Oil is a mixture mainly consisting of hydocarbon, stored in the earths crust which is produced due to organic matter transformation

processes. Oil is a fossil fuel and is used to generate electricity and fuel for almost all traffic and transportvehicles. Its also important in the chemical industry, where it is used to produce plastics and other chemical products. Petroleum is formed from dead marine organisms such as algae. Its deposited during several hundred thousand to several million years on the seabed. Low Oxygen conditions in that area near the sea bed form sedimentary sequences with a high proportion of biogenic material. The absence of oxygen in the deposition area prevents the complete decomposition of biomass. A sludge is formed, which will transform into oil in thousands of years. Extraction Only in few cases, the oil seeps by itself out of the earth. Therefore the valuable oil has to be pumped out of the earths crust. For that reason the layers with very much oil will be opened with the help of oil rigs. Oil fields which are located unter the sea are opened with drilling rigs, if they do not exceed a depth of 1000 meters. At a depth of more than 1000 meters the oil will be pumped with ships out of the ground. Giant drill heads are driven into the earths crust to build a connection between the oil field and the surface. Often the paths to the oil-containing layer are several kilometers long. The tip of an oil drill is manufactureed out of special stell which ist machined with industry diamonds in ordet to withstand the harsh conditions. To keep the oil drill in operative temperature special fluids are used. This liquid is emptied into the drill hole to protect the oil drill from the high temperature which is around 270C and a pressuce of an average 1700bar. When the dill meets an oily layer, there are several ways to geht the oil to the surface. There are three different types of crude oil production: 1. The primary oil recovery is the state als long as the crude oil seeps naturally from the well. In this case, a gas bubble is mostly located about the oil layer. 2. The secondary oil recovery is an oil well where the crude oil do not seeps naturally to surface. In this case the oil efficency can be improved by injecting gas or water into the oil field. 3. The efficiency of primary production and yield of the secondary recovery together produce only 30% of the crude oil source. To increase the income the tertiary oil recovery is used. In the process the oil bearing rocks are heated. This method is called thermal overload. Compressed hot water, water vapor or organic solvents are pressed in to the drill hole to get the oil unter high pressure out of the earth crust. Another method of tertiary recovery is the chemical flooding or alkaline waters. In this process sodium hydroxide is pumped into the well which act as a propellant for the crude oil.

Consumption The daily consumption of petroleum worldwirde is around 87 million barrels. The main comsumer are the USA (20.1 mil. Barrel), China (6 mil Barrel), Japan (5.5 mil. Barrel) and Germany (2.7 mil. Barrel). The world consumption is increasing by 2% per year.

According to crude oil composition and demand, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products. The largest share of oil products is used as energy carriers: various grades of fuel oil and gasoline. These energy-carrying fuels include or can be blended to give gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, and heavier fuel oils. But there are many other things which are factured out of cruide oil, e.g. plastics, parrafins , petrochemicals and asphalt. The Main Producs of oil refineries are : asphalt, diesel fuel, fuel oil, gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, lubricating oils, parrafin wax, tar and petrochemicals.