PRESSURE DUE TO A LIQUID COLOUMN Expression for liquid pressure Consider a vessel of area of cross section A filled with a liquid of density p . Let O be the point inside the liquid at a depth h from the free surface of the liquid. We have, Pressure = Fore Area Weight of the liquid in the vessel P= ‘Area of cross section of liquid mg p= ™8 A But, mass =density x volume > m=pxV, -.P = eve Ah But, volume = Area x height >V-Axh, «P= a P= pgh If Ps is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the liquid, then total pressure is given by Pr =PstpghDerivation of work-done in isothermal process Consider 1 mole of an ideal gas in a cylinder with non-conducting walls ang perfectly conducting bottom. The cylinder is fitted with friction less and perfectly non, conducting piston of area of cross-section A. Let the gas be compressed slowely (Isothermally) at the temperature T, Let dW be the work done on the gas in moving the piston Let dx be the small displacement of the piston, Let dV be the decrease in the volume, Let dP be the increase in pressure, We have, work done = forcexdisplacement dw = Fx dx But F=PressurexArea, .. dw = Px Ax dx But Axdx=dV=>increase in volume, .. dw = P dV- >(1) Total work done by the gas when it expands from initial volume Vi to final volume V2 is given by, vy; w- faw Mi ButdW=PdV . W= ‘fp dv >(2) 4 For isothermal process of 1 mole of an ideal gas, PV=RT => p = RT y, (2) W= (av Mi Vv ‘a1 we wr fav ': Rand T are constants A W = RTflog, v] Ye W = RT flog. Vv, “leev,) . W= RT log, ¥2 24% CTCperivation of work-done in adiabatic process Consider 1 mole of an ideal gas in a cylinder with non-conducting walls and bottom. The cylinder is fitted with friction less and perfectly non-conducting piston of area of cross-section A. Let the gas be compressed suddenly (adiabatically), Let dW be the work done on the gas in moving the piston Let dx be the small displacement of the piston, Let dV be the decrease in the volume, Let dP be the increase in pressure, Let dT be the increase in temperature, We have, work done = forcexdisplacement dw = Fxdx But F = PressurexArea, «dw =PxAx dx But A x dx = dV-sdecrease in volume, :. dw =P dV--(1) Total work done on the gas when it is compressed from initial volume Vs to fin volume V3 is given by, y, we f aw M ButdW=Pdv .. We fe dV -.--->(2) M For adiabatic process of 1 mole of an ideal gas, PV’ = constant = C => P= £6 c vowwv(3) in (2) > W = | —dV 4" y 1 . woof Lav : Rand T are constants__Camot's engine works in four stages. The stages are explained below using PV diagram. Consider 1 mole of a perfect gas in a cylinder provided with frictionless piston. - 1 Isothermal ion ‘ The cylinder is placed on the source maintained at a temperature T;. The gas is allowed to expand isothermally. During this expansion, the gas absorbs an amount of heat Qi from the source at constant temperature T; K. This isothermal change is represented by the curve AB. Stage-2: Adiabatic i ‘The cylinder is placed on the insulating stand and the gas is allowed to expand adiabatically till the temperature falls from T; to Tz. This adiabatic expansion is tepresented by the curve BC. The cylinder is next placed on the sink (maintained at constant temperature T2) and the gas is compressed isothermally. During this process, a certain amount of heat nis rejected into the sink. This isothermal compression is represented by the curve CD. -4: Adiabatic yression | Again the cylinder is placed on the non conducting stand. The gas is compressed adiabatically tll it returns to its initial state. This adiabatic compression is represented by the curve DA. The curve ABCDA represent a Carnot's cycle. The area of the loop ABCDA gives the total work done per cycle.engine working in « Carnot cycie, js sion of Imol of gas The first it the Carnot cycle is isothermal expan’ Crome ae akin ity state from Pave nyt (P2, V2, Ti). The heat absorbed(Q:) by the Bas Source at constant temperature T; is given by, NV; Qi= Wie RT, we ¥4} 709 Prove that n = (-#) in the case of Carnot i i of 1mol of gas taking ity The second stage in the Carnot cycle is adiabatic expansion f . state from (Ps, Vs T) to (Ps, Va Ta), The work done (W2) by the gas is given by, w= ei-3) -->(2) Yo i i ion of 1mol of gas taking ity ‘The third stage in the Carnot cycle is isothermal compression state from (Ps, Vs, Ta) to (Ps, Vs, Ta). The heat rejected (Qz) by the gas to the sink a constant temperature T> is given by, Qo= Ws RT, toe {¥2)—>10 le ‘The fourth stage in the Carnot cycle is adiabatic compression of Imol of gas taking its state from (Ps, Vs, Ta) to (Pi, Vi, Ti). The work done (Ws) on the gas is given by, wee Rint) _->(4) ‘The efficiency of the Carnot engine is given by Output work Heat supplied 1-0) 11 Osis a qa 8 m2, wal] (1) and (3) in (5) = =1- (6) wr we (3) For an adiabatic expansion, T V""'= constant In the second stage, for an adiabatic expansion, T,V,"!= T,V," = 2" _(v2)" T vs" (V5 “(i)-)' 0 In the fourth stage, for an adiabatic compression, B= yy a ry = h-M" (¥ tT ve n= 59/84Discuss the modes of vibrations of air column in a closed pipe A A 4 A a | | / | IN 1 lA Lye "ON, & . v 4 J 4 4 A N Consider a closed pipe of length |. Let v be the velocity of sound in air. Let fi, fa and fy be the frequencies, 23,42 and As be the wave lengths of stationary waves formed in the pipe in the first, second and third modes of vibrations respectively. ist (Fundarne: vibration v= fh f= fy = “—>(1) since I= Dt: willy l 4 For second mode of vil ion f= 1) At the closed end of the pipe, the f= 3f,----->(2) Seics aa sent Pi ->(3) ) it is found that, = 1:3:5: = 5f— From equations (1),(2)and( fisfa:fs: .. ‘Thus in the case of closed pipe only odd harmonics are presentDiscuss the modes of vibrations of air column in open pipe A A A A i | Ay 1 da 1 Bas | 2 | A 2 veda vy Va v PX Consider a open pipe of length i. Let v be the velocity of sound in air. Let fi, f and fs be the frequencies, 41, A2 and 2s be the wave lengths of stationary waves formed in the pipe in the first, second and third modes of vibrations respectively. Firsts(Fundamental) mode of vibration vom fiki f= 2% Ay v fi = Fo) since t= 4 = ajx2I F nd f vibrati v= fe f= + ib h-¥ : b= T since I= 4, “For third mode of vibration ve f= f= >, 3 3v fe a fo = 3f,-------->(3) From Equations (1), (2) and (3) it is found that, fisfa:fs: @ 1:2:3:.. ng Thus in the case of open pipe both odd and even harmonics are present.Derive an expression for frequency and time period of oscillating bob of simp, Pendulum. ‘4 simple pendulum consists of a bob of mass m. It ie suspended at the rg support using long inextensible thread of length I as shown in the figare 80’ te mean position of the bob. Let the bob is set into osc —— _ When the bob is at A, the forces acting are (1) the weight of the bob mg acting downwards and (2) the tension in the string acting along the string. ‘The weight mg is resolved into two components as shown in the figure instant of time t, . hae that accelerates the bob = component of weight of the bob towards mean positi ma ~ - mg sind m(-@?y) = -mgsind-—-->(1)_ a= -0°¥ frequency. where a. is the acceleration ofthe bob and o is the angular edvert Negative sign indicates that the acceleration and displacement ind = 6 If the angular displacement 0 is very small, sin@ () soy = 60 » = ¥ from figure ey = gv On 7 fom fgur -£ “ v o- 1 fe ge “Ve T T=2% £ where T period of oscillation. & fe for Frequency of oscillation, oehe SI unit of spring constant is Nm-1 ‘an expression for the potential energy of an elastic stretched spring: consider an ideal spring, resting on a horizontal frictionless surface such that its one end is fixed to a rigid support and its other end is attached to a block (fig) Let Fs be the spring force and x be the displacement of the block from the equilibrium sosition. The displacement could be either positive or negative. P ifkis spring constant, then @ dicates that F, and x are in opposite directions. The external force applied, Fe-Fe=kx.... (2) The work done by the external force in stretching the spring through a small distance 4: aW=Fdkx...... (3) lone in stretching the s q - The total work d from equilib tio 0 ig pring uilibrium positi (x ) Xx w= | Fy 0 From equation (2) we get, x ae We [ bod = kf 0 2], | } H | This work done is stored as elastic potential energy (U) of the spring 1 Seay ykpouy; Orbital speed 014 volves around the earth in a given orbit is called its ori The speed with a body re peed The expression for orbital speed of U satellite) of mass m revolving round i he body from the surface of earth: Consider a body ( and radius R with orbital speed v the earth of m ina circular orbit of radius r = (R + h), his the height of . <4 the body from earth's surface. The necessary centripetal ( “L_ ww force required to revolve round the earth is provided by \ | | the gravitational force on the body (satellite) \ \ ee a Le., Fe = Fc Y mvé GMm Reh (R+h)2 GM 2 = %0~(R+h) 4 Orbital speed, ¥y = Is 7 For satellite close to the earth, h << R so that (R+h) = R u GM ak F b= ed and orbital speed! , eee <= s it