Synopsis on electricity and electronics

Electric current- charge which crosses any section of the wire in one second I=Q/t
Ampere- If one coulomb of charge crosses any section of a wire in one
second current is said to be one ampere, 1A = 1 Coul/sec
Conventional current- current which is due to the flow of imaginary positive charges
its direction is from positive to negative terminal of the battery
Ohm’s law- Potential difference ‘V’ is directly proportional to current ‘I’ provided there
is no change in physical state of conductor V = IR where ‘R’ is resistance of the wire
Resistance- hindrance to the flow of electrons its unit is Ohm (Ω) It is the ratio of the voltage to the current
Ohm – a unit of resistance; a volt per ampere
Battery – a source of electrical energy consisting of one or more cells
Conductance- reciprocal of resistance K = 1/R
Potential difference- Work done per unit charge V= W/q its unit is volt
Volt- When one joule of work is done to flow a charge of one coulomb across a conductor P.D is said to be one volt.
Resistors– electric components manufactured especially for their resistance
Resistances in series:
Current through all the resistors is same I=I1=I2=I3
Voltage across each resistor is not same V=V1+V2+V3
R = R1+R2+R3
Resistance in Parallel:
Current through all the resistors is not same I=I1+I2+I3
Voltage across each resistor is same V=V1=V2=V3
R = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
Electromotive force (emf) – the potential difference that appears between the terminals of a battery when no current is present
Electrons – small, negatively charged particles
Short circuit– a circuit failure in which the current follows an alternative conducting path, resistance
usually parallel to the desired path, with lower
Open circuit – a circuit in which the path for the current is broken or interrupted
Closed circuit- a circuit in which the path for the current is not broken
Power dissipation- the energy dissipated in one second is called power dissipation.
Power = energy / time, energy=power x time
1. P = IV
2. P= V2/R
3. P= I2R
KWh- unit of electrical energy 1KWh is called 1 unit of energy, 1KWh= 36x105joules
P-Type-If a trivalent element from the IIIrd group such as Gallium (Ga) or Indium (In) is added to pure
crystals of germanium (Ge) or silicone (Si), three electrons of impurity form covalent bonds with three atoms
of (Ge) or (Si), while there exist a vacancy for an electron in the fourth bond. This vacant space is called Hole.
This hole behaves like a positive charge and can move in the structure of substance. Such a substance is called a p-type substance.
N-Type-If a pentavalent element from the Vth Group such as Antimony (Sb) is added to pure geranium (Ge) or silicone (Si),
then four electrons of (Sb) will form covalent bonds with four (Ge) or (Si) atoms. The fifth electron of 'Sb' is free to move
which makes (Ge) or (Si) a good conductor. This type of material is called n-type substance.
Rectifier-A rectifier is a device which is used to convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). PN-junction diode is used as a rectifier.

pn - junction diode – It is an electronic device formed from a p-type and an n-type substance semiconductor. A semiconductor diode has the property of one way conduction i.e. it allows electric curr

Forward biasing-when n-type end of pn-junction is connected to negative terminal and p-type end with positive terminal of a (DC) supply, then the height of potential barrier reduces and provides eas

Reverse Biasing-When p-type end of pn-junction is connected to the negative terminal and n-type end with positive terminal of a (DC) supply. The height of potential barrier increases to maximum an

Doping-Addition of an element of group IIIrd-A or Vth-A to Ge or Si crystals to convert them into semiconductor substance (p-type or n-type) is called Doping
Transistors-A three terminal semiconductor electronic device is called transistor. Transistors are widely used in electronic appliances such as computers, radio, audio video equipment, bio medical in
PnP-In this type of transistors n-type semi-conductors piece is sandwiched between two piece of p-type semiconductor layers
NpN-In this type of transistors p-type semi conductor piece is sandwiched between two piece of n-type semiconductor layers.
Essential parts of transistors:
Base, Emitter & Collector