AP Lecture: Chapter 1-5 Native American A.) When you think about American history where is it necessary to start?

a. Native American society was very developed prior to contact with white p eople b. Population #s i. By 1491 entire western hem had pop of 75 million ii. North of present day Mexico your dealing with 7-10 million c. Native American is a broad term- very diverse people i. Many diverse languages and dialects ii. Densely population regions which competed for resources fought with one another iii. Trade had spanned the continent for centuries iv. Able to survive in a wide range of ecological zones v. Different values than Europe 1. Women held more power than traditionally in European society 2. Communaly owned land a. Big issue 3. Native American religion revolve around idea nature was alive a. Interdependence d. Huge migration of people from Europe and Africa will alter life dramatic ally Back in Europe A.) The situation in Europe will provoke the colonization of the Americas a. Before 1492 Europe is reaching its Renaissance i. Rise of merchants b. Religious conflict i. Corruption was rampant in the church 1. Popes in 15th and 16th century dispensed indulgences a. time off from purgatory b. charges that corruption had entered into the church ii. In 1517 Martin Luther (OG) a German Friar attacked this practice 1. Lead to Protestant Reformation as the Catholic church tried to silence h im a. Thought God alone would decide who would be saved iii. French reformer John Calvin preached doctrine of predestination 1. Split into Protestant Lutherans and Calvinist b. Importance of Protestant Reformation i. Protestants placed high value of reading 1. Bible translated from Latin 2. Required basic education and literacy a. improvements in printing press c. Catholic revival would be labeled the Counter-Reformation Rise of Puritanism in England A.) The Reformation in England began when King Henry VIII (1509-1547) wanted a male son but his wife Catherine of Aragon failed to bear a son a. Pope refused to annul his marriage (J-Lopez) i. Parliamentary acts in 1533-34 dissolve his marriage and made him head of Church of England 1. Under Edward VI move more toward Protestanism 2. Mary (1553-1558) try to restore Catholicism a. Bloody Mary 3. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) following Mary most English were ready to become Protestant b. What type of Protestant became another devisive issue i. Militant Calvinist movement called Puritanism had been est. 1. Demanded a purification of the Church of England a. Against Catholic abuses

ii.

These would be the settle of New England

European Expansion A.) First efforts at European expansion was primarily commercial, not territ orial a. Background i. Europe had long history of trading with Asia and Africa by way of the Me ditteranean 1. Limited profits unless could establish more direct contacts a. Had to pay Muslins in Middle East ii. Portugal would lead the way in commercial trade 1. Most significantly it would est. massive trade in black African slaves b. Reasons i. Important maritime advances allowed this exploration to take place 1. More maneuverable vessels were developed 2. Mastered the compass 3. Maritime revolution allowed this exploration to take place The Most Famous Explorer?---Columbus B.) Coming to America a. He was not the first European to reach America i. Early Norse (Vikings) b. Columbus come to America s in 1492 under the flag of Spain i. To Prevent future conflict 1494 signed Treaty of Tordesillas- with Spain And Portugal 1. Which divide all future discoveries Columbian Exchange- Opens up with Columbus A.) The biological meeting of Europe, Africa and America had tremendous cons equences for the people, animals and culture of all three areas. a. Native population would be forever changed i. Although 1. Warfare 2. Enslavement 3. starvation accounted for this demographic collapse ii. microbes were the major source of problem (SAMPLE) 1. Native Americans lacked antibodies to European and African infections mo st highly was smallpox 2. Disease facilitated the colonization of the New World b. Columbian exchange was not limited to just these deadly germs i. 16th century Europeans brought 1. guns, horses, cattle, sheep, chickens, wheat, coffee, sugar cane, weeds, insects ii. African slaves brought rice and yams iii. Gifts from America to Europe 1. included corn, beans, potatoes, pumpkins, peanuts, vanilla, avocado, chi llis, tobacco and turkeys (PICTURE) a. Allowed for enormous population growth and changed peoples diets c. Also involved the mixing of people (concept of race) i. 16th century 300,000 Spanish migrated to North America with 90% of them male 1. Rise of mestizo as married Indian women (Spanish Indian) 2. Mulatto (Europeans fathered African children) Colonization of North America A.) Spain became the first country to establish large scale settlement and d estruction of North America c. We all know about i. In 1519 Hernan Cortes went on to search for Indian slaves and gold 1. Destroyed his boat and gathered Indian allies a. Mexico was the spot

i. ii. ii.

rich with a settled civilization Easily taken due to horses and firearms, cultural mistake Creation of New Spain as by 1521 Aztecs had been overthrown

d. The goal of Spain began to be to find another treasure that would bring instant wealth i. ALSO- The goal of the Spanish in these areas were to establish bases to keep the English, French and Dutch out b. 1565 est. first permanent settlement in NA at St Augustine Florida B.) French interests in North America had begun with the expeditions of Verr azano and Cartier a. French colonization i. In 1562 French Huguenots (Calvinists) briefly est. base in South Carolin a ii. 1564 est settlement near modern day Jacksonville (MAP) 1. Spain destroyed and massacred the settlement iii. Interact with local Indians in fur trade 1. Demand for beaver pelts caused 2. French dominated fur trade along the St. Lawrence, Newfoundland iv. French were unique in their pattern of settlement in North America 1. Traders recognized the importance of good relations in dealing with Indi ans a. exchange pelts for metal tools such as axes, knives, cloth, glass beads b. In 1608 1st permanent French settlement on Canadian soil at Quebec i. Help settlement the French under Champlain made allies with local Indian s C.) a. i. 1. 2. a. The Dutch also played a role in colonizing the continent In 1614 Dutch built Fort Nassau near what would become Albany (New York) Establish colony of New Netherland Named it Manhattan New Netherlanders lived by the fur trade depended upon the Iroquois Confederacy

D.) England at first remained a minor power when compared to Spain and Franc e in the 16th century a. Situation in Europe 1. Things bad for English (don t need details) b. The English had 2 objectives in North America in 1570s i. First was to discover the Northwest passage for trade 1. possibly discover gold ii. Second was to raid Spanish fleets 1. Francis Drake regularly raided Spanish fleets a. Sailed into Drakes Bay near San Francisco c. Colonial Rivalry i. Spain and England became bitter rivals as they competited for influence in America ii. Walter Raleigh received a royal charter to start in English colony in Vi rginia (named in honor of Virgin queen) 1. Launched a colony a Roanoke (LOST) a. At first things went well as Indians traded but colonists refused to gro w their own corn and expected Indians to feed them b. English soldiers feared Indians and killed leader c. When finally arrived back in 1590 the lost colony was gone CROATOAN iii. The Roanoke experience revealed many things about European settlement 1. large scale well financed colonies could fail a. harsh nature of American environment 2. Colonists did not bring enough food and often proved lazy

a. 3. a. 4. d. i. 1. a.

Assumed Indians would feed them while they looked for gold Future colonial expeditions would have to be self financing Financial strapped monarchs Conflict with other European powers remained a stark reality England did manage to win a huge victory over Spain in 1588 Spain s Philip II sent Armada across English channel Est. England as a major power in the Atlantic Could pursue colonization easier

E.) The English permanent settlement of North America starts in Chesapeake b egan as events changed in Europe a. European Affairs 1. Got better a. Spanish Armada Victory b. Question remained how would these colonies be established i. The failure of Roanoke had made many in England skeptical of financing c olonies 1. Decided upon Joint Stock Companies a. Business corporations which could amass finances by selling stock to pub lic i. Limited risks and large sums of capital c. Establishment of Jamestown i. Two joint stock companies dispatched colonists in 1607 named Virginia Co mpany Plymouth and Virginia Company of London ii. Involved lots of gentlemen who expected riches to befall them iii. Planted a colony along James River and called it Jamestown 1. Much like Roanoke they did little work d. STARVING TIME to $$$$ i. By Jan 1608 only 38 remained out of 105 immigrants ii. Lacked good leadership 1. Solved by getting John Smith a. military discipline over the colony iii. John Smith became a skillful diplomat as well 1. Negotiate with Powhatan a. Pocahontas saved his life iv. When he left 400 died of 500 1. Produced nothing of value for the shareholders v. Tobacco became Virginia economic salvation 1. John Wolfe (Pocahontas husband) a. Following 1619 Virginia Company began pouring supplies and settlers into the region e. i. 1. a. ii. 1. New problems emerged as the colony needed to attract labor (SIGN) Company awarded 50 acres grants (headrights) How it worked Pay for transportation and got huge amounts of land Indentured Servants servants worked for 4 to 7 years

f. PROBLEMS- However by 1622 the company faced 3 serious problems i. Local official cheated the stockholders by overcharging and other forms of fraud 1. Joint Stock company sank deep into debt at profit of others ii. Extremely high death rate 1. salty water, malnutrition 2. most of 3500 died within 3 years iii. Relations with Native Americans Powhatans worsened after Pocahontas died in 1617 and Powhatan year later 1. continued encroachment on land

a.

Launched attack in 1622 which killed 347 of the 1200 colonist

F.) Anglo-Powhatan War (1622-32) inflicted wide starvation by destroyed food supplies, winter campaigns a. Clash left the Virginia Company bankrupt i. James I revoked its charter in 1624 1. Virginia became a royal colony b. Development continues due to tobacco and defeat of Indian resistance c. House of Burgesses NEW ENGLAND Colony A.) The New England colonies would be very different from those in the South a. Who came & why they came was very different than Chesapeakei. In 1620 set sail on Mayflower with over 24 families (102 people) ii. Expeditions leaders (only half members) belonged to small religious comm unity of Separatist Puritans who had fled to Netherlands called Pilgrims. 1. November 1620 the Mayflower landed at Plymouth Bay iii. Signed the Mayflower Compact before even coming 1. civic body politic a. set up government before they arrived 2. est colony of Plymouth Plantation b. Success? i. Half of the Pilgrims died within months of Landing 1. only survived due to Indian leader Squanto a. taught how to grow corn so they wouldn t steal theirs b. first harvest celebrated in 1621 i. basis for thanksgiving in 19th century c. However- Plymouths relationship with Native Americans worsened i. news of 1622 massacre and desire for more land 1. monopoly on fire power by Europeans d. i. 1. 2. ii. Pilgrims were significant for a couple of reasons Help inspire later American vision of self reliant God fearing people Forshadowed later methods used against Indians

New England Way A.) In 1628 Puritan merchants received a charter to settle north of the Plym outh colony a. They organized the expedition under the Mass Bay Company i. Est settlement led by John Winthrop 1. Wrote Model of Christian Charitya. wanted to form a city upon a hill i. example to England so they would reform the church ii. rich had obligation b. lumped religion and profit together i. moral restraint and profit ii. sense of community was developed ii. Just like elsewhere many died of diseases and others left B.) a. i. 1. a. 2. a. 3. The New England Puritans created system of self governing congregations Had state sponsored churches in that had to attend and pay into it Literacy was especially important so people could read the bible laws requiring schools and teachers per X number of persons step toward public education Produce learned peopleHarvard started in 1636 New England would be educated

C.) a. i. ii. 1. a.

New England experienced resistance from Native American tribes Pequots tension erupted into violence in 1637 several hundred women and children were killed Massacre of Pequot War Used pro-English allies and by 1637 they were crushed Could est new colonies of Conn (1639) and New Haven (1643)

D.) New England society was one which stressed order and conformity, but was started as a place of religious freedom for them a. Puritan Dissent i. Roger Williams became a leading figure in challenging church and state r elationship 1. Government should not be involved in religious matters a. state would corrupt the churchi. separation between church and state 2. Declared subversive and banished in1635 a. Williams moved south and founded Providence b. religious toleration and slowly grew from 1640s to 1650 ii. Another major challenge to the New England way came from Anne Hutchinson 1. How a. She questioned the clergy as well b. Also a women who stepped outside her assigned role 2. Brought to trial before Mass Bay legislature a. Banished and many of her followers went to Rhode Island b. This tight knit community was being looked upon as being abandoned in se arch of self interest i. Cause for concern 1. increasing wanted prosperity and social mobility 2. merchants increasing pressure off restrictions E.) The Massachusetts Bay colonies did many things with the hope of est. pol itical and religious institutions a. Politics became much more democratic i. How so 1. Mass did not require voters to own property a. More people could vote than England and Virginia 2. Town meetings became centers of decentralized power which allowed freedo m of decision unheard of in England and other colonies b. Community Life remained an important part of colonial life in New Englan d area i. Families land was clustered around the meeting house 1. Land enough to support themselves 2. Moral watchers over each other ii. Puritan life did not focus on the individual, but on the commonwealth 1. Male was the head of the household 2. Women had no property rights independent of her husband iii. New Englanders lived longer and raised larger families than other places in the world 1. Fact most settlers came as families resulted in population evenly divid ed between men and women a. allowed for population growth without heavy immigration b. Also depended upon family to provide with acreage for their own farm c. Economy i. Other 17th New Englanders turned to 1. lumbering, fishing, ship building etc ii. which lead to decrease in role of religion F.) Challenges to New England settlements

a. The new generation found fewer and fewer young people declaring themselv es saints. i. Second generation Puritans were less reluctant to declare themselves sai nts 1. Half Way Covenant in 1662 designed to allow looser baptism a. Led to lessening of New England way b. New England settlements grew and lead to the further decline of Native A merican settlements i. New England population declined from 125,000 in 1600 1. to 10,000 in 1675 a. New diseases such as measles, tb c. The Anglo-Indian conflict became dramatic and eventually led to King Phi lips War i. Metacom (aka King Philip) was feeling increased pressure from colonial s ettlement 1. Situation a. 1675 Plymouth colony hanged 3 Wampanoags for killing a Christian Indian i. Violence escalated and 2/3 rallied around Metacom b. This time (unlike Pequot War) the Native Americans were as well armed as the colonist i. Attacked 52 of NE 90 towns (12 entirely destroyed) ii. Killed 600 colonists, burned 1,200 houses ii. Tide turned against Metacom in 1676 as Mohawk Indians of NY joined the E nglish 1. Destroyed food supplies and sold them into slavery iii. King Philips War reduced southern New England Indian population by almos t 40% 1. eliminated overt resistance to white expansion 2. increased English hostility to Indians G.) Following the Half-Way Covenants adoption in 1662 and changing social an d economic changes the New England way was undermined a. How so i. Settlers increasingly moved away from town centers 1. put further pressure on Native Americans ii. Distribution of wealth became more uneven with time 1. Economy became more complex iii. All of this undermined Puritan ideal of community b. This happened in increasing amount in Salem Mass i. Port city which became prosperous but destroyed relatively equal society 1. Anxiety about changes led town people to believe story of witchcraft in 1691 a. Accuse of being witches women who tended to be more outspoken i. Implicate others ii. Salem reflected social anxieties over social change in New England 1. clash of values c. 18th century New England would be more willing to accept self discipline and economic freedom i. still had Puritan roots Back to CHESAPEAKE A.) Differences between Chesapeake and New England Region a. Situation in brief i. By 1624 Virginia was now successful- no more starving times 1. Single minded dedication to tobacco ii. Contrast 1. NE- farm families to feed themselves 2. Chesapeake- few wealthy planters and poor whites B.) Government control over the Virginia colony series of changes a. Virginia government

i. ii. C.) a. i. co 1. 2.

House of Burgesses and Governors Council (lifetime appointment) Compare to NE, Virginia had established church of England Virginia soon developed a landed elite called the Virginia s First Family Economy Many men acquired great wealth with large estate, investing big in tobac Dominated Virginia council Bequeathed their wealth and power to their families

b. Expansion of colony develops by land grants to land proprietors (before joint stock company) i. Land grant went to Lord Baltimore (Calvert) which he named Maryland in h onor of England s Queen Henrietta Maria 1. Wanted to create a overseas refuge for English Catholics who faced some discrimination in England a. majority of settlers were Protestants however b. religious conflict did occur i. Act for Religious Toleration in 1649 providing for affirming liberty of worship ii. Did not have a starving time since they had paid attention to early Virg inia history 1. became a colony of independent landowners a. due to low land prices B.) Chesapeake was quite distinct since a. Examples i. its settlers lived far apart compared to their New England residents 1. Life was quite isolated with people having few friends ii. But they all shared, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina would all sha re the dependence on tobacco cultivation 1. Tobacco prices sky rocketed and then fell in 1629 a. tobacco did remain profitable especially near water so it could be trans ported iii. high demand for labor which was met by indentured servant 1. between 1630-1700 of the 110,000 English who came 90% were indentured se rvents with 80% men iv. Families remained in the minority in the Chesapeake since so many men ca me 1. terms of indentured servitude keep them from marrying. v. Disease also became a source of concern such as those from contaminated water like typhoid, dysentery. 1. Life expectancy in 1600s was 48 for men a. which was nearly 20 years less than New England 2. High numbers of widows a. Complicated family life by step children 3. High number of indentured servants also died vi. Predominantly male immigrants and high death rates retarded population g rowth 1. Examples a. While NE tripled to 91,000 by 1700 b. Chesapeake received 89,000 English immigrants between 1630-1700 i. white population stood at 85,000 in 1700 2. Began improving in 17th century a. Childhood immunities b. By 1690 began have equality in men and women vii. Mass importation of servants lead to even more increases in the gap betw een rich and poor 1. Servant faced harsh lives and bleak future after their service was over a. Received freedom basically broke

i. Maryland did require that they be given 50 acres 2. Upward mobility remained limited as good land near riverbanks had alread y been taken a. further diminished when price of tobacco fell in 1660 i. large landowner had other sources of income and therefore could survive depression b. frustrated underclass in Chesapeake society

NEW POWERPOINT C.) By 1670s the conditions in Virginia left large part of population on the edge of despair a. Background i. 1676 marked the date when this violence erupted with hundreds of Indians dead, plantations looted and Jamestown burned. ii. Nathaniel Bacon was a wealthy well educated Englishmen who immigrated to Virginia in 1674 1. Appointed to council by Governor William Berkeley a. Gov held a fur trade monopoly with local Indians which benefited by frie ndly relations i. Settlers resentment against Indians was connected with growing resentmen t against the Governor b. Settlers organized and killed some friendly Indians in retaliation i. Settlers wanted war of extermination iii. Bacon led attack against friendly Indians in April 1676 and massacred th em 1. Became very popular and wanted to continue to wage war a. Wanted to seize Indian land and defined enemy as those who left land wit hout permission 2. Berkeley worried about this force of 1300 men and called them back a. Attack Jamestown and forced Berkeley to flee i. Bacon died of dysentery? b. The conflict revealed a society under deep internal stress i. Status in VA came from land and labor 1. Result of tobacco depression and wealthier planters wanting to be part o f Berkeley ii. Social instability was largely the result of large amount of indentured servants imported into Chesapeake society 1. After freedom they were offered little other than poverty a. Ingredients for class conflict c. Solution? i. substitute white servants with black slaves D.) Africans first began appearing from 1619-1640 a. Slow evolution i. Early period - Discrimination against blacks, but did not assume every b lack was a slave for life 1. some African slaves gained their freedom and went on to land ownership ii. Second phase from 1640-1660 children began to inherit the status of slav e 1. whites indentured had fixed term of service iii. After 1660 colonies officially recognized slavery and regulated it by la w 1. defined as life long, inheritable and racial status a. create an identity for whites that was common b. Formulated this racial caste system even before it became economically i mportant b. Replaced indentured servitude for economic reasons i. Harder to import from England cause less people wanting to come

ii. iii. 1.

Increased number of companies involved in slave trade Perk- Emergence of slavery relaxed economic strains within white society Common interests in social control over a black race

POLITICs IN ENGLAND A.) King Charles II assumed the throne when Stuart monarchy was restored in 1660 and gave in 1663 land between Virginia and Spanish Florida which would be c alled the Restoration colonies a. Background to Carolinas i. Proprietors were grateful for their colony and named it Carolina in hono r of Charles in Latin 1. Settlement took off when immigrants offered 50 acre land grants for ever y person they brought in 2. Settlement of CHARLES Town 3. John Locke help devise a plan for settlement of the region a. Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina i. Set up a kind of nobility system ii. Ignored by the settlers across the Atlantic ii. Like Virginians they also sought out a staple crop to make them rich 1. They eventually found it in rice production a. Enriched men who had enough to invest in costly dams, dikes, and slaves 2. Ultimately leads to a Colonial elite similar to West Indies situation iii. indentured servants had trouble living in humid mosquito infested areas 1. Solution was to import slaves which came with advantages a. many had produced rice in their homeland and thus provided valuable expe riences b. had developed partial immunity to malaria 2. Huge demand for slave labor resulted a. Carolina was Britain s sole mainland colony with a black majority i. Whites established severe social controls Middle Colonies A.) Colonization of the region between the Chesapeake and New England coloni es would be slow to start a. There were other European powers in control of the Middle colonies b. New Netherlands and new Sweden were small commercial outposts i. 1664 seize from Dutch c. New Netherland was America s first multi-ethnic society i. Colonial makeup included the following 1. Barely half were Dutch 2. Rest were Germans, French, Africans (We are the World) 3. Included Protestants, Catholics, Jews, Muslims 4. 18 European and Africans languages spoken ii. Dutch relationship with nearby Native Americans remained mixed 1. Iroquois were allied with Dutch and starting encroaching on French allie d Indian fur trade (they had guns) a. beaver wars i. build Wall Street B.) In 1664 Charles II waged war against the Dutch Republic and sent troops to conquer New Netherland a. Battle? i. Weakened by previous clashes with Natives 1. the colony surrendered on generous terms ii. Charles made his brother, James Duke of York proprietor and remained it New York 1. Duke became King James II in 1685 and made it a royal colony iii. New Jersey also carved out of New Netherland

C.) Charles II paid off a huge debt by making a supporters son, William Penn the proprietor of a huge tract of land a. William Penn had 2 aims in establishing and developing his colony i. Was a Quaker and wanted to launch a holy experiment 1. Called Society of Friends by George Fox a. tremble at the word of God b. Inner Light idea i. Refused to tip hats to social elite ii. Refused to bear arms iii. Women had unprecedented freedom 1. Suffered persecution ii. Wanted to est religious freedom b. Lots of planning prior to the Quaker migration that begun in 1681 i. Choose the site of Philadelphia (city of brotherly love) ii. Most Quakers immigrated as family rather than single males- high birthra te resulted 1. very successful with no starving time 2. no large Indian wars since tried to buy land friendly 3. well financed and well planned 4. tolerant and diverse c. Internal struggles continued once Penn went to England in 1684 until 169 9 Rivals A.) a. b. c. i. in North America What do you notice about this map? England had compact settlementFrance and Spain had far flung empires Trading partners and military alliesCatholic nations had more success converting

A.) Goal was for New France to send furs, ship agricultural surpluses to Fra nce new sugar producing in West Indies a. Problems/Success i. Started encouraging French immigration to Canada 1. New France grew slowly since a. bad weather in Canada b. Iroquous threat c. no cash crop ii. Many did not want to become involved in agriculture and rather became in dependent fur traders called coureurs de bois 1. intermarried with Indians 2. gave them guns for trade 3. Started to occupy interior to balance threat of England and Spain iii. Wanted to stifle New Iroquois threat 1. They had intercepted trade which lead to beaver wars a. Sent troops in 1666 B.) Spain loosely claimed areas of the Southwest such as Texas in 1691 (no s ettlement until 1716) a. Largely interested in New Mexico with 2300 Europeans in 1680 i. Pueblo Revolt in 1690 which killed 400 Spanish colonists 1. Pueblo Indian resent restrictions placed on their culture a. Lasted until 1692 when Spanish reconquest b. Florida colony faced periodic rebellions from local Indians c. Mainly Mexico i. wealth Summary Transformation of map of North America

Distinct European settlements Native American reactions Coexistence or outright warfare By England pop in NA 250k, 15k French and 4,500 Spain England was developing into distinct regions New England and South England had permanent colonies by 1607 No serious effort to manage effort into one empire until King Charles II (1660) Restoration of Stuart monarchy ended 2 decade of civil war Subordinate colonies to interest of England A.) Effort began to establish direct political control over the colonies a. Effort to get rid of the elected colonial assemblies i. New England proved to be reluctant to give up control over their own aff airs ii. Declared themselves exempted from laws from England iii. Ignored the Navigation Acts and welcomed Dutch traders 1. New colony- New Hampshire created in 1679 2. Revoked Mass charter in 1684 declaring it a royal colony b. Royal centralization occured when in 1686 consolidated Mass, NH, conn, R I into Dominion of New England i. All legislatures in the colonies ceased to exists B.) Religious concerns also spilled over into the colonies a. Duke of York became a Catholic in 1676 and Charles II converted on his d eathbed i. James II Catholicism worried Protestants when in 1688 he bore a son ii. Worried about Catholic successor politicians asked Mary and her husband William of Orange to intervene 1. Army headed to England and James II fled to France 2. Bloodless revolution of 1688 called the Glorious Revolution a. created a limited monarchy b. England s Bill of Rights in 1689 b. News inspired New Englanders an arrested James II people in the name of William and Mary i. Dismantled the Dominion of New England ii. Gave power to elect governors to citizens c. Anti-Stuart Rebellion happened in NY as well during Leisler s Rebellion i. Militia seized harbor s fort under leadership of Cpt. Jacob Leisler 1. called for elections in assembly 2. Arrested d. Revolutionary Events of 1688-1689 changed the colonial political environ ment i. Reestablished legislative govt and ensured religious liberty for Protest ants 1. William and Mary allowed colonial elite to reassert control over colonia l affairs 2. Foundation for voluntary allegiance rather than submission to raw power C.) Bloodless Revolution of 1688 ushered in a quarter century of warfare in Europe and her colonies a. 1689 England joined a general European coalition against France s Louis XI V who supported James II claim to English crown (War of the League of Augsburg / King Williams War) i. Colonies become involved in European rivalries with start of King Willia ms War 1. Invasion of New France in 1690 of Montreal and Quebec 2. both invasions failed and turned into raids on civilians a. both sides used Indian allies i. five Nations of Iroquois were with England against all French Indian all ies

ii. population declined by 20% 1. divided Iroquois society into 3 factions pro English, pro French and neu tral 2. Turn neutral in 1701 ii. 1702 European war erupted when England fought France and Spain in War of Spanish Sucession (called Queen Anne s War by colonists) 1. Showed military weakness as French Canadian destroyed several towns in M ass and Maine 2. Spain invaded in south Carolina a. Huge political consequences of these wars i. Instilled sense of dependence on Great Britain 1. recognize military weaknesses 2. needed Royal Navy protection 3. sense of British identity peace in 1713- allowed for economic competition not military Britain and France Especially competited and sought to consolidate their A.) All the European powers governed their colonies based upon the concept o f mercantilism a. Set of policies aimed at prosperity by making a nation self sufficient a s possible i. Eliminate dependence on foreign suppliers ii. Sell more than buying therefore increasing gold and silver b. Britain s mercantilist policies were established under the Navigation Acts i. Governed colonies in its overseas empire ii. First act in 1651 to prevent Dutch iii. Later ones in 1660 and 1663 which prevented exporting goods such as toba cco and sugar to anywhere except England and from importing goods in non-English ships iv. Molasses Act c. These Navigation Acts were in force by 1750 and impacted the colonies in a couple of ways i. Laws limited all imperial trade to British ships 1. New England merchants built up shipping 2. merchant marine diversified northern economy 3. helped fuel urbanization in port towns such as NY and Philly ii. forbide the export of enumerated goods to foreign nations unless these g oods first passed through England or Scotland (tobacco and rice) 1. had somewhat monopolies iii. Navigation system third impact was that it encouraged economic diversifi cation iv. Made the colonies a protected market for low priced consumer goods 1. able to benefit for more goods d. Although Parliament intended the laws to only benefit Britian, the colon ies did benefit as well i. Colonial economy grew as well during this period e. France was not as successful i. Army in Canada which was a drain ii. Primarily involved in fur trade iii. Dependent on Indian allies f. Spains economy sucked even more i. Extracting bullion set off price increases in Europe B.) Britain not only had an economic advantage, but also a demographic advan tage over France and Spain a. In 1700 about 250k non Indians lived in Enlighs America i. Compare this to 15k French and 4,500 Spanish 1. Spains Northern frontier proved unattractive a. Saw as buffers between more valued colonies b. had presidio and missions 2. France Canada was cold

a. Limited non slave colonists to Roman Catholics b. English colonies had good farmlands, healthy economy and willingess to a bsorb all European nationalities i. Population growth outdid Britain itself 1. White women had average of 8 kids and 42 grandkids 2. British women had 5 kids and 15 grandkids ii. Immigration remained a major source of growth with 40% being African sla ves 1. remained primarily a southern institution 2. 15% lived north of Maryland mostly in NY and NJ 3. Only 5% of slaves in New World were sold within present day United State s a. Large number of females lead to more family environment and more natural growth b. Took better care than in Caribbean iii. Less English came to America in 18th as rising employment and better wor k condition 1. America grew more ethnically diverse 2. Largerst group were the Scots-Irish a. Came as families 3. Also Irish came largely as unmarried men 4. Germans from Rhina Valley a. Majoiryt Lutherans or Calvinists 5. Majority of 18th century immigrants were poor a. Many were indentured servents and subject to abuse b. Germans went to Penn and Chesapeake area of Charleston i. Worry about influx of foreigners 6. Also convicts dumped into American with 30k convicts arriviving between 1718-1783 C.) Majority of colonists were not rich, and only had enough land to produce goods and not to give land over to colonists a. Shortage of productive land and high birth rate limited opportunity i. Down payment of one third ii. Isolated communities required self sufficiency and bartering 1. women manufacturing items otherwise would have to purchase and numerous activities in colonial society 2. women though had limits to her rights a. lost rights once married D.) Rapid expansion of Europeans in North America had profound transformatio ns for the environment as well a. Early colonists farmed land already cleared and cultivated by Native Ame ricans i. Cleared land, used timber for housing ii. Drove away bears, wild turkeys 1. Native Americans had recognized danger of soil depletion and rotated the ir crops to allow for replenishment 2. many colonists did not have enough land to leave any unplanted and didn t want to sacrifice short term profits E.) Major seaports began to develop in areas such as Philadelphia, New York and Boston a. Urban poverty faced many of those who lived in the cities i. Major entry point for immigrants ii. Also colonial elite lived in these areas 1. polarization of status and wealth 2. Charles Town in South Carolina became center for wealthy planters F.) Slaves did not share in the growing economic prosperity of the 18th cent ury a. Masters spent minimum to keep their slaves i. White servants consumed 200 pounds of meat, slaves only had 50 ii. Slaves went to work part time in the fields by age 7 and began working f

ull time by 11 to 14 iii. Worked to their death b. Did manage to find some sort of opportunities as some grew their own gar dens i. Whites began to fear they were losing control of their slaves as they gr ew in population to make up a majority in areas such as South Carolina 1. gathering of blacks were supervised a. curfew for blacks G.) Before 1700 the colonies class structure was less apparent as it began t o appear a. Limited resources were spent buying land, servents and slaves instead of luxuries i. After 1720 colonists began to display wealth more openly ii. Imitate European grand style, wore costly English fashions, bought expen sive chinaware, furniture etc iii. Polite manners, foreign customs b. Colonial gentlemen not only monopolized wealth but also dominated politi cs i. Outside New England (any voter could hold office), legal requirements ba rred 80% of white men from running for the assembly. (owning land) ii. Dominated by wealthy families dominated politics c. Colonies had relative liberal qualifications for male voting, but also p rovinces excluded women, blacks, Indians. i. In 7 colonies voters had to own land ii. But much higher voter eligibility rate than in England iii. Hard to vote in rural areas d. Rising of assemblies which were hoped to be like minature House of Commo ns i. Parliament had achieved supremacy over Monarchy since bill of rights ii. Limited powers of governor 1. controlled budgets and salaries 2. power of the purse iii. Vacuum of royal policy which allowed the colonies to become self governi ng 1. degree of autonomy which allowed for self assertive assemblies a. trade regulation, restrictions on paper money and declaring war 2. Haunt British authoiry when sought to assert direct control after 1763 Competing for a Continent Europeans competed with one another for territory in North America A.) Following the War of Spanish Succession in 1713 the French (CHART) attem pted to resume expanding its empire, especially the colony Louisiana a. Founded in 1718 New Orleans soon became the colony s capital and port i. Counter the British in Carolinas and Spanish in the Southeast ii. Complex trade and social relationship between Indians, Europeans and Afr icans in the area 1. Indians provided corn, tallow and deerskins to Indians 2. Europeans had blankets, axes, chickens, guns and alcohol 3. Indians from west of Miss brought horses stolen from Spanish b. French were generally much more successful with Indians than the British i. They did not enjoy universal success ii. French spread into areas of Ohio Valley and parts of the Great Plains iii. Its hold over North America was intimately linked to relationship with I ndians B.) British expansion into North America was made easier by the depopulation and dislocation of Native Americans a. Epidemic diseases, environmental changes, war and political pressures al l led to losses i. Even in William Penn idealistic Penn the Indians were pressured into ced ing their land

1. Iroquois often sought to accommodate the English as well as help their o wn position 2. Helped relocated tribes in areas of NY, Maryland called the Covenant Cha in 3. Pressure from both British and Iroquois C.) Parliament also chartered a new colony, Georgia in 1732 a. Intended Georgia to be a refuge where bankrupt debtors could be settled on land i. Land had been part of Spain since 1670 ii. British actually invested money to ensure its success (rare) b. James Oglethorpe founded Savannah in 1733 i. Immigrants from Germany, Switzerland and Scotland ii. Small number of Jews which made it the least English iii. 1740 led massive assault on Florida iv. Didn t like slavery and tried to prevent it 1. Parliament made Georgia only colony where slavery was forbidden Enlightenment & Awakening A.) Many Americans drew inspiration from Enlightenment ideals spread over fr om Europe a. Enlightenment focused on beliefs from science and logic i. English physicist such as Sir Isaac Newton ii. Ben Franklin made a name for himself in Boston 1. 1732 Poor Richard s Alamanack b. Enlightenment in America mainly in seaboard cities in the north i. John Locke Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1. Age of reason over religion B.) As the 18th century opened all of the English colonies found themselves less religious that they had been previously a. Puritans had tried to liberalize membership requirements and deal with t heir elaborate theological doctrines i. Church seremons were boring ii. People questioned the idea humans were pre-destined to damnation 1. could free self by good works b. This set the stage of the religious revival known as the Great Awakening in 1730s-1740s i. First started in Mass by a pastor named Jonathan Edwards 1. Said needed complete dependence on God s grace 2. Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God painted picture of hell ii. George Whitefield used style of evangelical preaching 1. Loud voice could hypnotize large crowds of followers 2. Carried message of human helplessness 3. During his sermons countless people professed conversion and felt saved c. Orthodox clergymen known as old lights questioned this emotionalism and th eatrical speeches of revivalists i. New lights defended the Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion 1. Split over these issues a. Baptists were more accepting of this emotion d. Awakening had many effects in the colonies i. Emphasis on direct emotive spirituality undermined old clergy ii. Increase and split in American church denominations iii. Missionary work to Indians and even black slaves iv. Founding of New Light centers of higher learning 1. Princeton 2. Brown 3. Dartmouth 4. Brown v. First spontaneous mass movement of the American people

1. breakdown sectional boundaries, denominational lines a. United Americans around single people with common history and shared exp eriences.;