 5 7 x 5 Answer: y = 2 + 3 7x 5 3. If f (x ) = 3x and h( x ) = 5e 3 x find: x (a) f (1) (b) h(0 ) (c) f (h(x )) Suggested solutions: 5 5 (a) f (x ) = 3 x f (1) = 3(1) f (1) = 5 3 = 2 Answer: f (1) = 2 x 1 3 x (b) h( x ) = 5e h(0 ) = 5e 3(0 ) = 5e 0 = 5 Answer: h(0 ) = 5 5 5 5 3h( x ) = 3 x 3(5e 3 x ) = e 3 x 15e 3 x (c) f ( x ) = 3 x f (h( x )) = x h( x ) 5e 3x 3 x Answer: f (h( x )) = e 15e

[0/2]

[1/0] [1/0] [0/2]

[1/0] [1/0] [0/1] [0/1]

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

3/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

4. Calculate

2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 2 000 . 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 1048 576

[2/2]

Suggested solutions: Answer:

a (k n 1) geometric progression of a = 2 , k = 2 , and n = 20 . Using S n = [0/1] k 1 a (k n 1) 2 (2 20 1) Sn = S 20 = = 2 097150 [1/0] k 1 2 1 Note that a n = a k n 1 1048 576 = 2 2 n 1 2 n 1 = 524 288 (n 1)log 2 = log(524 288) log(524 288) n 1 = = 19 n = 19 + 1 = 20 log 2 Second method: We may realize that the numerator is an arithmetic progression n(a1 + an ) Sn = where n = 1000 , a1 = 2 , a1000 = 2000 . [1/0] 2 It may be noticed that the denominator is a geometric progression and a (k n 1) Sn = where n = 20 , a = 2 , k = 2 , using 1048 576 = 2 20 . [0/1] k 1 1000(2 + 2000 ) 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 2 000 250(2002 ) 500 500 2 = = = 0.4773 [0/1] 20 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 1048 576 2 (2 1) 2 20 1 1048 575 2 1 Third method: We may realize that the numerator is an arithmetic progression n(a1 + an ) Sn = where n = 1000 , a1 = 2 , a1000 = 2000 . [1/0] 2 Similarly it may be noticed that the denominator is a geometric progression a = 2 , k = 2 , and a n = 1048 576 . [0/1] a (k n 1) a k n a a k n1 k a an k a 1048 576 2 2 = = = = = 2 097150 2 1 k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1 1000(2 + 2000) 500 500 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 2 000 2 = = 0.4773 2 097150 1048 575 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 1048 576 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 2 000 Answer: 0.4773 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 1048 576 Sn =

2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 2 000 [0/1] 0.4773 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 1048 576 The numerator of the expression is an arithmetic progression. Using the n(a1 + an ) fact that S n = , we may calculate the value of the numerator first. 2 1000(2 + 2000) 1000(2002) S1000 = 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 2000 = = = 1001000 [1/0] 2 2 But the denominator of the fraction is a geometric progression, realizing that 1048 576 = 2 20 = 2 219 , S 20 = 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 1048 576 = 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 2 + ...2 219 is a

[0/1] [0/1]

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

4/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

5. The graph of the function f ( x ) = 5 x 3 30 x 2 + 45 x + 10 along with the tangent to it at x = 0 is plotted in the figure below. Find f ( x ) the derivative of the function. [1/0] i. ii. Calculate the coordinates of the local maximum as well as that of the local minimum of the function. [3/0] iii. Find the equation of the tangent to the function at x = 0 . [1/1] iv. The tangent to the curve at x = 0 , intersects the curve of the function at point P . Find the coordinates of the point P . [1/1]

f(x), y

x
Suggested solutions: Answers: f ( x ) = 15 x 2 60 x + 45 .The equation of the tangent to the curve at the point (0, 10 ) is y = 45x + 10 . The function has a local maximum at (1, 30 ) , and local minimum at (3, 10 ) . Coordinates of P the intersection point of the curve and the tangent is (6, 280) . f ( x ) = 5 x 3 30 x 2 + 45 x + 10 f ( x ) = 15 x 2 60 x + 45 [1/0]

f (3) = 5(3) 30(3) + 45(3) + 10 = 5(27 ) 30(9 ) + 45(3) + 10 = 135 270 + 135 + 10 = 10 x x=0 x =1 x=2 x=3 x=4 2 f (0 ) > 0 f (1) = 0 f (2) < 0 f (3) = 0 f (4 ) > 0 f ( x ) = 15 x 60 x + 45 min f ( x ) = 5 x 3 30 x 2 + 45 x + 10 Max
3 2

x1 = 1 f (1) = 30 f ( x ) = 15 x 2 60 x + 45 = 0 15 x 2 4 x + 3 = 0 15( x 3)( x 1) = 0 x2 = 3 f (3) = 10 3 2 f (1) = 5(1) 30(1) + 45(1) + 10 = 5 30 + 45 + 10 = 30

[3/0]

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

5/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

Equation of the tangent to the curve may be written as y = kx + m , where k = f (0 ) = 45 . Therefore, equation of the tangent at x = 0 is y = 45x + m . The tangent and the curve share the point x = 0 . Therefore, y (0 ) = m = f (0 ) = 10 . Answer: Equation of the tangent to the curve at the point (0, 10 ) is y = 45x + 10 . Coordinates of the intersection of the tangent and the curve may be determined by solving the simultaneous equations:

[1/1]

f ( x ) = 5 x 3 30 x 2 + 45 x + 10 5 x 3 30 x 2 + 45 x + 10 = 45 x + 10 5 x 3 30 x 2 = 0 y = 45 x + 10 5 x 3 30 x 2 = 0 5 x 2 ( x 6) = 0 x1 = 0, x2 = 6 y = 45(6) + 10 = 280 . Answer: Coordinates of P, intersection point of the curve f ( x ) = 5 x 3 30 x 2 + 45 x + 10 and the tangent y = 45x + 10 is (6, 280) . [1/1]

400 350 300 250 f(x), y 200 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -2 -1 0 1

f (x ) = 5 x 3 30 x 2 + 45 x + 10

y = 45 x + 10

3 x

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

6/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

When evaluating your work, in the following problems 6-9 I will take into consideration: how well you perform your investigation. how relevant, clear and complete your solutions are. how generalized your solutions are. if your calculations are correct. how well you have motivated and presented your solutions.

6. The function f ( x ) = 10 x 6 135 x 4 7 x + 3624 is given. a) How many points on the graph of the function have gradient (the slope of) 7 ? [2/0] b) Find the coordinates of the points on the graph of the function whose gradient (slope of) 7 ? Give the answers in the surd (exact) form. [0/2] c) Find the equations of the tangents at these points. [0/3/] Suggested Solutions: To solve this problem we may i. first differentiate the function and find f ( x ) , ii. then solve f ( x ) = 7 for x .

f ( x ) = 60 x 5 540 x 3 7 60 x 5 540 x 3 7 = 7 60 x 5 540 x 3 = 0 [1/0] f ( x ) = 7 x1 = 3 y1 = 0 5 3 3 2 3 60 x 540 x = 0 60 x x 9 = 0 x ( x 3)(x + 3) = 0 x2 = 0 y 2 = 3624 x = 3 y = 42 3 3

f ( x ) = 10 x 6 135 x 4 7 x + 3624 f ( x ) = 10 6 x 61 135 4 x 41 7

[1/0]

f ( x ) = 60 x 5 540 x 3 7

Answer: At 3 points on the graph of the function f ( x ) = 10 x 6 135 x 4 7 x + 3624 gradient of the curve (i.e. the slope of the tangent to the curve) is -7. These points are ( 3, 0) , (0, 3624 ) and (3, 42) . [0/2] The tangent to the curve, and the function of the curve at the point where tangent is touching the curve, share two important properties: a) Slope: They have identical gradient (i.e. slope). Therefore, k = f (a ) , where a is the x-coordinate of the point, f (a ) is the value of the differential of the function at the point, and k is the slope of the tangent. b) The point: The coordinates of the point at which the tangent is touching the curve must satisfy both the function f (x ) and the equation of the tangent: y (a ) = f (a ) At ( 3, 0) we know that k = f (3) = 7 . Therefore, the equation of tangent to the curve is: y = kx + m = 7 x + m 0 = 7 ( 3) + m m + 21 = 0 m = 21 y = 7 x 21 Equation of the tangent to the curve at point ( 3, 0) is y = 7 x 21 . [0/1]

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

7/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

At (0, 3624 ) we know that k = f (3) = 7 . Therefore, equation of the tangent to the curve is y = kx + m = 7 x + m 3624 = 7 (0 ) + m m = 3624 y = 7 x + 3624 Answer: Equation of the tangent to the curve at the point (0, 3624 ) is y = 7 x + 3624 . [0/1]

At (3, 42) we know that k = f (3) = 7 . Therefore, equation of the tangent to the curve is y = kx + m = 7 x + m 42 = 7 (3) + m m = 42 + 21 = 21 y = 7 x 21 Answer: Equation of tangent to the curve at the point (3, 42) is [0/1/] y = 7 x 21 .

4000 3500 3000 f(x), y=-7x+m 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 -500 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 x
It is interesting to note that the tangent to the curve at ( 3, 0) is also tangent to it at (3, 42) , and its equation is y = 7 x 21 .

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

8/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

7. Triangle, rectangle, Maximization of area

[2/4/]

The height of the blue colored rectangle in the figure A below is x cm and its area is y cm 2 . i If b = 28.0 cm and h = 40.0 cm area of the rectangle may be expressed as: y = 28 x 0.70 x 2 cm 2 where 0 < x < 40.0 cm Find the maximum area of the rectangle. h ii Show that if b = 28.0 cm , and h = 40.0 cm the area of the rectangle may be expressed as: D E y = 28 x 0.70 x 2 cm 2 where 0 < x < 40.0 cm iii The triangles shape, its height as well as its base x cm may vary. Martina claims that rectangles maximum area is always half of that of the triangle. Investigate if Martinas claim is correct. B C b cm Suggested Solutions: y = 28 x 0.70 x 2 cm 2 where 0 < x < 40.0 cm i The maximum area of the rectangle is associated with y = 0 . Therefore we may first find the derivative of the function y and solve y = 0 : y = 28 1.4 x y = 28 x 0.70 x 2 cm 2 y = 28 2 0.70 x [1/0] 28 y = 0 28 1.4 x = 0 1.4 x = 28 x = cm x = 20.0 cm [1/0] x = 20.0 cm 1.4 2 y max = 28 (20 ) 0.70 (20) cm 2 y max = 280. cm 2 [0/1] y max = 280. cm 2 ii The triangles ABC and ADE are similar, therefore (h x ) where, DE w DE h x w hx [0/1] = = w = b h b h h BC The area of the rectangle is, therefore: b (h x ) x = b 1 x x = b x b x 2 y = b x x 2 0 < x < h cm y = w x = b h h h h If b = 28.0 cm and h = 40.0 cm the area of the rectangle is: 28 y = 28 x x 2 y = 28 x 0.70 x 2 cm 2 where 0 < x < 40.0 cm . [0/1] 40 b iii According to the calculations above: y = b x x 2 where 0 < x < h cm h The maximum area of the rectangle is associated with y = 0 . Therefore we may first find the derivative of the function y and solve y = 0 : 2b 2b b y = b x x 2 y = b x y = b x h h h 2b 2b h h x= y = 0 b x = 0 x =b x = 2 2 h h 2 2 b 1 bh Atriangle bh b h h b h y = b x x 2 ymax = b = = = [0/1/] h 2 h 4 2 2 2 2 h 2 The rectangles maximum area is always half of that of the triangle.

cm

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

9/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

8. Functions

[4/6/]

Draw a graph of a function. The derivative of the function assumes the value 2 where the graph cuts the y-axis. It is up to you to decide the appearance of the remainder of the graph. Draw the graph of two quadratic functions. Both the functions should have derivatives which assume the value 0 where the graphs cut the y-axis. It is up to you to decide the appearance of the remainder of the graph. Also give the equations of the functions. Determine the conditions which must be satisfied by the coefficients a, b and c in the quadratic function f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c so that the graph of the function has a local maximum on the positive y-axis. Find two quadratic functions which have graphs with a local minimum at the point (1,0). Find a third degree function f ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d which has a graph with a local maximum on the y-axis and a local minimum at the point (1,0). Determine the conditions which must be satisfied by the coefficients a,b,c and d in the third degree function f ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d so that the graph of the function has a local maximum on the y-axis and a local minimum at the point (1,0).

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

10/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

Suggested Solutions: Functions

Draw a graph of a function. The derivative of the function assumes the value 2 where the graph cuts the y-axis. It is up to you to decide the appearance of the remainder of the graph. Suggested Solutions: In the figure below f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 2 x 5 and its derivative f ( x ) = 6 x + 2 are plotted. The derivative of the function cuts the y-axis at y = 2 . [1/0]
4

f (x ) = 6 x + 2

0 f, f' -2 -1 -2 0 1 2

f (x ) = 3x 2 + 2 x 5
-4

-6 x

Draw the graph of two quadratic functions. Both the functions should have derivatives which assume the value 0 where the graphs cut the y-axis. It is up to you to decide the appearance of the remainder of the graph. Also give the equations of the functions. Suggested Solutions: In the figure below function f ( x ) = x 2 4 and its derivative f ( x ) = 2 x , as well as the function g (x ) = 3x 2 + 6 and its derivative g ( x ) = 6 x are plotted. Both derivatives pass through the origin (0, 0 ) . [1/0]

g ( x ) = 6 x

8 6 4

f (x ) = x 4
2

g ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 6

f, f', g, g'

2 0 -3 -2 -1 -2 -4 0 1 2 3

f ( x ) = 2 x

-6 x

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

11/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

Determine the conditions which must be satisfied by the coefficients a, b and c in the quadratic function f (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c so that the graph of the function has a local maximum on the positive y-axis.

Suggested Solutions: In order for the function f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c to have a local maximum on the y-axis, i.e. at x = 0 the following conditions must be simultaneously satisfied: 1. The derivative of the function f (0 ) = 2a (0 ) + b = 0 b = 0 . 2. The derivative of the function a < 0 f (x ) = 2ax < 0 x < 0 3. The derivative of the function a < 0 f ( x ) = 2ax > 0 x > 0 . 4. The function must be positive
f (x ) = 2ax + b must be zero at x = 0 , i.e. f ( x ) = 2ax must be positive for x < 0 . If f ( x ) = 2ax must be negative for x > 0 . If

at x = 0 . i.e.: f (0 ) > 0 c > 0 .

Answer: a < 0 , b = 0 , and c > 0 . Therefore, if a < 0 , graph of the function f ( x ) = ax 2 + c has a local maximum at x = 0 .

[1/1]

The illustrated figure below is the graph of the functions f ( x ) = x 2 + 5 and

f ( x ) = 5 x 2 + 2 . They both fulfil the conditions above, i.e. a > 0 , b = 0 , and a positive real number c . Both have a global maximum on the y-axis.

f (x ) = x 2 + 5

2 f(x)

0 -3 -2 -1 -2 0 1 2 3

f ( x ) = 5 x 2 + 2

-4 x

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

12/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

Find two quadratic functions which have graphs with a local minimum at the point (1,0).

Suggested Solutions: In order for a quadratic function f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c to have a local minimum at (1, 0 ) the following conditions must be simultaneously satisfied: 1. 2. The derivative of the function, f ( x ) = 2ax + b , must be zero at x = 1 . i.e.: f (1) = 2a (1) + b = 0 2a + b = 0 b = 2a . b = 2 a The derivative of the function f ( x ) = 2ax 2a must be negative for x < 1 . i.e.: f ( x ) = 2ax 2a < 0 x < 1 . This condition is satisfied if and only if a > 0 . a>0 ( x ) = 2ax 2a must be positive for x > 1 , The derivative of the function f i.e.: f ( x ) = 2ax 2a > 0 x > 1 . This condition is automatically satisfied if the condition above is true, i.e. if a > 0 . a>0 The function must be tangent to the x-axis at x = 1 , i.e.: f (1) = 0
2

3.

4.

f ( x ) = ax 2 2ax + c f (1) = a (1) 2a (1) + c = 0 a 2a + c = 0 a + c = 0 c = a . c=a>0 2 2 Answer: Any quadratic function f ( x ) = ax 2ax + a = a ( x 1) a > 0 would have a local minimum at (1, 0 ) . Below the graphs of two functions that both satisfy the criteria above are illustrated: [1/1] 2 2 f ( x ) = x 2 x + 1 = ( x 1) has a local minimum at (1, 0 ) . a =1
a=5

g ( x ) = 5 x 2 10 x + 5 = 5 ( x 1) has a local minimum at (1, 0 ) .

2

5 4 3 f(x) 2

g ( x ) = 5 x 2 10 x + 5

f (x ) = x 2 2 x + 1
1 0 -2 -1 -1 x 0 1 2 3 4

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

13/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

Find a third degree function f ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d which has a graph with a local maximum on the y-axis and a local minimum at the point (1, 0). Determine the conditions which must be satisfied by the coefficients a, b, c and d in the third degree function f ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d so that the graph of the function has a local maximum on the y-axis and a local minimum at the point (1, 0). Suggested Solutions: In order for a cubic function f ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d to have a local maximum on the y-axis, i.e. at x = 0 , and a local minimum at (1, 0 ) the following conditions should simultaneously be fulfilled: [0/2/] 2 1. The derivative of the function, i.e. f ( x ) = 3ax + 2bx + c should be zero at 2 f ( x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx ; c = 0 x = 0 . i.e.: f (0 ) = 3a (0 ) + 2b(0 ) + c = 0 c = 0

2. The derivative of the function, i.e. f (x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx should be zero at 3 3 2 b= a x = 1 . i.e.: f (1) = 3a(1) + 2b(1) = 0 3a + 2b = 0 b = a [0/1] 2 2 3. As illustrated in the table below, if a > 0 all conditions stated in the table, are simultaneously satisfied (Note that f ( x ) = 6ax + 2b = 6ax 3a a > 0 fulfils also both f (0 ) < 0 and f (1) > 0 conditions simultaneously.) 4. If the function has a local minimum at (1, 0 ) , it must be tangent to the x-axis at x = 1 : f (1) = 0 . This condition will be satisfied if: 1 3 3 1 3 2 f ( x ) = ax 3 ax 2 + d f (1) = a(1) a(1) + d = 0 a + d = 0 d= a 2 2 2 2 x x = 1 x=0 x = 0 .5 x =1 x=2 f (1) > 0 f (0) = 0 f (0.5) < 0 f (1) = 0 f (2 ) > 0 f (x ) = 3ax 2 3ax = 3ax(x 1)

3 1 min f ( x ) = ax 3 ax 2 + a a > 0 max 2 2 3 1 f ( x ) = x 3 x 2 + has a local max on the y-axis and a local min at (1, 0 ) . 2 2 3 2 g (x ) = 2 x 3x + 1 has a local max on the y-axis and a local min at (1, 0 ) :
2

g (x ) = 2 x 3 3x 2 + 1
1 f, g

0 -1 0 1 2

3 1 f (x ) = x 3 x 2 + 2 2
-1 x

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

14/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

9. Derivative of Six Different Functions

[2/6/]

The derivatives of six different functions, f ( x ) , are illustrated in the following figures. In the domain illustrated below i. which function or which functions f (x ) does/do not have any stationary point(s). ii. which function or which functions f (x ) has/have minimum point(s)? iii. which function or which functions f (x ) has/have maximum point(s)? iv. Which function or which functions f (x ) has/have inflexion point(s)? v. Find a function y = f ( x ) for each derivative whose curve is plotted in each figure. 3 (a)
3 2 f'(x) 1 f'(x) 0 -2 -1 -3 -2 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3 2 1 0 -1

(e)
3 2 1

(b)
1

0 f'(x)

f'(x)

0 -1

-1

-2 -3

-2 -3 -2 -1 x 0 1

-3

-2

-1

0 x

(f)
4 2

(c)
6 4 f'(x) 2 f'(x) 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3

0 -2 -4 -6 -2 -1 0 1 x 2 3 4

(d)
behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale. 15/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

Suggested Solutions: We may choose to analyze each and every one of the graphs illustrated in the given figures, and then answer the questions raised in the problem (a) The equation of the curve illustrated in the figure may be written as f ( x ) = x 3 + 1 The function which f ( x ) = x 3 + 1 is the derivative of (i.e. antiderivative of

f ( x ) = x 3 + 1 ) is the function: 1 1 f (x ) = x 4 + x + C C = a real constant number . If C = 0 : f (x ) = x 4 + x 4 4 f ( x ) = x 3 + 1 along with its antiderivative, In the figure below, 1 f ( x ) = x 4 + x are plotted: 4
3

f ( x ) = x 3 + 1
2 f(x), f'(x) 1 0 -1 -2 -2 -1 0 x 1 2

1 f (x ) = x 4 + x 4

Answer: The function f (x ) has a local maximum at x = 1 . Second method: Conceptual and Qualitative method We may analyze the graph of the f ( x ) and through that answer the questions raised. f (1) = 0 is an indication that f (x ) has a stationary point at x = 1 . f (0.9 ) > 0 and f (1.1) < 0 along with f (1) = 0 points to the fact that the function f (x ) has a global maximum at x = 1 . Note that f (1) < 0 which is, along with f (1) = 0 , another indication that the function has a global maximum at x = 1 .

x f ( x )
f (x ) f ( x ) : Slope of f ( x )

x = 0 .9 f ( 1) > 0 Positive

x =1 f (1) = 0

x = 1.1 f (1.1) < 0 Negative

Global Maximum
f (1) < 0 Maximum

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

16/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

(b) The equation of the curve illustrated in the figure may be written as 2 f (x ) = ( x + 1) f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x + 1

The function which f (x ) = ( x + 1) is the derivative of (i.e. antiderivative of

2 2

2 In the figure below, f (x ) = ( x + 1) along with its antiderivative 1 f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + x are plotted: 3

f (x ) = ( x + 1) ) is the function: 1 1 f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + x + C C = a real constant number . If C = 0 : f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + x 3 3

3 2 f'(x), f(x) 1 0 -1 -2 -3

1 f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + x 3

f ( x ) = ( x + 1)
-2 -1 x

Answer: The function f (x ) has an inflexion (terrace) point at x = 1 . Second method: Conceptual and Qualitative method We may analyze the graph of the f ( x ) and through that answer the questions raised. f ( 1) = 0 is an indication that f (x ) has a stationary point at x = 1 . Both f ( 2 ) < 0 and f (0 ) < 0 along with f ( 1) = 0 points to the fact that the function f (x ) has an inflexion (a terrace) point at x = 1 . Note that f ( 1) = 0 which is, along with f (1) = 0 , another indication that the function has an inflexion point at x = 1 .

x f ( x )
f (x )

x = 2 f ( 2 ) < 0 Negative

x = 1 f (1) = 0

x=0 f (0 ) < 0 Negative

Inflexion (terrace) point

f ( 1) = 0 Inflexion

f ( x ) : Slope of f ( x )

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

17/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

(c) The equation of the curve illustrated in the figure may be written as f ( x ) = x 3 2 x + 3 The function which f ( x ) = x 3 2 x + 3 is the derivative of (i.e. antiderivative of ) is the function: 1 2 f (x ) = x 4 x 2 + 3 x + C C = a real constant number 4 2 1 1 f (x ) = x 4 x 2 + 3 x + C C = a real constant number . If C = 0 : f (x ) = x 4 x 2 + 3 x 4 4 In the figure below, f ( x ) = x 3 2 x + 3 along with its antiderivative, 1 f ( x ) = x 4 x 2 + 3 x are plotted: 4
6 4 2 f'(x), f(x) 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3

f (x ) = x 3 2 x + 3

f (x ) =

1 4 x x 2 + 3x 4

Answer: The function f (x ) has a local minimum at x = 1.9 . Second method: Conceptual and Qualitative method We may analyze the graph of the f ( x ) and through that answer the questions raised. f ( 1.9 ) = 0 is an indication that f (x ) has a stationary point at x = 1.9 . f ( 2 ) < 0 and f ( 1) > 0 along with f ( 1.9 ) = 0 points to the fact that the function f (x ) has a local minimum at x = 1.9 . Note that f ( 1.9 ) > 0 which is, along with f ( 1.9 ) = 0 , another indication that the function has a local minimum at x = 1.9 .

x f ( x )
f (x ) f ( x ) : Slope of f ( x )

x = 2 f ( 2 ) < 0 Negative

x = 1.9 f ( 1.9 ) = 0 Stationary point

x = 1 f ( 1) > 0 Positive

local <minimum
f ( 1.9 ) > 0 Minimum

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

18/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

(d) The equation of the curve illustrated in the figure may be written as f ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x 1) The function which f ( x ) = x 2 1 is the derivative of (i.e. antiderivative of ) is the function: 1 1 f (x ) = x 3 x + C C = a real constant number . If C = 0 : f (x ) = x 3 x 3 3 ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x 1) along with its antiderivative, In the figure below, f 1 f ( x ) = x 3 x are plotted: 3
3 2 1 f'(x), f(x) 0 -1 -2 -3 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3

f (x ) = (x + 1)( x 1)

f (x ) =

1 3 x x 3

Answer: The function f (x ) has a local minimum at x = 1.0 and a local maximum at x = 1.0 . Second method: Conceptual and Qualitative method We may analyze the graph of the f ( x ) and through that answer the questions raised. f ( 1.0 ) = 0 and f (1.0 ) = 0 are indications that f (x ) has a stationary point at x = 1.0 , and another stationary point at x = 1.0 . f ( 2 ) > 0 and f (0) < 0 along with f ( 1.0 ) = 0 points to the fact that the function f (x ) has a local maximum at x = 1.0 . f (0) < 0 and f (2 ) > 0 along with f (1.0 ) = 0 points to the fact that the function f (x ) has a local minimum at x = 1.0 .

x f ( x )
f (x ) f ( x ) : Slope of f ( x )

x = 2 f ( 2 ) > 0 Positive

x = 1.0 f ( 1.0 ) = 0 Stationary point

x=0 f (0) < 0 Negative

local maximum f ( 1.0 ) < 0 maximum

x = 1 .0 x=2 f (1.0 ) = 0 f (2 ) > 0 Stationary Positive point local minimum

f (1.0 ) > 0 minimum

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

19/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

(e) The equation of the curve illustrated in the figure may be written as f ( x ) = 2 The function which f ( x ) = 2 is the derivative of (i.e. antiderivative of ) is the function: f ( x ) = 2 x + C C = a real constant number . If C = 0 : f ( x ) = 2 x In the figure below, f ( x ) = 2 along with its antiderivative, f (x ) = 2 x are plotted:
3 2 1 f'(x), f(x) 0 -1 -2 -3 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3

f ( x ) = 2 x

f (x ) = 2

Answer: The function f (x ) does not have any stationary point. It is a straight line with a negative slope. Second method: Conceptual and Qualitative method We may analyze the graph of the f ( x ) and through that answer the questions raised. f (x ) = 2 means that the function f (x ) is a linear function and does not have any stationary point.

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

20/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

(f) The equation of the curve illustrated in the figure may be written as 2 f ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x 2 ) f (x ) = (x + 1)(x 2 4 x + 4 ) = x 3 + 4 x 2 4 x x 2 + 4 x 4 = x 3 + 3 x 2 4 The function which f (x ) = x 3 + 3 x 2 4 is the derivative of (i.e. antiderivative of ) is the function: 1 3 1 f (x ) = x 4 + x 3 4 x + C C = a real constant number . If C = 0 : f ( x ) = x 4 + x 3 4 x 4 3 4 2 In the figure below, f ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x 2 ) along with its antiderivative, 1 f ( x ) = x 4 + x 3 4 x are plotted: 4
4 2 f'(x), f(x) 0 -2 -4 -6 -3 -2 -1 0 x

f ( x ) = (x + 1)(x 2 )

1 f (x ) = x 4 + x 3 4 x 4
1 2 3 4

Answer: The function f (x ) has a local maximum at x = 1.0 and an inflexion (terrace) point at x = 2.0 . Second method: Conceptual and Qualitative method We may analyze the graph of the f ( x ) and through that answer the questions raised. f ( 1.0 ) = 0 and f (2.0) = 0 are the indications that f (x ) has a stationary point at x = 1.0 , and another one at x = 2.0 . f ( 2.0 ) > 0 and f (0 ) < 0 along with f ( 1.0 ) = 0 points to the fact that the function f (x ) has a local maximum at x = 1.0 . f (0) < 0 and f (3) < 0 along with f (2.0 ) = 0 points to the fact that the function f (x ) has an inflexion point at x = 2.0 . x = 2 .0 x=3 x x = 2 x = 1.0 x=0 f ( x ) f ( 2 ) > 0 f ( 1.0 ) = 0 f (0) < 0 f (2.0) = 0 f (3) < 0 Negative Positive Stationary Stationary Negative point point f (x ) Inflexion local Point maximum ( x ) : f ( 1.0 ) < 0 f (2.0) = 0 f maximum Inflexion Slope of f ( x )

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

21/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

The function f (x ) and The figure its derivative f ( x ) . a f (x ) = x + 1

3 2 f(x), f'(x) 1 0 -1 -2 -2 -1 0 x 1 2
3

Minimum point

Maximum point The function f (x ) has a local maximum at x = 1.

Inflexion point

1 f (x ) = x 4 + x 4

b
f'(x), f(x)

3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3

1 f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + x 3

f ( x ) = ( x + 1)
-2 -1 x

The function f (x ) has an inflexion (terrace) point at local at x = 1 . Answer: The function f (x ) has a local minimum at x = 1 . 9 . The function The function f (x ) has a f (x ) has a local local minimum at maximum at x = 1 .0 . x = 1.0 .

C
f'(x), f(x)

6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -3

f (x ) = x 3 2 x + 3

f (x ) =

1 4 x x 2 + 3x 4

-2

-1

0 x

d
f'(x), f(x)

3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -3 -2

f ( x ) = (x + 1)(x 1)

f (x ) =

1 3 x x 3
-1 0 x 1 2 3

The function f (x ) does not have any stationary point. It is a straight line with a negative slope.
3 2 1 f'(x), f(x) 0 -1 -2 -3 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3

f ( x ) = 2 x

f (x ) = 2

f
f'(x), f(x)

4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -3 -2

f ( x ) = (x + 1)( x 2 )

1 f (x ) = x 4 + x 3 4 x 4
-1 0 x 1 2 3 4

The function f (x ) has a local maximum at x = 1.0 .

The function f (x ) has a an inflexion (terrace) point at x = 2 .0 .

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

22/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

Answers: In the domain illustrated in the figures, i.e. 3 x 3 . The problem may be solved in general using the properties of the derivative of the function and its behaviour in the neighbourhood of a stationary point of the function. f (x ) = 0 at stationary point. i.e. the graph of f ( x ) crosses the x-axis at the stationary point. Local Minimum: f ( x ) changes its sign from negative to positive in crossing the x-axis. i.e. f ( x ) : 0 + . Local Maximum: f ( x ) changes its sign from positive to negative in crossing the x-axis. i.e. f ( x ) : + 0 . Inflexion (terrace) point: f ( x ) does not change its sign in crossing the x-axis. i.e. f ( x ) : + 0 + or f ( x ) : 0 . In reality x-axis is tangent to the curve of f ( x ) . The curve of f ( x ) touches x-axis at the stationary point but it never crosses it. Using the criteria above. i. Figure e: The function f (x ) whose derivative f ( x ) is illustrated in the figure e does not have any stationary point. The figure e illustrates a line that never crosses x-axis, and therefore f ( x ) 0 . [1/0] ii. Figures c, and d: The different functions f ( x ) whose derivatives, f ( x ) , are illustrated in the figures c and d have each a minimum point in the domain 3 x 3 . In both figures c and d , f ( x ) changes its sign from negative to positive in crossing the x-axis. i.e. f ( x ) : 0 + . [0/1] iii. Figures a, d, and f: The different functions f (x ) whose derivatives, f ( x ) , are illustrated in the figures a , d , and e have each a maximum point in the domain 3 x 3 . In both figures a , d , and e , f ( x ) changes its sign from positive to negative in crossing the x[0/1] axis. i.e. f ( x ) : + 0 . iv. Figures b, and f: The different functions f (x ) whose derivatives, f ( x ) , are illustrated in the figures b , and f have each an inflexion point in the domain 3 x 3 . In both figures b , and f , x-axis is tangent to the curve of f ( x ) and therefore it does not change at the stationary point. In both b and f: f ( x ) : 0 . [0/1] v. Answer: The function y = f ( x ) , and their graph, for each derivative whose curve is plotted in each figure is tabulated in the table in the previous page. For the sake of direct answer to the question only f (x ) , and f ( x ) corresponding each figure is given below. Note that C is any real number. The value of the constant C does not affect the shape or equation of the derivative. This is due to the fact that derivative of a constant is zero. In the illustrated figures of the functions above, for the sake of specifications, I have chosen C = 0 . [1/3/M12345]

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

23/25

Suggested Solutions MaCFinalNVCO08

NV-College

The figure a b c d e f

f (x ) : The function 1 f (x ) = x 4 + x + C 4 1 f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + x + C 3 1 f (x ) = x 4 x 2 + 3 x + C 4 1 f (x ) = x 3 x + C 3 f ( x ) = 2 x + C 1 f (x ) = x 4 + x 3 4 x + C 4

f ( x ) = x 3 + 1

f ( x ) : The derivative

f (x ) = ( x + 1)

f ( x ) = x 3 2 x + 3

f ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x 1) f ( x ) = 2
f ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x 2 )
2

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.

24/25

Suggested Solutions to Final TEST MaCNVC08

NV-College, Sjdalsgymnasiet

Problem 6: Equation of the tangent to the curve at the given point. MVG MVG Criteria Criteria MVG1 how well you perform your investigation. MVG2 how relevant, clear and complete your solutions are. MVG3 how generalized your solutions are. MVG4 if your calculations are correct. MVG5 how well you have motivated and presented your solutions.

MVG Criteria

Problem 7: Generalized equation of a bounded rectangle in a triangle, and maximization of the area. MVG MVG Criteria MVG Criteria Criteria MVG1 how well you perform your investigation. MVG2 how relevant, clear and complete your solutions are. MVG3 how generalized your solutions are. MVG4 if your calculations are correct. MVG5 how well you have motivated and presented your solutions. Problem 8: Functions. Generalized Quadratic and Cubic functions. Generalized properties of their stationary points. MVG MVG Criteria MVG Criteria Criteria MVG1 how well you perform your investigation. MVG2 how relevant, clear and complete your solutions are. MVG3 how generalized your solutions are. MVG4 if your calculations are correct. MVG5 how well you have motivated and presented your solutions. Problem 9: Derivatives of Six Different Functions. Recognition of the antiderivative function through the graph of the derivative of the function f(x). MVG MVG Criteria MVG Criteria Criteria MVG1 how well you perform your investigation. MVG2 how relevant, clear and complete your solutions are. MVG3 how generalized your solutions are. MVG4 if your calculations are correct. MVG5 how well you have motivated and presented your solutions.

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for sale. Free to use for educational purposes.

25/25